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Varveri M, Papageorgiou AG, Tsitsigiannis DI. Evaluation of Biological Plant Protection Products for Their Ability to Induce Olive Innate Immune Mechanisms and Control Colletotrichum acutatum, the Causal Agent of Olive Anthracnose. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:878. [PMID: 38592906 PMCID: PMC10974188 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Olive anthracnose is the most important fungal disease of the olive fruit worldwide, with the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum as the main cause of the disease in Greece. A total of 11 commercial biological plant protection products (bioPPPs) (Amylo-X®, Botector®, FytoSave®, LBG 01F34®, Mevalone®, Polyversum®, Remedier®, Serenade® ASO, Sonata®, Trianum-P®, Vacciplant®), with various modes of action against the fungus C. acutatum, were evaluated by bioassays using detached fruits of two important olive Greek varieties, cv. Koroneiki and cv. Kalamon. Subsequently, the most effective bioPPPs were evaluated for their ability to induce plant defense mechanisms, by determining the expression levels of ten Olea europaea defense genes (Pal, CuaO, Aldh1, Bglu, Mpol, Lox, Phely, CHI-2, PR-10, PR-5). Remedier®, Trianum-P®, Serenade® ASO, Sonata®, and Mevalone® were the most effective in reducing disease severity, and/or inhibiting the conidia production by the fungus at high rates. Post bioPPPs application, high expression levels of several olive plant defense genes were observed. This study provides insights into commercial bioPPPs' effectiveness in controlling olive anthracnose, as well as biocontrol-agents-mediated modulation of olive defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.V.); (A.G.P.)
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Philip B, Behiry SI, Salem MZM, Amer MA, El-Samra IA, Abdelkhalek A, Heflish A. Trichoderma afroharzianum TRI07 metabolites inhibit Alternaria alternata growth and induce tomato defense-related enzymes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1874. [PMID: 38253713 PMCID: PMC10803357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying a viable substitute for the limited array of current antifungal agents stands as a crucial objective in modern agriculture. Consequently, extensive worldwide research has been undertaken to unveil eco-friendly and effective agents capable of controlling pathogens resistant to the presently employed fungicides. This study explores the efficacy of Trichoderma isolates in combating tomato leaf spot disease, primarily caused by Alternaria alternata. The identified pathogen, A. alternata Alt3, was isolated and confirmed through the ITS region (OQ888806). Six Trichoderma isolates were assessed for their ability to inhibit Alt3 hyphal growth using dual culture, ethyl acetate extract, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) techniques. The most promising biocontrol isolate was identified as T. afroharzianum isolate TRI07 based on three markers: ITS region (OQ820171), translation elongation factor alpha 1 gene (OR125580), and RNA polymerase II subunit gene (OR125581). The ethyl acetate extract of TRI07 isolate was subjected to GC-MS analysis, revealing spathulenol, triacetin, and aspartame as the main compounds, with percentages of 28.90, 14.03, and 12.97%, respectively. Analysis of TRI07-VOCs by solid-phase microextraction technique indicated that the most abundant compounds included ethanol, hydroperoxide, 1-methylhexyl, and 1-octen-3-one. When TRI07 interacted with Alt3, 34 compounds were identified, with major components including 1-octen-3-one, ethanol, and hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. In greenhouse experiment, the treatment of TRI07 48 h before inoculation with A. alternata (A3 treatment) resulted in a reduction in disease severity (16.66%) and incidence (44.44%). Furthermore, A3 treatment led to improved tomato growth performance parameters and increased chlorophyll content. After 21 days post-inoculation, A3 treatment was associated with increased production of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD, and PPO), while infected tomato plants exhibited elevated levels of oxidative stress markers MDA and H2O2. HPLC analysis of tomato leaf extracts from A3 treatment revealed higher levels of phenolic acids such as gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, and coumaric acids, as well as flavonoid compounds including catechin, rutin, and vanillin. The novelty lies in bridging the gap between strain-specific attributes and practical application, enhancing the understanding of TRI07's potential for integrated pest management. This study concludes that TRI07 isolate presents potential natural compounds with biological activity, effectively controlling tomato leaf spot disease and promoting tomato plant growth. The findings have practical implications for agriculture, suggesting a sustainable biocontrol strategy that can enhance crop resilience and contribute to integrated pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant Philip
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Mostafa A Amer
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A El-Samra
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City, 21934, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
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Kashyap N, Singh SK, Yadav N, Singh VK, Kumari M, Kumar D, Shukla L, Bhardwaj N, Kumar A. Biocontrol Screening of Endophytes: Applications and Limitations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2480. [PMID: 37447041 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The considerable loss of crop productivity each year due to plant disease or pathogen invasion during pre- or post-harvest storage conditions is one of the most severe challenges to achieving the goals of food security for the rising global population. Although chemical pesticides severally affect the food quality and health of consumers, a large population relies on them for plant disease management. But currently, endophytes have been considered one of the most suitable biocontrol agents due to better colonization and acclimatization potential. However, a very limited number of endophytes have been used commercially as biocontrol agents. Isolation of endophytes and their screening to represent potential characteristics as biocontrol agents are considered challenging by different procedures. Through a web search using the keywords "endophytes as biocontrol agents" or "biocontrol mechanism of endophytes," we have succinctly summarised the isolation strategies and different in vitro and in vivo biocontrol screening methods of endophytic biocontrol agents in the present review. In this paper, biocontrol mechanisms of endophytes and their potential application in plant disease management have also been discussed. Furthermore, the registration and regulatory mechanism of the endophytic biocontrol agents are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida International University, Greater Noida 203201, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nisha Yadav
- Division of Agriculture Extension, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Singh
- Department of Botany, K.S. Saket P.G. College, Ayodhya 224123, India
| | - Madhuree Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | - Livleen Shukla
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nikunj Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology, Maharaj Singh College, Maa Shakumbhari University, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Botany, M.V. College, Buxar 802101, India
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Macaya-Sanz D, Witzell J, Collada C, Gil L, Martín JA. Core endophytic mycobiome in Ulmus minor and its relation to Dutch elm disease resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125942. [PMID: 36925756 PMCID: PMC10011445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The core microbiota of plants exerts key effects on plant performance and resilience to stress. The aim of this study was to identify the core endophytic mycobiome in U. minor stems and disentangle associations between its composition and the resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED). We also defined its spatial variation within the tree and among distant tree populations. Stem samples were taken i) from different heights of the crown of a 168-year-old elm tree, ii) from adult elm trees growing in a common garden and representing a gradient of resistance to DED, and iii) from trees growing in two distant natural populations, one of them with varying degrees of vitality. Endophyte composition was profiled by high throughput sequencing of the first internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA. Three families of yeasts (Buckleyzymaceae, Trichomeriaceae and Bulleraceae) were associated to DED-resistant hosts. A small proportion (10%) of endophytic OTUs was almost ubiquitous throughout the crown while tree colonization by most fungal taxa followed stochastic patterns. A clear distinction in endophyte composition was found between geographical locations. By combining all surveys, we found evidence of a U. minor core mycobiome, pervasive within the tree and ubiquitous across locations, genotypes and health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Macaya-Sanz
- Departamento de Ecología y Genética Forestal, Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR-INIA), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johanna Witzell
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Carmen Collada
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería (ETSI) Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería (ETSI) Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. Martín
