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Yang D, Su M, Guo D, Zhao F, Wang M, Liu J, Zhou J, Sun Y, Yang X, Qi S, Li Z, Zhu Q, Xing X, Li C, Cao Y, Feng L, Sun D. Combination of S1-N-Terminal and S1-C-Terminal Domain Antigens Targeting Double Receptor-Binding Domains Bolsters Protective Immunity of a Nanoparticle Vaccine against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12235-12260. [PMID: 38696217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Variants of coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) frequently emerge, causing an incomplete match between the vaccine and variant strains, which affects vaccine efficacy. Designing vaccines with rapidly replaceable antigens and high efficacy is a promising strategy for the prevention of infection with PEDV variant strains. In our study, three different types of self-assembled nanoparticles (nps) targeting receptor-binding N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) of S1 protein, named NTDnps, CTDnps, and NTD/CTDnps, were constructed and evaluated as vaccine candidates against PEDV. NTDnps and CTDnps vaccines mediated significantly higher neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers than NTD and CTD recombinant proteins in mice. The NTD/CTDnps in varying ratios elicited significantly higher NAb titers when compared with NTDnps and CTDnps alone. The NTD/CTDnps (3:1) elicited NAb with titers up to 92.92% of those induced by the commercial vaccine. Piglets immunized with NTD/CTDnps (3:1) achieved a passive immune protection rate of 83.33% of that induced by the commercial vaccine. NTD/CTDnps (3:1) enhanced the capacity of mononuclear macrophages and dendritic cells to take up and present antigens by activating major histocompatibility complex I and II molecules to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity. These data reveal that a combination of S1-NTD and S1-CTD antigens targeting double receptor-binding domains strengthens the protective immunity of nanoparticle vaccines against PEDV. Our findings will provide a promising vaccine candidate against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jingxuan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Qinghe Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Chunqiu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
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Chen J, Huang B, Deng Y, Wang W, Zhai C, Han D, Wang N, Zhao Y, Zhai D, Tan W. Synergistic Immunity and Protection in Mice by Co-Immunization with DNA Vaccines Encoding the Spike Protein and Other Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020243. [PMID: 36851120 PMCID: PMC9967269 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has generated recurring worldwide infection outbreaks. These highly mutated variants reduce the effectiveness of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, which are designed to target only the spike (S) protein of the original virus. Except for the S of SARS-CoV-2, the immunoprotective potential of other structural proteins (nucleocapsid, N; envelope, E; membrane, M) as vaccine target antigens is still unclear and worthy of investigation. In this study, synthetic DNA vaccines encoding four SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (pS, pN, pE, and pM) were developed, and mice were immunized with three doses via intramuscular injection and electroporation. Notably, co-immunization with two DNA vaccines that expressed the S and N proteins induced higher neutralizing antibodies and was more effective in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load than the S protein alone in mice. In addition, pS co-immunization with either pN or pE + pM induced a higher S protein-specific cellular immunity after three immunizations and caused milder histopathological changes than pS alone post-challenge. The role of the conserved structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including the N/E/M proteins, should be investigated further for their applications in vaccine design, such as mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Chen
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Di Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Desheng Zhai
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Wenjie Tan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (W.T.)
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Mirzaei R, Mohammadzadeh R, Mahdavi F, Badrzadeh F, Kazemi S, Ebrahimi M, Soltani F, Kazemi S, Jeda AS, Darvishmotevalli M, Yousefimashouf R, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. Overview of the current promising approaches for the development of an effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106928. [PMID: 32862110 PMCID: PMC7444935 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. There is a gap in our understanding regarding the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. However, many clinical trials are underway across the world for screening effective drugs against COVID-19. Nevertheless, currently, no proven effective therapies for this virus exists. The vaccines are deemed as a significant part of disease prevention for emerging viral diseases, since, in several cases, other therapeutic choices are limited or non-existent, or that diseases result in such an accelerated clinical worsening that the efficacy of treatments is restricted. Therefore, effective vaccines against COVID-19 are urgently required to overcome the tremendous burden of mortality and morbidity correlated with SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we will describe the latest evidence regarding outstanding vaccine approaches and the challenges for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Rokhsareh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Mahdavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Sheida Kazemi
- Students' Seientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Soltani
- Health Safety and Environment Management Department, Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishmotevalli
- Research Center For Health, Safety And Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Characterization of an Immunodominant Epitope in the Endodomain of the Coronavirus Membrane Protein. Viruses 2016; 8:v8120327. [PMID: 27973413 PMCID: PMC5192388 DOI: 10.3390/v8120327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus membrane (M) protein acts as a dominant immunogen and is a major player in virus assembly. In this study, we prepared two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 1C3 and 4C7) directed against the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) M protein. The 1C3 and 4C7 mAbs both reacted with the native TGEV M protein in western blotting and immunofluorescence (IFA) assays. Two linear epitopes, 243YSTEART249 (1C3) and 243YSTEARTDNLSEQEKLLHMV262 (4C7), were identified in the endodomain of the TGEV M protein. The 1C3 mAb can be used for the detection of the TGEV M protein in different assays. An IFA method for the detection of TGEV M protein was optimized using mAb 1C3. Furthermore, the ability of the epitope identified in this study to stimulate antibody production was also evaluated. An immunodominant epitope in the TGEV membrane protein endodomain was identified. The results of this study have implications for further research on TGEV replication.
