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Bettonville M, d'Aria S, Weatherly K, Porporato PE, Zhang J, Bousbata S, Sonveaux P, Braun MY. Long-term antigen exposure irreversibly modifies metabolic requirements for T cell function. eLife 2018; 7:30938. [PMID: 29911570 PMCID: PMC6025959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is essential for T cell function. However, how persistent antigenic stimulation affects T cell metabolism is unknown. Here, we report that long-term in vivo antigenic exposure induced a specific deficit in numerous metabolic enzymes. Accordingly, T cells exhibited low basal glycolytic flux and limited respiratory capacity. Strikingly, blockade of inhibitory receptor PD-1 stimulated the production of IFNγ in chronic T cells, but failed to shift their metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis, as observed in effector T cells. Instead, chronic T cells appeared to rely on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to produce ATP for IFNγ synthesis. Check-point blockade, however, increased mitochondrial production of superoxide and reduced viability and effector function. Thus, in the absence of a glycolytic switch, PD-1-mediated inhibition appears essential for limiting oxidative metabolism linked to effector function in chronic T cells, thereby promoting survival and functional fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bettonville
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stefania d'Aria
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Weatherly
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paolo E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Proteomic Platform, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Y Braun
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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2
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dela Peña-Ponce MG, Rodriguez-Nieves J, Bernhardt J, Tuck R, Choudhary N, Mengual M, Mollan KR, Hudgens MG, Peter-Wohl S, De Paris K. Increasing JAK/STAT Signaling Function of Infant CD4 + T Cells during the First Year of Life. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:15. [PMID: 28271056 PMCID: PMC5318443 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most infant deaths occur in the first year of life. Yet, our knowledge of immune development during this period is scarce and derived from cord blood (CB) only. To more effectively combat pediatric diseases, a deeper understanding of the kinetics and the factors that regulate the maturation of immune functions in early life is needed. Increased disease susceptibility of infants is generally attributed to T helper 2-biased immune responses. The differentiation of CD4+ T cells along a specific T helper cell lineage is dependent on the pathogen type, and on costimulatory and cytokine signals provided by antigen-presenting cells. Cytokines also regulate many other aspects of the host immune response. Therefore, toward the goal of increasing our knowledge of early immune development, we defined the temporal development of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling function of CD4+ T cells using cross-sectional blood samples from healthy infants ages 0 (birth) to 14 months. We specifically focused on cytokines important in T cell differentiation (IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-4) or in T cell survival and expansion (IL-2 and IL-7) in infant CD4+ T cells. Independent of the cytokine tested, JAK/STAT signaling in infant compared to adult CD4+ T cells was impaired at birth, but increased during the first year, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the first 6 months. The relative change in JAK/STAT signaling of infant CD4+ T cells with age was distinct for each cytokine tested. Thus, while about 60% of CB CD4+ T cells could efficiently activate STAT6 in response to IL-4, less than 5% of CB CD4+ T cells were able to activate the JAK/STAT pathway in response to IFN-γ, IL-12 or IL-2. By 4-6 months of age, the activation of the cytokine-specific STAT molecules was comparable to adults in response to IL-4 and IFN-γ, while IL-2- and IL-12-induced STAT activation remained below adult levels even at 1 year. These results suggest that common developmental and cytokine-specific factors regulate the maturation of the JAK/STAT signaling function in CD4+ T cells during the first year of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Grace dela Peña-Ponce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Rodriguez-Nieves
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janice Bernhardt
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Tuck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Neelima Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael Mengual
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R. Mollan
- Lineberger Cancer Center, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael G. Hudgens
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sigal Peter-Wohl
- Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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3
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The emerging role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in cerebral ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 137:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Lee H, Kim H, Chung Y, Kim J, Yang H. Thymocyte Differentiation is Regulated by a Change in Estradiol Levels during the Estrous Cycle in Mouse. Dev Reprod 2015; 17:441-9. [PMID: 25949161 PMCID: PMC4382948 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent study showed that T cells in the immune organs and peripheral blood are influenced by estradiol, leading to a dysfunction of the immune system. However, little is known about the thymic-gonadal relationship during the estrous cycle in mouse. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism by which a change in estradiol levels during the estrous cycle regulates the development of T cells in the mouse thymus. Six-week-old ICR mice were used and divided into four groups, including diestrous, proestrous, estrous, and metestrous. We first confirmed that ER-α and - β estrogen receptors were expressed in thymic epithelial cells, showing that their expression was not different during the estrous cycle. There was also no significant difference in thymic weight and total number of thymocytes during the estrous cycle. To determine the degree of thymocyte differentiation during the estrous cycle, we analyzed thymocytes by flow cytometry. As a result, the percentage of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells was significantly decreased in the proestrous phase compared to the diestrous phase. However, CD4+CD8- or CD4-CD8+ (SP) T cells were significantly increased in the proestrous phase compared to the diestrous phase. In addition, the percentage of CD44+CD25- (DN1) T cells was significantly decreased in the estrous phase compared to other phases, whereas the percentages of CD44+CD25+ (DN2), CD44-CD25+ (DN3), and CD44-CD25- (DN4) were not changed during the estrous cycle. These results indicate that the development of thymocytes may arrest in the DP to SP transition stage in the proestrous phase displaying the highest serum level of estradiol. This study suggests that a change in estradiol levels during the estrous cycle may be involved in the regulation of thymocyte differentiation in the mouse thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejung Kim
- Department of Bioenvironmental Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Yiwa Chung
- Department of Bioenvironmental Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Department of Bioenvironmental Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwon Yang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Republic of Korea
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5
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Kaestel CG, Lovato P, Ødum N, Nissen MH, Röpke C. The Immune Privilege of the Eye: Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Selectively Modulate T-Cell ActivationIn Vitro. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:375-83. [PMID: 16020268 DOI: 10.1080/02713680590934120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activation of T cells. METHODS Resting peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were stimulated with PHA with or without the presence of gamma-irradiated RPE cells. Proliferation and the cell cycle profile were thereafter investigated by 3H-thymidine incorporation and flow cytometric analysis. In addition, the PBLs expression of CD69, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II, CD3, as well as the IL-2 receptor chains were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the content of IL-2 in cell culture supernatant was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Human RPE cells were found to suppress PHA-induced proliferation, cyclin A, IL-2R-alpha and -gamma, and CD71 expression and decrease the production of IL-2; but RPE cells do not inhibit the PHA-induced expression of early activation markers CD69, MHC class I and II, and of cyclin D of the PBLs. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first to indicate that RPE cells impede generation of activated T cells by interfering with the induction of high-affinity IL-2R-alphabetagamma, IL-2 production, and the expression of CD71 and cyclin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Kaestel