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería (ETSI) Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Behiry S, Soliman SA, Massoud MA, Abdelbary M, Kordy AM, Abdelkhalek A, Heflish A. Trichoderma pubescens Elicit Induced Systemic Resistance in Tomato Challenged by Rhizoctonia solani. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020167. [PMID: 36836282 PMCID: PMC9961125 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani causes severe diseases in many plant species, particularly root rot in tomato plants. For the first time, Trichoderma pubescens effectively controls R. solani in vitro and in vivo. R. solani strain R11 was identified using the ITS region (OP456527); meanwhile, T. pubescens strain Tp21 was characterized by the ITS region (OP456528) and two genes (tef-1 and rpb2). The antagonistic dual culture method revealed that T. pubescens had a high activity of 76.93% in vitro. A substantial increase in root length, plant height, shoot fresh and dry, and root fresh and dry weight was indicated after applying T. pubescens to tomato plants in vivo. Additionally, it significantly increased the chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds. The treatment with T. pubescens exhibited a low disease index (DI, 16.00%) without significant differences with Uniform® fungicide at a concentration of 1 ppm (14.67%), while the R. solani-infected plants showed a DI of 78.67%. At 15 days after inoculation, promising increases in the relative expression levels of three defense-related genes (PAL, CHS, and HQT) were observed in all T. pubescens treated plants compared with the non-treated plants. Plants treated with T. pubescens alone showed the highest expression value, with relative transcriptional levels of PAL, CHS, and HQT that were 2.72-, 4.44-, and 3.72-fold higher in comparison with control plants, respectively. The two treatments of T. pubescens exhibited increasing antioxidant enzyme production (POX, SOD, PPO, and CAT), while high MDA and H2O2 levels were observed in the infected plants. The HPLC results of the leaf extract showed a fluctuation in polyphenolic compound content. T. pubescens application alone or for treating plant pathogen infection showed elevated phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and coumaric acids. Therefore, the ability of T. pubescens to inhibit the growth of R. solani, enhance the development of tomato plants, and induce systemic resistance supports the application of T. pubescens as a potential bioagent for managing root rot disease and productivity increase of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Seham A. Soliman
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City 21934, Egypt
| | - Magdy A. Massoud
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Moawad Abdelbary
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Kordy
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City 21934, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
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Nasif SO, Siddique AB, Siddique AB, Islam MM, Hassan O, Deepo DM, Hossain A. Prospects of endophytic fungi as a natural resource for the sustainability of crop production in the modern era of changing climate. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Genomic Features of Pseudomonas putida PCL1760: A Biocontrol Agent Acting via Competition for Nutrient and Niche. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonasputida strain PCL1760 is a biocontrol agent protecting plants from pathogens via the mechanism of competition for nutrients and niches (CNN). To confirm this mechanism as well as to adapt the strain for biotechnological applications, full genome analysis was compared with the known biotechnological model, P. putida S12, and other related species, which were analyzed on different genomic databases. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of PCL1760 was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas syringae. No genetic systems involved in antibiosis were revealed among the secondary metabolite clusters of the strain of PCL1760. The only antagonistic effect was observed against P. syringae, which might be because of siderophore (yellow-greenish fluorescence), although less than 19% pyoverdin biosynthesis clusters were predicted using the AntiSMASH server. P. putida PCL1760 in comparison with the Pseudomonas simiae strain PCL1751, another biocontrol agent acting solely via CNN, which lost its ‘luxury’ genes necessary for antibiosis or parasitism/predation mechanisms, but carries genetic systems providing motility. Interestingly, immunity genes (CRISPR/Cas and prophages) showed PCL1760 to be robust in comparison with S12, while annotation on OrthoVenn2 showed PCL1760 to be amenable for genetic manipulations. It is tempting to state that rhizobacteria using the mechanism of CNN are distinguishable from biocontrol agents acting via antibiosis or parasitism/predation at the genomic level. This confirms the CNN of PCL1760 as the sole mechanism for biocontrol and we suggest the strain as a new model for genetic engineering.
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Alster S, Dafa-Berger A, Gafni A, Levy M. Pseudozyma aphidis Suppresses Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP)-Triggered Callose Deposition and Can Penetrate Leaf Tissue. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0263821. [PMID: 35234494 PMCID: PMC8941903 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02638-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms need to overcome the plant defense system to establish on or within plant tissues. Like pathogens, beneficial microbes can manipulate a plant's immunity pathways, first by suppressing and hiding to establish on the host and then by inducing resistance to protect the plant. In the current study, we demonstrated that although Pseudozyma aphidis can activate microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-associated genes, it does not activate MAMP-triggered callose deposition and can, moreover, suppress such deposition triggered by Flg22 or chitin. While MAMP-associated gene activation by P. aphidis was not dependent on salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene signaling, suppression of MAMP-triggered callose deposition required the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling factors JAR1-1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase COI1 yet did not rely on EIN2, NPR1, or the transcription factor JIN1/MYC2. We also demonstrated the ability of P. aphidis, known to be an epiphytic yeast-like organism, to penetrate the stomata and establish within plant tissues, as do endophytes. These results thus demonstrate the potential of P. aphidis to suppress MAMP-elicited defenses in order to establish on and within host plant tissues. IMPORTANCE Our study demonstrates the ability of P. aphidis to penetrate into plant tissues, where it avoids and overcomes plant defense systems in order to establish and subsequently protect the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanee Alster
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avis Dafa-Berger
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviva Gafni
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maggie Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Petkova M, Petrova S, Spasova-Apostolova V, Naydenov M. Tobacco Plant Growth-Promoting and Antifungal Activities of Three Endophytic Yeast Strains. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060751. [PMID: 35336632 PMCID: PMC8953121 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the biosynthetic and biocontrol potential of endophytic yeast to improve the growth and development of tobacco has been elucidated. Three yeast strains were enriched and isolated from different plant tissues. Partial sequence analysis of ITS5-5.8-ITS4 region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA with universal primers identified YD5, YE1, and YSW1 as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Zygosaccharomyces bailii (Z. bailii), and Saccharomyces kudriavzevii (S. kudriavzevii), respectively. When cultivated in a medium supplemented with 0.1% L-tryptophan, isolated yeast strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The capacities of those strains to improve the mobility of phosphorus and synthesize siderophores has been proven. Their antimicrobial activities against several Solanaceae plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani pathovar. tobacco, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium solani pathovar. phaseoli) were determined. S. cerevisiae YD5, Z. bailii YE1, and S. kudriavzevii YSW1 inhibited the growth of all tested pathogens. Yeast strains were tested for endophytic colonization of tobacco by two different inoculation methods: soil drench (SD) and leaf spraying (LS). To establish colonization in the various tissues of tested tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) plants, samples were taken on the seventh, fourteenth, and twenty-first days after treatment (DAT), and explants were inoculated on yeast malt agar (YMA). Both techniques of inoculation showed a high frequency of colonization from 83.33% to 100%. To determine the effectiveness of the microbial endophytes, their effect on some physiological processes in the plant were analyzed, such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductivity, and transpiration intensity. The effect of single and double treatment with yeast inoculum on the development and biochemical parameters of tobacco was reported. Plants have the ability of structural and functional adaptation to stress effects of different natures. All treated plants had a higher content of photosynthetic pigments compared to the control. Photosynthesis is probably more intense, and growth stimulation has been observed. The chlorophyll a/b ratio remained similar, and the total chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio slightly increased as a result of elevated chlorophyll levels. The most significant stimulating effect was recorded in tobacco plants treated by foliar spraying with Z. bailii YE1 and S. cerevisiae YD5. In contrast, S. kudriavzevii YSW1 had a better effect when applied as a soil drench. Thus, S. cerevisiae YD5, Z. bailii YE1, and S. kudriavzevii YSW1 have a high potential to be used as a biocontrol agents in organic agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Petkova
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.); (V.S.-A.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Slaveya Petrova
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.); (V.S.-A.); (M.N.)
