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Yang Z, Fang X, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Zhao L, Zhou X. Ginkgolic acids induce liver injury in mice through cell cycle arrest and immune stress under specific condition. Toxicon 2024; 245:107788. [PMID: 38823652 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. is a valuable plant, which can be used for medicine, food and ornamental purposes. Despite the above benefits, the components of ginkgolic acids (GA) in ginkgo are considered to cause allergies, embryotoxicity, liver damage and some other adverse reactions. However, the mechanism of GA induced liver injury is still unclear. In this study, we developed an acute liver injury model induced by GA in mice, and investigated the mechanism of GA induced liver injury from the perspectives of oxidative stress, steatosis, apoptosis, and immune response. Intraperitoneal injection of GA (400 mg/kg) can cause liver damage. The levels of serum transaminase, oxidation and triglycerides were increased, liver fibrosis, hepatocyte apoptosis, G2/M phase arrest of the hepatic cell cycle and monocyte infiltration in the liver were detected in GA-treated mice. Flow cytometry analysis of cells separated from the spleen showed that the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells were increased, and the proportion of Th2 cells were decreased in GA-treated mice. The rise in Th1/Th2 ratio and Th17 cell ratio usually cause inflammatory problems. At the same time, cleaved Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 were detected in hepatocytes, indicating that GA may induce apoptosis through FADD pathway. Although GA is capable of causing the above problems, the inflammation and damage in liver tissue are not severe and there are certain individual differences. Our study reveals the potential hepatotoxicity of GA in ginkgo and its mechanism of action, providing a new perspective for the intervention and prevention of ginkgo toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xianying Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xinhu Zhou
- Yanghe Distillery Co. Ltd, Suqian, 223800, China.
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Ginkgo biloba-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:64S-81S. [PMID: 37930133 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231210792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety (Panel) assessed the safety of 10 Ginkgo biloba-derived ingredients, which are most frequently reported to function in cosmetics as skin conditioning agents or antioxidants. The Panel reviewed the available data to determine the safety of these ingredients. Because final product formulations may contain multiple botanicals, each containing the same constituents of concern, formulators are advised to be aware of these constituents and to avoid reaching levels that may be hazardous to consumers. The Panel was concerned about the presence of ginkgolic acid in cosmetics. Industry should use good manufacturing practices to limit impurities. The Panel concluded that 5 Ginkgo biloba leaf-derived ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be non-sensitizing; data are insufficient to determine the safety of the remaining 5 ingredients under the intended conditions of use in cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ronald A Hill
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | | | | | - James G Marks
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Former Member
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Trabert M, Seifert R. Critical analysis of ginkgo preparations: comparison of approved drugs and dietary supplements marketed in Germany. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:451-461. [PMID: 37470803 PMCID: PMC10771617 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Demographic change is taking place in the population of western industrialized countries, and the population is aging constantly. As a result, the mortality rate of patients due to dementia is rising steadily. To counteract this, the relevance of neuroprotective agents is increasing. Preparations from the medicinal tree species Ginkgo biloba ("gingko") are becoming increasingly popular. In this study, 63 ginkgo preparations marketed in Germany were analyzed. The following data were collected from the package inserts of the preparations: Country of manufacture, approval as a drug, compliance to target values of flavone glycosides, compliance to target values of terpene lactones, compliance to target values of ginkgolic acids, dosage per unit in milligrams (mg), duration of use, interactions with other drugs, contraindications, adverse effects and daily defined dose costs. In the next step, these data were compared in the following form: Total preparations versus preparations with drug approval versus dietary supplements. Almost without exception, the results indicate a pharmaceutical reliability of the preparations with drug approval and a dubious reliability of the preparations marketed as dietary supplements. Thus, ginkgo preparations marketed as dietary supplements appear to have an economic rather than a medical focus. We discuss the evidence of efficacy, and other criteria mentioned above, to evaluate the adequacy of the costs for the statutory health insurance that pay for preparations with drug approval in Germany. From the analysis of our results it is very doubtful that ginkgo biloba extract preparations of the food industry have any health benefit. It must be evaluated whether prohibition of selling ginkgo biloba extract as a dietary supplement is an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Trabert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hanover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625, Hanover, Germany.
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Lee JP, Woo JA, Shin WR, Park YS, Kim HK, Ahn JY, Kim YH. Distinction of Male and Female Trees of Ginkgo biloba Using LAMP. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1693-1703. [PMID: 36745281 PMCID: PMC9901403 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba is utilized as food, medicine, wood, and street trees among other things. The objective of this study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for gender distinction of G. biloba. Male-specific SCAR gene can be utilized to identify G. biloba gender using LAMP. The optimized LAMP conditions, temperature 60 °C, 2-mM MgSO4, and [F3/B3]:[FIP/BIP] primer ratio of 1:4 were selected as final conditions. The G. biloba SCAR LAMP displayed a sensitivity of 10 ng when amplified by concentration under the optimum conditions. Additionally, it demonstrated a particular response in male with SYBR Green I in LAMP analysis that can be a more powerful tool for field and scale-up applications. Our work represents a first attempt to identify G. biloba gender using LAMP and offers an efficient and reliable tool for roadside landscaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Pyo Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Joo-Ah Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Yoon Shin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Hye Kwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, 28644, South Korea.
