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Persaud AT, Khela J, Fernandes C, Chaphekar D, Burnie J, Tang VA, Colpitts CC, Guzzo C. Virion-incorporated CD14 enables HIV-1 to bind LPS and initiate TLR4 signaling in immune cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0036324. [PMID: 38661384 PMCID: PMC11092368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00363-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has a broad range of nuanced interactions with the immune system, and the incorporation of cellular proteins by nascent virions continues to redefine our understanding of the virus-host relationship. Proteins located at the sites of viral egress can be selectively incorporated into the HIV-1 envelope, imparting new functions and phenotypes onto virions, and impacting viral spread and disease. Using virion capture assays and western blot, we show that HIV-1 can incorporate the myeloid antigen CD14 into its viral envelope. Virion-incorporated CD14 remained biologically active and able to bind its natural ligand, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as demonstrated by flow virometry and immunoprecipitation assays. Using a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) reporter cell line, we also demonstrated that virions with bound LPS can trigger TLR4 signaling to activate transcription factors that regulate inflammatory gene expression. Complementary assays with THP-1 monocytes demonstrated enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the C-C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), when exposed to LPS-loaded virus. These data highlight a new type of interplay between HIV-1 and the myeloid cell compartment, a previously well-established cellular contributor to HIV-1 pathogenesis and inflammation. Persistent gut inflammation is a hallmark of chronic HIV-1 infection, and contributing to this effect is the translocation of microbes across the gut epithelium. Our data herein provide proof of principle that virion-incorporated CD14 could be a novel mechanism through which HIV-1 can drive chronic inflammation, facilitated by HIV-1 particles binding bacterial LPS and initiating inflammatory signaling in TLR4-expressing cells.IMPORTANCEHIV-1 establishes a lifelong infection accompanied by numerous immunological changes. Inflammation of the gut epithelia, exacerbated by the loss of mucosal T cells and cytokine dysregulation, persists during HIV-1 infection. Feeding back into this loop of inflammation is the translocation of intestinal microbes across the gut epithelia, resulting in the systemic dissemination of bacterial antigens, like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our group previously demonstrated that the LPS receptor, CD14, can be readily incorporated by HIV-1 particles, supporting previous clinical observations of viruses derived from patient plasma. We now show that CD14 can be incorporated by several primary HIV-1 isolates and that this virion-incorporated CD14 can remain functional, enabling HIV-1 to bind to LPS. This subsequently allowed CD14+ virions to transfer LPS to monocytic cells, eliciting pro-inflammatory signaling and cytokine secretion. We posit here that virion-incorporated CD14 is a potential contributor to the dysregulated immune responses present in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin T. Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmin Khela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepa Chaphekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vera A. Tang
- Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Burnie J, Fernandes C, Chaphekar D, Wei D, Ahmed S, Persaud AT, Khader N, Cicala C, Arthos J, Tang VA, Guzzo C. Identification of CD38, CD97, and CD278 on the HIV surface using a novel flow virometry screening assay. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23025. [PMID: 38155248 PMCID: PMC10754950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
While numerous cellular proteins in the HIV envelope are known to alter virus infection, methodology to rapidly phenotype the virion surface in a high throughput, single virion manner is lacking. Thus, many human proteins may exist on the virion surface that remain undescribed. Herein, we developed a novel flow virometry screening assay to discover new proteins on the surface of HIV particles. By screening a CD4+ T cell line and its progeny virions, along with four HIV isolates produced in primary cells, we discovered 59 new candidate proteins in the HIV envelope that were consistently detected across diverse HIV isolates. Among these discoveries, CD38, CD97, and CD278 were consistently present at high levels on virions when using orthogonal techniques to corroborate flow virometry results. This study yields new discoveries about virus biology and demonstrates the utility and feasibility of a novel flow virometry assay to phenotype individual virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deepa Chaphekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shubeen Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nawrah Khader
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vera A Tang
- Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Heeregrave EJ, Thomas J, van Capel TM, de Jong EC, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Glycan dependent phenotype differences of HIV-1 generated from macrophage versus CD4 + T helper cell populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107349. [PMID: 37415979 PMCID: PMC10320205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is able to infect a variety of cell types with differences in entry efficiency and replication kinetics determined by the host cell type or the viral phenotype. The phenotype of the virus produced from these various cell types, including infectivity, co-receptor usage and neutralisation sensitivity, may also be affected by the characteristics of the producing cell. This can be due to incorporation of variant cell-specific molecules or differences in post-translational modifications of the gp41/120 envelope. In this study we produced genetically identical virus strains from macrophages, CD4-enriched lymphocytes as well as Th1 and Th2 CD4+ cell lines and compared each different virus stock for their infectivity in various cell types and sensitivity to neutralisation. In order to study the effect of the producer host cell on the virus phenotype, virus stocks were normalised on infectivity and were sequenced to confirm env gene homogeneity. Virus production by Th1 or Th2 cells did not compromise infectivity of the variant cell types tested. We observed no difference in sensitivity to co-receptor blocking agents upon viral passage through Th1 and Th2 CD4+ cell lineages nor did this affect DC-SIGN-mediated viral capture as measured in a transfer assay to CD4+ lymphocytes. Virus produced by macrophages was comparably sensitive to CC-chemokine inhibition as was virus generated from the array of CD4+ lymphocytes. We identified that virus produced from macrophages was fourteen times more resistant to 2G12 neutralisation than virus produced from CD4+ lymphocytes. Macrophage-produced dual-tropic (R5/X4) virus was six times more efficiently transmitted to CD4+ cells than lymphocyte-derived HIV-1 (p<0.0001) after DCSIGN capture. These results provide further insights to what extent the host cell influences viral phenotype and thereby various aspects of HIV-1 pathogenesis but suggest that viruses generated from Th1 versus Th2 cells are consistent in phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. Heeregrave
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Toni M. van Capel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - William A. Paxton
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Trujillo-González R, Valenzuela-Fernández A. TDP-43 Controls HIV-1 Viral Production and Virus Infectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087658. [PMID: 37108826 PMCID: PMC10142003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transactive response DNA-binding protein (TARDBP/TDP-43) is known to stabilize the anti-HIV-1 factor, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). TDP-43 has been reported to determine cell permissivity to HIV-1 fusion and infection acting on tubulin-deacetylase HDAC6. Here, we studied the functional involvement of TDP-43 in the late stages of the HIV-1 viral cycle. The overexpression of TDP-43, in virus-producing cells, stabilized HDAC6 (i.e., mRNA and protein) and triggered the autophagic clearance of HIV-1 Pr55Gag and Vif proteins. These events inhibited viral particle production and impaired virion infectiveness, observing a reduction in the amount of Pr55Gag and Vif proteins incorporated into virions. A nuclear localization signal (NLS)-TDP-43 mutant was not able to control HIV-1 viral production and infection. Likewise, specific TDP-43-knockdown reduced HDAC6 expression (i.e., mRNA and protein) and increased the expression level of HIV-1 Vif and Pr55Gag proteins and α-tubulin acetylation. Thus, TDP-43 silencing favored virion production and enhanced virus infectious capacity, thereby increasing the amount of Vif and Pr55Gag proteins incorporated into virions. Noteworthy, there was a direct relationship between the content of Vif and Pr55Gag proteins in virions and their infection capacity. Therefore, for TDP-43, the TDP-43/HDAC6 axis could be considered a key factor to control HIV-1 viral production and virus infectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38296 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio "Inmunología Celular y Viral", Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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5