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Croom HA, Izon DJ, Chong MM, Curtis DJ, Roberts AW, Kay TW, Hilton DJ, Alexander WS, Starr R. Perturbed thymopoiesis in vitro in the absence of suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 and 3. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2888-96. [PMID: 18321577 PMCID: PMC4291229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine signals are central to the differentiation of thymocytes and their stepwise progression through defined developmental stages. The intensity and duration of cytokine signals are regulated by the suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins. A clear role for SOCS1 during the later stages of thymopoiesis has been established, but little is known about its role during early thymopoiesis, nor the function of its closest relative, SOCS3. Here, we find that both SOCS1 and SOCS3 are expressed during early thymopoiesis, with expression coincident during the double negative (DN)2 and DN3 stages. We examined thymocyte differentiation in vitro by co-culture of SOCS-deficient bone marrow cells with OP9 cells expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like1 (OP9-DL1). Cells lacking SOCS1 were retarded at the DN3:DN4 transition and appeared unable to differentiate into double positive (DP) thymocytes. Cells lacking both SOCS1 and SOCS3 were more severely affected, and displayed an earlier block in T cell differentiation at DN2, the stage at which expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 coincides. This indicates that, in addition to their specific roles, SOCS1 and SOCS3 share overlapping roles during thymopoiesis. This is the first demonstration of functional redundancy within the SOCS family, and has uncovered a vital role for SOCS1 and SOCS3 during two important checkpoints in early T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Croom
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - David J. Izon
- Haematology and Leukaemia, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - Mark M. Chong
- Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - David J. Curtis
- Rotary Bone Marrow Research Laboratories, Royal Melbourne Hospital, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Roberts
- Division of Cancer and Haematology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Thomas W.H. Kay
- Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
| | - Douglas J. Hilton
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Warren S. Alexander
- Division of Cancer and Haematology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Robyn Starr
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, St Vincent’s Institute, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC 3065
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7
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Yu A, Malek TR. Selective availability of IL-2 is a major determinant controlling the production of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5115-21. [PMID: 17015695 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of T regulatory (Treg) cells critically depend on IL-2. This requirement for IL-2 might be due to specificity associated with IL-2R signal transduction or because IL-2 was uniquely present in the niche in which Treg cells reside. To address this issue, we examined the capacity of IL-7R-dependent signaling to support Treg cell production and prevent autoimmunity in IL-2Rbeta(-/-) mice. Expression of transgenic wild-type IL-7R or a chimeric receptor that consisted of the extracytoplasmic domain of the IL-7R alpha-chain and the cytoplasmic domain of IL-2R beta-chain in IL-2Rbeta(-/-) mice did not prevent autoimmunity. Importantly, expression of a chimeric receptor that consisted of the extracytoplasmic domain of the IL-2R beta-chain and the cytoplasmic domain of IL-7R alpha-chain in IL-2Rbeta(-/-) mice led to Treg cells production in the thymus and periphery and prevented autoimmunity. Signaling through the IL-2R or chimeric IL-2Rbeta/IL-7Ralpha in vivo or the culture of thymocytes from IL-2Rbeta(-/-) mice with IL-7 led to up-regulation of Foxp3 and CD25 on Treg cells. These findings indicate that IL-7R signal transduction is competent to promote Treg cell production, but this signaling requires triggering through IL-2 by binding to the extracytoplasmic portion of the IL-2R via this chimeric receptor. Thus, a major factor controlling the nonredundant activity of the IL-2R is selective compartmentalization of IL-2-producing cells with Treg cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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8
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Acosta-Rodríguez EV, Merino MC, Montes CL, Motrán CC, Gruppi A. Cytokines and chemokines shaping the B-cell compartment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:73-83. [PMID: 17336579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The whole life of a B-cell from a stem cell to a mature plasma cell is governed, among other factors, by cytokines and growth factors in their microenvironment. Remarkable progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of cytokines action on the B-cell compartment was achieved by analysis of gene-targeted mice. The generation of mice deficient for individual cytokines or their receptors has shed light on the in vivo function of cytokines in B-cell responses. This review focuses on the role of cytokines in the development, maturation and differentiation of different B-cell subsets into antibody-secreting cells or memory B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva V Acosta-Rodríguez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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9
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Miranda-Carús ME, Benito-Miguel M, Llamas MA, Balsa A, Martín-Mola E. Human T cells constitutively express IL-15 that promotes ex vivo T cell homeostatic proliferation through autocrine/juxtacrine loops. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3656-62. [PMID: 16148110 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic proliferation of T cells in vivo is responsible for the maintainance of the T cell pool, and IL-15 is a pivotal cytokine implicated in this process. Known cell sources providing physiologically active IL-15 are monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and stromal cells. T lymphocyte expression of functionally active IL-15 and its possible role in T cell biology have not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that human T cells constitutively express IL-15 that acts through autocrine/juxtacrine loops to promote ex vivo homeostatic T cell proliferation.
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10
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Zhou J, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA, Liu CP, Zhong L, Marten NW. Maintenance of CD8+ T cells during acute viral infection of the central nervous system requires CD4+ T cells but not interleukin-2. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:162-9. [PMID: 15802960 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) is rapidly cleared from the central nervous system (CNS) by CD8(+) T cells. In the absence of CD4(+) T cells, fewer CD8(+) T cells are found within the CNS in association with a coordinate increase in apoptotic lymphocytes. Previous data suggested that CD4(+) T cells may support CD8(+) T cells through secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2). To determine the in vivo role of IL-2 during CNS infection, IL-2 signaling was inhibited via administration of a neutralizing IL-2-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). In contrast to depletion of CD4(+) T cells, inhibition of IL-2 signaling did not influence CD8(+) T cell infiltration, effector cell function or survival within the CNS. These data suggest that the cellular immune response to acute neurotropic JHMV infection requires a distinct CD4(+) T cell component, but is independent of a requirement for IL-2 for induction, activation, recruitment, and/or maintenance of CD8(+) T cells within the CNS during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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11
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Selvaraj V, Bunick D, Finnigan-Bunick C, Johnson RW, Wang H, Liu L, Cooke PS. Gene Expression Profiling of 17β-Estradiol and Genistein Effects on Mouse Thymus. Toxicol Sci 2005; 87:97-112. [PMID: 15947025 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen regulates thymic development and involution and modulates immune function. Despite its critical role in thymus, as well as in autoimmune disorders, the mechanism by which estrogen affects the thymus is not well understood. We previously reported that the estrogenic soy isoflavone genistein, as well as 17beta-estradiol (E2), could induce thymic involution, but genistein effects were only partially mediated through estrogen receptors. To provide insights into mechanisms of estrogenic effects in the thymus, we investigated thymic gene expression changes induced by E2 (125 ng/day) and genistein (1500 ppm in feed) in weanling mice using high-density DNA arrays. We identified several E2-responsive genes involved in thymic development and thymocyte signaling during selection and maturation. Functional characterization indicated effects on genes involved in transcription, apoptosis, and the cell cycle. This study also identified changes in several E2-regulated transcripts essential to maintain immune self-tolerance. E2 upregulated more genes than genistein, while genistein downregulated more genes than E2. Though each treatment regulated several genes not altered by the other, there was considerable overlap in the genes regulated by E2 and genistein. Changes in transcription factors and cell cycle factors were consistent with decreases in cell proliferation induced by both genistein and E2. As indicated by the regulation of non-E2-responsive genes, genistein also induced unique effects through non-estrogenic mechanisms. The specific downregulation of the CD4 coreceptor transcript by genistein was consistent with the decline of CD4+ thymocytes in genistein-treated mice in our previous study. This is the first study identifying E2 and genistein target genes in the thymus. These findings provide new mechanistic insights toward explaining estrogen action on thymocyte development, selection, and maturation, as well as the effects of genistein on prenatal and neonatal thymic development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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12