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Liu Y, Xin H, Zhang Y, Che F, Shen N, Cui Y. Leaves, seeds and exocarp of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae): A Comprehensive Review of Traditional Uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, resource utilization and toxicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115645. [PMID: 35988840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) is a treasure species with high medicinal value. The Ming Dynasty "Compendium of Materia Medica" and Qing Dynasty "Bencao Fengyuan" in China recorded this herbal medicine can reduce phlegm, clear poison, treat diarrhea and frequent urination, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: Until now, there is no painstakingly summarized review on leaves, seeds and exocarp of G. biloba simultaneously. This review will systematically summarize and compare current knowledge of G. biloba. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ample original publications related to traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, resource utilization and toxicity of G. biloba leaves, seeds and exocarp till the end of 2021 were searched and collected by using various literature databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Google Scholar and Web of Science database. RESULTS According to classical Chinese herbal books and Chinese Pharmacopoeia, relieving cough, reducing phlegm, clearing poison and relieving diarrhea are the main pharmacological effects of G. biloba. The common chemical ingredients in different parts of G. biloba are flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, polysaccharides and endotoxin, etc. Among them, flavonoids and terpenoids are the main bioactive compounds in G. biloba leaves. Phenolic acids are the main bioactive compounds in G. biloba exocarp. G. biloba seeds are rich in nutritional ingredients, such as starch, adipose, protein, etc. Modern pharmacological studies showed that the crude extracts or compounds of G. biloba leaves, seeds and exocarp can be used for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, asthma, non-alcoholic fatty liver, diabetic complications and other diseases. In daily life, G. biloba seeds were usually used as raw material or additives for commodities, healthy food, drinks, even insecticides and antibacterial agents, etc. G. biloba leaves and seeds have been mainly applied for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cough and asthma in clinical. However, endotoxins and ginkgolic acids have been identified as the dominating toxic ingredients in different parts of G. biloba. Besides, flavonoids and ginkgolides also have been proved to have toxicity recently. CONCLUSIONS This review systematically sums up and compares the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, resource utilization and toxicity research progress of G. biloba leaves, seeds and exocarp for the first time. It will provide some comprehensive reference data and suggestions for future research on this herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Huawei Xin
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Na Shen
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Yulei Cui
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China; Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China.
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Semwal R, Semwal RB, Lehmann J, Semwal DK. Recent advances in immunotoxicity and its impact on human health: causative agents, effects and existing treatments. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Powder on the Physicochemical Properties and Quality Characteristics of Wheat Dough and Fresh Wet Noodles. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050698. [PMID: 35267331 PMCID: PMC8909626 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of ginkgo biloba powder (GBP) on the chemical, physicochemical properties and quality of dough and fresh wet noodles were investigated. Lower contents of gluten and starch, and higher contents of fibre, amylose and flavonoids in GBP than wheat flour, were detected. Water absorption of dough increased and the development time and stability time of dough were decreased with GBP addition. Meanwhile, the pasting properties results showed that the addition of GBP reduced the aging degree of starch and improved the thermal stability of dough. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that addition of GBP smoothed the surface of raw noodles while increasing the hole size of the cooked noodles. With increased GBP addition (0~40%), the chewiness and extensibility of the fresh wet noodles increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the sensory scores changed, ascending from 0~20% substitution, and then descending from 20~40% substitution. The digestibility and estimated glycemic index (eGI) values of the GBP fresh wet noodles decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In general, 20% GBP addition could improve the chewiness, extensibility, taste and nutrition of fresh wet noodles, and decrease the digestibility and eGI values of noodles. Thus, GBP has potential for application in the noodle industry.
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Zhong YS. Ginkgo biloba waste resources and waste treatment combined with modern progress and development model. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.355593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
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The Clinical Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Preparation on Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4265219. [PMID: 34925528 PMCID: PMC8677404 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4265219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Ginkgo biloba leaf preparations (GLPs) are widely used in ischemic stroke, and uncertainty remains regarding their clinical efficacy. To evaluate systematically the clinical efficacy and safety of GLPs in the treatment of ischemic stroke, we examine evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods We examine studies published prior to November 2021 that were found from searching the following sources: PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WANFANG DATA, Chongqing VIP (CQVIP) databases, and Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM). We evaluated the quality of the included references according to the Cochrane Manual of Systematic Evaluation and Meta-analysis (MA) performed using RevMan 5.2 software. Results We included a total of 13 RCTs with clinical therapeutic effects, the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), hemorheology index, and adverse reaction index as evaluation criteria. There were 631 cases in the observation group and 629 cases in the control group. MA results showed the following: NIHSS WMD = −3.89, 95% CI: [−4.22, −3.56], I2 = 19%, P < 0.00001. This index is often used with nerve injury and can also be used to judge the recovery of nerve function. A lower score means less nerve damage and a better chance of recovery. The BI results were WMD = 11.30, 95% CI: [9.83, 12.77], I2 = 7%, P < 0.00001. This index was used to assess patients' ability to take care of themselves, with a higher score indicating a stronger ability to live independently. Clinical effective rate results were WMD = 3.79, 95% CI: [2.49, 5.78], I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001, and this measure can be used to evaluate the effect of treatment clearly and objectively. Hemorheological index results show that plasma viscosity has WMD = −0.16, 95% CI: [−0.20, −0.12], I2 = 40%, P < 0.00001 and fibrinogen (FIB) has WMD = −1.13, 95% CI: [−1.23, −1.04], I2 = 0%, P < 0.00001. Plasma viscosity is mainly related to the amount of fibrinogen, and fibrinogen degradation is an important function of the fibrinolytic system. The imbalance of the fibrinolytic system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction. Fibrinogen is a risk factor of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Studies have shown that the infarct size of patients with secondary cerebral infarction after CEREBRAL infarction is correlated with their FIB level. In addition, FIB elevation is also one of the risk factors for early infarction after thrombolysis. Therefore, FIB can be used as a detection index for the prevention of cerebral infarction recurrence adverse reactions. Our MA results for FIB show WMD = 0.81, 95% CI: [0.38, 1.73], I2 = 0%, P = 0.58, and RR < 1. Conclusion The existing clinical evidence shows that GLP has a good therapeutic effect on patients with ischemic stroke and can improve their hemorheology indices. In addition, GLP is shown to be relatively safe.