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5
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Jiang X, Hou X, Tang L, Jiang Y, Ma G, Li Y. A phase trial of the oral Lactobacillus casei vaccine polarizes Th2 cell immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7457-69. [PMID: 27020282 PMCID: PMC7080089 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is a member of the genus Coronavirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales. TGEV is an enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes highly fatal acute diarrhoea in newborn pigs. An oral Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) vaccine against anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus developed in our laboratory was used to study mucosal immune responses. In this L. casei vaccine, repetitive peptides expressed by L. casei (specifically the MDP and tuftsin fusion protein (MT)) were repeated 20 times and the D antigenic site of the TGEV spike (S) protein was repeated 6 times. Immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus is crucial for investigations of the effect of immunization, such as the first immunization time and dose. The first immunization is more important than the last immunization in the series. The recombinant Lactobacillus elicited specific systemic and mucosal immune responses. Recombinant L. casei had a strong potentiating effect on the cellular immunity induced by the oral L. casei vaccine. However, during TGEV infection, the systemic and local immune responses switched from Th1 to Th2-based immune responses. The systemic humoral immune response was stronger than the cellular immune response after TGEV infection. We found that the recombinant Lactobacillus stimulated IL-17 expression in both the systemic and mucosal immune responses against TGEV infection. Furthermore, the Lactobacillus vaccine stimulated an anti-TGEV infection Th17 pathway. The histopathological examination showed tremendous potential for recombinant Lactobacillus to enable rapid and effective treatment for TGEV with an intestinal tropism in piglets. The TGEV immune protection was primarily dependent on mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpeng Ma
- Agricultural High Technology Department, China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing, 100000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yijing Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liao X, Huang X, Cao S, Wen X, Wen Y, Wu R, Liu W. Construction of a bivalent DNA vaccine co-expressing S genes of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. Virus Genes 2016; 52:354-64. [PMID: 26980672 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and led to significant economic losses. The S proteins are the main structural proteins of PEDV and TGEV capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo. In this study, a DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) co-expressing S proteins of TGEV and PEDV delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was constructed and its immunogenicity in piglets was investigated. Twenty-day-old piglets were orally immunized with SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) at a dosage of 1.6 × 10(11) CFU per piglet and then booster immunized with 2.0 × 10(11) CFU after 2 weeks. Humoral immune responses, as reflected by virus neutralizing antibodies and specific IgG and sIgA, and cellular immune responses, as reflected by IFN-γ, IL-4, and lymphocyte proliferation, were evaluated. SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) simultaneously elicited immune responses against TGEV and PEDV after oral immunization. The immune levels started to increase at 2 weeks after immunization and increased to levels statistically significantly different than controls at 4 weeks post-immunization, peaking at 6 weeks and declined at 8 weeks. The humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses induced by SL7207 (pAXD-PS1-TS) were significantly higher than those of the PBS and SL7207 (pVAXD) (p < 0.01). In particular, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were higher than those induced by the single-gene vaccine SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1) (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) possess the immunological functions of the two S proteins of TGEV and PEDV, indicating that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) is a candidate oral vaccine for TGE and PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaodan Liao
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wumei Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Su M, Li C, Guo D, Wei S, Wang X, Geng Y, Yao S, Gao J, Wang E, Zhao X, Wang Z, Wang J, Wu R, Feng L, Sun D. A recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies against porcine deltacoronavirus. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:601-6. [PMID: 26668175 PMCID: PMC4873850 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has been proven to be associated with enteric
disease in piglets. Diagnostic tools for serological surveys of PDCoV remain in the
developmental stage when compared with those for other porcine coronaviruses. In our
study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (rPDCoV-N-ELISA) was
developed to detect antibodies against PDCoV using a histidine-tagged recombinant
nucleocapsid (N) protein as an antigen. The rPDCoV-N-ELISA did not cross-react with
antisera against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, swine transmissible gastroenteritis
virus, porcine group A rotavirus, classical swine fever virus, porcine circovirus-2,
porcine pseudorabies virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; the
receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed 100% sensitivity and 90.4%
specificity of the rPDCoV-N-ELISA based on samples of known status (n=62). Analyses of
field samples (n=319) using the rPDCoV-N-ELISA indicated that 11.59% of samples were
positive for antibodies against PDCoV. These data demonstrated that the rPDCoV-N-ELISA can
be used for epidemiological investigations of PDCoV and that PDCoV had a low serum
prevalence in pig population in Heilongjiang province, northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
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8