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation, Plovdiv University Paisii Hilendarski, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Velichka Spasova-Apostolova
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.); (V.S.-A.); (M.N.)
- Agricultural Academy, Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria
| | - Mladen Naydenov
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (S.P.); (V.S.-A.); (M.N.)
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Kashyap AS, Manzar N, Nebapure SM, Rajawat MVS, Deo MM, Singh JP, Kesharwani AK, Singh RP, Dubey SC, Singh D. Unraveling Microbial Volatile Elicitors Using a Transparent Methodology for Induction of Systemic Resistance and Regulation of Antioxidant Genes at Expression Levels in Chili against Bacterial Wilt Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020404. [PMID: 35204287 PMCID: PMC8869530 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatiles benefit the agricultural ecological system by promoting plant growth and systemic resistance against diseases without harming the environment. To explore the plant growth-promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens PDS1 and Bacillus subtilis KA9 in terms of chili plant growth and its biocontrol efficiency against Ralstonia solanacearum, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. A closure assembly was designed using a half-inverted plastic bottle to demonstrate plant–microbial interactions via volatile compounds. The most common volatile organic compounds were identified and reported; they promoted plant development and induced systemic resistance (ISR) against wilt pathogen R. solanacearum. The PDS1 and KA9 VOCs significantly increased defensive enzyme activity and overexpressed the antioxidant genes PAL, POD, SOD, WRKYa, PAL1, DEF-1, CAT-2, WRKY40, HSFC1, LOX2, and NPR1 related to plant defense. The overall gene expression was greater in root tissue as compared to leaf tissue in chili plant. Our findings shed light on the relationship among rhizobacteria, pathogen, and host plants, resulting in plant growth promotion, disease suppression, systemic resistance-inducing potential, and antioxidant response with related gene expression in the leaf and root tissue of chili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Shankar Kashyap
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Nazia Manzar
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
| | | | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Man Mohan Deo
- Farm Machinery and Power, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208024, India;
| | - Jyoti Prakash Singh
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan 275103, India; (N.M.); (M.V.S.R.); (J.P.S.)
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Amit Kumar Kesharwani
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
| | - Ravinder Pal Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
| | - S. C. Dubey
- Division of Plant Quarantine, ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi 110012, India;
- Krishi Bhawan, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Dinesh Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India; (A.K.K.); (R.P.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.K.); (D.S.)
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Podgórska-Kryszczuk I, Solarska E, Kordowska-Wiater M. Biological Control of Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae by Antagonistic Yeasts. Pathogens 2022; 11:86. [PMID: 35056034 PMCID: PMC8777846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Fusarium is considered to be one of the most pathogenic, phytotoxic and toxin-producing group of microorganisms in the world. Plants infected by these fungi are characterized by a reduced consumer and commercial value, mainly due to the contamination of crops with mycotoxins. Therefore, effective methods of reducing fungi of the genus Fusarium must be implemented already in the field before harvesting, especially with alternative methods to pesticides such as biocontrol. In this study we identified yeasts that inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. poae. Tested yeasts came from different culture collections, or were obtained from organic and conventional cereals. The greater number of yeast isolates from organic cereals showed antagonistic activity against fungi of the genus Fusarium compared to isolates from the conventional cultivation system. Cryptococcus carnescens (E22) isolated from organic wheat was the only isolate that limited the mycelial growth of all three tested fungi and was the best antagonist against F. poae. Selected yeasts showed various mechanisms of action against fungi, including competition for nutrients and space, production of volatile metabolites, reduction of spore germination, production of siderophores or production of extracellular lytic enzymes: chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. Of all the investigated mechanisms of yeast antagonism against Fusarium, competition for nutrients and the ability to inhibit spore germination prevailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Podgórska-Kryszczuk
- Department of Analysis and Food Quality Assessment, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Solarska
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Kordowska-Wiater
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
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Li H, Wu Z, Chu QR, Liang HJ, Liu Y, Wu TL, Ma Y. Potential application value of hydroxychalcones based on isoliquiritigenin in agricultural plant diseases. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To improve the fungicidal activity of lead compound isoliquiritigenin, 33 hydroxychalcones were designed and prepared. Their in vitro antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium graminearum,...
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13
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El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Soliman SM, Salem HM, Ahmed AI, Mahmood M, El-Tahan AM, Ebrahim AAM, Abd El-Mageed TA, Negm SH, Selim S, Babalghith AO, Elrys AS, El-Tarabily KA, AbuQamar SF. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms as biocontrol agents of plant diseases: Mechanisms, challenges and future perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:923880. [PMID: 36275556 PMCID: PMC9583655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.923880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases and pests are risk factors that threaten global food security. Excessive chemical pesticide applications are commonly used to reduce the effects of plant diseases caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens. A major concern, as we strive toward more sustainable agriculture, is to increase crop yields for the increasing population. Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) have proved their efficacy to be a green strategy to manage plant diseases, stimulate plant growth and performance, and increase yield. Besides their role in growth enhancement, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria/fungi (PGPR/PGPF) could suppress plant diseases by producing inhibitory chemicals and inducing immune responses in plants against phytopathogens. As biofertilizers and biopesticides, PGPR and PGPF are considered as feasible, attractive economic approach for sustainable agriculture; thus, resulting in a "win-win" situation. Several PGPR and PGPF strains have been identified as effective BCAs under environmentally controlled conditions. In general, any MBCA must overcome certain challenges before it can be registered or widely utilized to control diseases/pests. Successful MBCAs offer a practical solution to improve greenhouse crop performance with reduced fertilizer inputs and chemical pesticide applications. This current review aims to fill the gap in the current knowledge of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), provide attention about the scientific basis for policy development, and recommend further research related to the applications of PGPM used for commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Soliman M. Soliman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshaymaa I. Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohsin Mahmood
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Amira M. El-Tahan
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alia A. M. Ebrahim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Genomics, School, of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Taia A. Abd El-Mageed
- Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa H. Negm
- Department of Home Economic, Specific Education Faculty, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad O. Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Elrys
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Khaled A. El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Khaled A. El-Tarabily,
| | - Synan F. AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Synan F. AbuQamar,
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Patil JA, Yadav S, Kumar A. Management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and soil borne fungus, Fusarium oxysporum in cucumber using three bioagents under polyhouse conditions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7006-7011. [PMID: 34867001 PMCID: PMC8626239 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex diseases caused by Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium fungus in cucumber is the most destructive disease under polyhouses. The experiment was conducted in the polyhouse of the Department of Horticulture, CCS HAU, Hisar, Haryana, India during summer season (2015–16) to evaluate the potential of bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in cucumber. Bioagents - Trichoderma viride (Tv), Pseudomonas fluorescence (Pf), Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) were taken 10 and 20 g kg−1 seed and bioagents liquid formulation, 10- and 15-ml kg−1 seed, were mixed with the potted soil. Chemical as well as untreated check were also maintained. All the treatments significantly improved the plant growth parameter, viz., shoot length (SL), root length (RL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), fresh root weight (FRW), dry shoot weight (DSW) and dry root weight (DRW) as compared to untreated check. However, significant reduction in nematode population and maximum improvement in plant growth parameter was recorded with carbofuran followed by higher dose of bioagents liquid formulation. Among the bioagents, bioagents liquid formulation was most effective in suppressing root knot nematode galling (43 / root system) and final population in soil (131 J2s / 200 cc soil) and fungus wilt incidence (25 %) at 30th day of after germination and significantly improved the plant growth parameters - shoot length (147.3 cm), fresh shoot weight (55.6 g), dry shoot weight (22.51 g) and dry root weight (4.50 g) from other bioagents. Bioagents liquid formulation was effective in suppression of root-knot nematode and fungus complex disease than the powder formulations of bioagents. More studies should be needed in future to evaluate the efficacy of bioagents as seed treatments and soil applications under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Patil
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004, India
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana 125 004, India
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Elhaissoufi W, Ghoulam C, Barakat A, Zeroual Y, Bargaz A. Phosphate bacterial solubilization: A key rhizosphere driving force enabling higher P use efficiency and crop productivity. J Adv Res 2021; 38:13-28. [PMID: 35572398 PMCID: PMC9091742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate bacteria bio-solubilization significantly increase crop P acquisition and productivity. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria increase RP agronomic efficiency as well as P fertilizers efficiency. This process can be optimized through a rational bacterial screening to assure efficient PSB are selected. Appropriate formulation of PSB is a sustainable approach to enhance P-fertilizers efficiency. Development of innovative PSB-Phosphate formulations is likely to sustain crop production.