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Wils EJ, Cornelissen JJ. Thymopoiesis following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: new possibilities for improvement. Blood Rev 2005; 19:89-98. [PMID: 15603912 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment related mortality (TRM) has restricted the application of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) as a treatment modality for patients with a variety of malignant and non-malignant hematological disorders. TRM is mainly caused by severe opportunistic infections, due to an impaired immune reconstitution. The extreme slow recovery of newly developed, donor stem cell derived naive T-cells is currently considered to be the most important determinant of the impaired immune competence after allo-SCT. Therefore, enhancing naive T-cell recovery following allo-SCT by improving thymopoiesis has recently gained new interest. Possible strategies to improve thymopoiesis may include approaches to protect the nursing stromal compartment and approaches to directly stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of T-cell progenitors intra-thymically. Among the latter is interleukin-7 (IL-7), which has appeared promising in preclinical experimental settings and is expected to enter early clinical studies soon. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is an epithelial growth factor that may protect the thymic epithelium and thereby may preserve it's support of thymopoiesis. KGF has been evaluated clinically in the setting of autologous stem cell transplantation and studies in the setting of allo-SCT are awaited in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert-Jan Wils
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Abstract
Recent advances in molecular genetics have allowed identification of at least seven genes involved in X-linked immunodeficiencies. This has resulted not only in improved diagnostic possibilities but also in a better understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders. In some cases, mutations in the same gene have been shown to cause distinct clinical and immunologic phenotypes, demonstrating a strong genotype-phenotype correlation. Identification of the molecular basis of these diseases has permitted creation of disease-specific registries, with a better characterization of the clinical and immunologic features associated with the various forms of X-linked immunodeficiencies. Additionally, gene therapy has been attempted in X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (XSCID), with clear evidence of successful correction of the pathology, and the appearance of severe adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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14
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Moroz A, Eppolito C, Li Q, Tao J, Clegg CH, Shrikant PA. IL-21 enhances and sustains CD8+ T cell responses to achieve durable tumor immunity: comparative evaluation of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:900-9. [PMID: 15240677 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.2.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines that use the common receptor gamma-chain for regulating CD8(+) T cell responses to Ag include IL-2, IL-15, and the recently identified IL-21. The ability of these cytokines to regulate antitumor activity in mice has generated considerable interest in understanding their mode of action. In this study we compare the abilities of IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21 to stimulate immunity against tumors in a syngeneic thymoma model. Durable cures were only achieved in IL-21-treated mice. By monitoring both endogenous and adoptively transferred tumor Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells, it was determined that IL-21 activities overlap with those of IL-2 and IL-15. Similar to IL-2, IL-21 enhanced Ag activation and clonal expansion. However, unlike IL-2 treatment, which induces activation-induced cell death, IL-21 sustained CD8(+) T cell numbers long term as a result of increased survival, an effect often attributed to IL-15. These findings indicate that the mechanisms used by IL-21 to promote CD8(+) T cell responses offer unique opportunities for its use in malignant diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Moroz
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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15
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Jin H, Carrio R, Yu A, Malek TR. Distinct activation signals determine whether IL-21 induces B cell costimulation, growth arrest, or Bim-dependent apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:657-65. [PMID: 15210829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-21 costimulates B cell proliferation and cooperatively with IL-4 promotes T cell-dependent Ab responses. Somewhat paradoxically, IL-21 also induces apoptosis of B cells. The present study was undertaken to more precisely define the expression of the IL-21R, using a novel mAb, and the circumstances by which IL-21 promotes B cell growth vs death. The IL-21R was first detected during T and B cell development, such that this receptor is expressed by all mature lymphocytes. The IL-21R was further up-regulated after B and T activation, with the highest expression by activated B cells. Functional studies demonstrated that IL-21 substantially inhibited proliferation and induced Bim-dependent apoptosis for LPS or CpG DNA-activated B cells. In contrast, IL-21 induced both costimulation and apoptosis for anti-CD40-stimulated B cells, whereas IL-21 primarily costimulated B cells activated by anti-IgM or anti-IgM plus anti-CD40. Upon blocking apoptosis using C57BL/6 Bim-deficient or Bcl-2 transgenic B cells, IL-21 readily costimulated responses to anti-CD40 while proliferation to LPS was still inhibited. Engagement of CD40 or the BCR plus CD40 prevented the inhibitory effect by IL-21 for LPS-activated B cells. Collectively, these data indicate that there are three separable outcomes for IL-21-stimulated B cells: apoptosis, growth arrest, or costimulation. We favor a model in which IL-21 promotes B cell maturation during a productive T cell-dependent B cell response, while favoring growth arrest and apoptosis for nonspecifically or inappropriately activated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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16
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O'Shea JJ, Pesu M, Borie DC, Changelian PS. A new modality for immunosuppression: targeting the JAK/STAT pathway. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:555-64. [PMID: 15232577 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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17
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Prockop SE, Petrie HT. Regulation of Thymus Size by Competition for Stromal Niches among Early T Cell Progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1604-11. [PMID: 15265888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic T cell production is characterized by differentiating waves of non-self-renewing, bone marrow-derived progenitors. The factors constraining new progenitor recruitment, intrathymic precursor expansion, and thymus size remain enigmatic, but are believed to be controlled by a feedback loop responding to lymphoid cellularity and competition for stromal niches. In this study, we show that competition for stromal niches does occur, but is solely limited to cells at the early CD4(-)8(-) precursor stages of differentiation. The overall size of the organ is determined both by this limitation on early precursor expansion, and by a second, cell-intrinsic limit on expansion of progenitor cells transiting to the CD4(+)8(+) stage. Together with asymmetric use of marrow-derived progenitors to reconstitute the intrathymic pool, these processes facilitate continuous generation of new T cells while maintaining a relatively stable organ size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Prockop
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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18
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Alberich Jordà M, Rayman N, Tas M, Verbakel SE, Battista N, van Lom K, Löwenberg B, Maccarrone M, Delwel R. The peripheral cannabinoid receptor Cb2, frequently expressed on AML blasts, either induces a neutrophilic differentiation block or confers abnormal migration properties in a ligand-dependent manner. Blood 2004; 104:526-34. [PMID: 15039279 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cb2, the gene encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor, is located in a common virus integration site and is overex-pressed in retrovirally induced murine myeloid leukemias. Here we show that this G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is also aberrantly expressed in a high percentage of human acute myeloid leukemias. We investigated the mechanism of transformation by Cb2 and demonstrate that aberrant expression of this receptor on hematopoietic precursor cells results in distinct effects depending on the ligand used. Cb2-expressing myeloid precursors migrate upon stimulation by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol and are blocked in neutrophilic differentiation upon exposure to another ligand, CP55940. Both effects depend on the activation of G(alphai) proteins and require the mitogen-induced extracellular kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway. Down-regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels upon G(alphai) activation is important for migration induction but is irrelevant for the maturation arrest. Moreover, the highly conserved G protein-interacting DRY motif, present in the second intracellular loop of GPCRs, is critical for migration but unimportant for the differentiation block. This suggests that the Cb2-mediated differentiation block requires interaction of G(alphai) proteins with other currently unknown motifs. This indicates a unique mechanism by which a transforming GPCR, in a ligand-dependent manner, causes 2 distinct oncogenic effects: altered migration and block of neutrophilic development.