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Zhang D, Huang X, Zhang X, Cao S, Wen X, Wen Y, Wu R, Liang E. Construction of an oral vaccine for transmissible gastroenteritis virus based on the TGEV N gene expressed in an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vector. J Virol Methods 2015; 227:6-13. [PMID: 26297958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to develop an oral vaccine for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) based on the TGEV N gene expressed in an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vector and aimed to evaluate the vaccine's immune response in piglets. Recombinant plasmid pVAX-N was transformed into competent cells of attenuated S. typhimurium SL7207 via electroporation. After it was identified via RT-PCR and double digestion, the screened recombinant bacteria presenting pVAX-N were named SL7207 (pVAX-N). To evaluate the safety and stability of the developed vaccine, different dosages (5 × 10(8), 1 × 10(9), and 2 × 10(9) CFU/mice) of SL7207 (pVAX-N) were inoculated to 6-week-old mice. Piglets below 20 days of age were dosed with 1 × 10(12) CFU. Humoral (neutralization titer and specific IgG), cellular (interleukin-4, γ-interferon, and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation), and mucosal (sIgA) immune responses were detected and evaluated. The three immunizing dosages were determined to be safe for mice and were completely eliminated 8 weeks after the first inoculation. Results of antibody and cytokine detection indicated that SL7207 (pVAX-N) could significantly induce antibody-IgG, antibody-IgA, interleukin-4, and γ-interferon, whose value was maximized on the 6th week. Results confirmed that the recombinant vaccine increased the proliferation of peripheral T lymphocyte. In conclusion, the oral vaccine was developed successfully, and the vaccine could significantly induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Biological Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Biological Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Biological Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Biological Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Biological Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Entao Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, Laboratory of Zoonosis and Pig Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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9
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Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, Hanson J, Saif LJ. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2014; 74:1353-62. [PMID: 24066921 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.10.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effects of low dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses in feedlot calves inoculated with an inactivated bovine coronavirus (BCoV) vaccine. ANIMALS 40 feedlot calves. PROCEDURES Calves were fed diets containing high (3,300 U/kg) or low (1,100 U/kg) amounts of vitamin A beginning on the day of arrival at a feedlot (day 0) and continuing daily until the end of the study (day 140). Serum retinol concentrations were evaluated in blood samples obtained throughout the study. Calves were inoculated IM with an inactivated BCoV vaccine on days 112 and 126. Blood samples obtained on days 112 and 140 were used for assessment of BCoV-specific serum IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA titers via an ELISA. RESULTS The low vitamin A diet reduced serum retinol concentrations between days 112 and 140. After the BCoV inoculation and booster injections, predominantly serum IgG1 antibodies were induced in calves fed the high vitamin A diet; however, IgG1 titers were compromised at day 140 in calves fed the low vitamin A diet. Other isotype antibodies specific for BCoV were not affected by the low vitamin A diet. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dietary vitamin A restriction increases marbling in feedlot cattle; however, its effect on antibody responses to vaccines is unknown. A low vitamin A diet compromised the serum IgG1 responses against inactivated BCoV vaccine, which suggested suppressed T-helper 2-associated antibody (IgG1) responses. Thus, low vitamin A diets may compromise the effectiveness of viral vaccines and render calves more susceptible to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbae Jee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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10
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Yang W, Li G, Ren Y, Suo S, Ren X. Phylogeny and expression of the nucleocapsid gene of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:257-69. [PMID: 23661393 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is one of the important pathogens that may cause severe diarrhoea in piglets. In this study, the nucleocapsid (N) gene of a Chinese PEDV isolate designated HLJBY was cloned. The phylogeny of PEDV strains was investigated by constructing a phylogenetic tree based on the N protein sequences. The results indicate that there are two major groups of Chinese PEDVs, a Japanese PEDV group and a Korean PEDV group. High-level expression of the N protein was achieved in Escherichia coli. The immunoreactivity between PEDV particles or the bacterially expressed N protein and rabbit anti-PEDV serum was confirmed by immunofluorescence assays and Western blot. Both PEDV N protein and the polyclonal antibody generated in this study are valuable diagnostic reagents for PEDV surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- 1 Northeast Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District 150030 Harbin China
| | - Guangxing Li
- 1 Northeast Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District 150030 Harbin China
| | | | - Siqingaowa Suo
- 1 Northeast Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District 150030 Harbin China
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- 1 Northeast Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang District 150030 Harbin China
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11
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Yin XP, Ren XF, Liu JX. Progress in understanding pathogenic mechanisms of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:39-43. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TG-EV) is an animal coronavirus that causes severe gastroenteritis in young TGEV-seronegative pigs. This review will focus on recent advances in research of the genomic structure, major structural proteins and their function, virus propagation and replication, virus receptors, genetics and pathogenic mechanisms of TGEV. These data will be helpful in understanding the molecular biological characteristics and genetic variation of TGEV and have important theoretical significance for the development of new vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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12
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Development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virus Genes 2011; 42:229-35. [PMID: 21286798 PMCID: PMC7089436 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Six primers were designed to amplify the nucleocapsid (N) gene of PEDV. The optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the RT-LAMP were investigated. The results showed that the optimal reaction condition for RT-LAMP amplifying PEDV N gene was achieved at 63°C for 50 min. The RT-LAMP assay was more sensitive than gel-based RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was capable of detecting PEDV from clinical samples and differentiating PEDV from Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus, Porcine rotavirus, Porcine pseudorabies virus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and Avian infectious bronchitis virus.