Background Increasing crop production to feed a growing population has driven the use of mineral fertilizers to ensure nutrients availability and fertility of agricultural soils. After nitrogen, phosphorus (P) is the second most important nutrient for plant growth and productivity. However, P availability in most agricultural soils is often limited because P strongly binds to soil particles and divalent cations forming insoluble P-complexes. Therefore, there is a constant need to sustainably improve soil P availability. This may include, among other strategies, the application of microbial resources specialized in P cycling, such as phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). This P-mediating bacterial component can improve soil biological fertility and crop production, and should be integrated in well-established formulations to enhance availability and efficiency in use of P. This is of importance to P fertilization, including both organic and mineral P such as rock phosphate (RP) aiming to improve its agronomic efficiency within an integrated crop nutrition system where agronomic profitability of P and PSB can synergistically occur. Aim of Review The purpose of this review is to discuss critically the important contribution of PSB to crop P nutrition in concert with P fertilizers, with a specific focus on RP. We also highlight the need for PSB bioformulations being a sustainable approach to enhance P fertilizer use efficiency and crop production. Key Scientific Concepts of Review We first recognize the important contribution of PSB to sustain crop production, which requires a rational approach for both screening and evaluation of PSB enabling an accurate assessment of the bacterial effects both alone and in intertwined interaction with plant roots. Furthermore, we propose new research ideas about the development of microbial bioformulations based on PSB with a particular focus on strains exhibiting synergetic effects with RP.
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Martínez-Arias C, Sobrino-Plata J, Medel D, Gil L, Martín JA, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J. Stem endophytes increase root development, photosynthesis, and survival of elm plantlets (Ulmus minor Mill.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 261:153420. [PMID: 33906025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-lived trees benefit from fungal symbiotic interactions in the adaptation to constantly changing environments. Previous studies revealed a core fungal endobiome in Ulmus minor which has been suggested to play a critical role in plant functioning. Here, we hypothesized that these core endophytes are involved in abiotic stress tolerance. To test this hypothesis, two core endophytes (Cystobasidiales and Chaetothyriales) were inoculated into in vitro U. minor plantlets, which were further subjected to drought. Given that elm genotypes resistant to Dutch elm disease (DED) tend to show higher abiotic stress tolerance than susceptible ones, we tested the endophyte effect on two DED-resistant and two DED-susceptible genotypes. Drought stress was moderate; endophyte presence attenuated stomata closure in response to drought in one genotype but this stress did not affect plant survival. In comparison, long-term in-vitro culture proved stressful to mock-inoculated plants, especially in DED-susceptible genotypes. Interestingly, no endophyte-inoculated plant died during the experiment, as compared to high mortality in mock-inoculated plants. In surviving plants, endophyte presence stimulated root and shoot growth, photosynthetic rates, antioxidant activity and molecular changes involving auxin-signaling. These changes and the observed endophyte stability in elm tissues throughout the experiment suggest endophytes are potential tools to improve survival and stress tolerance of DED-resistant elms in elm restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Martínez-Arias
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Juan Sobrino-Plata
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - David Medel
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Martín
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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17
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Clocchiatti A, Hannula SE, van den Berg M, Hundscheid MPJ, de Boer W. Evaluation of Phenolic Root Exudates as Stimulants of Saptrophic Fungi in the Rhizosphere. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644046. [PMID: 33936001 PMCID: PMC8079663 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere microbial community of crop plants in intensively managed arable soils is strongly dominated by bacteria, especially in the initial stages of plant development. In order to establish more diverse and balanced rhizosphere microbiomes, as seen for wild plants, crop variety selection could be based on their ability to promote growth of saprotrophic fungi in the rhizosphere. We hypothesized that this can be achieved by increasing the exudation of phenolic acids, as generally higher fungal abundance is observed in environments with phenolic-rich inputs, such as exudates of older plants and litter leachates. To test this, a rhizosphere simulation microcosm was designed to establish gradual diffusion of root exudate metabolites from sterile sand into arable soil. With this system, we tested the fungus-stimulating effect of eight phenolic acids alone or in combination with primary root metabolites. Ergosterol-based fungal biomass measurements revealed that most phenolic acids did not increase fungal abundance in the arable soil layer. These results were supported by comparison of fungal biomass in the rhizosphere of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants and mutants with altered phenolic acid metabolism. Salicylic acid was the only phenolic acid that stimulated a higher fungal biomass in the arable soil layer of microcosms, but only when combined with a background of primary root metabolites. However, such effect on rhizosphere fungi was not confirmed for a salicylic acid-impaired A. thaliana mutant. For three phenolic acid treatments (chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, vanillic acid) fungal and bacterial community compositions were analyzed using amplicon sequencing. Despite having little effect on fungal biomass, phenolic acids combined with primary metabolites promoted a higher relative abundance of soil-borne fungi with the ability to invade plant roots (Fusarium, Trichoderma and Fusicolla spp.) in the simulated rhizosphere. Bacterial community composition was also affected by these phenolic acids. Although this study indicates that phenolic acids do not increase fungal biomass in the rhizosphere, we highlight a potential role of phenolic acids as attractants for root-colonizing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Clocchiatti
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands.,Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - S Emilia Hannula
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wietse de Boer
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands.,Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Swain H, Adak T, Mukherjee AK, Sarangi S, Samal P, Khandual A, Jena R, Bhattacharyya P, Naik SK, Mehetre ST, Baite MS, Kumar M S, Zaidi NW. Seed Biopriming With Trichoderma Strains Isolated From Tree Bark Improves Plant Growth, Antioxidative Defense System in Rice and Enhance Straw Degradation Capacity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:633881. [PMID: 33717027 PMCID: PMC7952651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a unique report of the utilization of Trichoderma strains collected from even tree barks for rice plant growth, its health management, and paddy straw degradation. Seven different spp. of Trichoderma were characterized according to morphological and molecular tools. Two of the isolated strains, namely Trichoderma hebeiensis and Trichoderma erinaceum, outperformed the other strains. Both of the strains controlled four important rice pathogens, i.e., Rhizoctonia solani (100%), Sclerotium oryzae (84.17%), Sclerotium rolfsii (66.67%), and Sclerotium delphinii (76.25%). Seed bio-priming with respective Trichoderma strains reduced the mean germination time, enhanced the seedling vigor and total chlorophyll content which could be related to the higher yield observed in two rice varieties; Annapurna and Satabdi. All the seven strains accelerated the decomposition of rice straw by producing higher straw degrading enzymes like total cellulase (0.97–2.59 IU/mL), endoglucanase (0.53–0.75 IU/mL), xylanase (145.35–201.35 nkat/mL), and laccase (2.48–12.60 IU/mL). They also produced higher quantities of indole acetic acid (19.19–46.28 μg/mL), soluble phosphate (297.49–435.42 μg/mL), and prussic acid (0.01–0.37 μg/mL) which are responsible for plant growth promotion and the inhibition of rice pathogen populations. Higher expression of defense enzymes like catalase (≥250% both in shoot and root), peroxidase (≥150% in root and ≥100% in shoot), superoxide dismutase (≥ 150% in root and ≥100% in shoot), polyphenol oxidase (≥160% in shoot and ≥120% in shoot), and total phenolics (≥200% in root and ≥250% in shoot) as compared to the control indicates stress tolerance ability to rice crop. The expression of the aforementioned enzymes were confirmed by the expression of corresponding defense genes like PAL (>3-fold), DEFENSIN (>1-fold), POX (>1.5-fold), LOX (>1-fold), and PR-3 (>2-fold) as compared to the non-treated control plants. This investigation demonstrates that Trichoderma strains obtained from tree bark could be considered to be utilized for the sustainable health management of rice crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harekrushna Swain
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India.,Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Totan Adak
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Arup K Mukherjee
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Sarmistha Sarangi
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Pankajini Samal
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Ansuman Khandual
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Rupalin Jena
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Pratap Bhattacharyya
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Soumendra K Naik
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, India
| | - Sayaji T Mehetre
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, India
| | - Mathew S Baite
- Crop Protection Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Sunil Kumar M
- International Rice Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Kasozi N, Abraham B, Kaiser H, Wilhelmi B. The complex microbiome in aquaponics: significance of the bacterial ecosystem. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Aquaponics is a technology that has minimal impact on the environment and which is often promoted as a solution for sustainable food production. Developing aquaponics sustainably requires a thorough understanding of the biological components of the system. Recent reports on the bacterial populations of aquaponics systems using new DNA sequencing technologies are revealing a complex and diverse microbial ecosystem. The purpose of this review is to present information on microbial composition and various factors affecting bacterial activity in aquaponics systems. Approaches for establishing a bacterial ecosystem during the setup of an aquaponics system, and microbiological safety of aquaponics products are also highlighted.