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Burnie J, Persaud AT, Thaya L, Liu Q, Miao H, Grabinsky S, Norouzi V, Lusso P, Tang VA, Guzzo C. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) is incorporated into clinical HIV-1 isolates and can mediate virus capture and subsequent transfer to permissive cells. Retrovirology 2022; 19:9. [PMID: 35597982 PMCID: PMC9123692 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) has been studied extensively for its role in mediating leukocyte rolling through interactions with its cognate receptor, P-selectin. Recently, PSGL-1 was identified as a novel HIV-1 host restriction factor, particularly when expressed at high levels in the HIV envelope. Importantly, while the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1 has been clearly demonstrated in various complementary model systems, the breadth of PSGL-1 incorporation across genetically diverse viral isolates and clinical isolates has yet to be described. Additionally, the biological activity of virion-incorporated PSGL-1 has also yet to be shown. Results Herein we assessed the levels of PSGL-1 on viruses produced through transfection with various amounts of PSGL-1 plasmid DNA (0–250 ng), compared to levels of PSGL-1 on viruses produced through infection of T cell lines and primary PBMC. We found that very low levels of PSGL-1 plasmid DNA (< 2.5 ng/well) were necessary to generate virus models that could closely mirror the phenotype of viruses produced via infection of T cells and PBMC. Unique to this study, we show that PSGL-1 is incorporated in a broad range of HIV-1 and SIV isolates and that virions with incorporated PSGL-1 are detectable in plasma from viremic HIV-1-infected individuals, corroborating the relevance of PSGL-1 in natural infection. Additionally, we show that PSGL-1 on viruses can bind its cognate selectin receptors, P-, E-, and L-selectins. Finally, we show viruses with endogenous levels of PSGL-1 can be captured by P-selectin and transferred to HIV-permissive bystander cells, highlighting a novel role for PSGL-1 in HIV-1 infection. Notably, viruses which contained high levels of PSGL-1 were noninfectious in our hands, in line with previous findings reporting the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1. Conclusions Our results indicate that levels of PSGL-1 incorporation into virions can vary widely among model systems tested, and that careful tailoring of plasmid levels is required to recapitulate physiological systems when using pseudovirus models. Taken together, our data suggest that PSGL-1 may play diverse roles in the physiology of HIV-1 infection, particularly due to the functionally active state of PSGL-1 on virion surfaces and the breadth of PSGL-1 incorporation among a wide range of viral isolates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00593-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Grabinsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Norouzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vera A Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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6
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Card CM, Abrenica B, McKinnon LR, Ball TB, Su RC. Endothelial Cells Promote Productive HIV Infection of Resting CD4 + T Cells by an Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion-Dependent Mechanism. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:111-126. [PMID: 34465136 PMCID: PMC8861939 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells are primary targets of early HIV infection events in vivo, but do not readily support HIV replication in vitro. This barrier to infection can be overcome by exposing resting CD4+ T cells to endothelial cells (ECs). ECs line blood vessels and direct T cell trafficking into inflamed tissues. Cell trafficking pathways have been shown to have overlapping roles in facilitating HIV replication, but their relevance to EC-mediated enhancement of HIV susceptibility in resting CD4+ T cells has not previously been examined. We characterized the phenotype of primary human resting CD4+ T cells that became productively infected with HIV when cocultured with primary human blood and lymphatic ECs. The infected CD4+ T cells were primarily central memory cells enriched for high expression of the integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the cognate ligands for LFA-1 and VLA-4, respectively, were expressed by the ECs in the coculture. Blocking LFA-1 and VLA-4 on resting CD4+ T cells inhibited infection by 65.4%–96.9%, indicating that engagement of these integrins facilitates EC-mediated enhancement of productive HIV infection in resting CD4+ T cells. The demonstration that ECs influence cellular HIV susceptibility of resting memory CD4+ T cells through cell trafficking pathways engaged during the transmigration of T cells into tissues highlights the physiological relevance of these findings for HIV acquisition and opportunities for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Card
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Bernard Abrenica
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lyle R. McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Terry Blake Ball
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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7
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Lustig G, Cele S, Karim F, Derache A, Ngoepe A, Khan K, Gosnell BI, Moosa MYS, Ntshuba N, Marais S, Jeena PM, Govender K, Adamson J, Kløverpris H, Gupta RK, Harrichandparsad R, Patel VB, Sigal A. T cell derived HIV-1 is present in the CSF in the face of suppressive antiretroviral therapy. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009871. [PMID: 34555123 PMCID: PMC8509856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) escape, where HIV is suppressed in blood but detectable in CSF, occurs when HIV persists in the CNS despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). To determine the virus producing cell type and whether lowered CSF ART levels are responsible for CSF escape, we collected blood and CSF from 156 neurosymptomatic participants from Durban, South Africa. We observed that 28% of participants with an undetectable HIV blood viral load showed CSF escape. We detected host cell surface markers on the HIV envelope to determine the cellular source of HIV in participants on the first line regimen of efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir. We confirmed CD26 as a marker which could differentiate between T cells and macrophages and microglia, and quantified CD26 levels on the virion surface, comparing the result to virus from in vitro infected T cells or macrophages. The measured CD26 level was consistent with the presence of T cell produced virus. We found no significant differences in ART concentrations between CSF escape and fully suppressed individuals in CSF or blood, and did not observe a clear association with drug resistance mutations in CSF virus which would allow HIV to replicate. Hence, CSF HIV in the face of ART may at least partly originate in CD4+ T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Lustig
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anne Derache
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bernadett I. Gosnell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Suzaan Marais
- Department of Neurology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prakash M. Jeena
- Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - John Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ravindra K. Gupta
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vinod B. Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Jarahian M, Marstaller K, Banna N, Ahani R, Etemadzadeh MH, Boller LK, Azadmanesh K, Cid-Arregui A, Khezri A, Berger MR, Momburg F, Watzl C. Activating Natural Killer Cell Receptors, Selectins, and Inhibitory Siglecs Recognize Ebolavirus Glycoprotein. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:135-147. [PMID: 34425576 DOI: 10.1159/000517628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the extensively glycosylated Ebolavirus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) induces physical alterations of surface molecules and plays a crucial role in viral pathogenicity. Here we investigate the interactions of EBOV-GP with host surface molecules using purified EBOV-GP, EBOV-GP-transfected cell lines, and EBOV-GP-pseudotyped lentiviral particles. Subsequently, we wanted to examine which receptors are involved in this recognition by binding studies to cells transfected with the EBOV-GP as well as to recombinant soluble EBOV-GP. As the viral components can also bind to inhibitory receptors of immune cells (e.g., Siglecs, TIM-1), they can even suppress the activity of immune effector cells. Our data show that natural killer (NK) cell receptors NKp44 and NKp46, selectins (CD62E/P/L), the host factors DC-SIGNR/DC-SIGN, and inhibitory Siglecs function as receptors for EBOV-GP. Our results show also moderate to strong avidity of homing receptors (P-, L-, and E-selectin) and DC-SIGNR/DC-SIGN to purified EBOV-GP, to cells transfected with EBOV-GP, as well as to the envelope of a pseudotyped lentiviral vector carrying the EBOV-GP. The concomitant activation and inhibition of the immune system exemplifies the evolutionary antagonism between the immune system and pathogens. Altogether these interactions with activating and inhibitory receptors result in a reduced NK cell-mediated lysis of EBOV-GP-expressing cells. Modulation of these interactions may provide new strategies for treating infections caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jarahian
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Marstaller
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Banna
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roshanak Ahani
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lea K Boller
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
| | - Martin R Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department of Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Anti-CD19 CARs displayed at the surface of lentiviral vector particles promote transduction of target-expressing cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:42-53. [PMID: 33768128 PMCID: PMC7966970 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a rare type of relapse was reported upon treating a B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patient with anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells caused by unintentional transduction of residual malignant B cells (CAR-B cells). We show that anti-CD19 and anti-CD20 CARs are presented on the surface of lentiviral vectors (LVs), inducing specific binding to the respective antigen. Binding of anti-CD19 CAR-encoding LVs containing supernatant was reduced by CD19-specific blocking antibodies in a dose-dependent manner, and binding was absent for unspecific LV containing supernatant. This suggests that LVs bind via displayed CAR molecules to CAR antigen-expressing cells. The relevance for CAR-T cell manufacturing was evaluated when PBMCs and B-ALL malignant B cells were mixed and transduced with anti-CD19 or anti-CD20 CAR-displaying LVs in clinically relevant doses to mimic transduction conditions of unpurified patient leukapheresis samples. Malignant B cells were transduced at higher levels with LVs displaying anti-CD19 CARs compared to LVs displaying non-binding control constructs. Stability of gene transfer was confirmed by applying a potent LV inhibitor and long-term cultures for 10 days. Our findings provide a potential explanation for the emergence of CAR-B cells pointing to safer manufacturing procedures with reduced risk of this rare type of relapse in the future.