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13
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Li P, Ren X. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:1074-80. [PMID: 21127872 PMCID: PMC7080135 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is the causative agent of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis, and sensitive detection methods are required for preventing the disease. In this article, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed to detect TGEV. Three pairs of primers targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene of TGEV were synthesized and used in the RT-LAMP. The optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the RT-LAMP were evaluated. Our results showed that the RT-LAMP amplified the N gene with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity at isothermal condition. The optimal reaction condition was achieved at 60°C for 30 min. The RT-LAMP assay was more sensitive than gel-based RT-PCR and PCR. It had a higher sensitivity than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the equal virus templates. In addition, the established RT-LAMP differentiated TGEV from porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine rotavirus, porcine pseudorabies virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus. The approach is suitable for detecting TGEV for field diagnostics or in less-equipped laboratories due to its convenience and simplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchong Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Xiangfang, 150030, Harbin, China
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14
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Yin J, Glende J, Schwegmann-Wessels C, Enjuanes L, Herrler G, Ren X. Cholesterol is important for a post-adsorption step in the entry process of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:311-6. [PMID: 20951168 PMCID: PMC7114218 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a major constituent of detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (DRMs). We localized transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) protein in DRMs in the viral envelope. Though S protein was not solubilized by cold non-ionic detergents, this behavior was unchanged when cholesterol was depleted from viral membrane by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and the protein did not comigrate with cellular DRM marker proteins in flotation analyses. Therefore, the S protein is not anchored in the viral membrane DRMs as they are known to occur in the plasma membrane. Cholesterol depletion from viral membrane may not affect the adsorption process as neither the sialic acid binding activity nor the binding to aminopeptidase N was reduced post-MβCD treatment. Reduced infectivity of cholesterol-depleted TGEV was observed only when the adsorption process occurred at 37 °C but not when the virus was applied at 4 °C. Cholesterol is important for a post-adsorption step, allowing membrane rearrangements that facilitate virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Yin
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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15
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Abstract
In this review, the current state of vaccine development against human severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, focusing on recently published data is assessed. We discuss which strategies have been assessed immunologically and which have been evaluated in SARS coronavirus challenge models. We discuss inactivated vaccines, virally and bacterially vectored vaccines, recombinant protein and DNA vaccines, as well as the use of attenuated vaccines. Data regarding the correlates of protection, animal models and the available evidence regarding potential vaccine enhancement of SARS disease are discussed. While there is much evidence that various vaccine strategies against SARS are safe and immunogenic, vaccinated animals still display significant disease upon challenge. Current data suggest that intranasal vaccination may be crucial and that new or combination strategies may be required for good protective efficacy against SARS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Roper
- Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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16
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Hu H, Tao L, Wang Y, Chen L, Yang J, Wang H. Enhancing immune responses against SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine by co-inoculating interleukin-2 expressing vector in mice. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:1685-93. [PMID: 19579009 PMCID: PMC7088336 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine and the immunoregulatory activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2) were investigated. DNA vaccine plasmids, pcDNA-N and pcDNA-IL2, were constructed and inoculated into BALB/c mice with or without pcDNA-IL2 by intramuscular injection. Cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed by indirect ELISA, lymphocyte proliferation assays, ELISPOT and FACS. The nucleocapsid DNA vaccine had good immunogenicity and can induce specific humoral and cellular immunity in BALB/c mice, while IL-2 plays an immunoadjuvant role and enhances specific immune responses. This study provides a frame of reference for the design of DNA vaccines against SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
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17
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Yang H, Cao S, Huang X, Liu J, Tang Y, Wen X. Intragastric administration of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium harbouring transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) DNA vaccine induced specific antibody production. Vaccine 2009; 27:5035-40. [PMID: 19573642 PMCID: PMC7126841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was selected as a transgenic vehicle for the development of live mucosal vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). A 2.2kb DNA fragment, encoding for N-terminal domain glycoprotein S of TGEV, was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1. The recombinant plasmid pVAX-S was transformed by electroporation into attenuated S. typhimurium SL7207, the expression and translation of the pVAX-S delivered by recombinant S. typhimurium SL7207 (pVAX-S) was detected in vitro and in vivo respectively. BALB/c mice were inoculated orally with SL7207 (pVAX-S) at different dosages, the bacterium was safe to mice at dosage of 2x10(9)CFU and eventually eliminated from the spleen and liver at week 4 post-immunization. Mice immunized with different dosages of SL7207 (pVAX-S) elicited specific anti-TGEV local mucosal and humoral responses as measured by indirect ELISA assay. Moreover, the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was highly dependent on the dosage of the attenuated bacteria used for oral administration, 10(9)CFU dosage group showed higher antibody response than 10(8)CFU and 10(7)CFU dosages groups during week 4-8 post-immunization. The results indicated that attenuated S. typhimurium could be used as a delivery vector for oral immunization of TGEV DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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18