Methods
This review was developed by evaluating and synthesising current literature of peer-reviewed publications related to aquaponics and microbial communities. Based on the results from credible academic journals, publications were categorised into five groups: methods used to characterise microbiomes, biofiltration microorganisms, bacterial diversity, biofilter establishment, and safety of aquaponics products.
Results
The microbial ecosystem is essential for biological filtration of water through the mineralisation of nutrients required for plant growth in an integrated system. The aquaponics microbiome is complex, and bacterial composition varies between the different compartments of these systems. Establishing these bacterial ecosystems is essential for optimal functioning of aquaponics. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes are dominant in aquaponics systems. Despite bacteria being fundamental to aquaponics, there are currently no reports of human pathogens in aquaponics products.
Conclusion
Knowledge of the composition of bacterial populations in aquaponics systems will enhance understanding of relationships and functions within the microbiome. This in turn will allow for the establishment of sustainable and healthy aquaponics systems for food production.
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Extremophilic Fungi and Their Role in Control of Pathogenic Microbes. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Maluin FN, Hussein MZ, Yusof NA, Fakurazi S, Idris AS, Hilmi NHZ, Daim LDJ. Phytotoxicity of chitosan-based agronanofungicides in the vegetative growth of oil palm seedling. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231315. [PMID: 32315346 PMCID: PMC7173863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although fungicides could be the best solution in combating fungal infections in crops, however, the phytotoxic level of fungicides to the crops should be tested first to ensure that it is safe for the crops. Moreover, nanocarrier systems of fungicides could play a significant role in the advancement of crop protection. For this reason, chitosan was chosen in the present study as a nanocarrier for fungicides of hexaconazole and/or dazomet in the development of a new generation of agronanofungicides with a high antifungal potent agent and no phytotoxic effect. Hence, the encapsulation of fungicides into the non-toxic biopolymer, chitosan was aims to reduce the phytotoxic level of fungicides. In the present study, the in vivo phytotoxicity of chitosan-fungicides nanoparticles on the physiological and vegetative growth of oil palm seedlings was evaluated in comparison to its pure fungicides as well as the conventional fungicides. The results revealed the formation of chitosan-fungicides nanoparticles could reduce the phytotoxic effect on oil palm seedlings compared to their counterparts, pure fungicides. The chitosan-fungicides nanoparticles were seen to greatly reduce the phytotoxic effect compared to the conventional fungicides with the same active ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhatun Najat Maluin
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azah Yusof
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Leona Daniela Jeffery Daim
- Sime Darby Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd., UPM-MTDC Technology Centre III, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Godana EA, Yang Q, Wang K, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao L, Abdelhai MH, Guillaume Legrand NN. Bio-control activity of Pichia anomala supplemented with chitosan against Penicillium expansum in postharvest grapes and its possible inhibition mechanism. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Freimoser FM, Rueda-Mejia MP, Tilocca B, Migheli Q. Biocontrol yeasts: mechanisms and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:154. [PMID: 31576429 PMCID: PMC6773674 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts occur in all environments and have been described as potent antagonists of various plant pathogens. Due to their antagonistic ability, undemanding cultivation requirements, and limited biosafety concerns, many of these unicellular fungi have been considered for biocontrol applications. Here, we review the fundamental research on the mechanisms (e.g., competition, enzyme secretion, toxin production, volatiles, mycoparasitism, induction of resistance) by which biocontrol yeasts exert their activity as plant protection agents. In a second part, we focus on five yeast species (Candida oleophila, Aureobasidium pullulans, Metschnikowia fructicola, Cryptococcus albidus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that are or have been registered for the application as biocontrol products. These examples demonstrate the potential of yeasts for commercial biocontrol usage, but this review also highlights the scarcity of fundamental studies on yeast biocontrol mechanisms and of registered yeast-based biocontrol products. Yeast biocontrol mechanisms thus represent a largely unexplored field of research and plentiful opportunities for the development of commercial, yeast-based applications for plant protection exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Freimoser
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Paula Rueda-Mejia
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Tilocca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi and NRD - Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Sharma S, Kour D, Rana KL, Dhiman A, Thakur S, Thakur P, Thakur S, Thakur N, Sudheer S, Yadav N, Yadav AN, Rastegari AA, Singh K. Trichoderma: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Industrial Applications. RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN WHITE BIOTECHNOLOGY THROUGH FUNGI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10480-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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CAVALCANTI VYTÓRIAP, ARAÚJO NEILTONA, SCHWANESTRADA KÁTIAR, PASQUAL MOACIR, DÓRIA JOYCE. Athelia (Sclerotium) rolfsii in Allium sativum: potential biocontrol agents and their effects on plant metabolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:3949-3962. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820180208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Whitebark pine foliar fungal endophyte communities in the southern Cascade Range, USA: Host mycobiomes and white pine blister rust. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Diversity of cultivable fungal endophytes in Paullinia cupana (Mart.) Ducke and bioactivity of their secondary metabolites. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195874. [PMID: 29649297 PMCID: PMC5897019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paullinia cupana is associated with a diverse community of pathogenic and endophytic microorganisms. We isolated and identified endophytic fungal communities from the roots and seeds of P. cupana genotypes susceptible and tolerant to anthracnose that grow in two sites of the Brazilian Amazonia forest. We assessed the antibacterial, antitumor and genotoxic activity in vitro of compounds isolated from the strains Trichoderma asperellum (1BDA) and Diaporthe phaseolorum (8S). In concert, we identified eight fungal species not previously reported as endophytes; some fungal species capable of inhibiting pathogen growth; and the production of antibiotics and compounds with bacteriostatic activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in both susceptible and multiresistant host strains. The plant genotype, geographic location and specially the organ influenced the composition of P. cupana endophytic fungal community. Together, our findings identify important functional roles of endophytic species found within the microbiome of P. cupana. This hypothesis requires experimental validation to propose management of this microbiome with the objective of promoting plant growth and protection.
