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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Dogliotti E, Francesconi K, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Risk assessment of small organoarsenic species in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8844. [PMID: 38957748 PMCID: PMC11217773 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a risk assessment on small organoarsenic species in food. For monomethylarsonic acid MMA(V), decreased body weight resulting from diarrhoea in rats was identified as the critical endpoint and a BMDL10 of 18.2 mg MMA(V)/kg body weight (bw) per day (equivalent to 9.7 mg As/kg bw per day) was calculated as a reference point (RP). For dimethylarsinic acid DMA(V), increased incidence in urinary bladder tumours in rats was identified as the critical endpoint. A BMDL10 of 1.1 mg DMA(V)/kg bw per day (equivalent to 0.6 mg As/kg bw per day) was calculated as an RP. For other small organoarsenic species, the toxicological data are insufficient to identify critical effects and RPs, and they could not be included in the risk assessment. For both MMA(V) and DMA(V), the toxicological database is incomplete and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied for risk characterisation. The highest chronic dietary exposure to DMA(V) was estimated in 'Toddlers', with rice and fish meat as the main contributors across population groups. For MMA(V), the highest chronic dietary exposures were estimated for high consumers of fish meat and processed/preserved fish in 'Infants' and 'Elderly' age class, respectively. For MMA(V), an MOE of ≥ 500 was identified not to raise a health concern. For MMA(V), all MOEs were well above 500 for average and high consumers and thus do not raise a health concern. For DMA(V), an MOE of 10,000 was identified as of low health concern as it is genotoxic and carcinogenic, although the mechanisms of genotoxicity and its role in carcinogenicity of DMA(V) are not fully elucidated. For DMA(V), MOEs were below 10,000 in many cases across dietary surveys and age groups, in particular for some 95th percentile exposures. The Panel considers that this would raise a health concern.
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Liao PJ, Hsu KH, Chiou HY, Chen CJ, Lee CH. Joint effects of genomic markers and urinary methylation capacity associated with inorganic arsenic metabolism on the occurrence of cancers among residents in arseniasis-endemic areas: A cohort subset with average fifteen-year follow-up. Biomed J 2020; 44:S218-S225. [PMID: 35297370 PMCID: PMC9068568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic results in many cancers in susceptible persons. The metabolism of inorganic arsenic and genomic susceptibility are thought to be associated with cancer occurrence. Methods This study aims to examine the interaction of genomic susceptibility markers and urinary methylation capacity indicators involved in inorganic arsenic metabolism with all-cancer occurrence. This study conducted a follow-up on 96 residents to determine their urinary inorganic arsenic metabolites and genomic assay from an arseniasis area. Among them, 24 cancer developed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine and estimate the candidate independent variables for cancer development. Results The residents with high inorganic arsenic exposure, high primary methylation index (PMI; MMA/InAs) (but lower secondary methylation index (SMI)), and non-heterogeneity type of genomic markers, including GSTO1, AS3MT, and MPO, tend to develop cancers. Subjects with higher PMI are at higher risk of developing cancers (HR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.30–2.12). Cancer occurrence was greater among the CC type of GSTO1 (HR = 3.33; 95% CI = 1.11–10.00), CC type of AS3MT (HR = 19.21; 95% CI = 1.16–318.80), and AA type of MPO (HR = 13.40; 95% CI = 1.26–142.40). After adjusting confounders, a mutually moderating effect was revealed between genomic markers and methylation capacity on cancer occurrence. Conclusions This study found the hypermethylation responses to inorganic arsenic exposure and an array of genomic markers may increase the susceptibility of a wide range of organ cancers. The findings indicated a high-risk arsenic-exposed population to develop cancers. The phenotype of arsenic metabolism and genomic polymorphism suggested a potential preventive strategy for arsenic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ju Liao
- Department of Health Care Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- Department of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) enhanced lung carcinogenesis via histone H3K9 modification in a transplacental mouse model. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:927-937. [PMID: 32052077 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant CD-1 mice received 200 ppm dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) in the drinking water from gestation day 8-18, and tumor formation was assessed in offspring at the age of 84 weeks. DMA elevated the incidence of lung adenocarcinoma (10.0%) and total tumors (33.3%) in male offspring compared to male control offspring (1.9 and 15.1%, respectively). DMA also elevated the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (10.0%) in male offspring compared to male control offspring (0.0%). DMA and its metabolites were detected in the lungs of transplacental DMA-treated neonatal mice. Transplacental DMA exposure increased cell proliferation in the epithelium in the lungs of both neonatal and 6-week-old male mice. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses detected high expression of keratin 8 (Krt8) in the lungs of both neonatal and 6-week-old DMA-treated mice. Western blot analysis indicated that DMA elevated methylation of histone H3K9, but not H3K27, in the lungs of male mice. Importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis using an H3K9me3 antibody found differences in heterochromatin formation between mice exposed to DMA and the controls. Notably, ChIP-seq analysis also found regions of lower heterochromatin formation in DMA-treated mice, and one of these regions contained the Krt8 gene, agreeing with the results obtained by microarray analysis. High expression of Krt8 was also detected in adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in male offspring. Overall, these data indicate that transplacental DMA treatment enhanced lung and liver carcinogenesis in male mice. In the lung, DMA caused aberrant methylation of histone H3K9, increased Krt8 expression, and enhanced cell proliferation.