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Hu H, Huang X, Tao L, Huang Y, Cui BA, Wang H. Comparative analysis of the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine administrated with different routes in mouse model. Vaccine 2009; 27:1758-63. [PMID: 19186202 PMCID: PMC7115532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies to augment the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is critical for improving their clinical utility. One such strategy involves using the different immune routes with DNA vaccines. In the present study, the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine, induced by using the current routine vaccination routes (intramuscularly, by electroporation, or orally using live-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium), was compared in mouse model. The comparison between the three vaccination routes indicated that immunization intramuscularly induced a moderate T cell response and antibody response. Mice administrated by electroporation induced the highest antibody response among the three immunization groups and a mid-level of cellular response. In contrast, the orally DNA vaccine evoked vigorous T cell response and a weak antibody production. These results indicated that the distinct types of immune responses were generated by the different routes of DNA immunization. In addition, our results also show that the delivery of DNA vaccines by electroporation and orally using live-attenuated Salmonella in vivo is an effective method to increase the immune responses. Further studies could be carried out using a combination strategy of both oral and electroporation immunizations to stimulate higher cellular and humoral immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Capsid/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Electroporation
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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19
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See RH, Petric M, Lawrence DJ, Mok CPY, Rowe T, Zitzow LA, Karunakaran KP, Voss TG, Brunham RC, Gauldie J, Finlay BB, Roper RL. Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine efficacy in ferrets: whole killed virus and adenovirus-vectored vaccines. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2136-2146. [PMID: 18753223 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak was controlled, repeated transmission of SARS coronavirus (CoV) over several years makes the development of a SARS vaccine desirable. We performed a comparative evaluation of two SARS vaccines for their ability to protect against live SARS-CoV intranasal challenge in ferrets. Both the whole killed SARS-CoV vaccine (with and without alum) and adenovirus-based vectors encoding the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein induced neutralizing antibody responses and reduced viral replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract and progression of virus to the lower respiratory tract. The vaccines also diminished haemorrhage in the thymus and reduced the severity and extent of pneumonia and damage to lung epithelium. However, despite high neutralizing antibody titres, protection was incomplete for all vaccine preparations and administration routes. Our data suggest that a combination of vaccine strategies may be required for effective protection from this pathogen. The ferret may be a good model for SARS-CoV infection because it is the only model that replicates the fever seen in human patients, as well as replicating other SARS disease features including infection by the respiratory route, clinical signs, viral replication in upper and lower respiratory tract and lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H See
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Martin Petric
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - David J Lawrence
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Catherine P Y Mok
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Lois A Zitzow
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Karuna P Karunakaran
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Thomas G Voss
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Robert C Brunham
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rachel L Roper
- Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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20
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Enjuanes L, Dediego ML, Alvarez E, Deming D, Sheahan T, Baric R. Vaccines to prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-induced disease. Virus Res 2008; 133:45-62. [PMID: 17416434 PMCID: PMC2633062 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An important effort has been performed after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 to diagnose and prevent virus spreading. Several types of vaccines have been developed including inactivated viruses, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), DNA vaccines, heterologous expression systems, and vaccines derived from SARS-CoV genome by reverse genetics. This review describes several aspects essential to develop SARS-CoV vaccines, such as the correlates of protection, virus serotypes, vaccination side effects, and bio-safeguards that can be engineered into recombinant vaccine approaches based on the SARS-CoV genome. The production of effective and safe vaccines to prevent SARS has led to the development of promising vaccine candidates, in contrast to the design of vaccines for other coronaviruses, that in general has been less successful. After preclinical trials in animal models, efficacy and safety evaluation of the most promising vaccine candidates described has to be performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enjuanes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Bai B, Lu X, Meng J, Hu Q, Mao P, Lu B, Chen Z, Yuan Z, Wang H. Vaccination of mice with recombinant baculovirus expressing spike or nucleocapsid protein of SARS-like coronavirus generates humoral and cellular immune responses. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:868-75. [PMID: 17905435 PMCID: PMC7112626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Continuous efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In this study, two recombinant baculoviruses, vAc-N and vAc-S, were constructed, which contained the mammalian-cell activate promoter element, human elongation factor 1α-subunit (EF-1α), the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter, and the nucleocapsid (N) or spike (S) gene of bat SARS-like CoV (SL-CoV) under the control of the CMV promoter. Mice were subcutaneously and intraperitoneally injected with recombinant baculovirus, and both humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in the vaccinated groups. The secretion level of IFN-γ was much higher than that of IL-4 in vAc-N or vAc-S immunized groups, suggesting a strong Th1 bias towards cellular immune responses. Additionally, a marked increase of CD4 T cell immune responses and high levels of anti-SARS-CoV humoral responses were also detected in the vAc-N or vAc-S immunized groups. In contrast, there were significantly weaker cellular immune responses, as well as less antibody production than in the control groups. Our data demonstrates that the recombinant baculovirus can serve as an effective vaccine strategy. In addition, because effective SARS vaccines should act to not only prevent the reemergence of SARS-CoV, but also to provide cross-protection against SL-CoV, findings in this study may have implications for developing such cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, PR China
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22