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Terhonen E, Kovalchuk A, Zarsav A, Asiegbu FO. Biocontrol Potential of Forest Tree Endophytes. ENDOPHYTES OF FOREST TREES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Tahir HAS, Gu Q, Wu H, Raza W, Safdar A, Huang Z, Rajer FU, Gao X. Effect of volatile compounds produced by Ralstonia solanacearum on plant growth promoting and systemic resistance inducing potential of Bacillus volatiles. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:133. [PMID: 28768498 PMCID: PMC5541429 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial volatiles play an expedient role in the agricultural ecological system by enhancing plant growth and inducing systemic resistance against plant pathogens, without causing hazardous effects on the environment. To explore the effects of VOCs of Ralstonia solanacearum TBBS1 (Rs) on tobacco plant growth and on plant growth promoting efficiency of VOCs produced by Bacillus subtilis SYST2, experiments were conducted both in vitro and in planta. RESULTS The VOCs produced by SYST2 significantly enhanced the plant growth and induced the systemic resistance (ISR) against wilt pathogen Rs in all experiments. The SYST2-VOCs significantly increased PPO and PAL activity and over-expressed the genes relating to expansin, wilt resistance, and plant defense while repressed the genes relating to ethylene production. More interestingly, VOCs produced by pathogen, Rs had no significant effect on plant growth; however, Rs-VOCs decreased the growth promoting potential of SYST2-VOCs when plants were exposed to VOCs produced by both SYST2 and Rs. The co-culture of SYST2 and Rs revealed that they inhibited the growth of each other; however, the inhibition of Rs by SYST2-VOCs appeared to be greater than that of SYST2 by Rs-VOCs. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new insights regarding the interaction among SYST2-VOCs, Rs-VOCs and plant, resulting in growth promotion and induced systemic resistance against the bacterial wilt pathogen Rs. This is the first report of the effect of VOCs produced by pathogenic microorganism on plant growth and on plant growth-promoting and systemic resistance-inducing potential of PGPR strain SYST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Samad Tahir
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
- Plant Pathology section, Tobacco Research station, Pakistan Tobacco Board, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of Pakistan, Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Asma Safdar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Faheem Uddin Rajer
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Weigang No.1, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
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Leyva Salas M, Mounier J, Valence F, Coton M, Thierry A, Coton E. Antifungal Microbial Agents for Food Biopreservation-A Review. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5030037. [PMID: 28698479 PMCID: PMC5620628 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food spoilage is a major issue for the food industry, leading to food waste, substantial economic losses for manufacturers and consumers, and a negative impact on brand names. Among causes, fungal contamination can be encountered at various stages of the food chain (e.g., post-harvest, during processing or storage). Fungal development leads to food sensory defects varying from visual deterioration to noticeable odor, flavor, or texture changes but can also have negative health impacts via mycotoxin production by some molds. In order to avoid microbial spoilage and thus extend product shelf life, different treatments—including fungicides and chemical preservatives—are used. In parallel, public authorities encourage the food industry to limit the use of these chemical compounds and develop natural methods for food preservation. This is accompanied by a strong societal demand for ‘clean label’ food products, as consumers are looking for more natural, less severely processed and safer products. In this context, microbial agents corresponding to bioprotective cultures, fermentates, culture-free supernatant or purified molecules, exhibiting antifungal activities represent a growing interest as an alternative to chemical preservation. This review presents the main fungal spoilers encountered in food products, the antifungal microorganisms tested for food bioprotection, and their mechanisms of action. A focus is made in particular on the recent in situ studies and the constraints associated with the use of antifungal microbial agents for food biopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Leyva Salas
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM EA3882), Université de Brest, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
- UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jérôme Mounier
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM EA3882), Université de Brest, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Florence Valence
- UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Monika Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM EA3882), Université de Brest, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
| | - Anne Thierry
- UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM EA3882), Université de Brest, Technopole Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Production, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycocin Produced by Debaryomyces hansenii DSMZ70238. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:2605382. [PMID: 28757872 PMCID: PMC5512030 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2605382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to estimate the antimicrobial activity and the potential biological control of the killer toxin produced by D. hansenii DSMZ70238 against several pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the effects of NaCl, pH, and temperature, killer toxin production, and antimicrobial activity were studied. The results showed that the optimum inhibitory effect of killer toxin was at 8% NaCl, and the diameters of clear zones were 20, 22, 22, 21, 14, and 13 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, and Candida neoformans, respectively. The largest inhibition zones were observed at pH 4.5 with inhibition zone of 16, 18, 17, 18, 11, and 12 mm for the same microorganisms. The results also showed that 25°C is the optimal temperature for toxin killing activity against all targeted microorganisms. In addition, the activity of killer toxin significantly inhibited the growth of fungal mycelia for all target pathogenic fungi and the percentages of inhibition were 47.77, 48.88, 52.22, and 61.11% for Trichophyton rubrum, Alternaria alternata, Trichophyton concentricum, and Curvularia lunata, respectively. The results showed the highest growth rate of D. hansenii DSMZ70238 under condition of 8% NaCl concentration, pH 4.5, and 25°C for 72 h.