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10
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Burnie J, Tang VA, Welsh JA, Persaud AT, Thaya L, Jones JC, Guzzo C. Flow Virometry Quantification of Host Proteins on the Surface of HIV-1 Pseudovirus Particles. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111296. [PMID: 33198254 PMCID: PMC7697180 DOI: 10.3390/v12111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 glycoprotein spike (gp120) is typically the first viral antigen that cells encounter before initiating immune responses, and is often the sole target in vaccine designs. Thus, characterizing the presence of cellular antigens on the surfaces of HIV particles may help identify new antiviral targets or impact targeting of gp120. Despite the importance of characterizing proteins on the virion surface, current techniques available for this purpose do not support high-throughput analysis of viruses, and typically only offer a semi-quantitative assessment of virus-associated proteins. Traditional bulk techniques often assess averages of viral preparations, which may mask subtle but important differences in viral subsets. On the other hand, microscopy techniques, which provide detail on individual virions, are difficult to use in a high-throughput manner and have low levels of sensitivity for antigen detection. Flow cytometry is a technique that traditionally has been used for rapid, high-sensitivity characterization of single cells, with limited use in detecting viruses, since the small size of viral particles hinders their detection. Herein, we report the detection and surface antigen characterization of HIV-1 pseudovirus particles by light scattering and fluorescence with flow cytometry, termed flow virometry for its specific application to viruses. We quantified three cellular proteins (integrin α4β7, CD14, and CD162/PSGL-1) in the viral envelope by directly staining virion-containing cell supernatants without the requirement of additional processing steps to distinguish virus particles or specific virus purification techniques. We also show that two antigens can be simultaneously detected on the surface of individual HIV virions, probing for the tetraspanin marker, CD81, in addition to α4β7, CD14, and CD162/PSGL-1. This study demonstrates new advances in calibrated flow virometry as a tool to provide sensitive, high-throughput characterization of the viral envelope in a more efficient, quantitative manner than previously reported techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Vera A. Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.A.W.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Arvin T. Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Jennifer C. Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.A.W.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (A.T.P.); (L.T.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-287-7436
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11
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Liu Q, Lusso P. Integrin α4β7 in HIV-1 infection: A critical review. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:627-632. [PMID: 32272507 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0120-208r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a series of observations linking α4β7, the principal gut-homing integrin, with various aspects of HIV-1 infection have generated considerable interest in the field of HIV-1 research. After the initial report that the major HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, can bind to α4β7, intensive research efforts have been focused on the role of α4β7 as a key factor in HIV-1 pathogenesis and as a potential target for prevention and treatment. The interaction between α4β7 and its natural ligand, MAdCAM-1, directs infected CD4+ T cells and HIV-1 virions carrying incorporated α4β7 to the gut mucosa, which may facilitate HIV-1 seeding and replication in the intestinal compartment during the early stages of infection. In addition, cells that express high levels of α4β7, such as Th17 cells, represent preferential targets for infection, and their frequency in the circulation was shown to correlate with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and disease progression. A number of in vivo studies in nonhuman primates have investigated whether blockage of α4β7 may affect SIV transmission and pathogenesis. Administration of a primatized anti-α4β7 antibody that blocks MAdCAM-1 binding to α4β7 was reported to reduce SIV mucosal transmission in rhesus macaques. However, the mechanism responsible for such a protective effect is still undefined, and conflicting results have been reported on the effects of the same antibody, in combination with ART, during the early chronic phase of SIV infection. Thus, despite a series of tantalizing results accrued over the past decade, the jury is still out on the role of α4β7 in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein Inhibits HIV-1 Infection in a pH-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01749-18. [PMID: 30518643 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01749-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is an abundant plasma protein with a multidomain structure, allowing its interaction with many ligands, including phospholipids, plasminogen, fibrinogen, IgG antibodies, and heparan sulfate. HRG has been shown to regulate different biological responses, such as angiogenesis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Here, we found that HRG almost completely abrogated the infection of Ghost cells, Jurkat cells, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages by HIV-1 at a low pH (range, 6.5 to 5.5) but not at a neutral pH. HRG was shown to interact with the heparan sulfate expressed by target cells, inhibiting an early postbinding step associated with HIV-1 infection. More importantly, by acting on the viral particle itself, HRG induced a deleterious effect, which reduces viral infectivity. Because cervicovaginal secretions in healthy women show low pH values, even after semen deposition, our observations suggest that HRG might represent a constitutive defense mechanism in the vaginal mucosa. Of note, low pH also enabled HRG to inhibit the infection of HEp-2 cells and Vero cells by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), respectively, suggesting that HRG might display broad antiviral activity under acidic conditions.IMPORTANCE Vaginal intercourse represents a high-risk route for HIV-1 transmission. The efficiency of male-to-female HIV-1 transmission has been estimated to be 1 in every 1,000 episodes of sexual intercourse, reflecting the high degree of protection conferred by the genital mucosa. However, the contribution of different host factors to the protection against HIV-1 at mucosal surfaces remains poorly defined. Here, we report for the first time that acidic values of pH enable the plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) to strongly inhibit HIV-1 infection. Because cervicovaginal secretions usually show low pH values, our observations suggest that HRG might represent a constitutive antiviral mechanism in the vaginal mucosa. Interestingly, infection by other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus and herpes simplex virus 2, was also markedly inhibited by HRG at low pH values, suggesting that extracellular acidosis enables HRG to display broad antiviral activity.
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13
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Burnie J, Guzzo C. The Incorporation of Host Proteins into the External HIV-1 Envelope. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010085. [PMID: 30669528 PMCID: PMC6356245 DOI: 10.3390/v11010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of biologically active host proteins into HIV-1 is a well-established phenomenon, particularly due to the budding mechanism of viral egress in which viruses acquire their external lipid membrane directly from the host cell. While this mechanism might seemingly imply that host protein incorporation is a passive uptake of all cellular antigens associated with the plasma membrane at the site of budding, this is not the case. Herein, we review the evidence indicating that host protein incorporation can be a selective and conserved process. We discuss how HIV-1 virions displaying host proteins on their surface can exhibit a myriad of altered phenotypes, with notable impacts on infectivity, homing, neutralization, and pathogenesis. This review describes the canonical and emerging methods to detect host protein incorporation, highlights the well-established host proteins that have been identified on HIV-1 virions, and reflects on the role of these incorporated proteins in viral pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting. Despite many advances in HIV treatment and prevention, there remains a global effort to develop increasingly effective anti-HIV therapies. Given the broad range of biologically active host proteins acquired on the surface of HIV-1, additional studies on the mechanisms and impacts of these incorporated host proteins may inform the development of novel treatments and vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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14
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Gale TV, Horton TM, Hoffmann AR, Branco LM, Garry RF. Host Proteins Identified in Extracellular Viral Particles as Targets for Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:7-17. [PMID: 30351952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) proteomic analyses have revealed that host proteins are often captured in extracellular virions. These proteins may play a role in viral replication or infectivity and can represent targets for broad-spectrum antiviral agent development. We utilized LCMS to determine the host protein composition of Lassa virus-like particles (LASV VLPs). Multiple host proteins incorporated in LASV VLPs are also incorporated in unrelated viruses, notably ribosomal proteins. We assembled a data set of host proteins incorporated into extracellular viral particles. The frequent incorporation of specific host proteins into viruses of diverse families suggests that interactions of these proteins with viral factors may be important for effective viral replication. Drugs that target virion-associated host proteins could affect the protein in the extracellular virion or the host cell. Compounds that target proteins incorporated into virions with high frequency, but with no known antiviral activity, were assayed in a scalable viral screening platform, and hits were tested in competent viral systems. One of these molecules, GAPDH modulating small molecule CGP 3466B maleate (Omigapil), exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of HIV, dengue virus, and Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor V Gale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Timothy M Horton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Andrew R Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States
| | - Luis M Branco
- Zalgen Laboratories, LLC , Germantown , Maryland 20876 , United States
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70112 , United States.,Zalgen Laboratories, LLC , Germantown , Maryland 20876 , United States
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15
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Sviben D, Forcic D, Halassy B, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Brgles M. Mass spectrometry-based investigation of measles and mumps virus proteome. Virol J 2018; 15:160. [PMID: 30326905 PMCID: PMC6192076 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Measles (MEV) and mumps virus (MUV) are enveloped, non-segmented, negative single stranded RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, and are the cause of measles and mumps, respectively, both preventable by vaccination. Aside from proteins coded by the viral genome, viruses are considered to contain host cell proteins (HCPs). The presence of extracellular vesicles (ECVs), which are often co-purified with viruses due to their similarity in size, density and composition, also contributes to HCPs detected in virus preparations, and this has often been neglected. The aim was to identify which virus-coded proteins are present in MEV and MUV virions, and to try to detect which HCPs, if any, are incorporated inside the virions or adsorbed on their outer surface, and which are more likely to be a contamination from co-purified ECVs. Methods MUV, MEV and ECVs were purified by ultracentrifugation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography, proteins in the samples were resolved by SDS-PAGE and subjected to identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. A comparative analysis of HCPs present in all samples was carried out. Results By proteomics approach, it was verified that almost all virus-coded proteins are present in MEV and MUV particles. Protein C in MEV which was until now considered to be non-structural viral protein, was found to be present inside the MeV virions. Results on the presence of HCPs in differently purified virus preparations imply that actin, annexins, cyclophilin A, moesin and integrin β1 are part of the virions. Conclusions All HCPs detected in the viruses are present in ECVs as well, indicating their possible function in vesicle formation, or that most of them are only present in ECVs. Only five HCPs were constantly present in purified virus preparations, regardless of the purification method used, implying they are likely the integral part of the virions. The approach described here is helpful for further investigation of HCPs in other virus preparations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1073-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Sviben
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dubravko Forcic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, AT-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marija Brgles
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Anderson M, Kashanchi F, Jacobson S. Role of Exosomes in Human Retroviral Mediated Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:279-291. [PMID: 29656370 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses comprise an ancient and varied group of viruses with the unique ability to integrate DNA from an RNA transcript into the genome, a subset of which are able to integrate in humans. The timing of these integrations during human history has dictated whether these viruses have remained exogenous and given rise to various human diseases or have become inseparable from the host genome (endogenous retroviruses). Given the ability of retroviruses to integrate into the host and subsequently co-opt host cellular process for viral propagation, retroviruses have been shown to be closely associated with several cellular processes including exosome formation. Exosomes are 30-150 nm unilamellar extracellular vesicles that originate from intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that form in the endosomal compartment. Exosomes have been shown to be important in intercellular communication and immune cell function. Almost every cell type studied has been shown to produce these types of vesicles, with the cell type dictating the contents, which include proteins, mRNA, and miRNAs. Importantly, recent evidence has shown that infection by viruses, including retroviruses, alter the contents and subsequent function of produced exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the important retroviruses associated with human health and disease. Furthermore, we will delve into the impact of exosome formation and manipulation by integrated retroviruses on human health, survival, and human retroviral disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Anderson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cellular Basis of Disease Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neuroimmunology Branch, Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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17
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Single-Particle Discrimination of Retroviruses from Extracellular Vesicles by Nanoscale Flow Cytometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17769. [PMID: 29259315 PMCID: PMC5736735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses and small EVs overlap in size, buoyant densities, refractive indices and share many cell-derived surface markers making them virtually indistinguishable by standard biochemical methods. This poses a significant challenge when purifying retroviruses for downstream analyses or for phenotypic characterization studies of markers on individual virions given that EVs are a major contaminant of retroviral preparations. Nanoscale flow cytometry (NFC), also called flow virometry, is an adaptation of flow cytometry technology for the analysis of individual nanoparticles such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) and retroviruses. In this study we systematically optimized NFC parameters for the detection of retroviral particles in the range of 115–130 nm, including viral production, sample labeling, laser power and voltage settings. By using the retroviral envelope glycoprotein as a selection marker, and evaluating a number of fluorescent dyes and labeling methods, we demonstrate that it is possible to confidently distinguish retroviruses from small EVs by NFC. Our findings make it now possible to individually phenotype genetically modified retroviral particles that express a fluorescent envelope glycoprotein without removing EV contaminants from the sample.