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Kam YW, Kien F, Roberts A, Cheung YC, Lamirande EW, Vogel L, Chu SL, Tse J, Guarner J, Zaki SR, Subbarao K, Peiris M, Nal B, Altmeyer R. Antibodies against trimeric S glycoprotein protect hamsters against SARS-CoV challenge despite their capacity to mediate FcgammaRII-dependent entry into B cells in vitro. Vaccine 2006; 25:729-40. [PMID: 17049691 PMCID: PMC7115629 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced antibodies can prevent or, in the case of feline infectious peritonitis virus, aggravate infections by coronaviruses. We investigated whether a recombinant native full-length S-protein trimer (triSpike) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was able to elicit a neutralizing and protective immune response in animals and analyzed the capacity of anti-S antibodies to mediate antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of virus entry in vitro and enhancement of replication in vivo. SARS-CoV-specific serum and mucosal immunoglobulins were readily detected in immunized animals. Serum IgG blocked binding of the S-protein to the ACE2 receptor and neutralized SARS-CoV infection in vitro. Entry into human B cell lines occurred in a FcγRII-dependent and ACE2-independent fashion indicating that ADE of virus entry is a novel cell entry mechanism of SARS-CoV. Vaccinated animals showed no signs of enhanced lung pathology or hepatitis and viral load was undetectable or greatly reduced in lungs following challenge with SARS-CoV. Altogether our results indicate that a recombinant trimeric S protein was able to elicit an efficacious protective immune response in vivo and warrant concern in the safety evaluation of a human vaccine against SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu Wing Kam
- HKU-Pasteur Research Centre, 8 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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23
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Ishii K, Hasegawa H, Nagata N, Mizutani T, Morikawa S, Suzuki T, Taguchi F, Tashiro M, Takemori T, Miyamura T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. Induction of protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection using highly attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus DIs. Virology 2006; 351:368-80. [PMID: 16678878 PMCID: PMC7111839 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has recently been identified as the causative agent of SARS. We constructed a series of recombinant DIs (rDIs), a highly attenuated vaccinia strain, expressing a gene encoding four structural proteins (E, M, N and S) of SARS-CoV individually or simultaneously. These rDIs elicited SARS-CoV-specific serum IgG antibody and T-cell responses in vaccinated mice following intranasal or subcutaneous administration. Mice that were subcutaneously vaccinated with rDIs expressing S protein with or without other structural proteins induced a high level of serum neutralizing IgG antibodies and demonstrated marked protective immunity against SARS-CoV challenge in the absence of a mucosal IgA response. These results indicate that the potent immune response elicited by subcutaneous injection of rDIs containing S is able to control mucosal infection by SARS-CoV. Thus, replication-deficient DIs constructs hold promise for the development of a safe and potent SARS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Toshitada Takemori
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +81 3 5285 1150.
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24
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See RH, Zakhartchouk AN, Petric M, Lawrence DJ, Mok CPY, Hogan RJ, Rowe T, Zitzow LA, Karunakaran KP, Hitt MM, Graham FL, Prevec L, Mahony JB, Sharon C, Auperin TC, Rini JM, Tingle AJ, Scheifele DW, Skowronski DM, Patrick DM, Voss TG, Babiuk LA, Gauldie J, Roper RL, Brunham RC, Finlay BB. Comparative evaluation of two severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine candidates in mice challenged with SARS coronavirus. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:641-650. [PMID: 16476986 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) vaccine strategies were evaluated for their ability to protect against live SARS coronavirus (CoV) challenge in a murine model of infection. A whole killed (inactivated by beta-propiolactone) SARS-CoV vaccine and a combination of two adenovirus-based vectors, one expressing the nucleocapsid (N) and the other expressing the spike (S) protein (collectively designated Ad S/N), were evaluated for the induction of serum neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses and their ability to protect against pulmonary SARS-CoV replication. The whole killed virus (WKV) vaccine given subcutaneously to 129S6/SvEv mice was more effective than the Ad S/N vaccine administered either intranasally or intramuscularly in inhibiting SARS-CoV replication in the murine respiratory tract. This protective ability of the WKV vaccine correlated with the induction of high serum neutralizing-antibody titres, but not with cellular immune responses as measured by gamma interferon secretion by mouse splenocytes. Titres of serum neutralizing antibodies induced by the Ad S/N vaccine administered intranasally or intramuscularly were significantly lower than those induced by the WKV vaccine. However, Ad S/N administered intranasally, but not intramuscularly, significantly limited SARS-CoV replication in the lungs. Among the vaccine groups, SARS-CoV-specific IgA was found only in the sera of mice immunized intranasally with Ad S/N, suggesting that mucosal immunity may play a role in protection for the intranasal Ad S/N delivery system. Finally, the sera of vaccinated mice contained antibodies to S, further suggesting a role for this protein in conferring protective immunity against SARS-CoV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Female
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Neutralization Tests
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/chemistry
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H See
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Alexander N Zakhartchouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Martin Petric
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - David J Lawrence
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Catherine P Y Mok
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Lois A Zitzow
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Karuna P Karunakaran
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Frank L Graham
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ludvik Prevec
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - James B Mahony
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Chetna Sharon
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry C Auperin
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James M Rini
- Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics and Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aubrey J Tingle
- Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, Vancouver, BC V6H 3X8, Canada
| | - David W Scheifele
- Vaccine Evaluation Centre, British Columbia Institute for Children's and Women's Health, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - David M Patrick
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Thomas G Voss
- Emerging Pathogens Department, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Rachel L Roper
- Brody School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Robert C Brunham
- University of British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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25
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Qu D, Zheng B, Yao X, Guan Y, Yuan ZH, Zhong NS, Lu LW, Xie JP, Wen YM. Intranasal immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV (SARS-associated coronavirus) induced local and serum antibodies in mice. Vaccine 2005; 23:924-31. [PMID: 15603894 PMCID: PMC7115388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus) strain GZ50 was partially purified and inactivated with 1:2000 formaldehyde. In cell culture the inactivated virus blocked the replication of live virus by decreasing the TCID5.0 of the live virus 103.6 to 104.6 times. Inactivated GZ50 was used to immunize mice intranasally either alone, or after precipitation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), or with CpG, or CTB as an adjuvant. The titer of serum neutralizing antibodies was up to 1:640. In mice immunized with adjuvants or PEG precipitated GZ50, specific IgA was detected in tracheal-lung wash fluid by immunofluorescence. Though serum antibodies were detected, no anti-SARS-IgA could be detected in mice immunized only with inactivated GZ50. The roles of adjuvants in intranasal immunization with inactivated. SARS-CoV is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology/Ministry of Education, Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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26