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Collins BJ, Kerns SP, Aillon K, Mueller G, Rider CV, DeRose EF, London RE, Harnly JM, Waidyanatha S. Comparison of phytochemical composition of Ginkgo biloba extracts using a combination of non-targeted and targeted analytical approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6789-6809. [PMID: 32865633 PMCID: PMC7496025 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is a dietary supplement derived from an ethanolic extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. Unfinished bulk GbE is used to make finished products that are sold as dietary supplements. The variable, complex composition of GbE makes it difficult to obtain consistent toxicological assessments of potential risk. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) observed hepatotoxicity in its rodent studies of a commercially available, unfinished GbE product, but the application of these results to the broader GbE supplement market is unclear. Here, we use a combination of non-targeted and targeted chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods to obtain profiles of 24 commercially available finished GbE products and unfinished standardized and unstandardized extracts with and without hydrolysis, then used principal component analysis to group unfinished products according to their similarity to each other and to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (SRM), and the finished products. Unfinished products were grouped into those that were characteristic and uncharacteristic of standardized GbE. Our work demonstrates that different analytical approaches produced similar classifications of characteristic and uncharacteristic products in unhydrolyzed samples, but the distinctions largely disappeared once the samples were hydrolyzed. Using our approach, the NTP GbE was most similar to two unfinished GbE products classified as characteristic, finished products, and the NIST GbE SRM. We propose that a simple analysis for the presence, absence, or amounts of compounds unique to GbE in unhydrolyzed samples could be sufficient to determine a sample’s authenticity. Graphical abstract![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | | | - Geoffrey Mueller
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Cynthia V Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Eugene F DeRose
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Robert E London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - James M Harnly
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Applications Food Composition Lab, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Li R, Zhang T, Qin M, Yue P, Cai M, He X, Qiao H. An embryo-fetal development toxicity study with dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B in rats and rabbits. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1225-1235. [PMID: 30542606 PMCID: PMC6240900 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00135a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (a herbal product) has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. Ginkgolide B is one of the important pharmacologically active components of Ginkgo biloba. Dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B (a novel ginkgolide B derivative) has been developed to overcome the poor water-solubility of natural drugs and to achieve higher bioavailability. This study investigated the potential effects of dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B on pregnant dams and embryo-fetal development in Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits following maternal exposure on gestational day (GD) 6-15 and GD 6-18, respectively. Dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B was administered by intravenous injection to pregnant rats (0, 10, 30 and 100 mg kg-1 d-1) and rabbits (0, 6, 18 and 60 mg kg-1 d-1). Maternal toxicity signs, such as lower maternal body weight gain and food consumption, were observed at 100 mg kg-1 d-1 in rats and 60 mg kg-1 d-1 in rabbits. The developmental toxic effects included a decrease in fetal and placental weights, increased incidences of skeletal variations and delay in fetal ossification. Fetal growth and development were affected by dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B in the high-dose group in rabbits. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of dimethylaminoethyl ginkgolide B is considered to be 30 mg kg-1 d-1 for rats and 18 mg kg-1 d-1 for rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Mei Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Peng Yue
- JiangSu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , Nanjing , 211816 , China
| | - Ming Cai
- JiangSu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs , Nanjing , 211816 , China
| | - Xuejun He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
| | - Hongqun Qiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , 211816 , China . ;
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12
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Hu Y, Hua Q, Sun G, Shi K, Zhang H, Zhao K, Jia S, Dai Y, Wu Q. The catalytic activity for ginkgolic acid biodegradation, homology modeling and molecular dynamic simulation of salicylic acid decarboxylase. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 75:82-90. [PMID: 29751208 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxic ginkgolic acids are the main safety concern for the application of Ginkgo biloba. In this study, the degradation ability of salicylic acid decarboxylase (SDC) for ginkgolic acids was examined using ginkgolic acid C15:1 as a substrate. The results indicated that the content of ginkgolic acid C15:1 in Ginkgo biloba seeds was significantly decreased after 5 h treatment with SDC at 40 °Cand pH 5.5. In order to explore the structure of SDC and the interaction between SDC and substrates, homology modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics were performed. The results showed that SDC might also have a catalytic active center containing a Zn2+. Compared with the template structure of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, the residues surrounding the binding pocket, His10, Phe23 and Phe290, were replaced by Ala10, Tyr27 and Tyr301 in the homology constructed structure of SDC, respectively. These differences may significantly affect the substrates adaptability of SDC for salicylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; Department of Life Science and Technology, Jining University, Qufu 273155, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Hua
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Guojuan Sun
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Shi
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Huitu Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Hebei Kingsci Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Shiru Jia
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yujie Dai
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Qingli Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ 08901, USA.