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Hilber-Bodmer M, Schmid M, Ahrens CH, Freimoser FM. Competition assays and physiological experiments of soil and phyllosphere yeasts identify Candida subhashii as a novel antagonist of filamentous fungi. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:4. [PMID: 28056814 PMCID: PMC5216558 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While recent advances in next generation sequencing technologies have enabled researchers to readily identify countless microbial species in soil, rhizosphere, and phyllosphere microbiomes, the biological functions of the majority of these species are unknown. Functional studies are therefore urgently needed in order to characterize the plethora of microorganisms that are being identified and to point out species that may be used for biotechnology or plant protection. Here, we used a dual culture assay and growth analyses to characterise yeasts (40 different isolates) and their antagonistic effect on 16 filamentous fungi; comprising plant pathogens, antagonists, and saprophytes. RESULTS Overall, this competition screen of 640 pairwise combinations revealed a broad range of outcomes, ranging from small stimulatory effects of some yeasts up to a growth inhibition of more than 80% by individual species. On average, yeasts isolated from soil suppressed filamentous fungi more strongly than phyllosphere yeasts and the antagonistic activity was a species-/isolate-specific property and not dependent on the filamentous fungus a yeast was interacting with. The isolates with the strongest antagonistic activity were Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Hanseniaspora sp., Cyberlindnera sargentensis, Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida subhashii, and Pichia kluyveri. Among these, the soil yeasts (C. sargentensis, A. pullulans, C. subhashii) assimilated and/or oxidized more di-, tri- and tetrasaccharides and organic acids than yeasts from the phyllosphere. Only the two yeasts C. subhashii and M. pulcherrima were able to grow with N-acetyl-glucosamine as carbon source. CONCLUSIONS The competition assays and physiological experiments described here identified known antagonists that have been implicated in the biological control of plant pathogenic fungi in the past, but also little characterised species such as C. subhashii. Overall, soil yeasts were more antagonistic and metabolically versatile than yeasts from the phyllosphere. Noteworthy was the strong antagonistic activity of the soil yeast C. subhashii, which had so far only been described from a clinical sample and not been studied with respect to biocontrol. Based on binary competition assays and growth analyses (e.g., on different carbon sources, growth in root exudates), C. subhashii was identified as a competitive and antagonistic soil yeast with potential as a novel biocontrol agent against plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Hilber-Bodmer
- Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Schloss 1, P.B., 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schmid
- Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Schloss 1, P.B., 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian H Ahrens
- Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Schloss 1, P.B., 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Freimoser
- Agroscope, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Schloss 1, P.B., 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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Ferraz LP, Cunha TD, da Silva AC, Kupper KC. Biocontrol ability and putative mode of action of yeasts against Geotrichum citri-aurantii in citrus fruit. Microbiol Res 2016; 188-189:72-79. [PMID: 27296964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sour rot is a major postharvest disease of citrus fruit and is caused by the fungal pathogen Geotrichum citri-aurantii. A lack of chemicals certified for the control of this disease has led to the consideration of alternative methods and strategies, such as the use of yeasts as biocontrol agents. The purpose of the present study was to test the ability of yeasts isolated from leaves, flowers, fruit, and soil, and six Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates to control citrus sour rot, to assess the mechanisms of action of the yeast isolates that were demonstrated to be effective for biocontrol, and to identify the most effective yeast isolates for the biocontrol of G. citri-aurantii. In in vivo assays, three yeast isolates (ACBL-23, ACBL-44, and ACBL-77) showed a potential for controlling sour rot in citrus fruits, both preventatively and curatively. Most of the eight yeast isolates that were assessed for a mechanism of action did not produce antifungal compounds in an amount sufficient to inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Additionally, nutrient competition among the yeast strains was not found to be a biocontrol strategy. Instead, killer activity and hydrolytic enzyme production were identified as the major mechanisms involved in the biocontrol activity of the yeasts. Isolates ACBL-23, ACBL-44, and ACBL-77, which controlled sour rot most effectively, were identified as Rhodotorula minuta, Candida azyma, and Aureobasidium pullulans, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the potential of C. azyma as a biological control agent against a postharvest pathogen and its ability to produce a killer toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luriany Pompeo Ferraz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane da Cunha
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Cristina Kupper
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", CEP 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Centro de Citricultura "Sylvio Moreira"/IAC, CEP 13490-970, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil.
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Diánez Martínez F, Santos M, Carretero F, Marín F. Trichoderma saturnisporum, a new biological control agent. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1934-1944. [PMID: 26059112 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocontrol agents (BCAs) could be a viable alternative to chemicals in the management of fungal crop diseases. Screening for potential biocontrol and plant growth promoter isolates from a soil in Cádiz (Spain) was conducted. Several isolates showed antagonism in in vitro tests to several plant pathogens. RESULTS Two isolates of Trichoderma saturnisporum (Ascomycetes, Hypocreales) were identified by sequencing of the rDNA region. One isolate was selected for further in vivo plant growth promotion and biological control assays. Results indicate that substrate application of T. saturnisporum improved plant quality and showed biological control activity against Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora parasitica (Peronosporales, Peronosporaceae). CONCLUSION There are a few references to T. saturnisporum isolated from different media but not its ability to promote plant growth or biocontrol. This is the first report of T. saturnisporum as a seedling growth promoter and as biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Diánez Martínez
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Mila Santos
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco Carretero
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco Marín
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
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Influence of plant genotype on the cultivable fungi associated to tomato rhizosphere and roots in different soils. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:862-72. [PMID: 27268246 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhizosphere and root-associated microbiota are crucial in determining plant health and in increasing productivity of agricultural crops. To date, research has mainly focused on the bacterial dimension of the microbiota. However, interest in the mycobiota is increasing, since fungi play a key role in soil ecosystems. We examined the effect of plant genotype, soil, and of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) on the cultivable component of rhizosphere and root-associated mycobiota of tomato. Resistant and susceptible varieties were cultivated on two different soils (A and B), under glasshouse conditions. Isolated fungi were identified by morphological and molecular approaches. Differences were found between the rhizosphere and the roots, which in general displayed a lower number of species. The structure of the mycobiota was significantly affected by the soil type in the rhizosphere as well as by the plant genotype within the roots (NPERMANOVA, p < 0.05). The addition of Fol changed the community structure, particularly in soil A, where Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were the dominant responding fungi. Overall, the results indicated that i) soil type and plant genotype affect the fungal communities; ii) plant roots select few species from the rhizosphere; and iii) the fungal community structure is influenced by Fol.
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Zhang T, Chaturvedi V, Chaturvedi S. Novel Trichoderma polysporum Strain for the Biocontrol of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Fungal Etiologic Agent of Bat White Nose Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141316. [PMID: 26509269 PMCID: PMC4624962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging disease of hibernating bats, has rapidly spread across eastern North America killing millions of bats. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the sole etiologic agent of WNS, is widespread and persistent in bat hibernacula. Control of Pd in the affected sites is urgently needed to break the transmission cycle while minimizing any adverse impact on the native organisms. We isolated a novel strain of Trichoderma polysporum (Tp) from one of the caves at the epicenter of WNS zoonotic. Detailed experimental studies revealed: (1) Tp WPM 39143 was highly adapted to grow at temperatures simulating the cave environment (6°C-15°C), (2) Tp WPM 39143 restricted Pd colony growth in dual culture challenges, (3) Tp WPM 39143 caused four logs reduction of Pd colony forming units and genome copies in autoclaved soil samples from one of the WNS affected caves, (4) Tp WPM 39143 extract showed specific fungicidal activity against Pd in disk diffusion assay, but not against closely related fungus P. pannorum (Pp), (5) Tp WPM 39143 extract retained inhibitory activity after exposure to high temperatures, light and proteinase K, and (6) Inhibitory metabolites in Tp WPM 39143 extract comprised of water-soluble, high polarity compounds. These results suggest that Tp WPM 39143 is a promising candidate for further evaluation as a biocontrol agent of Pd in WNS affected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Vishnu Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
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Asad SA, Tabassum A, Hameed A, Hassan FU, Afzal A, Khan SA, Ahmed R, Shahzad M. Determination of lytic enzyme activities of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from Pakistan. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1053-64. [PMID: 26691463 PMCID: PMC4704632 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated lytic enzyme activities in three indigenous Trichoderma strains namely, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma sp. Native Trichoderma strains and a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani isolated from infected bean plants were also included in the study. Enzyme activities were determined by measuring sugar reduction by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method using suitable substrates. The antagonists were cultured in minimal salt medium with the following modifications: medium A (1 g of glucose), medium B (0.5 g of glucose + 0.5 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia), medium C (1.0 g of deactivated respective antagonist mycelium) and medium D (1 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia). T asperellum showed presence of higher amounts of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases and xylanases in extracellular protein extracts from medium D as compared to medium A. While, the higher activities of glucosidases and endoglucanses were shown in medium D extracts by T. harzianum. β-glucosidase activities were lower compared with other enzymes; however, activities of the extracts of medium D were significantly different. T. asperellum exhibited maximum inhibition (97.7%). On the other hand, Trichoderma sp. did not show any effect on mycelia growth of R. solani on crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad Asad