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Zhao P, Cao J, Zhao LJ, Qin ZL, Ke JS, Pan W, Ren H, Yu JG, Qi ZT. Immune responses against SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induced by DNA vaccine. Virology 2005; 331:128-35. [PMID: 15582659 PMCID: PMC7111813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Revised: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the key protein for the formation of the helical nucleocapsid during virion assembly. This protein is believed to be more conserved than other proteins of the virus, such as spike and membrane glycoprotein. In this study, the N protein of SARS-CoV was expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α and identified with pooled sera from patients in the convalescence phase of SARS. A plasmid pCI-N, encoding the full-length N gene of SARS-CoV, was constructed. Expression of the N protein was observed in COS1 cells following transfection with pCI-N. The immune responses induced by intramuscular immunization with pCI-N were evaluated in a murine model. Serum anti-N immunoglobulins and splenocytes proliferative responses against N protein were observed in immunized BALB/c mice. The major immunoglobulin G subclass recognizing N protein was immunoglobulin G2a, and stimulated splenocytes secreted high levels of gamma interferon and IL-2 in response to N protein. More importantly, the immunized mice produced strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and CD8+ CTL responses to N protein. The study shows that N protein of SARS-CoV not only is an important B cell immunogen, but also can elicit broad-based cellular immune responses. The results indicate that the N protein may be of potential value in vaccine development for specific prophylaxis and treatment against SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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27
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Zhu MS, Pan Y, Chen HQ, Shen Y, Wang XC, Sun YJ, Tao KH. Induction of SARS-nucleoprotein-specific immune response by use of DNA vaccine. Immunol Lett 2004; 92:237-43. [PMID: 15081618 PMCID: PMC7119895 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Induction of effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and/or a specific antibody against conserved viral proteins may be essential to the development of a safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-Cov) vaccine. DNA vaccination represents a new strategy for induction of humoral and cellular immune response. To determine the ability of SARS-Cov nucleoprotein (N protein) to induce antiviral immunity, in this report, we established a stable C2C12 line expressing SARS-Cov N protein, which was used as a target for specific CTL assay. We also expressed recombinant N proteins in Escherichia coli and prepared N protein-specific polyclonal antibodies. C3H/He mice were immunized with N protein-expressible pcDN-fn vector by intramuscular injections. We found that the DNA vaccination induced both N protein-specific antibody and specific CTL activity to the target. When C3H/He mice were immunized by three separate injections, high antibody titre (1:3200–1:6400, average titre is 1:4580) and high CTL activity (67.4±8.4% (E:T=25:1), 69.6±6.7% (E:T=50:1) and 71.8±6.2% (E:T=100:1)) were observed. In the case of two vaccine injections, CTL activity was also high (56.6±12.7% (E:T=25:1), 57.4±11.7% (E:T=50:1) and 63.0±6.3% (E:T=100:1)). However, antibody titres were much lower (1:200–1:3200, average titre is 1:980). Our results suggest that SARS-Cov nucleocapsid gene might be a candidate gene for SARS DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sheng Zhu
- Huadong Research Institute For Medical Biotechnics, 293 Zhong Shan East Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
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28
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Bailey M, Haverson K, Miller B, Jones P, Sola I, Enjuanes L, Stokes CR. Effects of infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus on concomitant immune responses to dietary and injected antigens. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 11:337-43. [PMID: 15013985 PMCID: PMC371216 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.2.337-343.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal piglets weaned onto soy- or egg-based diets generated antibody responses to fed protein. Concurrent infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) did not affect the responses to dietary antigens at weaning, nor did it affect the subsequent development of tolerance. However, TGEV infection did enhance the primary immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG1, but not IgG2, antibody responses to injected soy in comparison to those of uninfected animals. Paradoxically, TGEV-infected animals showed an enhanced primary IgG1 antibody response to injected soy at 4 weeks of age, but they subsequently showed a reduced secondary response after an intraperitoneal challenge at 9 weeks of age in comparison to uninfected animals. The results suggest that an enteric virus, either used as a vaccine vector or present as a subclinical infection, may not have significant effects on the development of dietary allergies but may have effects both on the primary response and on the subsequent recall response to systemic antigens to which the animal is exposed concurrently with virus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bailey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
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29
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Takasuka N, Fujii H, Takahashi Y, Kasai M, Morikawa S, Itamura S, Ishii K, Sakaguchi M, Ohnishi K, Ohshima M, Hashimoto SI, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Yoshikura H, Takemori T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. A subcutaneously injected UV-inactivated SARS coronavirus vaccine elicits systemic humoral immunity in mice. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1423-30. [PMID: 15314040 PMCID: PMC7108621 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV. It spread rapidly to many countries and developing a SARS vaccine is now urgently required. In order to study the immunogenicity of UV-inactivated purified SARS-CoV virion as a vaccine candidate, we subcutaneously immunized mice with UV-inactivated SARS-CoV with or without an adjuvant. We chose aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) as an adjuvant, because of its long safety history for human use. We observed that the UV-inactivated SARS-CoV virion elicited a high level of humoral immunity, resulting in the generation of long-term antibody secreting and memory B cells. With the addition of alum to the vaccine formula, serum IgG production was augmented and reached a level similar to that found in hyper-immunized mice, though it was still insufficient to elicit serum IgA antibodies. Notably, the SARS-CoV virion itself was able to induce long-term antibody production even without an adjuvant. Anti-SARS-CoV antibodies elicited in mice recognized both the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of the virus and were able to neutralize the virus. Furthermore, the UV-inactivated virion induced regional lymph node T-cell proliferation and significant levels of cytokine production (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ and TNF-α) upon restimulation with inactivated SARS-CoV virion in vitro. Thus, a whole killed virion could serve as a candidate antigen for a SARS vaccine to elicit both humoral and cellular immunity.