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Liu H, Pei X, Shi K, Wang J, Han F, Li A. Effects of replacing wheat flour with detoxified ginkgo nut powder on lipid metabolism of obese C57BL/6J male mice. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1358255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinli Pei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiwen Shi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Cereals and Oils Nutrition Research Center, Academy of State Administration of Grain (ASAG), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aike Li
- Cereals and Oils Nutrition Research Center, Academy of State Administration of Grain (ASAG), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Mei N, Guo X, Ren Z, Kobayashi D, Wada K, Guo L. Review of Ginkgo biloba-induced toxicity, from experimental studies to human case reports. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:1-28. [PMID: 28055331 PMCID: PMC6373469 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1278298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba seeds and leaves have been used as a traditional herbal remedy for thousands of years, and its leaf extract has been consumed as a botanical dietary supplement for decades. Ginkgo biloba extract is a complex mixture with numerous components, including flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones, and is one of the most widely sold botanical dietary supplements worldwide. Concerns about potential health risks for the general population have been raised because of the widespread human exposure to Ginkgo biloba and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities in rodents. The National Toxicology Program conducted 2-year gavage studies on one Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of this extract in mice based on an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. Recently, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract has been classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects from experimental studies both in vitro and in vivo to human case reports (caused by ginkgo seeds or leaves), and also summarizes the negative results from relatively large clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mei
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- a Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Zhen Ren
- b Division of Biochemical Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- c Department of Food and Chemical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- c Department of Food and Chemical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Lei Guo
- b Division of Biochemical Toxicology , National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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15
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Wu CE, Yang JT, Fan GJ, Li TT, Tang ZX, Cao FL. Allergic identification for ginkgo kernel protein in guinea pigs. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:915-919. [PMID: 30263354 PMCID: PMC6049170 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba L. can cause allergic reactions when consumed. In this paper, an allergy test to guinea pig was investigated. Guinea pigs were sensitized with 50 mg/mL of ginkgo kernel protein orally on days 1, 3, and 5, and intraperitoneally challenged with 100mg/mL of the protein on day 7 after the last sensitization. The volume of sensitization and challenge was 0.20mL/100 g weight. The results showed the average allergy grade for guinea pigs reached four and the allergy rate was 100%. The immunoglobulin G and E levels in sera were significantly higher than those in the controls. Footpads swelled distinctly, and the passive cutaneous allergy test manifested a positive response. There were inflammatory changes in the lungs and intestines. In conclusion, the present results may indicate that gingko kernel protein has an allergenic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-E. Wu
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jian-Ting Yang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- College of Food and Drug, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 China
| | - Gong-Jian Fan
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Zhen-Xing Tang
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Fu-Liang Cao
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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16
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Quality control evaluation of nutraceutical products from Ginkgo biloba using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 121:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Berg K, Braun C, Krug I, Schrenk D. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of three ginkgolic acids. Toxicology 2015; 327:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Wang M, Zhao J, Avula B, Wang YH, Avonto C, Chittiboyina AG, Wylie PL, Parcher JF, Khan IA. High-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for characterization and quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba plants, extracts, and dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:12103-12111. [PMID: 25383633 DOI: 10.1021/jf503980f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with selected ion monitor method focusing on the characterization and quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids (GAs) in Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials, extracts, and commercial products was developed and validated. The method involved sample extraction with (1:1) methanol and 10% formic acid, liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, and derivatization with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH). Separation of two saturated (C13:0 and C15:0) and six unsaturated ginkgolic acid methyl esters with different positional double bonds (C15:1 Δ8 and Δ10, C17:1 Δ8, Δ10, and Δ12, and C17:2) was achieved on a very polar (88% cyanopropyl) aryl-polysiloxane HP-88 capillary GC column. The double bond positions in the GAs were determined by ozonolysis. The developed GC/MS method was validated according to ICH guidelines, and the quantitation results were verified by comparison with a standard high-performance liquid chromatography method. Nineteen G. biloba authenticated and commercial plant samples and 21 dietary supplements purported to contain G. biloba leaf extracts were analyzed. Finally, the presence of the marker compounds, terpene trilactones and flavonol glycosides for Ginkgo biloba in the dietary supplements was determined by UHPLC/MS and used to confirm the presence of G. biloba leaf extracts in all of the botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, and ‡Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Abstract
In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Ginkgo biloba leaves was investigated. The inhibitory activity of methanol extracts from yellow and green leaves was 13.8 and 40.1 μg mL(-1), respectively. Each methanol extract was separated into its respective fraction by solvent-solvent extraction with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The n-hexane fractions (in both methanol extracts from green and yellow leaves) exhibited high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 13.6 and 13.4 μg mL(-1), respectively. Further fractionation of the n-hexane fractions by silica gel column chromatography gave the most active fraction which was identified as ginkgolic acid (C13:0) and a mixture (C13:0, C15:0, C15: 1, C17:1 and C17:2). Ginkgolic acid (C13:0) exhibited the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This is the first study to successfully isolate ginkgolic acids as α-glucosidase inhibitors.