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19
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Thrasher AJ, Edwards RG. Averting abnormal inheritance: potential of gene therapy and preimplantation diagnosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 8:99-106. [PMID: 14759296 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serious inherited disease in children can be averted by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and potentially by gene therapy in addition to prenatal diagnosis. PGD is now well established and provides a secure, if expensive and complex form of care. Gene therapy has been practised only in animals, although its success in alleviating various conditions in adults and newborns, together with the scientific drive of the genome project, make it a highly likely approach over coming years. Pros and cons of both approaches are contrasted and compared. Newer reproductive techniques such as somatic cell hybridization promise to add new dimensions to gene therapy, and could be combined with PGD. This paper discusses the finer details of these options, their safety and the ethical issues they have raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Thrasher
- Consultant in Paediatric Immunology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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20
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Mintern JD, Maurice MM, Ploegh HL, Schott E. Thymic Selection and Peripheral Activation of CD8 T Cells by the Same Class I MHC/Peptide Complex. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 172:699-708. [PMID: 14688383 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic selection is controlled by the interaction between TCR and MHC/peptide. Strength and quality of the signal determine whether thymocytes are selected or deleted. The factors that contribute to this signal remain poorly defined. Here we show that fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) derived from OT-I transgenic mice (the OT-I TCR is restricted by K(b)-SIINFEKL) on a K(b)D(b-/-) background support positive selection, but only when provided with soluble H-2K(b)-SIINFEKL complexes. Selection of CD8 T cells is independent of the valency of the ligand or its capability to coengage CD8 molecules. Both CD8alphaalpha and CD8alphabeta T cells are selected by H-2K(b)-SIINFEKL, but only CD8alphabeta cells are capable of releasing IFN-gamma in response to the same ligand. The alpha(4)beta(7) integrin is up-regulated on postselection thymocytes from FTOCs. After adoptive transfer, FTOC-derived OT-I CD8 T cells divide in response to the agonist peptide SIINFEKL. These results establish that CD8 T cells responsive to their nominal peptide-Ag can be generated in FTOC supplemented with soluble MHC class I molecules equipped with the same peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Mintern
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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21
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Storek J, Gillespy T, Lu H, Joseph A, Dawson MA, Gough M, Morris J, Hackman RC, Horn PA, Sale GE, Andrews RG, Maloney DG, Kiem HP. Interleukin-7 improves CD4 T-cell reconstitution after autologous CD34 cell transplantation in monkeys. Blood 2003; 101:4209-18. [PMID: 12543864 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, interleukin-7 (IL-7) hastens T-cell reconstitution and might cause autoimmune diseases, lymphoma, and osteoporosis. We assessed the effect of IL-7 on T-cell reconstitution and toxicity in baboons that underwent total body irradiation followed by autologous transplantation of marrow CD34 cells. Three baboons received placebo and 3 baboons received recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7, 75 microg/kg twice a day subcutaneously) between 6 and 10 weeks after transplantation. The mean increase in blood absolute CD4 T-cell counts was 0.9-fold in the placebo-treated animals versus 9.0-fold in those treated with IL-7 (P =.02). The increase observed in the IL-7-treated animals appeared attributable to peripheral expansion rather than de novo generation. The IL-7-treated animals had greater mean increases in the volumes of the spleen (2.0-fold with placebo versus 4.5-fold with IL-7, P =.02) and lymph nodes (1.8-fold with placebo versus 4.1-fold with IL-7, P =.10) but not the thymus (3.4-fold with placebo versus 1.1-fold with IL-7, P =.18). Side effects of IL-7 included thrombocytopenia and possibly neutropenia and hemolytic anemia. One IL-7-treated animal failed to thrive due to a disease resembling graft-versus-host disease. No animals developed lymphoma. Bone density was not decreased. In conclusion, IL-7 raises CD4 T-cell counts in irradiated primates. It remains to be determined whether this is associated with clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Storek
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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22
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Zhang JL, Foster D, Sebald W. Human IL-21 and IL-4 bind to partially overlapping epitopes of common gamma-chain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:291-6. [PMID: 12504082 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a recently identified novel cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of B, T, and NK cell functions. Its effects depend on binding to and signaling through an IL-21 receptor complex consisting of the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) and the common gamma-chain (gamma(c)). In this study using biosensor technique, the ligand-binding properties of IL-21R and gamma(c), which are presently poorly understood on a molecular level, were analyzed employing recombinant ectodomains of IL-21R and gamma(c). The formation of a binary complex between IL-21 and immobilized IL-21R (K(D) 70pM), gamma(c) and immobilized IL-21 (K(D) 160 microM) and a ternary complex between gamma(c) and IL-21 saturated immobilized IL-21R (K(D) 160nM) could be analyzed. The gamma(c) residues involved in IL-21 binding were defined by alanine-scanning mutational analysis. The epitope comprises gamma(c) residues N44, Y103, N128, L161, E162, and L208. It is not identical but partially overlapping with the previously established gamma(c) epitope for IL-4 binding. These results open the way to understand the molecular recognition mechanism in the IL-21 receptor system and also the promiscuous binding properties of gamma(c).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Zhang
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Biozentrum, Physiologische Chemie II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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23
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Lyngstrand ST, Würtzen PA, Ødum N, Nissen MH, Röpke C. IL-15 induces unspecific effector functions in human peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell cultures. Scand J Immunol 2002; 56:602-10. [PMID: 12472672 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2002.01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-specific CD8+ T cells are a major host defence against viral infections. In the present study, we generated human CD8+ T-cell lines specific towards influenza matrix peptide (IMP)-pulsed Ag-presenting cells. We compared the effect of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 on the proliferation and cytotoxic activity of primary and secondary IMP-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) culture. In primary CTL cultures, IL-15-induced cell expansion was considerably reduced as compared with IL-2-induced cell expansion, and IL-15 favoured the outgrowth of CTLs without peptide specificity in these cultures. Secondary IMP-specific CD8+ T cells were generated by the addition of IL-2 during two cycles of restimulation. From the third restimulation, identical CTL cultures were expanded with either IL-2 or IL-15 in parallel. Cell expansion as well as Ag specificity was considerably reduced after a 5 day culture period in the presence of IL-15. No or low CD69 expression was observed in IL-15-cultured CTLs, whereas IL-2-cultured CTLs contained high fractions of CD69+ cells. Furthermore, a high fraction of these latter cells coexpressed the cytotoxic marker CD56. However, IL-15-cultured CTLs exhibited cytotoxic activity without detectable expression of CD56, suggesting that CD56 is not essential for cytotoxic activity. Thus, the results presented suggest that IL-15 favours the outgrowth of unspecific cytotoxic effector T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Apoptosis