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18
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Guzzo C, Ichikawa D, Park C, Phillips D, Liu Q, Zhang P, Kwon A, Miao H, Lu J, Rehm C, Arthos J, Cicala C, Cohen MS, Fauci AS, Kehrl JH, Lusso P. Virion incorporation of integrin α4β7 facilitates HIV-1 infection and intestinal homing. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/11/eaam7341. [PMID: 28763793 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a key anatomical site for HIV-1 replication and CD4+ T cell depletion. Accordingly, in vivo treatment with an antibody to the gut-homing integrin α4β7 was shown to reduce viral transmission, delay disease progression, and induce persistent virus control in macaques challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We show that integrin α4β7 is efficiently incorporated into the envelope of HIV-1 virions. Incorporated α4β7 is functionally active as it binds mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), promoting HIV-1 capture by and infection of MAdCAM-expressing cells, which in turn mediate trans-infection of bystander cells. Functional α4β7 is present in circulating virions from HIV-infected patients and SIV-infected macaques, with peak levels during the early stages of infection. In vivo homing experiments documented selective and specific uptake of α4β7+ HIV-1 virions by high endothelial venules in the intestinal mucosa. These results extend the paradigm of tissue homing to a retrovirus and are relevant for the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Guzzo
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Ichikawa
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chung Park
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Damilola Phillips
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alice Kwon
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacky Lu
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Rehm
- Clinical Research Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Immunopathogenesis Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Immunopathogenesis Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Immunopathogenesis Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John H Kehrl
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, LIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Arakelyan A, Fitzgerald W, Zicari S, Vagida M, Grivel JC, Margolis L. Flow Virometry to Analyze Antigenic Spectra of Virions and Extracellular Vesicles. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190041 PMCID: PMC5308558 DOI: 10.3791/55020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding media. Upon virus infection cells also release virions that have the same size of some of the EVs. Both virions and EVs carry proteins of the cells that generated them and are antigenically heterogeneous. In spite of their diversity, both viruses and EVs were characterized predominantly by bulk analysis. Here, we describe an original nanotechnology-based high throughput method that allows the characterization of antigens on individual small particles using regular flow cytometers. Viruses or extracellular vesicles were immunocaptured with 15 nm magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to antibodies recognizing one of the surface antigens. The captured virions or vesicles were incubated with fluorescent antibodies against other surface antigens. The resultant complexes were separated on magnetic columns from unbound antibodies and analyzed with conventional flow cytometers triggered on fluorescence. This method has wide applications and can be used to characterize the antigenic composition of any viral- and non-viral small particles generated by cells in vivo and in vitro. Here, we provide examples of the usage of this method to evaluate the distribution of host cell markers on individual HIV-1 particles, to study the maturation of individual Dengue virions (DENV), and to investigate extracellular vesicles released into the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Wendy Fitzgerald
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health
| | - Murad Vagida
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health;
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20
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Serena M, Parolini F, Biswas P, Sironi F, Blanco Miranda A, Zoratti E, Scupoli MT, Ziglio S, Valenzuela-Fernandez A, Gibellini D, Romanelli MG, Siccardi A, Malnati M, Beretta A, Zipeto D. HIV-1 Env associates with HLA-C free-chains at the cell membrane modulating viral infectivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40037. [PMID: 28051183 PMCID: PMC5209703 DOI: 10.1038/srep40037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-C has been demonstrated to associate with HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). Virions lacking HLA-C have reduced infectivity and increased susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies. Like all others MHC-I molecules, HLA-C requires β2-microglobulin (β2m) for appropriate folding and expression on the cell membrane but this association is weaker, thus generating HLA-C free-chains on the cell surface. In this study, we deepen the understanding of HLA-C and Env association by showing that HIV-1 specifically increases the amount of HLA-C free chains, not bound to β2m, on the membrane of infected cells. The association between Env and HLA-C takes place at the cell membrane requiring β2m to occur. We report that the enhanced infectivity conferred to HIV-1 by HLA-C specifically involves HLA-C free chain molecules that have been correctly assembled with β2m. HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped viruses produced in the absence of β2m are less infectious than those produced in the presence of β2m. We hypothesize that the conformation and surface expression of HLA-C molecules could be a discriminant for the association with Env. Binding stability to β2m may confer to HLA-C the ability to preferentially act either as a conventional immune-competent molecule or as an accessory molecule involved in HIV-1 infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Serena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Parolini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Priscilla Biswas
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Almudena Blanco Miranda
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Zoratti
- University Laboratory of Medical Research, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scupoli
- University Laboratory of Medical Research, Piazzale L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Ziglio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.,Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Virología IUETSPC, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Agustin Valenzuela-Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Virología IUETSPC, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra s/n, 38071, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Siccardi
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Beretta
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
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21
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Kolegraff K, Bostik P, Ansari AA. Characterization and Role of Lentivirus-Associated Host Proteins. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 231:252-63. [PMID: 16514170 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses obtain their envelopes during the process of budding from infected cells. During this process, however, these viruses acquire parts of the host cell membranes and host cell-derived proteins as integral parts of their mature envelopes. These host-derived components of viral envelopes may subsequently exhibit various effects on the life cycle of the virus; virus cell interactions, especially host response to virus-incorporated self-proteins; and the pathogenesis of the disease induced by these viruses. Although it was known for some time that various viruses incorporate host cell-derived proteins, the issue of the role of these proteins has received increased attention, specifically in connection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the analysis and role of host-derived proteins associated with enveloped viruses, with emphasis on the potential role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Clearly, differences in the clinical outcome of those nonhuman primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that are disease resistant compared with SIV-infected species that are disease susceptible provide a unique opportunity to determine whether differences in the incorporation of distinct sets of host proteins play a role with distinct clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Kolegraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, WMB Room 2309, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Le Heron A, Patterson S, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ, Dickson G. Chimeric Trojan Protein Insertion in Lentiviral Membranes Makes Lentiviruses Susceptible to Neutralization by Anti-Tetanus Serum Antibodies. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:242-254. [PMID: 27889981 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the initial testing of a novel strategy for neutralization of lentiviruses using the fundamental biology of enveloped viruses' assembly and budding. In the field of gene therapy, viral vector surface proteins have been manipulated in order to redirect host cell specificity by alteration of pseudo-types. This study tested whether known viral pseudo-typing proteins or surface proteins known to be recruited to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope could be engineered to carry neutralizing epitopes from another microorganism onto the lentiviral surface. The results identify ICAM1 as a novel vehicle for lentiviral pseudo-typing. Importantly, the study shows that in a model lentiviral system, ICAM1 can be engineered in chimeric form to result in expression of a fragment of the tetanus toxoid on the viral membrane and that these viruses can then be neutralized by human serum antibodies protective against tetanus. This raises the possibility of delivering chimeric antigens as a gene therapy in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Le Heron
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- 2 Department of Immunology, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael J Yáñez-Muñoz
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
| | - George Dickson
- 1 Centre of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London , Egham, United Kingdom
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23
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Monocytes but Not Lymphocytes Carrying HIV-1 on Their Surface Transmit Infection to Human Tissue Ex Vivo. J Virol 2016; 90:9833-9840. [PMID: 27558419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00742-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected men is the major cause of new infections. HIV virions are released into semen by various cells of the male genital tract, as well as by infected monocytes and lymphocytes present in semen. Some of these virions may attach to the surfaces of cells, infected or uninfected. We investigated whether cells carrying attached HIV on their surfaces can transmit infection. We addressed this question in a model system of human tissue exposed ex vivo to monocytes and lymphocytes carrying HIV on their surfaces. We gamma irradiated the cells to prevent their productive infection. In spite of comparable amounts of HIV attached to monocytes and lymphocytes, only monocytes were capable of transmitting infection and triggering productive infection in tissue. This HIV-1 transmission was mediated by cell-cell contacts. Our experiments suggest that in vivo, HIV attached to infected or uninfected monocytes, which far outnumber lymphocytes in HIV-infected semen, may contribute to sexual transmission of HIV from men to their partners. IMPORTANCE The vast majority of new HIV infections occur through sexual transmission, in which HIV is transferred from the semen of an infected male to an uninfected partner. In semen, HIV-1 particles may exist as free-floating virions; inside infected cells; or attached to the surfaces of cells, whether they are infected or not. Here, we investigated whether HIV attached to the surfaces of monocytes or lymphocytes could transmit infection to human tissue. Incubation of human tissue with monocyte-attached HIV resulted in productive tissue infection. In contrast, there was no infection of tissues when they were incubated with lymphocyte-attached HIV-1. Our results highlight the important role that seminal monocytes may play in HIV transmission in vivo, especially since monocytes far outnumber lymphocytes in the semen of HIV-infected individuals.