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20
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Ryckewaert L, Sacconnay L, Carrupt PA, Nurisso A, Simões-Pires C. Non-specific SIRT inhibition as a mechanism for the cytotoxicity of ginkgolic acids and urushiols. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:374-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Rider CV, Nyska A, Cora MC, Kissling GE, Smith C, Travlos GS, Hejtmancik MR, Fomby LM, Colleton CA, Ryan MJ, Kooistra L, Morrison JP, Chan PC. Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of Ginkgo biloba extract in rat and mouse: liver, thyroid, and nose are targets. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 42:830-43. [PMID: 23960164 PMCID: PMC3929544 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313501235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) is a popular herbal supplement that is used to improve circulation and brain function. In spite of widespread human exposure to relatively high doses over potentially long periods of time, there is a paucity of data from animal studies regarding the toxicity and carcinogenicity associated with GBE. In order to fill this knowledge gap, 3-month and 2-year toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with GBE administered by oral gavage to B6C3F1/N mice and F344/N rats were performed as part of the National Toxicology Program's Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines Initiative. The targets of GBE treatment were the liver, thyroid, and nose. These targets were consistent across exposure period, sex, and species, albeit with varying degrees of effect observed among studies. Key findings included a notably high incidence of hepatoblastomas in male and female mice and evidence of carcinogenic potential in the thyroid gland of both mice and rats. Various nonneoplastic lesions were observed beyond control levels in the liver, thyroid gland, and nose of rats and mice administered GBE. Although these results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, the findings fill an important data gap in assessing risk associated with GBE use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia V Rider
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Incorporated, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle C Cora
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Grace E Kissling
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia Smith
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory S Travlos
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Kooistra
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James P Morrison
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Po C Chan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Li R, Shen Y, Zhang X, Ma M, Chen B, van Beek TA. Efficient purification of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba leaves by selective adsorption on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:571-575. [PMID: 24484321 DOI: 10.1021/np400821r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgolic acids (GAs; anacardic acids; 6-alkylsalicylic acids) are both unwanted constituents in standardized Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) extracts and desirable constituents for pharmacological assays. Thus, for the quality control of Ginkgo extracts, the availability of pure GAs is important. In this investigation, inexpensive and easily prepared Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in methanol were used to selectively adsorb GAs from crude petroleum ether extracts of Ginkgo leaves in the presence of various lipids including other alkylphenols (cardanols and cardols). The adsorption capacity of the MNPs is high, at 4-5% (w/w). The moiety responsible for the adsorption is the salicylic acid group, which binds strongly to Fe(III). Desorption with acidified methanol gave an extract with a GA content of 73%. This could be further separated by preparative HPLC on a C8 column. In total, eight different GAs were captured by MNPs. The MNP adsorption step can replace more traditional column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction steps and is superior in terms of solvent consumption, selectivity, labor, and energy consumption. MNPs might become an efficient separation technique for selected high-value phytochemicals that contain a salicylic acid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
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23
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ElMazoudy RH, Attia AA. Efficacy ofGinkgo bilobaon Vaginal Estrous and Ovarian Histological Alterations for Evaluating Anti-Implantation and Abortifacient Potentials in Albino Female Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:444-59. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reda H. ElMazoudy
- Zoology Department; Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; Alexandria; Egypt
| | - Azza A. Attia
- Zoology Department; Faculty of Science; Alexandria University; Alexandria; Egypt
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24
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Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Plants: Understanding the Chemistry will Help our Diagnostic Approach. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Rozas-Muñoz E, Lepoittevin JP, Pujol RM, Giménez-Arnau A. Allergic contact dermatitis to plants: understanding the chemistry will help our diagnostic approach. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 103:456-77. [PMID: 22217935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis due to plants is common. Potentially allergenic plants and plant products are found in many everyday environments, such as the home, the garden, the workplace, and recreational settings. By improving our knowledge of allergenic plant-derived chemical compounds, we will be better positioned to identify novel allergens. We review the most relevant chemical allergens that contribute to plant allergic contact dermatitis and propose a clinical classification system based on 5 major families of chemical sensitizers: α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones, quinones, phenol derivatives, terpenes, and miscellaneous structures (disulfides, isothiocyanates, and polyacetylenic derivates). We also describe the different clinical pictures of plant allergic contact dermatitis and review currently available patch test materials. A better understanding of the specific allergens involved in plant allergic contact dermatitis will help to predict cross-reactivity between different plant species or families.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rozas-Muñoz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Vitalone A, Menniti-Ippolito F, Moro PA, Firenzuoli F, Raschetti R, Mazzanti G. Suspected adverse reactions associated with herbal products used for weight loss: a case series reported to the Italian National Institute of Health. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67:215-24. [PMID: 21243344 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe suspected adverse reactions (ARs) associated with herbal products used for weight control in Italy. METHODS Spontaneous reports of suspected ARs associated with herbal products used for weight control were collected by the Italian National Institute of Health (April 2002 to June 2010), and the causality assessment was performed. RESULTS Forty-six of the suspected ARs were associated with herbal products used for weight control. Women were involved in 85% of the reports. The reactions affected mainly the cardiovascular system, the skin, the digestive system, the central nervous system, and the liver. A large proportion of ARs were serious. In more than half of the suspected ARs, the use of other therapies (herbs and/or drugs) was reported, while concomitant conditions were present in 22% of the reports. CONCLUSIONS The use of herbal dietary supplements for weight loss is associated with several ARs. Considering the risk/benefit ratio, consumers should pay attention when using these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Fransen HP, Pelgrom SM, Stewart-Knox B, de Kaste D, Verhagen H. Assessment of health claims, content, and safety of herbal supplements containing Ginkgo biloba. Food Nutr Res 2010; 54:5221. [PMID: 20927202 PMCID: PMC2950792 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European Regulation 1924/2006 states that all health claims made on foods need to be substantiated scientifically. OBJECTIVE To apply the PASSCLAIM criteria for the scientific substantiation of health claims on foods to herbal supplements containing Ginkgo biloba. Evaluation of three selected claimed health effects for G. biloba (improvement of blood circulation, improvement of symptoms of old age, and improvement of memory) was achieved through review of publicly available scientific data. A total of 35 human intervention studies were evaluated. Commercially available products claimed to contain mainly G. biloba (N=29) were randomly sampled in the Netherlands and analyzed for their content on ginkgo extract. Also, a toxicological risk assessment was performed. RESULTS The three selected health claims investigated could not be substantiated. This was mainly because of a lack of data from studies in healthy volunteers. In most studies results performed with a 24% standardized G. biloba extract were described. However, our chemical analysis showed that 25 of the 29 sampled products did not contain the required minimum 24% standardized extract. Moreover, in most preparations the content of substances typical for G. biloba did not conform to what was declared on the label. Since toxicity data for G. biloba are very limited, a safety limit could not be established. CONCLUSIONS Evidence is lacking for three health claims of herbal products with G. biloba. Neither safety nor efficacy can be guaranteed at the recommended daily dose. The multidisciplinary approach described in this paper provides good insight into issues that are relevant for the evaluation of health claims for herbal food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi P. Fransen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M.G.J. Pelgrom
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Stewart-Knox
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Dries de Kaste
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Verhagen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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Udrescu S, Sora ID, David V, Medvedovici A. LARGE VOLUME INJECTION OF HEXANE SOLUTIONS IN RPLC/UV TO ENHANCE ON SENSITIVITY OF THE ASSAY OF GINKGOLIC ACIDS IN GINGKO BILOBA STANDARDIZED EXTRACTS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903430514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Udrescu
- a Labormed Pharma S.A., Splaiul Independentei , Bucharest , Romania
| | | | - Victor David
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
| | - Andrei Medvedovici
- b Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest , Bucharest , Romania
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Cytotoxicity of ginkgolic acid in HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Lett 2009; 187:131-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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van Beek TA, Montoro P. Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2002-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Moreno SRF, Carvalho JJ, Nascimento AL, Pereira M, Rocha EK, Olej B, Caldas LQA, Bernardo-Filho M. Experimental model to assess possible medicinal herb interaction with a radiobiocomplex: qualitative and quantitative analysis of kidney, liver and duodenum isolated from treated rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:19-23. [PMID: 17052830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) has been used as a medicinal herb. Several biological properties have been associated with this extract, especially, in the increase of the blood flow, in the action as platelet activating factor antagonism and in the prevention of the membrane against the damage caused by free radicals. Radiobiocomplexes have been utilized in various nuclear medicine procedures helping in the diagnosis and/or treatment of human diseases. Many substances have been reported to affect the bioavailability of different radiobiocomplexes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possible influence of an EGb on the bioavailability of the sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO4Na) and on the morphometry of some organs isolated from rats. These animals were treated with EGb and 99mTcO4Na was injected. The animals were sacrificed, the organs isolated, counted in a well counter and the percentage of radioactivity per gram of each organ was calculated. The results showed that EGb decreased the uptake of the 99mTcO4Na in the duodenum (P<0.05). Moreover, morphometric analysis has revealed significant modifications (P<0.05) on kidney, liver and duodenum due to the cited treatment. It is speculated that the substances present in the EGb could act directly or generate metabolites capable to promote changes in organs (kidney, liver and duodenum), however, only significant alteration in the uptake of the 99mTcO4Na in the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R F Moreno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Marques de Parana 403, CEP 24030-210, Niterói, 24030-210, RJ, Brazil.
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Al-Yahya AA, Al-Majed AA, Al-Bekairi AM, Al-Shabanah OA, Qureshi S. Studies on the reproductive, cytological and biochemical toxicity of Ginkgo Biloba in Swiss albino mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 107:222-8. [PMID: 16624513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 02/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba (an herbal product), used as a folkloric medicine in the treatment of dementia, was evaluated for its effects on reproductive, cytological and biochemical toxicity in male Swiss albino mice. The mice were treated with different doses (25, 50 and 100mg/kg/day) of the aqueous suspension of Ginkgo biloba for 90 days by oral gavage. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) reproductive organ weight; (2) motility and content of sperms; (3) spermatozoa morphology; (4) cytology of the testes chromosomes; (5) study on reproduction; (6) biochemical study on proteins, nucleic acids, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH). The treatment caused significant changes in the weight of caudae epididymis, prostate, chromosomal aberrations, rate of pregnancy and pre-implantation loss. However, the percent motility, sperm count and morphology of spermatozoa were not affected. Our study on biochemical parameters showed depletion of nucleic acids, NP-SH and increase of MDA, which elucidated the role of free radical species in the induced changes in testis chromosomes and the reproductive function. The exact mechanism is not known, however, the activation of GABA, glycine and glutamate under the influence of Ginkgo biloba and its constituents might have generated free radicals and depleted cellular glutathione by calcium influx and membrane depolarization. The observed toxicity is attributed to the toxic constituents (ginkgolic acids, biflavones, cardanols, cardols, bilobalides and quercetin) of Ginkgo biloba. Our results warrant careful use of Ginkgo biloba as a remedy for impotence and/or erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A Al-Yahya