- Centre for Climate Research and Development, COMSATS University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Tabassum
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz ul Hassan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Afzal
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sabaz Ali Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
| | - Rafiq Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
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Barda O, Shalev O, Alster S, Buxdorf K, Gafni A, Levy M. Pseudozyma aphidis Induces Salicylic-Acid-Independent Resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis in Tomato Plants. PLANT DISEASE 2015; 99:621-626. [PMID: 30699688 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-14-0377-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plant pathogens to rapidly develop resistance to commonly used pesticides challenges efforts to maximize crop production. Fungal biocontrol agents have become an important alternative to chemical fungicides as a result of environmental concerns regarding conventional pesticides, including resistance issues. The complex mode of action of biocontrol agents reduces the likelihood that pathogens will develop resistance to them. We recently isolated a unique, biologically active isolate of the epiphytic fungus Pseudozyma aphidis. We show that the extracellular metabolites secreted by our P. aphidis isolate can inhibit Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, X. campestris pv. campestris, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Erwinia amylovora, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in vitro. Moreover, application of Pseudozyma aphidis spores on tomato plants in the greenhouse significantly reduced (by 60%) the incidence of bacterial wilt and canker disease caused by C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on those plants as well as disease severity by 35%. Furthermore, infected plants treated with P. aphidis were 25% taller than control infected plants. We found that P. aphidis activates PR1a-and other pathogenesis-related genes in tomato plants-and can trigger an induced-resistance response against C. michiganensis that proceeds in a salicylic-acid-independent manner, as shown using NahG-transgenic tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Barda
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Or Shalev
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shanee Alster
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kobi Buxdorf
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviva Gafni
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maggie Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Pereira JL, Queiroz RML, Charneau SO, Felix CR, Ricart CAO, da Silva FL, Steindorff AS, Ulhoa CJ, Noronha EF. Analysis of Phaseolus vulgaris response to its association with Trichoderma harzianum (ALL-42) in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98234. [PMID: 24878929 PMCID: PMC4039509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma harzianum (ALL 42-isolated from Brazilian Cerrado soil) to promote common bean growth and to modulate its metabolism and defense response in the presence or absence of the phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani using a proteomic approach. T. harzianum was able to promote common bean plants growth as shown by the increase in root/foliar areas and by size in comparison to plants grown in its absence. The interaction was shown to modulate the expression of defense-related genes (Glu1, pod3 and lox1) in roots of P. vulgaris. Proteomic maps constructed using roots and leaves of plants challenged or unchallenged by T. harzianum and phytopathogenic fungi showed differences. Reference gels presented differences in spot distribution (absence/presence) and relative volumes of common spots (up or down-regulation). Differential spots were identified by peptide fingerprinting MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. A total of 48 identified spots (19 for leaves and 29 for roots) were grouped into protein functional classes. For leaves, 33%, 22% and 11% of the identified proteins were categorized as pertaining to the groups: metabolism, defense response and oxidative stress response, respectively. For roots, 17.2%, 24.1% and 10.3% of the identified proteins were categorized as pertaining to the groups: metabolism, defense response and oxidative stress response, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline L. Pereira
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rayner M. L. Queiroz
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Sébastien O. Charneau
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Felix
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. O. Ricart
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Cirano J. Ulhoa
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Eliane F. Noronha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia (UNB), Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Biocontrol Activity of the Local Strain of Metschnikowia pulcherrima on Different Postharvest Pathogens. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:397167. [PMID: 24860671 PMCID: PMC4016867 DOI: 10.1155/2014/397167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The strains of the yeast Metschnikowia pulcherrima have strong biocontrol activity against various microorganisms. Biocontrol activity of M. pulcherrima largely depends on its iron immobilizing pigment pulcherrimin. Biocontrol activity of pulcherrimin producing strain, M. pulcherrima UMY15, isolated from local vineyards, was tested on different molds that cause food spoilage. M. pulcherrima UMY15 was a very effective biocontrol agent against Penicillium roqueforti, P. italicum, P. expansum, and Aspergillus oryzae in in-vitro plate tests. However, the inhibitory activity of M. pulcherrima UMY15 was less effective on Fusarium sp. and A. niger species in biocontrol assays. In addition, M. pulcherrima UMY15 strain completely inhibited the germination and mycelia growth of A. oryzae, A. parasiticus, and Fusarium sp. spores on artificial wounds of apples when they coinoculated with M. pulcherrima UMY15. Moreover, when coinoculated, M. pulcherrima UMY15 strain also inhibited the growth of P. roqueforti, P. italicum, P. expansum, A. oryzae, Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus sp. in grape juice, indicating that M. pulcherrima UMY15 can be used as a very effective biocontrol yeast against various species of postharvest pathogens, including Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Rhizopus.
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Vanegas Berrouet KM, Gutiérrez Sánchez PA, Marín Montoya MA. Molecular Identification of Fungi Isolated from Bean Tissues with Anthracnose Symptoms. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v19n2.39154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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48
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Swiontek Brzezinska M, Jankiewicz U, Burkowska A, Walczak M. Chitinolytic microorganisms and their possible application in environmental protection. Curr Microbiol 2013; 68:71-81. [PMID: 23989799 PMCID: PMC3889922 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-013-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the latest research findings on the applications of microbial chitinases to biological control. Microorganisms producing these enzymes can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases that pose a serious threat to global crop production. Currently, efforts are being made to discover producers of chitinolytic enzymes. The potential exists that natural biofungicides will replace chemical fungicides or will be used to supplement currently used fungicides, which would reduce the negative impact of chemicals on the environment and support the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swiontek Brzezinska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland,
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49
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Wu L, Roe CL, Wen Z. The safety assessment of Pythium irregulare as a producer of biomass and eicosapentaenoic acid for use in dietary supplements and food ingredients. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7579-85. [PMID: 23900800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3), and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 n-6), have multiple beneficial effects on human health and can be used as an important ingredient in dietary supplements, food, feed and pharmaceuticals. A variety of microorganisms has been used for commercial production of these fatty acids. The microorganisms in the Pythium family, particularly Pythium irregulare, are potential EPA producers. The aim of this work is to provide a safety assessment of P. irregulare so that the EPA derived from this species can be potentially used in various commercial applications. The genus Pythium has been widely recognized as a plant pathogen by infecting roots and colonizing the vascular tissues of various plants such as soybeans, corn and various vegetables. However, the majority of the Pythium species (including P. irregulare) have not been reported to infect mammals including humans. The only species among the Pythium family that infects mammals is P. insidiosum. There also have been no reports showing P. irregulare to contain mycotoxins or cause potentially allergenic responses in humans. Based on the safety assessment, we conclude that P. irregulare can be considered a safe source of biomass and EPA-containing oil for use as ingredients in dietary supplements, food, feed and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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50
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Otto-Hanson LK, Grabau Z, Rosen C, Salomon CE, Kinkel LL. Pathogen variation and urea influence selection and success of Streptomyces mixtures in biological control. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:34-42. [PMID: 23035630 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-12-0129-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Success in biological control of plant diseases remains inconsistent in the field. A collection of well-characterized Streptomyces antagonists (n = 19 isolates) was tested for their capacities to inhibit pathogenic Streptomyces scabies (n = 15 isolates). There was significant variation among antagonists in ability to inhibit pathogen isolates and among pathogens in their susceptibility to inhibition. Only one antagonist could inhibit all pathogens, and antagonist-pathogen interactions were highly specific, highlighting the limitations of single-strain inoculum in biological control. However, the collection of pathogens could be inhibited by several combinations of antagonists, suggesting the potential for successful antagonist mixtures. Urea generally increased effectiveness of antagonists at inhibiting pathogens in vitro (increased mean inhibition zones) but its specific effects varied among antagonist-pathogen combinations. In greenhouse trials, urea enhanced the effectiveness of antagonist mixtures relative to individual antagonists in controlling potato scab. Although antagonist mixtures were frequently antagonistic in the absence of urea, all n= 2 and n = 3 antagonist-isolate combinations were synergistic in the presence of urea. This work provides insights into the efficacy of single- versus multiple-strain inocula in biological control and on the potential for nutrients to influence mixture success.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Otto-Hanson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA.
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