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24
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Byrareddy SN, Little D, Mayne AE, Villinger F, Ansari AA. Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Rhesus Macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140689. [PMID: 26468886 PMCID: PMC4607400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin-like molecules and their receptors are cell surface molecules that have been shown to play a role in either facilitating infection or serving as transporters of HIV/SIV in vivo. The role of these lectin-like molecules in the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV infection continues to be defined. In efforts to gain further insight on the potential role of these lectin-like molecules, our laboratory generated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the human analogs of rhesus macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle, since the rhesus macaques are accepted as the most reliable animal model to study human HIV infection. The characterization of the cell lineages from the blood and various tissues of rhesus macaques that express these lectin-like molecules are described herein. Among the mononuclear cells, the cells of the myeloid lineage of rhesus macaques are the predominant cell lineages that express readily detectable levels of CD200, CD200R and Mincle that is similar to the expression of Siglec-1 and Siglec-3 reported by our laboratory earlier. Subset analysis revealed that a higher frequency of the CD14+/CD16- subset from normal rhesus macaques express CD200, CD200R and Mincle. Differences in the frequencies and density of expression of these molecules by the gated population of CD14+ cells from various tissues are noted with PBMC and bone marrow expressing the highest and the mononuclear cells isolated from the colon and ileum expressing the lowest levels. While a significant frequency of pDCs and mDCs express Siglec-1/Siglec-3, a much lower frequency expresses CD200, CD200R and Mincle in PBMCs from rhesus macaques. The mAb against CD200 and CD200R but not Mincle appear to inhibit the infection of macrophage tropic SIV/SHIV in vitro. We conclude that these mAbs may have potential to be used as adjunctive therapeutic agents to control/inhibit SIV/HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Macaca mulatta/immunology
- Macaca mulatta/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/virology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dawn Little
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Mayne
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Aiamkitsumrit B, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Pirrone V, Wigdahl B. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cellular Entry and Exit in the T Lymphocytic and Monocytic Compartments: Mechanisms and Target Opportunities During Viral Disease. Adv Virus Res 2015; 93:257-311. [PMID: 26111588 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a number of cell types throughout the body are infected, with the majority of cells representing CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Both types of cells express, to varying levels, the primary receptor molecule, CD4, as well as one or both of the coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Viral tropism is determined by both the coreceptor utilized for entry and the cell type infected. Although a single virus may have the capacity to infect both a CD4+ T cell and a cell of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, the mechanisms involved in both the entry of the virus into the cell and the viral egress from the cell during budding and viral release differ depending on the cell type. These host-virus interactions and processes can result in the differential targeting of different cell types by selected viral quasispecies and the overall amount of infectious virus released into the extracellular environment or by direct cell-to-cell spread of viral infectivity. This review covers the major steps of virus entry and egress with emphasis on the parts of the replication process that lead to differences in how the virus enters, replicates, and buds from different cellular compartments, such as CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Recent reports suggest that some galectins bind to enveloped viruses. They include influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Nipah virus. It is also suggested that the interaction between viruses and galectins influences viral attachment to their susceptible cells, affecting the viral infectivity. Our work suggests that galectin-1 increases the infectivity of HIV-1 and HTVL-1. Indeed, galectin-1 promotes the initial adsorption of HIV-1 to CD4(+) cells through its binding to viral envelope gp120 and facilitates HIV-1 infection in a manner that is dependent on its recognition of β-galactoside residues. Thus, as galectin-1 can be considered as a pattern recognition receptor, HIV-1 exploits this host factor to promote its transmission or replication. In this chapter, we describe methods used to investigate this potential role of galectins in HIV-1 infection as a case in point for future studies on galectin-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Ouellet
- Laboratory of Human Immuno-Retrovirology, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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27
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Selective acquisition of host-derived ICAM-1 by HIV-1 is a matrix-dependent process. J Virol 2014; 89:323-36. [PMID: 25320314 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02701-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 acquires an impressive number of foreign components during its formation. Despite all previous efforts spent studying the nature and functionality of virus-anchored host molecules, the exact mechanism(s) through which such constituents are acquired by HIV-1 is still unknown. However, in the case of ICAM-1, one of the most extensively studied transmembrane proteins found associated with mature virions, the Pr55(Gag) precursor polyprotein appears to be a potential interaction partner. We investigated and characterized at the molecular level the process of ICAM-1 incorporation using initially a Pr55(Gag)-based virus-like particle (VLP) model. Substitution of various domains of Pr55(Gag), such as the nucleocapsid, SP2, or p6, had no effect on the acquisition of ICAM-1. We found that the structural matrix protein (MA) is mandatory for ICAM-1 incorporation within VLPs, and we confirmed this novel observation with the replication-competent HIV-1 molecular clone NL4.3. Additional studies suggest that the C-terminal two-thirds of MA, and especially 13 amino acids positioned inside the fifth α-helix, are important. Moreover, based on three-dimensional (3D) modeling of protein-protein interactions (i.e., protein-protein docking) and further validation by a virus capture assay, we found that a series of acidic residues in the MA domain interact with basic amino acids located in the ICAM-1 cytoplasmic tail. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanism governing the acquisition of ICAM-1, a host molecule known to enhance HIV-1 infectivity in a significant manner. Altogether, these observations offer a new avenue for the development of antiviral therapeutics that are directed at a target of host origin. IMPORTANCE Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is a cell surface host component known to be efficiently inserted within emerging HIV-1 particles. It has been demonstrated that host-derived ICAM-1 molecules act as a strong attachment factor and increase HIV-1 infectivity substantially. Despite previous efforts spent studying virus-associated host molecules, the precise mechanism(s) through which such constituents are inserted within emerging HIV-1 particles still remains obscure. Previous data suggest that the Pr55(Gag) precursor polyprotein appears as a potential interaction partner with ICAM-1. In the present study, we demonstrate that the HIV-1 matrix domain plays a key role in the ICAM-1 incorporation process. Some observations were confirmed with whole-virus preparations amplified in primary human cells, thereby providing physiological significance to our data.