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
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Pan W, Luo P, Fu R, Gao P, Long Z, Xu F, Xiao H, Liu S. Acaricidal activity against Panonychus citri of a ginkgolic acid from the external seed coat of Ginkgo biloba. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:283-7. [PMID: 16475219 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An acaricidal substance extracted from the external seed coat of Ginkgo biloba L. was identified by UV (ultraviolet), IR (infrared), EI-MS (electron impact ion source mass spectrometry), (1)H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and (13)C NMR as 6-[(Z)-10-heptadecenyl]-2-hydroxybenzoic acid (compound 1). Laboratory bioassay on citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Mcg), showed that compound 1 possessed the following properties. (i) Powerful contact toxicity with an LC(50) of 5.2 mg litre(-1) after 24 h that was similar to that of pyridaben (LC(50) = 3.4 mg litre(-1)) and significantly superior to that of omethoate (LC(50) = 122 mg litre(-1)). Furthermore, its LC(90) was 13.4 mg litre(-1) after 24 h, which is significantly superior to both pyridaben (LC(90) = 69.6 mg litre(-1)) and omethoate (LC(90) = 453 mg litre(-1)). (ii) Quick-acting acaricidal activity. At identical concentrations, compound 1 was much faster-acting than pyridaben or omethoate. (iii) Compound 1 had strong corrosive action on the cuticle of P. citri but no phytotoxicity to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigao Pan
- National Laboratory of Biocontrol Engineering of Grassland Pests, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Choi YH, Choi HK, Peltenburg-Looman AMG, Lefeber AWM, Verpoorte R. Quantitative analysis of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo leaves and products using 1H-NMR. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2004; 15:325-330. [PMID: 15508838 DOI: 10.1002/pca.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The determination of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo products is one of the principal components of quality control. However, a number of ginkgolic acids with different side chains may be present and this makes their analysis by conventional chromatographic methods more complex. In this study, 1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the analysis of the total content of ginkgolic acids in leaves of Ginkgo biloba and in six types of commercial Ginkgo products in the absence of chromatographic purification. For this analysis, protons H-3, H-4, and H-5, which are well separated in the range 8 (ppm) 6.5-7.5 in the 1H-NMR spectrum, were utilised. For further confirmation, the correlations of H-3, H-4 and H-5 were examined by 1H-1H COSY spectra in all extracts. The quantity of the compounds was calculated from the relative ratio of the integral of each peak to the integral of the peaks of a known amount (100 microg) of anthracene used as an internal standard. The quantitative results obtained by 1H-NMR analysis were compared with those obtained by GC, which showed that the 1H-NMR method allows a simple quantification of total ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo extracts without any pre-purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hae Choi
- Section Metabolomics Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo leaves and extracts is reviewed. Important constituents present in the medicinally used leaves are the terpene trilactones, i.e., ginkgolides A, B, C, J and bilobalide, many flavonol glycosides, biflavones, proanthocyanidins, alkylphenols, simple phenolic acids, 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, 4-O-methylpyridoxine and polyprenols. In the commercially important Ginkgo extracts some of these compound classes are no longer present. Many publications deal with the analysis of the unique terpene trilactones. They can be extracted with aqueous acetone or aqueous methanol but also supercritical fluid extraction is possible. Still somewhat problematic is their sample clean-up. Various procedures, not all of them validated, employing partitioning or SPE have been proposed. Some further development in this area can be foreseen. Separation and detection can be routinely carried out by HPLC with RI, ELSD or MS, or with GC-FID after silylation. TLC is another possibility. No quantitative procedure for flavonol glycosides has been published so far due their difficult separation and commercial unavailability. Fingerprint analysis by gradient RP-HPLC is possible. After acidic hydrolysis to the aglycones quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin and separation by HPLC, quantitation is straightforward and yields by recalculation an estimation of the original total flavonol glycoside content. For biflavones, simple phenols, 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, 4-O-methylpyridoxine and polyprenols analytical procedures have been published but not all assays are yet ideal. Lately a there is a lot of interest in the analysis of the undesired alkylphenols and a few validated procedures have been published. The analysis of Ginkgo proanthocyanidins is still in its infancy and no reliable assays exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teris A van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Phytochemical Section, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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Hecker H, Johannisson R, Koch E, Siegers CP. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic potential of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L. Toxicology 2002; 177:167-77. [PMID: 12135620 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. belong to the most widely used phytopharmaceuticals. In crude Ginkgo extracts, ginkgolic acids (GA) and related alkylphenols (e.g. cardanols and cardols) have been recognized as hazardous compounds with suspected cytotoxic, allergenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. To further assess the cytotoxic potential of GA, their effect on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and the rhesus monkey kidney tubular epithelial cell line LLC-MK(2) was investigated. The action of a defined mixture of GA on cell growth, viability and integrity was evaluated by the neutral red uptake assay as well as the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and acid phosphatase (ACP). Cell morphology was examined by electron microscopy. For comparison, the effect of the standardized Ginkgo extract EGb 761, which contains less than 5 ppm GA, was also investigated. Following incubation of cells with EGb 761, neutral red uptake was half-maximally inhibited at concentrations of 900 mg/l (HaCaT) and 1480 mg/ml (LLC-MK(2)). The corresponding IC(50)-values for the mixture of GA ranged between 22 mg/l (HaCaT) and 4.6 mg/l (LLC-MK(2)), respectively. In parallel to the inhibition of neutral red uptake, a concentration dependent release of LDH was observed when cells were incubated in the presence of GA (1-100 mg/l). In contrast, even at a concentration of 1800 mg/l EGb 761 did not cause release of LDH above controls. Since GA interacted with the assay for ACP, no index of lysosomal damage could be established by this method. Incubation of HaCaT cells with GA for 18 h increased the proportion of apoptotic cells from about 6% (control) to nearly 80% at concentrations of >or=30 mg/l. Electron microscopic analysis of HaCaT cells revealed a drug induced formation of myelinosomes possibly due to the inhibition of lysosomal enzymes, while morphological evaluation of LLC-MK(2) cells indicated that the cytotoxic activity of GA in these cells is primarily mediated by transformation of mitochondria, which is probably induced by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helke Hecker