- CD56 Antigen/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Lyngstrand
- Institute of Medical Anatomy, Department A, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Su DM, Manley NR. Stage-specific changes in fetal thymocyte proliferation during the CD4-8- to CD4+8+ transition in wild type, Rag1-/-, and Hoxa3,Pax1 mutant mice. BMC Immunol 2002; 3:12. [PMID: 12241558 PMCID: PMC130029 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2002] [Accepted: 09/19/2002] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of the thymic microenvironment is to promote thymocyte maturation, in part via regulation of thymocyte proliferation and cell death. Defects in fetal thymic epithelial cell (TEC) development and function, and therefore in the formation of a functional microenvironment, can be caused either directly by TEC differentiation defects or indirectly by defective thymocyte maturation. In this paper we studied fetal thymocyte proliferation during the early transition from the CD3-4-8- (triple negative, TN) to CD4+8+ (double positive, DP) stages. We compared wild type mice with Rag1-/- mice and with Hoxa3+/-Pax1-/- compound mutant mice, which have blocks at different stages of thymocyte development. RESULTS Wild type fetal and adult thymus showed stage-specific differences in the proliferation profiles of developing thymocytes, with fetal stages showing generally higher levels of proliferation. The proliferation profile of fetal thymocytes from Rag1-/- mutants also had stage-specific increases in proliferation compared to wild type fetal thymocytes, in contrast to the lower proliferation previously reported for thymocytes from adult Rag1-/- mutants. We have previously shown that Hoxa3+/-Pax1-/- mice have abnormal fetal TEC development, resulting in increased apoptosis at the TN to DP transition and decreased DP cell numbers. Fetal thymocytes from Hoxa3+/-Pax1-/- compound mutants had increased proliferation, but fewer proliferating cells, at the DP stage. We also observed a decrease in the level of the cytokines IL-7 and SCF produced by Hoxa3+/-Pax1-/-TECs. CONCLUSION Our results indicate complex and stage-specific effects of abnormal TEC development on thymocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-ming Su
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Nancy R Manley
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
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25
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Ariga T, Yamaguchi K, Yoshida J, Miyanoshita A, Watanabe T, Date T, Miura JI, Kumaki S, Ishii N, Sakiyama Y. The role of common gamma chain in human monocytes in vivo; evaluation from the studies of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) carriers and X-SCID patients who underwent cord blood stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2002; 118:858-63. [PMID: 12181059 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression of common gamma chain (gammac) on monocytes was studied in five carriers of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) and two X-SCID patients who underwent cord blood stem cell transplantation (CBSCT). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that both gammac-negative and positive monocytes co-existed in X-SCID carriers, whereas no gammac-negative T, B or NK cells were observed in them. Clonal analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction studies revealed that 13.2-45.0% of monocytes from these carriers expressed the mutant gammac message. X-SCID patients who received CBSCT persistently possessed the majority of gammac-negative monocytes with a good clinical course. These results, together, may indicate that gammac is not essential for monocyte development/function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ariga
- Research Group of Human Gene Therapy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Teine Keijinkai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
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26
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Drela N, Zesko I, Biernat P. Cytokines production is altered in mice exposed to airborne suspended matter. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:497-525. [PMID: 12375743 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120014732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The production of IL-2 and IL-4 by thymocytes, spleen and axillary lymph node lymphocytes from female and male mice exposed to airborne suspended matter (ASM) was the scope of our investigations. Cytokines production by activated lymphocytes was determined by the estimation of the percentage of cells positive for intracellular cytokines and by the concentration of both cytokines secreted into the culture medium. Two models of mice exposure to ASM were used: 1/ intraperitoneal injection (acute exposure), and 2/ oral exposure (subacute model). ASM exposure affected both IL-2 and IL-4 production and IL-2R alpha expression on activated lymphoid cells isolated from different lymphoid organs of both female and male mice. The effect was dependent on the route and duration of exposure, ASM dose and the age and sex of mice. A wide panel of changes is discussed. The prolonged exposure to ASM resulted in overproduction of IL-2 in both female and male mice and in overproduction of IL-4 in male mice. Acute exposure to ASM strongly affected IL-2 and IL-4 production, and the effect varied among lymphocytes from different lymphoid organs. Intracellular cytokines expression and the level of secreted cytokines seem to be good tools for the assessment of toxic effects of environmental pollution on the function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzieja Drela
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Immunology, Warsaw University, Warszawa, Poland.
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27
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Rossi S, Blazar BR, Farrell CL, Danilenko DM, Lacey DL, Weinberg KI, Krenger W, Holländer GA. Keratinocyte growth factor preserves normal thymopoiesis and thymic microenvironment during experimental graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2002; 100:682-91. [PMID: 12091365 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.2.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus-dependent reconstitution of the peripheral T-cell compartment is critical for the successful outcome of bone marrow transplantation. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) affects thymic stromal function and thus prevents normal T-cell maturation and selection. To determine whether cytoprotection of thymic epithelial cells (TECs) by keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) averts GVHD-related injury to the thymus, a nonirradiated murine parent-->F(1) transplantation model was investigated. Administration of KGF between days -3 and +3 of GVHD induction preserved normal thymic size, cellularity, and thymocyte phenotype when measured 2 weeks after transplantation and compared with saline-treated parent-->F(1) mice that received allogeneic transplants. Moreover, the characteristic GVHD-induced impairment in cell cycle progression of pro- and pre-T cells was prevented by KGF. However, the normal phenotypic and functional status of the thymus did not correlate with the higher number of GVHD-inducing mature donor T cells in thymi of KGF-treated mice. Importantly, extensive analysis of the different TEC populations within the thymic cortex and medulla revealed an almost normal stromal architecture and composition in GVHD mice treated with KGF. These observations are likely to reflect an indirect effect of KGF on thymopoiesis as KGF-receptor expression was demonstrated to be restricted to TECs. Thus, pharmacologic doses of KGF appear to exert a potent effect on TEC function, which in turn allows for normal T lymphopoiesis to occur during acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rossi