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28
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Yen PJ, Mefford ME, Hoxie JA, Williams KC, Desrosiers RC, Gabuzda D. Identification and characterization of a macrophage-tropic SIV envelope glycoprotein variant in blood from early infection in SIVmac251-infected macaques. Virology 2014; 458-459:53-68. [PMID: 24928039 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in HIV/SIV pathogenesis by serving as a reservoir for viral persistence in brain and other tissues. Infected macrophages have been detected in brain early after infection, but macrophage-tropic viruses are rarely isolated until late-stage infection. Little is known about early variants that establish persistent infection in brain. Here, we characterize a unique macrophage-tropic SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) variant from two weeks post-infection in blood of an SIVmac251-infected macaque that is closely related to sequences in brain from animals with neurological disease. SIVmac251 clones expressing this Env are highly fusogenic, and replicate efficiently in T cells and macrophages. N173 and N481 were identified as novel determinants of macrophage tropism and neutralization sensitivity. These results imply that macrophage-tropic SIV capable of establishing viral reservoirs in brain can be present in blood during early infection. Furthermore, these SIVmac251 clones will be useful for studies on pathogenesis, eradication, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jen Yen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Medical Sciences Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan E Mefford
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Medical Sciences Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- New England Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Gutiérrez-Granados S, Cervera L, Gòdia F, Carrillo J, Segura MM. Development and validation of a quantitation assay for fluorescently tagged HIV-1 virus-like particles. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Arakelyan A, Fitzgerald W, Margolis L, Grivel JC. Nanoparticle-based flow virometry for the analysis of individual virions. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3716-27. [PMID: 23925291 PMCID: PMC3754246 DOI: 10.1172/jci67042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While flow cytometry has been used to analyze the antigenic composition of individual cells, the antigenic makeup of viral particles is still characterized predominantly in bulk. Here, we describe a technology, "flow virometry," that can be used for antigen detection on individual virions. The technology is based on binding magnetic nanoparticles to virions, staining the virions with monoclonal antibodies, separating the formed complexes with magnetic columns, and characterizing them with flow cytometers. We used this technology to study the distribution of two antigens (HLA-DR and LFA-1) that HIV-1 acquires from infected cells among individual HIV-1 virions. Flow virometry revealed that the antigenic makeup of virions from a single preparation is heterogeneous. This heterogeneity could not be detected with bulk analysis of viruses. Moreover, in two preparations of the same HIV-1 produced by different cells, the distribution of antigens among virions was different. In contrast, HIV-1 of two different HIV-1 genotypes replicating in the same cells became somewhat antigenically similar. This nanotechnology allows the study of virions in bodily fluids without virus propagation and in principle is not restricted to the analysis of HIV, but can be applied to the analysis of the individual surface antigenic makeup of any virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anush Arakelyan
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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31
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Joshi P, Sloan B, Torbett BE, Stoddart CA. Heat shock protein 90AB1 and hyperthermia rescue infectivity of HIV with defective cores. Virology 2013; 436:162-72. [PMID: 23200770 PMCID: PMC3563299 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that reduced infectivity of HIV with incompletely processed capsid-spacer protein 1 (CA-SP1) is rescued by cellular activation or increased expression of HSP90AB1, a member of the cytosolic heat shock protein 90 family. Here we show that HSP90AB1 is present in HIV virions and that HSP90AB1, but not nonfunctional mutated HSP90AB1(E42A+D88A), restores infectivity to HIV with mutations in CA that alter core stability. Further, the CA mutants were hypersensitive to pharmacological inhibition of HSP90AB1. In agreement with Roesch et al. (2012), we found that culturing HIV at 39.5°C enhanced viral infectivity up to 30-fold in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (p=0.002) and rescued CA-mutant infectivity in nonactivated cells, concurrent with elevated expression of HSP90AB1 during hyperthermia. In sum, the transdominant effect of HSP90AB1 on CA-mutant HIV infectivity suggests a potential role for this class of cellular chaperones in HIV core stability and uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheroze Joshi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Barbara Sloan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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32
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Macropinocytosis-like HIV-1 internalization in macrophages is CCR5 dependent and leads to efficient but delayed degradation in endosomal compartments. J Virol 2012; 87:735-45. [PMID: 23115275 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01802-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 endocytosis by a macropinocytosis-like mechanism has been shown to lead to productive infection in macrophages. However, little is known of this pathway. In this study, we examined HIV-1 endocytosis using biochemical approaches and imaging techniques in order to better understand the mechanisms that allow for productive infection of these cells via the endosomal pathway. We show here that this macropinocytosis-like mechanism is not the sole pathway involved in HIV-1 endocytosis in macrophages. However, this pathway specifically requires CCR5 engagement at the cell surface, which in turn suggests that the virus and its coreceptor are present in the endosomal environment simultaneously. Furthermore, although we observed efficient viral degradation following endocytosis, analyses of HIV-1 transport through the endolysosomal pathway revealed that viral degradation is delayed following endosomal internalization, possibly allowing the virus to complete its fusion.
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33
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Kondo N, Melikyan GB. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 promotes HIV-1 attachment but not fusion to target cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44827. [PMID: 22970312 PMCID: PMC3435301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) into HIV-1 particles is known to markedly enhance the virus binding and infection of cells expressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). At the same time, ICAM-1 has been reported to exert a less pronounced effect on HIV-1 fusion with lymphoid cells. Here we examined the role of ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions in productive HIV-1 entry into lymphoid cells using a direct virus-cell fusion assay. ICAM-1 promoted HIV-1 attachment to cells in a temperature-dependent manner. It exerted a marginal effect on virus binding in the cold, but enhanced binding up to 4-fold at physiological temperature. ICAM-1-independent attachment in the cold was readily reversible upon subsequent incubation at elevated temperature, whereas ICAM-1-bearing particles were largely retained by cells. The better virus retention resulted in a proportional increase in HIV-1 internalization and fusion, suggesting that ICAM-1 did not specifically accelerate endocytosis or fusion steps. We also measured the rates of CD4 engagement, productive endocytosis and HIV-endosome fusion using specific fusion inhibitors. These rates were virtually independent of the presence of ICAM-1 in viral particles. Importantly, irrespective of the presence of ICAM-1, HIV-1 escaped from the low temperature block, which stopped virus endocytosis and fusion, much later than from a membrane-impermeant fusion inhibitor targeting surface-accessible particles. This result, along with the complete inhibition of HIV-1 fusion by a small molecule dynamin inhibitor, implies this virus enters lymphoid cells used in this study via endocytosis and that this pathway is not altered by the viral ICAM-1. Our data highlight the role of ICAM-1 in stabilizing the HIV-1 attachment to LFA-1 expressing cells, which leads to a proportional enhancement of the receptor-mediated uptake and fusion with endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kondo
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Santos S, Obukhov Y, Nekhai S, Bukrinsky M, Iordanskiy S. Virus-producing cells determine the host protein profiles of HIV-1 virion cores. Retrovirology 2012; 9:65. [PMID: 22889230 PMCID: PMC3432596 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon HIV entry into target cells, viral cores are released and rearranged into reverse transcription complexes (RTCs), which support reverse transcription and also protect and transport viral cDNA to the site of integration. RTCs are composed of viral and cellular proteins that originate from both target and producer cells, the latter entering the target cell within the viral core. However, the proteome of HIV-1 viral cores in the context of the type of producer cells has not yet been characterized. Results We examined the proteomic profiles of the cores purified from HIV-1 NL4-3 virions assembled in Sup-T1 cells (T lymphocytes), PMA and vitamin D3 activated THP1 (model of macrophages, mMΦ), and non-activated THP1 cells (model of monocytes, mMN) and assessed potential involvement of identified proteins in the early stages of infection using gene ontology information and data from genome-wide screens on proteins important for HIV-1 replication. We identified 202 cellular proteins incorporated in the viral cores (T cells: 125, mMΦ: 110, mMN: 90) with the overlap between these sets limited to 42 proteins. The groups of RNA binding (29), DNA binding (17), cytoskeleton (15), cytoskeleton regulation (21), chaperone (18), vesicular trafficking-associated (12) and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway-associated proteins (9) were most numerous. Cores of the virions from SupT1 cells contained twice as many RNA binding proteins as cores of THP1-derived virus, whereas cores of virions from mMΦ and mMN were enriched in components of cytoskeleton and vesicular transport machinery, most probably due to differences in virion assembly pathways between these cells. Spectra of chaperones, cytoskeletal proteins and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway components were similar between viral cores from different cell types, whereas DNA-binding and especially RNA-binding proteins were highly diverse. Western blot analysis showed that within the group of overlapping proteins, the level of incorporation of some RNA binding (RHA and HELIC2) and DNA binding proteins (MCM5 and Ku80) in the viral cores from T cells was higher than in the cores from both mMΦ and mMN and did not correlate with the abundance of these proteins in virus producing cells. Conclusions Profiles of host proteins packaged in the cores of HIV-1 virions depend on the type of virus producing cell. The pool of proteins present in the cores of all virions is likely to contain factors important for viral functions. Incorporation ratio of certain RNA- and DNA-binding proteins suggests their more efficient, non-random packaging into virions in T cells than in mMΦ and mMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Zipeto D, Beretta A. HLA-C and HIV-1: friends or foes? Retrovirology 2012; 9:39. [PMID: 22571741 PMCID: PMC3386009 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class I protein HLA-C plays a crucial role as a molecule capable of sending inhibitory signals to both natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) via binding to killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR). Recently HLA-C has been recognized as a key molecule in the immune control of HIV-1. Expression of HLA-C is modulated by a microRNA binding site. HLA-C alleles that bear substitutions in the microRNA binding site are more expressed at the cell surface and associated with the control of HIV-1 viral load, suggesting a role of HLA-C in the presentation of antigenic peptides to CTLs. This review highlights the role of HLA-C in association with HIV-1 viral load, but also addresses the contradiction of the association between high cell surface expression of an inhibitory molecule and strong cell-mediated immunity. To explore additional mechanisms of control of HIV-1 replication by HLA-C, we address specific features of the molecule, like its tendency to be expressed as open conformer upon cell activation, which endows it with a unique capacity to associate with other cell surface molecules as well as with HIV-1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Zipeto