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30
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Zeng F, Chow KYC, Hon CC, Law KM, Yip CW, Chan KH, Peiris JS, Leung FCC. Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:1134-9. [PMID: 14985131 PMCID: PMC7111006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The immunological characteristics of SARS-CoV spike protein were investigated by administering mice with plasmids encoding various S gene fragments. We showed that the secreting forms of S1, S2 subunits and the N-terminus of S1 subunit (residues 18-495) were capable of eliciting SARS-CoV specific antibodies and the region immediate to N-terminus of matured S1 protein contained an important immunogenic determinant for elicitation of SARS-CoV specific antibodies. In addition, mice immunized with plasmids encoding S1 fragment developed a Th1-mediated antibody isotype switching. Another interesting finding was that mouse antibodies elicited separately by plasmids encoding S1 and S2 subunits cooperatively neutralized SARS-CoV but neither the S1 nor S2 specific antibodies did, suggesting the possible role of both S1 and S2 subunits in host cell docking and entry. These results provide insights into understanding the immunological characteristics of spike protein and the development of subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanya Zeng
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ken Yan Ching Chow
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chung Chau Hon
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ka Man Law
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kwok Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Joseph S.Malik Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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31
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Gao W, Tamin A, Soloff A, D'Aiuto L, Nwanegbo E, Robbins PD, Bellini WJ, Barratt-Boyes S, Gambotto A. Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys. Lancet 2003; 362:1895-6. [PMID: 14667748 PMCID: PMC7112457 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been identified as a new type of coronavirus. Here, we have investigated the ability of adenoviral delivery of codon-optimised SARS-CoV strain Urbani structural antigens spike protein S1 fragment, membrane protein, and nucleocapsid protein to induce virus-specific broad immunity in rhesus macaques. We immunised rhesus macaques intramuscularly with a combination of the three Ad5-SARS-CoV vectors or a control vector and gave a booster vaccination on day 28. The vaccinated animals all had antibody responses against spike protein S1 fragment and T-cell responses against the nucleocapsid protein. All vaccinated animals showed strong neutralising antibody responses to SARS-CoV infection in vitro. These results show that an adenoviral-based vaccine can induce strong SARS-CoV-specific immune responses in the monkey, and hold promise for development of a protective vaccine against the SARS causal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Gao
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Azaibi Tamin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Soloff
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Leonardo D'Aiuto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward Nwanegbo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William J Bellini
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Simon Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Correspondence to: Dr Andrea Gambotto, Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Molecular Medicine Institute, Suite 412, 300 Technology Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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32
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Saalmüller A, Pauly T, Höhlich BJ, Pfaff E. Characterization of porcine T lymphocytes and their immune response against viral antigens. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:223-33. [PMID: 10486931 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes play a central role in the antigen-specific immune response against various pathogens. To detect and to characterize porcine T lymphocytes, monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against leukocyte differentiation antigens had been raised and classified for their specificity. Analyses of porcine T lymphocytes with specific mAb against CD4 and CD8 differentiation antigens revealed differences in the composition of the porcine T-lymphocyte population compared to other species. In addition to the known subpopulations, CD4+CD8- T helper cells and CD4-CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes, extra-thymic CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes and a substantial proportion of CD2-CD4-CD8- T cell receptor (TcR)-gamma delta+ T cells could be detected in swine. Functional analyses of porcine T-lymphocyte subpopulations revealed the existence of two T-helper cell fractions with the phenotype CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8+. Both were reactive in primary immune responses in vitro, whereas only cells derived from the CD4+CD8+ T-helper-cell subpopulation were able to respond to recall antigen in a secondary immune response. With regard to T lymphocytes with cytolytic activities, two subsets within the CD4-CD8+ T-cell subpopulation could be defined by the expression of CD6 differentiation antigens: CD6- cells which showed spontaneous cytolytic activity and CD6+ MHC I-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes including virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes. These results enable now a detailed view into the porcine T-cell population and the reactivity of specific T cells involved in the porcine immune response against pathogens. Furthermore this knowledge offers the possibility to investigate specific interactions of porcine T lymphocytes with virus-specific epitopes during vaccination and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalmüller
- Institut für Immunologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Tübingen, Germany.
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