- Department of Research, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Kaestel CG, Jørgensen A, Nielsen M, Eriksen KW, Ødum N, Holst Nissen M, Röpke C. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells inhibit proliferation and IL2R expression of activated T cells. Exp Eye Res 2002; 74:627-37. [PMID: 12076084 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2002.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells on activated T cells. Activated T cells were cocultured with adult and foetal human RPE cells whereafter apoptosis and proliferation were determined by flow cytometry and (3)H-Thymidine incorporation assay, respectively. T cells and RPE cells were cultured directly together or in a transwell system for determination of the effect of cell contact. The importance of cell surface molecules was examined by application of a panel of blocking antibodies (CD2, CD18, CD40, CD40L, CD54, CD58) in addition to use of TCR negative T cell lines. The expression of IL2R-alpha -beta and -gamma chains of activated T cells was analysed by flow cytometry after incubation of T cells alone or with RPE cells. Human RPE cells were found to inhibit the proliferation of activated T cells by a cell contact-dependent mechanism. The RPE cells inhibitory abilities were not affected by blocking of any of the tested surface molecules. The inhibition of the T cells' proliferation correlates with a decreased expression of IL2R-beta and -gamma chains. The T cells regain their ability to proliferate and increase their IL2R-beta and -gamma chain expression within 24 hr after removal from the coculture. It is concluded that the cultured human adult and foetal RPE cells inhibit the proliferation of activated T cells by a process that does not involve apoptosis. It depends on cell contact but the involved surface molecules were not revealed. The proliferation inhibition correlates with a modulation of the T cells' expression of IL2R, and is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G Kaestel
- Institute of Medical Anatomy Section A, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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29
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Park CS, Yang YF, Zhou XY, Toyooka K, Yashiro-Ohtani Y, Park WR, Tomura M, Tai XG, Hamaoka T, Fujiwara H. Reversible CD8 expression induced by common cytokine receptor gamma chain-dependent cytokines in a cloned CD4(+) T(h)1 cell line. Int Immunol 2002; 14:259-66. [PMID: 11867562 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/14.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells that are intrathymically lineage committed are believed to maintain their CD4 or CD8 co-receptor expression. Here, we investigated whether intrathymic lineage commitment involves irreversible genetic modification or whether co-receptor expression can be reprogrammed depending on external stimuli. The CD4(+) T(h)1 clone 2D6 established from splenic T cells as an IL-12-dependent line survived in culture with IL-2, IL-7 or IL-15 alone. Surprisingly, CD8 expression occurred in 2D6 cells upon replacement of IL-12 with any one of the three cytokines that stimulate the common cytokine receptor gamma chain, yielding CD4(+)CD8(+) 2D6 cells. CD8 expression declined when IL-2 was replaced with IL-12 and CD8 induction was inhibited when IL-12 was included in IL-2 or IL-7 culture. Our observations show that even a lineage-committed mature T cell can be reprogrammed for co-receptor expression in response to particular external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheung-Seog Park
- Department of Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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30
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Zhang JL, Buehner M, Sebald W. Functional epitope of common gamma chain for interleukin-4 binding. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:1490-9. [PMID: 11874464 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) can act on target cells through an IL-4 receptor complex consisting of the IL-4 receptor alpha chain and the common gamma chain (gamma(c)). An IL-4 epitope for gamma(c) binding has previously been identified. In this study, the gamma(c) residues involved in IL-4 binding were defined by alanine-scanning mutational analysis. The epitope comprises gamma(c) residues I100, L102, and Y103 on loop EF1 together with L208 on loop FG2 as the major binding determinants. These predominantly hydrophobic determinants interact with the hydrophobic IL-4 epitope composed of residues I11, N15, and Y124. Double-mutant cycle analysis revealed co-operative interaction between gamma(c) and IL-4 side chains. Several gamma(c) residues involved in IL-4 binding have been previously shown to be mutated in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. The importance of these binding residues for gamma(c) function is discussed. These results provide a basis for elucidating the molecular recognition mechanism in the IL-4 receptor system and a paradigm for other gamma(c)-dependent cytokine receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Zhang
- Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum), Physiologische Chemie II, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Golden-Mason L, O'Farrelly C. Having it all? Stem cells, haematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis in adult human liver. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:45-51. [PMID: 11869362 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Because of its location and function, the liver is continuously exposed to large antigenic loads that include pathogens, toxins and tumour cells, as well as harmless dietary and commensal proteins and peptides. Therefore, the liver must be actively immunocompetent and, at the same time, control inappropriate inflammatory responses to dietary and other harmless antigens encountered in the portal circulation. In addition to conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from the circulation, several specialized lymphoid populations are found in the liver to meet these diverse immunological challenges. These populations display the functional and phenotypic properties of innate cells as well as conventional CD4+ or CD8+ helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B cells. The innate lymphoid cells include gammadeltaTCR+ T cells, B1-B cells and NKT cells as well as large numbers of NK cells. The origin of these cells is unknown, but their murine counterparts have been shown to be capable of differentiation in situ in adult liver. Because haematopoietic stem cells have been found in adult human liver as well as molecular evidence of T-cell maturation, we hypothesize that some resident human hepatic lymphoid cells, particularly those expressing innate phenotypes, also differentiate locally. In particular, it is likely that the adult human liver is an important site of NK cell maturation. In this review, we explore the evidence for an active lymphopoietic role for the normal adult human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Golden-Mason
- Education and Research Centre, St.Vincent'sUniversity Hospital and The Conway Institute, University College, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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Kirchner J, Forbush KA, Bevan MJ. Identification and characterization of thymus LIM protein: targeted disruption reduces thymus cellularity. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8592-604. [PMID: 11713292 PMCID: PMC100020 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.24.8592-8604.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel LIM gene encoding the thymus LIM protein (TLP), expressed specifically in the thymus in a subset of cortical epithelial cells. TLP was identified as a gene product which is upregulated in a thymus in which selection of T cells is occurring (Rag(-/-) OT-1) compared to its expression in a thymus in which selection is blocked at the CD4+ CD8+ stage of T-cell development (Rag(-/-) Tap(-/-) OT-1). TLP has an apparent molecular mass of 23 kDa and exists as two isomers (TLP-A and TLP-B), which are generated by alternative splicing of the message. The sequences of TLP-A and TLP-B are identical except for the C-terminal 19 or 20 amino acids. Based on protein sequence alignment, TLP is most closely related to the cysteine-rich proteins, a subclass of the family of LIM-only proteins. In both medullary and cortical thymic epithelial cell lines transduced with TLP, the protein localizes to the cytoplasm but does not appear to be strongly associated with actin. In immunohistochemical studies, TLP seems to be localized in a subset of epithelial cells in the cortex and is most abundant near the corticomedullary junction. We generated mice with a targeted disruption of the Tlp locus. In the absence of TLP, thymocyte development and thymus architecture appear to be normal but thymocyte cellularity is reduced by approximately 30%, with a proportional reduction in each subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirchner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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33