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Alle 160, Lubeck, Germany
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Abstract
Ginkgo biloba-containing brands are one of the top sellers within the growing market for herbal remedies in many European countries as well as in the USA. In the consumers' interest, these brands should feature a certain quality and should be transparent in quality claims. In this investigation, a variety of products on the USA market was studied with respect to pharmaceutical quality, such as quantity of constituents and in-vitro dissolution. In terms of the content of active substances, flavone glycosides ranged from 24% to 36% and terpene lactones from 4% to 11%. With ginkgolic acids, there was a very large range, from < 500 ppm to about 90000 ppm. Comparing the dissolution rates of terpene lactones and flavone glycosides within the single products, most were approximately the same. Thus, terpene lactones and flavone glycosides were released from these products and dissolved at the same rate in most cases. Furthermore, most of the products investigated released more than the required 75% of the content of both components within 30 min. However, several products showed clear and relevant differences in dissolution rates to the rest (e.g. < 75% within 30 min or even less than 25% after 60 min in one case, indicating much poorer pharmaceutical quality). Beside the comparability respectively standardisation of the extracts used, the in-vitro dissolution of the relevant constituents should be similar to other drugs to guarantee comparable in-vivo performance of herbal products. An important step in standardising pharmaceutical quality is the pharmacopoeial monograph for Ginkgo biloba extract in Germany, standardising the content of pharmacologically relevant substances (flavone glycosides 22-27% and terpenlactones 5-7%, 2.8-3.4% ginkgolides A, B, C and 2.6-3.2% bilobalide thereof). Many of the investigated products, which refer to the German Commission E (of the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medicinal Devices) monograph, are not in accordance with this specification. Thus, they can not be considered to be pharmaceutically equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kressmann
- Biocenter Niederursel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Germany
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Chiu AE, Lane AT, Kimball AB. Diffuse morbilliform eruption after consumption of ginkgo biloba supplement. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:145-6. [PMID: 11756966 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2001.118545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ahlemeyer B, Selke D, Schaper C, Klumpp S, Krieglstein J. Ginkgolic acids induce neuronal death and activate protein phosphatase type-2C. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 430:1-7. [PMID: 11698056 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The standardized extract from Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) is used for the treatment of dementia. Because of allergenic and genotoxic effects, ginkgolic acids are restricted in EGb 761 to 5 ppm. The question arises whether ginkgolic acids also have neurotoxic effects. In the present study, ginkgolic acids caused death of cultured chick embryonic neurons in a concentration-dependent manner, in the presence and in the absence of serum. Ginkgolic acids-induced death showed features of apoptosis as we observed chromatin condensation, shrinkage of the nucleus and reduction of the damage by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, demonstrating an active type of cell death. However, DNA fragmentation detected by the terminal-transferase-mediated ddUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and caspase-3 activation, which are also considered as hallmarks of apoptosis, were not seen after treatment with 150 microM ginkgolic acids in serum-free medium, a dose which increased the percentage of neurons with chromatin condensation and shrunken nuclei to 88% compared with 25% in serum-deprived, vehicle-treated controls. This suggests that ginkgolic acid-induced death showed signs of apoptosis as well as of necrosis. Ginkgolic acids specifically increased the activity of protein phosphatase type-2C, whereas other protein phosphatases such as protein phosphatases 1A, 2A and 2B, tyrosine phosphatase, and unspecific acid- and alkaline phosphatases were inhibited or remained unchanged, suggesting protein phosphatase 2C to play a role in the neurotoxic effect mediated by ginkgolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahlemeyer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Ketzerbach 63, D-35032, Marburg, Germany
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van Beek TA, Wintermans MS. Preparative isolation and dual column high-performance liquid chromatography of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba. J Chromatogr A 2001; 930:109-17. [PMID: 11681568 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A chromatographic procedure for the preparative isolation of six different 6-alkylsalicylic acids (syn. ginkgolic acids) with as alkyl substituents C13:0, C15:0, C15:1, C17:1, C17:2 and, tentatively C17:3 from Ginkgo biloba leaves was developed. The procedure consisted of a combination of normal-phase, reversed-phase and argentation chromatography. The compounds were characterised by means of UV, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry after silylation. A 15 cm C18 RP-HPLC column connected in series with a 20 cm silver(I) loaded cation exchanger HPLC column in combination with the solvent methanol-water (93:7) acidified with 0.1% formic acid was capable of separating the ginkgolic acids C13:0, C15:1, C17:2, C15:0 and C17:1 within 21 min on an analytical scale. The separation is based on a combination of reversed-phase mechanisms and double bond complexation. Detection took place by UV at 311 nm. The separation is a good starting point for the development of a quantitative procedure for the five major ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo leaves and standardised extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Phytochemical Section, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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