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Sato S, Ouellet M, St-Pierre C, Tremblay MJ. Glycans, galectins, and HIV-1 infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1253:133-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pelchen-Matthews A, Giese S, Mlčochová P, Turner J, Marsh M. β2 integrin adhesion complexes maintain the integrity of HIV-1 assembly compartments in primary macrophages. Traffic 2011; 13:273-91. [PMID: 22017400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly takes place primarily on complex intracellular plasma membrane domains connected to the cell surface by closely apposed membrane sheets or narrow channels. Some of the membranes associated with these compartments are decorated by thick (≈30 nm), electron-dense, cytoplasmic coats. Here we show by immunolabelling of ultrathin cryosections that the β2 integrin CD18, together with the αM and αX integrins (CD11b and CD11c), is clustered at these coated domains, and that the coats themselves contain the cytoskeletal linker proteins talin, vinculin and paxillin that connect the integrin complexes to the actin cytoskeleton. Intracellular plasma membrane-connected compartments (IPMC) with CD18-containing focal adhesion-like coats are also present in uninfected MDM. These compartments become more prominent as the cells mature in tissue culture and their appearance correlates with increased expression of CD18, CD11b/c and paxillin. Depletion of CD18 by RNA interference leads to parallel down-regulation of CD11b and CD11c, as well as of paxillin, and the disappearance of the adhesion-like coats. In addition, CD18 knockdown alters the appearance of virus-containing IPMC in HIV-infected MDM, indicating that the β2 integrin/focal adhesion-like coat structures are involved in the organization of these compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Pelchen-Matthews
- Cell Biology Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Giroud C, Chazal N, Briant L. Cellular kinases incorporated into HIV-1 particles: passive or active passengers? Retrovirology 2011; 8:71. [PMID: 21888651 PMCID: PMC3182982 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is one of the major mechanisms by which the activities of protein factors can be regulated. Such regulation impacts multiple key-functions of mammalian cells, including signal transduction, nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling, macromolecular complexes assembly, DNA binding and regulation of enzymatic activities to name a few. To ensure their capacities to replicate and propagate efficiently in their hosts, viruses may rely on the phosphorylation of viral proteins to assist diverse steps of their life cycle. It has been known for several decades that particles from diverse virus families contain some protein kinase activity. While large DNA viruses generally encode for viral kinases, RNA viruses and more precisely retroviruses have acquired the capacity to hijack the signaling machinery of the host cell and to embark cellular kinases when budding. Such property was demonstrated for HIV-1 more than a decade ago. This review summarizes the knowledge acquired in the field of HIV-1-associated kinases and discusses their possible function in the retroviral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Giroud
- Centre d'Études d'Agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, UMR5236 CNRS - Université Montpellier 1-Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
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Hoffmann D, Garcia AD, Harrigan PR, Johnston ICD, Nakasone T, García-Lerma JG, Heneine W. Measuring enzymatic HIV-1 susceptibility to two reverse transcriptase inhibitors as a rapid and simple approach to HIV-1 drug-resistance testing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22019. [PMID: 21799767 PMCID: PMC3140485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple and cost-effective approaches for HIV drug-resistance testing are highly desirable for managing increasingly expanding HIV-1 infected populations who initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly in resource-limited settings. Non-nucleoside reverse trancriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimens with an NRTI backbone containing lamivudine (3TC) or emtricitabine (FTC) are preferred first ART regimens. Failure with these drug combinations typically involves the selection of NNRTI- and/or 3TC/FTC- resistant viruses. Therefore, the availability of simple assays to measure both types of drug resistance is critical. We have developed a high throughput screening test for assessing enzymatic resistance of the HIV-1 RT in plasma to 3TC/FTC and NNRTIs. The test uses the sensitive “Amp-RT” assay with a newly-developed real-time PCR format to screen biochemically for drug resistance in single reactions containing either 3TC-triphosphate (3TC-TP) or nevirapine (NVP). Assay cut-offs were defined based on testing a large panel of subtype B and non-subtype B clinical samples with known genotypic profiles. Enzymatic 3TC resistance correlated well with the presence of M184I/V, and reduced NVP susceptibility was strongly associated with the presence of K103N, Y181C/I, Y188L, and G190A/Q. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting resistance were 97.0% and 96.0% in samples with M184V, and 97.4% and 96.2% for samples with NNRTI mutations, respectively. We further demonstrate the utility of an HIV capture method in plasma by using magnetic beads coated with CD44 antibody that eliminates the need for ultracentifugation. Thus our results support the use of this simple approach for distinguishing WT from NNRTI- or 3TC/FTC-resistant viruses in clinical samples. This enzymatic testing is subtype-independent and can assist in the clinical management of diverse populations particularly in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Hoffmann
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Abstract
By virtue of their multiple interactions with partner proteins and due to their strong propensity to multimerize, tetraspanins create scaffolds in membranes, recruiting or excluding specific proteins needed for particular cellular processes. We and others have shown that (i) HIV-1 assembles at, and buds through, membrane areas that are enriched in tetraspanins CD9, CD63, CD81 and CD82, and (ii) the presence of these proteins at exit sites and in viral particles inhibits virus-induced membrane fusion. In the present paper, I review these findings and briefly discuss the results of our ongoing investigations that are aimed at elucidating when and how tetraspanins regulate this fusion process and how such control affects virus spreading. Finally, I give a preview of studies that we have initiated more recently and which aim to delineate exactly when CD81 functions during the replication of another enveloped RNA virus: influenza virus.
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Branch DR. Role of G protein-coupled vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors in HIV integration. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of HIV infection is closely linked to the replication of the virus in vivo. Even though the progress in anti-HIV-1 chemotherapy in the past several years has been dramatic, the efficient protection against HIV-1 infection still remains one of the most important global challenges. The complete blockage of AIDS progression appears to be difficult with current treatment due to the rapid occurrence of viral drug-resistance, increasing cost and the likelihood of adverse side effects. Furthermore, although originally regarded with high hope, development of a suitable vaccine appears to be years away. The purpose of this article is to describe previous findings regarding a potentially important role of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (VPAC) family of G protein-coupled receptors in HIV-1 infection, to provide evidence for the involvement of these receptors in providing signals that can control the integration of the virus into the host DNA and to report new findings that support a role for VPAC receptors in the facilitation of HIV integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Branch
- Research & Development, Canadian Blood Services, Immunology Hub, Toronto Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M1, Canada
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Stephenson ST, Bostik P, Song B, Rajan D, Bhimani S, Rehulka P, Mayne AE, Ansari AA. Distinct host cell proteins incorporated by SIV replicating in CD4+ T cells from natural disease resistant versus non-natural disease susceptible hosts. Retrovirology 2010; 7:107. [PMID: 21162735 PMCID: PMC3012658 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enveloped viruses including the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replicating within host cells acquire host proteins upon egress from the host cells. A number of studies have catalogued such host proteins, and a few have documented the potential positive and negative biological functions of such host proteins. The studies conducted herein utilized proteomic analysis to identify differences in the spectrum of host proteins acquired by a single source of SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from disease resistant sooty mangabeys and disease susceptible rhesus macaques. RESULTS While a total of 202 host derived proteins were present in viral preparations from CD4+ T cells from both species, there were 4 host-derived proteins that consistently and uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from rhesus macaques but not sooty mangabeys; and, similarly, 28 host-derived proteins that uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from sooty mangabeys, but not rhesus macaques. Of interest was the finding that of the 4 proteins uniquely present in SIV preparations from rhesus macaques was a 26 S protease subunit 7 (MSS1) that was shown to enhance HIV-1 'tat' mediated transactivation. Among the 28 proteins found in SIV preparations from sooty mangabeys included several molecules associated with immune function such as CD2, CD3ε, TLR4, TLR9 and TNFR and a bioactive form of IL-13. CONCLUSIONS The finding of 4 host proteins that are uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from disease susceptible rhesus macaques and 28 host proteins that are uniquely associated with SIV replicating within CD4+ T cells from disease resistant sooty mangabeys provide the foundation for determining the potential role of each of these unique host-derived proteins in contributing to the polarized clinical outcome in these 2 species of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Stephenson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Heeregrave EJ, Ampofo WK, Tetteh JKA, Ofori M, Ofori SB, Shah AS, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Generation of HIV-1 primary isolates representative of plasma variants using the U87.CD4 cell line. J Virol Methods 2010; 169:341-50. [PMID: 20705104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain HIV-1 primary isolates in settings with limited access to donor PBMCs, a culture method was developed where patient PBMCs infected with HIV-1 were cultured together with U87.CD4 cells. Using this non-laborious method, it is possible to harvest virus solely on the basis of syncytia formation and circumventing monitoring of viral replication by CA-p24 ELISA. Primary isolates from 23 out of 33 patients (70%) were isolated successfully. From PCR amplification and sequencing of the V1V5 region of the viral gp120 envelope gene, primary isolates were compared with variants obtained from plasma and PBMCs of 13 patients. The primary isolates of seven patients (54%) resembled closely the plasma viral quasispecies, whereas different variants were isolated from the other patients (46%). Three patients harboured a dual infection, while this remained unnoticed from sequencing the plasma or PBMC compartment. The primary isolates were highly infectious for TZM-bl cells and could infect CD4-enriched lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that it is possible to grow viral isolates using a non-laborious and simple method. These isolates may be used in the field for studies on antiretroviral therapy or for vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Heeregrave