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Abstract
Recent clinical trials in patients with a severe combined immunodeficiency disease demonstrate that gene therapy is a powerful tool in the treatment of genetic blood defects. Recent identification of the genes involved in the pathogenesis of inherited lymphohemopoietic disorders led to animal models of gene transfer. Extensive preclinical studies have overcome some of the obstacles involved in the transduction of hemopoietic cells. These promising results led to the approval of several clinical trials that are currently underway. This review focuses on the clinical outcome in patients with genetic blood defects treated by gene transfer and examines the progress achieved to date and the problems that have been encountered. Despite the obstacles, improved clinical results for several of these diseases are expected within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cavazzana-Calvo
- Laboratoire de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génique AP-HP and INSERM U429, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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Bani L, Pasquier V, Kryworuchko M, Salamero J, Thèze J. Unstimulated human CD4 lymphocytes express a cytoplasmic immature form of the common cytokine receptor gamma-chain. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:344-9. [PMID: 11418669 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.1.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As a component of various cytokine receptors, common cytokine receptor gamma-chain (gamma(c)) is essential in the development of the immune system and plays an important role in different stages of inflammatory and immune responses. Here we establish that resting CD4 T cells and the Jurkat CD4 T cell line do not express the mature form of gamma(c) (64 kDa) recognized by mAb Tugh4. However, these cells constitutively transcribe the corresponding gamma(c) gene. This apparent paradox was solved by the demonstration that polyclonal anti-gamma(c) Abs detected endoglycosidase-H-sensitive immature forms of gamma(c) (54-58 kDa) expressed by quiescent CD4 T lymphocytes and Jurkat cells. Immature gamma(c) is characterized as an intracellular component localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Pulse-chase analysis shows that the immature gamma(c) is rapidly degraded after synthesis. After activation of CD4 T lymphocytes, and as seen in the CD4 T cell line Kit 225, the endoglycosidase-H-resistant mature form of gamma(c) is detectable at the cell surface and in the endosomal compartment. For the first time, our results demonstrate that a cytokine receptor chain may be constitutively produced as an immature form. Furthermore, this supports the notion that expression of the functional form of gamma(c) may require intracellular interactions with lineage- or subset-specific molecular partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bani
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur., Paris, France
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35
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Wang T, Secombes CJ. Cloning and expression of a putative common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammaC) gene in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 11:233-244. [PMID: 11394690 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A full length cDNA of a putative common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammaC) gene of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) has been cloned and sequenced. The contiguous cDNA contained 2291 nucleotides, consisting of an ORF of 1029 bp, with a 72 bp 5' UTR and a 1190 bp 3' UTR. The coding region showed 44-46% identity to mammalian gammaC genes. The ORF translated into a 343 amino acid protein, with some 28-30% amino acid identity to the coding region of mammalian sequences. A predicted signal peptide and transmembrane domain were identified, giving a 206 amino acid extracellular domain and a 98 amino acid intracellular domain in the trout molecule. Five potential glycosylation sites were present in the extracellular domain, as were six conserved cysteine residues and the W-S-X-W-S motif typical of haemopoietin receptors. One of the most interesting differences between the trout and mammalian sequences was the lack of tyrosines in the trout intracellular domain. RT-PCR studies revealed a wide tissue distribution of gammaC expression, with detectable transcript in blood, spleen, gill, kidney, brain and liver. Low levels of gammaC transcript were detectable in unstimulated macrophage cultures and expression was increased by stimulation of the cells with recombinant trout interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or LPS. Similarly, in the RTG cell line which exhibited even lower level constitutive expression, stimulation with IL-1beta increased gammaC transcript levels but LPS had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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36
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Chklovskaia E, Nissen C, Landmann L, Rahner C, Pfister O, Wodnar-Filipowicz A. Cell-surface trafficking and release of flt3 ligand from T lymphocytes is induced by common cytokine receptor gamma-chain signaling and inhibited by cyclosporin A. Blood 2001; 97:1027-34. [PMID: 11159533 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.4.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The flt3 ligand (FL) is a growth and differentiation factor for primitive hematopoietic precursors, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Human T lymphocytes express FL constitutively, but the cytokine is retained intracellularly within the Golgi complex. FL is mobilized from the cytoplasmic stores and its serum levels are massively increased during the period of bone marrow aplasia after stem cell transplantation (SCT). Signals that trigger the release of FL by T cells remain unknown. This study shows that interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, and IL-15, acting through a common receptor gamma chain (gammac), but not cytokines interacting with other receptor families, are efficient inducers of cell surface expression of membrane-bound FL (mFL) and secretion of soluble FL (sFL) by human peripheral blood T lymphocytes. The gammac-mediated signaling up-regulated FL in a T-cell receptor-independent manner. IL-2 and IL-7 stimulated both FL messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and translocation of FL protein to the cell surface. Cyclosporin A (CsA) inhibited gammac-mediated trafficking of FL at the level of transition from the Golgi to the trans-Golgi network. Accordingly, serum levels of sFL and expression of mFL by T cells of CsA-treated recipients of stem cell allografts were reduced approximately 2-fold (P <.01) compared to patients receiving autologous grafts. The conclusion is that FL expression is controlled by gammac receptor signaling and that CsA interferes with FL release by T cells. The link between gammac-dependent T-cell activation and FL expression might be important for T-cell effector functions in graft acceptance and antitumor immunity after SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chklovskaia
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, and Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U 429, 149 Rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Fehniger
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fischer
- Hôpital Necker, Enfants Malades, Inserm U429, Paris, France.