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center of Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lopez CA, Vazquez M, Hill MD, Del C. Colon M, Porrata-Doria T, Johnston ICD, Lorenzo E. Characterization of HIV-1 RNA forms in the plasma of patients undergoing successful HAART. Arch Virol 2010; 155:895-903. [PMID: 20414690 PMCID: PMC2880236 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An assay to characterize plasma human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) sequences for patients with low viral loads was developed by combining the selective binding of anti-CD44 MicroBeads with a nested RT-PCR targeting the env C2V4 region. Sequences were obtained from 10 of 20 HIV+ patients who had viral loads below 48 copies/ml. Sequences derived from plasma were compared to those from CD14+ CD16 +monocytes and CD4+ T cells. The plasma sequences were most closely related to those amplified from monocytes, suggesting that during successful antiretroviral therapy, the predominant plasma virus originates from myeloid cells. By characterizing HIV-1 RNA sequences from 8 ml of plasma while avoiding multiple steps, which can lead to contamination and deterioration, this method can help elucidate the viral forms in patients with therapeutically suppressed HIV-1. Understanding the source of residual viremia is crucial in developing approaches for viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Lopez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Manuel Vazquez
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Martin D. Hill
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Maria Del C. Colon
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Tirtsa Porrata-Doria
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
| | - Ian C. D. Johnston
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 68, 51429 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Eric Lorenzo
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, P.O. Box 7004, Ponce, PR 00732 USA
- Present Address: Scientific Review Program, AIDS Research Review Branch, NIAID, Division of Extramural Activities (DEA), 6700B Rockledge Dr., Room 3134, Bethesda, MD 20892-7616 USA
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Kerrigan AM, Brown GD. Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptors that mediate cellular activation via single tyrosine based activation motifs. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:335-52. [PMID: 20193029 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets have distinct specialized functions contributed in part by their differential expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a group of PRRs expressed by DCs and other myeloid cells that can recognize endogenous ligands as well as a wide range of exogenous structures present on pathogens. Dual roles in homeostasis and immunity have been demonstrated for some members of this receptor family. Largely due to their endocytic ability and subset specific expression, DC-expressed CLRs have been the focus of significant antigen-targeting studies. A number of CLRs function on the basis of signaling via association with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adapter proteins. Others contain ITAM-related motifs or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails. Here we review CLRs that induce intracellular signaling via a single tyrosine-based ITAM-like motif and highlight their relevance in terms of DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Kerrigan
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we present current advances in our understanding of HIV-1 neutralization assays that employ primary cell types, as compared with those that utilize cell lines and the newer, more standardized pseudovirus assays. A commentary on the challenges of standardizing in-vitro neutralization assays using primary cells is included. RECENT FINDINGS The data from reporter cell line neutralization assays may agree with results observed in primary cells; however, exceptions have recently been reported. Multiple variables exist in primary cell assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seronegative donors; in-vitro neutralization titers can vary significantly based on the donor cells used for assay targets and for virus propagation. Thus, more research is required to achieve validated primary cell neutralization assays. SUMMARY HIV-vaccine-induced antibody performance in the current neutralization assays may function as a 'gatekeeper' for HIV-1 subunit vaccine advancement. Development of standardized platforms for reproducible measurement of in-vitro neutralization is therefore a high priority. Given the considerable variation in results obtained from some widely applied HIV neutralization platforms, parallel evaluation of new antibodies using different host cells for assay targets, as well as virus propagation, is recommended until immune correlates of protection are identified.
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Abstract
Initial binding of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) to its susceptible CD4(+) cells is the limiting step for the establishment of infection as the avidity of viral envelope gp120 for CD4 is not high and the number of viral envelope spikes on the surface is found to be low compared to highly infectious viruses. Several host factors, such as C-type lectins, are listed as being able to enforce or facilitate the crucial interaction of HIV-1 to the susceptible cell. Recent works suggest that a host soluble beta-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-1, also facilitates both virion binding and the infection of target cells in a manner dependent on lactose but not mannose, suggesting that this soluble galectin can be considered as a host factor that influences HIV-1 pathogenesis. In this chapter, we describe methods used to investigate the potential role of the galectin family in HIV-1-mediated disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian St-Pierre
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using clinical isolates from a recent passive immunization trial with antibody 2G12, we probed the capacity of frequently used neutralization formats - the primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-based and the TZM-bl cell-based assay systems - to predict in-vivo activity of 2G12. DESIGN Antibodies and entry inhibitors of established efficacy were used to neutralize HIV-1 isolates in different in-vitro assay setups. METHODS Single round infection with Env-pseudotyped and multiple round infection with replication-competent virus was studied on PBMCs and a variety of engineered cell lines. RESULTS Six out of 12 isolates with high sensitivity to 2G12 in the replication-competent PBMC assay lacked sensitivity to the monoclonal antibody in the env-pseudotype TZM-bl assay. Outcome of passive immunization with 2G12 corroborated the PBMC-assay in-vitro data, as escape mutations to 2G12 emerged, proving the monoclonal antibody's impact on HIV in vivo. Failure to inhibit pseudotype infection of TZM-bl was not due to sequence differences or the pseudotype infection per se, as infection of PBMCs with the identical pseudotyped viruses was sensitive to 2G12 inhibition. Similar shifts in efficacy, though less extreme, were noted for other neutralizing antibodies and inhibitors. Exploration of causes for the observed differences between assay systems revealed that both target cell and virus producer properties influence sensitivity of virus entry to inhibition. CONCLUSION Our observation that neutralization assay systems employing engineered reporter cell lines can miss in-vivo relevant neutralizing activities strongly argues that preclinical assessment should not be restricted to a single assay type.
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Montoya CJ, Jaimes F, Higuita EA, Convers-Páez S, Estrada S, Gutierrez F, Amariles P, Giraldo N, Peñaloza C, Rugeles MT. Antiretroviral effect of lovastatin on HIV-1-infected individuals without highly active antiretroviral therapy (The LIVE study): a phase-II randomized clinical trial. Trials 2009; 10:41. [PMID: 19538732 PMCID: PMC2705367 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy produces a significant decrease in HIV-1 replication and allows an increase in the CD4 T-cell count, leading to a decrease in the incidence of opportunistic infections and mortality. However, the cost, side effects and complexity of antiretroviral regimens have underscored the immediate need for additional therapeutic approaches. Statins exert pleiotropic effects through a variety of mechanisms, among which there are several immunoregulatory effects, related and unrelated to their cholesterol-lowering activity that can be useful to control HIV-1 infection. Methods/design Randomized, double-blinded, placebo controlled, single-center, phase-II clinical trial. One hundred and ten chronically HIV-1-infected patients, older than 18 years and naïve for antirretroviral therapy (i.e., without prior or current management with antiretroviral drugs) will be enrolled at the outpatient services from the most important centres for health insurance care in Medellin-Colombia. The interventions will be lovastatin (40 mg/day, orally, for 12 months; 55 patients) or placebo (55 patients). Our primary aim will be to determine the effect of lovastatin on viral replication. The secondary aim will be to determine the effect of lovastatin on CD4+ T-cell count in peripheral blood. As tertiary aims we will explore differences in CD8+ T-cell count, expression of activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) on CD4 and CD8 T cells, cholesterol metabolism, LFA-1/ICAM-1 function, Rho GTPases function and clinical evolution between treated and not treated HIV-1-infected individuals. Discussion Preliminary descriptive studies have suggested that statins (lovastatin) may have anti HIV-1 activity and that their administration is safe, with the potential effect of controlling HIV-1 replication in chronically infected individuals who had not received antiretroviral medications. Considering that there is limited clinical data available on this topic, all these findings warrant further evaluation to determine if long-term administration of statins may benefit the virological and immunological evolution in HIV-1-infected individuals before the use of antiretroviral therapy is required. Trial registration Registration number NCT00721305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Montoya
- Immunovirology Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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