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40
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Porter BO, Malek TR. Thymic and intestinal intraepithelial T lymphocyte development are each regulated by the gammac-dependent cytokines IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:465-74. [PMID: 11085179 DOI: 10.1006/smim.2000.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both thymic and extrathymic T lineage development are characterized by cytokine-dependent regulation of complex proliferative, differentiative, and anti-apoptotic processes. The role of the gammac-dependent cytokines in this program has been interpreted as limited to the activity of IL-7. However, through the analysis of double knock-out mice, which lack signaling through the IL-7R and other gammac-dependent cytokines, we revealed a role for IL-15 in the production of early thymic pro-T cells. Although IL-2 does not function in the production of thymocytes, thymic restoration of IL-2R expression prevented fatal autoimmunity associated with IL-2- or IL-2R-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-2R functions non-redundantly at the level of the thymus to regulate self-reactivity. Moreover, IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 also extend their developmental effects beyond the thymus to other sites of T lymphocyte production, including the gut. Here, their redundant and non-redundant activities are directly correlated to the development of phenotypically diverse subsets of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, School of Medicine, FL 33101, USA
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41
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Baird AM, Lucas JA, Berg LJ. A profound deficiency in thymic progenitor cells in mice lacking Jak3. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3680-8. [PMID: 11034372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Humans and mice with genetic deficiencies that lead to loss of signaling through common gamma-chain (gammac)-containing cytokine receptors have severe defects in B and T lymphocytes. In humans, these deficiencies lead to a complete absence of T cells, whereas in mice, small thymuses give rise to normal numbers of peripheral T cells. We have examined the first wave of developing T cells in Jak3-/-, IL-7-/-, and IL-7Ralpha-/- fetal mice, and have found a near absence of thymic progenitor cells. This deficiency is highlighted by the complete inability of Jak3-/- progenitor cells to reconstitute T cell development in the presence of competing wild-type cells. These data clearly demonstrate a strong common basis for the T cell deficiencies in mice and humans lacking gammac/Jak3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Baird
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655, USA
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42
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Puel A, Leonard WJ. Mutations in the gene for the IL-7 receptor result in T(-)B(+)NK(+) severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:468-73. [PMID: 10899029 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, two SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease) patients with greatly diminished T cells but normal or increased numbers of B and NK cells (T(-)B(+)NK(+) SCID) were found to have mutations in the gene for the IL-7 receptor. This has established a major role for IL-7-receptor-dependent signaling in T cell development in humans and probably explains the diminished T cell numbers seen in patients with X-linked SCID or SCID that results from Jak3-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Puel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
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43
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Thymic atrophy in murine acute graft-versus-host disease is effected by impaired cell cycle progression of host pro-T and pre-T cells. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.1.347.013k26_347_354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of the peripheral T-cell compartment is a critical aspect for the success of bone marrow transplantation and is also dependent on the reestablishment of normal thymic structure and function. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), however, exacerbates posttransplant immunodeficiency through a deleterious effect on thymic function. To investigate the mechanisms of GVHD-mediated thymic disease, 2 murine parent→F1transplantation models of acute and chronic GVHD, respectively, were studied. Acute GVHD was associated with changes in thymic architecture and a reduction in cellularity mainly because of the decrease in CD4+CD8+, or double-positive (DP) thymocytes, to less than 15% of values found in mice without GVHD. Simultaneously, mature donor-derived T cells expanded in the confines of the allogeneic thymic microenvironment, leading to local inflammation. Through analysis of in vivo cell proliferation, we demonstrated that the ensuing depletion of DP thymocytes was secondary to a decreased commitment of resident pro-T and pre-T cells to enter the cell cycle. Moreover, DP cells themselves showed altered proliferative capacities in the presence of acute GVHD. These findings suggested that thymic atrophy in acute GVHD is effected by impaired cellular proliferation of immature host thymocytes and that the failure of these cells to enter the cell cycle is dependent on an interferon (IFN)-γ–driven immune response. In contrast, interleukin-4–driven chronic GVHD was not accompanied by a sustained thymic infiltration of donor T cells. Consequently, there was a lack of apparent structural changes, a restricted in situ transcription of inflammatory cytokines, and a virtually unchanged cell cycle progression in vivo.
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44
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Thymic atrophy in murine acute graft-versus-host disease is effected by impaired cell cycle progression of host pro-T and pre-T cells. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.1.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Reconstitution of the peripheral T-cell compartment is a critical aspect for the success of bone marrow transplantation and is also dependent on the reestablishment of normal thymic structure and function. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), however, exacerbates posttransplant immunodeficiency through a deleterious effect on thymic function. To investigate the mechanisms of GVHD-mediated thymic disease, 2 murine parent→F1transplantation models of acute and chronic GVHD, respectively, were studied. Acute GVHD was associated with changes in thymic architecture and a reduction in cellularity mainly because of the decrease in CD4+CD8+, or double-positive (DP) thymocytes, to less than 15% of values found in mice without GVHD. Simultaneously, mature donor-derived T cells expanded in the confines of the allogeneic thymic microenvironment, leading to local inflammation. Through analysis of in vivo cell proliferation, we demonstrated that the ensuing depletion of DP thymocytes was secondary to a decreased commitment of resident pro-T and pre-T cells to enter the cell cycle. Moreover, DP cells themselves showed altered proliferative capacities in the presence of acute GVHD. These findings suggested that thymic atrophy in acute GVHD is effected by impaired cellular proliferation of immature host thymocytes and that the failure of these cells to enter the cell cycle is dependent on an interferon (IFN)-γ–driven immune response. In contrast, interleukin-4–driven chronic GVHD was not accompanied by a sustained thymic infiltration of donor T cells. Consequently, there was a lack of apparent structural changes, a restricted in situ transcription of inflammatory cytokines, and a virtually unchanged cell cycle progression in vivo.
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45
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Su DM, Manley NR. Hoxa3 and pax1 transcription factors regulate the ability of fetal thymic epithelial cells to promote thymocyte development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5753-60. [PMID: 10820253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.11.5753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymocyte maturation into T cells depends on interactions between thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells. In this study, we show that mutations in two transcription factors, Hoxa3 and Pax1, act synergistically to cause defective thymic epithelial cell development, resulting in thymic ectopia and hypoplasia. Hoxa3+/-Pax1-/- compound mutant mice exhibited more severe thymus defects than Pax1-/- single mutants. Fetal liver adoptive transfer experiments revealed that the defect resided in radio-resistant stromal cells and not in hematopoietic cells. Compound mutants have fewer MHC class II+ epithelial cells, and the level of MHC expression detected was lower. Thymic epithelial cells in these mutants have reduced ability to promote thymocyte development, causing a specific block in thymocyte maturation at an early stage that resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of CD4+8+ thymocytes. This phenotype was accompanied by increased apoptosis of CD4+8+ thymocytes and their immediate precursors, CD44-25-(CD3-4-8-) cells. Our results identify a transcriptional regulatory pathway required for thymic epithelial cell development and define multiple roles for epithelial cell regulation of thymocyte maturation at the CD4-8- to CD4+8+ transition.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD4-CD8 Ratio
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Paired Box Transcription Factors
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/embryology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Su
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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46
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Fischer A. T-LYMPHOCYTE IMMUNODEFICIENCIES. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Nakajima H, Noguchi M, Leonard WJ. Role of the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac) in thymocyte selection. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:88-94. [PMID: 10652467 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During thymocyte development, T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta-mediated intracellular signals can elicit two entirely different cellular responses: positive selection (resulting in rescue from death and maturation or differentiation) and negative selection (induction of apoptosis). Here, Hiroshi Nakajima and colleagues discuss how survival signals that are dependent on the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac) might affect the TCR-driven selection process in thymocytes, underscoring the potential role of cytokines in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakajima
- Dept of Internal Medicine II, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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48
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49
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Bousso P, Wahn V, Douagi I, Horneff G, Pannetier C, Le Deist F, Zepp F, Niehues T, Kourilsky P, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G. Diversity, functionality, and stability of the T cell repertoire derived in vivo from a single human T cell precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:274-8. [PMID: 10618408 PMCID: PMC26653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.1.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we have analyzed the human T cell repertoire derived in vivo from a single T cell precursor. A unique case of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in which a reverse mutation occurred in an early T cell precursor was analyzed to this end. It was determined that at least 1,000 T cell clones with unique T cell receptor-beta sequences were generated from this precursor. This diversity seems to be stable over time and provides protection from infections in vivo. A similar estimation was obtained in an in vitro murine model of T cell generation from a single cell precursor. Overall, our results document the large diversity potential of T cell precursors and provide a rationale for gene therapy of the block of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bousso
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Inserm U277, 75015 Paris, France
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50
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Carsetti R. The development of B cells in the bone marrow is controlled by the balance between cell-autonomous mechanisms and signals from the microenvironment. J Exp Med 2000; 191:5-8. [PMID: 10620600 PMCID: PMC2195794 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Carsetti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Department of Developmental Immunology, D-79108 Freiberg, Germany.
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