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Chang YW, Singh KP. Arsenic-Induced Neoplastic Transformation Involves Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Activation of the β-Catenin/c-Myc Pathway in Human Kidney Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1299-1309. [PMID: 31120745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination is a serious environmental and public health issue worldwide including the United States. Accumulating evidence suggests that kidney is one of the target organs for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. However, the mechanism of arsenic-induced renal carcinogenesis is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the carcinogenicity of chronic exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of arsenic on kidney epithelial cells and identify the molecular mechanism underlying this process. HK-2 kidney epithelial cells were treated with arsenic for acute, long-term, and chronic durations, and cellular responses to arsenic exposure at these time points were evaluated by the changes in growth, morphology, and expression of genes. The results revealed a significant growth increase after long-term and chronic exposure to arsenic in HK-2 cells. The morphological changes of EMT and stem cell sphere formation were also observed in long-term arsenic exposed cells. The anchorage-independent growth assay for colony formation and cell maintenance in cancer stem cell medium further confirmed neoplastic transformation and the induced cancer stem cell properties of arsenic-exposed cells. Additionally, the expression of marker genes confirmed the increased growth, EMT, and stemness during arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Moreover, the increase expression of β-catenin and c-Myc further suggested the role of these signaling molecules during carcinogenesis in HK-2 cells. In summary, results of this study suggest that chronic exposure to arsenic even at a relatively lower concentration can induce neoplastic transformation through acquisitions of EMT, stemness, and MET phenotypes, which might be related to the β-catenin/c-Myc signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , United States
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas , United States
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Costa M. Review of arsenic toxicity, speciation and polyadenylation of canonical histones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 375:1-4. [PMID: 31077704 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination impacts hundreds of millions of people in the world. Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen and has been shown to cause skin, lung, bladder, liver, prostate and kidney cancers, in humans. Mechanisms that underlie arsenic-mediated carcinogenesis, including epigenetic alterations, remain largely unknown. Human exposure to Arsenic is reviewed, and the mechanisms of its acute and chronic toxicity and mechanisms of its carcinogenesis in humans are discussed. Arsenic is one of the few metals that is metabolized in vivo, and Arsenic methylation and how this results in a shorter half-life in vivo are discussed. A review of recent findings that Arsenic causes loss in the cellular levels of Stem Loop Binding Protein (SLBP) resulting in polyadenylation of canonical histones (H3.1) as a default, increasing levels of H3.1 protein outside of S-Phase. Malignant cell transformation is induced by knockdown of SLBP and by overexpression of polyadenylated H3.1. Arsenic induced polyadenylation of H3.1 causes enhanced levels of H3.1 protein displacing H3.3 protein from its cellular binding sites, since the two proteins differ by only 5 amino acids. Knockdown of H3.3 alone can induce carcinogenesis, and therefore displacement of functional H3.3 protein by increased H3.1 protein, is likely a mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 341 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10100, United States of America.
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Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Suzuki S, Toyoda T, Kato H, Naiki-Ito A, Yamashita Y, Akagi JI, Cho YM, Ogawa K, Takahashi S. Dimethylarsinic acid may promote prostate carcinogenesis in rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2019; 32:73-77. [PMID: 31092973 PMCID: PMC6511539 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2018-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the lung, urinary bladder, skin, liver and prostate. However, there are no reports of prostate tumors induced by arsenicals in in vivo animal models. In a previous study, we found that HMGB2 expression was a predictive marker for prostate carcinogens in the rat 4-week repeated dose test. In this study, six-week-old male F344 rats were orally treated with a total of six chemicals (2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), p-cresidine, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), glycidol, N-nitrosodiethylamine and acrylamide) for four weeks. Animals were sacrificed at the end of the study, and HMGB2 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was performed. The numbers of HMGB2- and Ki-67- positive cells in all prostate lobes were significantly increased by DMA, one of the arsenicals, compared with the controls. Meanwhile, the number of Ki-67-positive cells in lateral and dorsal prostate lobes was significantly decreased by 2-AAF with the reduction of body weight, but HMGB2 expression was not. The other chemicals did not change HMGB2 and Ki-67 expression. These data indicate that DMA may have an ability to enhance prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Naiki-Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yoriko Yamashita
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health
Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology,
Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho,
Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8601, Japan
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Shimoda Y, Kato K, Asami S, Kurita M, Kurosawa H, Toriyama M, Miura M, Hata A, Endo Y, Endo G, An Y, Yamanaka K. Differences in apoptotic signaling and toxicity between dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA V) and its active metabolite, dimethylarsinous acid (DMA III), in HepaRG cells: Possibility of apoptosis cascade based on diversity of active metabolites of DMMTA V. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:188-197. [PMID: 30262279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylmonothioarsinical acid (DMMTAV), a metabolite of arsenosugars (AsSug) and arsenolipids (AsLP), which are major organoarsenicals contained in seafoods, has been a focus of our attention due to its toxicity. It has been reported that the toxicity of DMMTAV differs according to the host cell type and that dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), which is a higher active metabolite of inorganic and organo arsenic compounds, may be the ultimate substance. To further elucidate the details of the mechanisms of DMMTAV, we carried out toxicological characterization by comparing DMMTAV and DMAIII using HepaRG cells, which are terminally differentiated hepatic cells derived from a human hepatic progenitor cell line that retains many characteristics, e.g, primary human hepatocytes including the morphology and expression of key metabolic enzymes (P450 s and GSTs, etc.) and complete expression of all nuclear receptors. HepaRG cells were induced to undergo differentiation by DMSO, which result red in increased levels of metabolic enzymes such as P450 and GST, in non-differentiated cells the cellular toxicities of DMMTAV and DMAIII were reduced and the induction of toxicity by DMMTAV was increased by GSH but not by DMAIII. Both DMAIII and DMMTAV induce apoptosis and increase caspase 3/7 activity. DMAIII exposure increased the activity of caspase-9. On the contrary, DMMTAV exposure resulted in markedly elevated activity of caspase-8 as well as caspase-9. These results suggest there are differences between the signaling pathways of apoptosis in DMAIII and DMMTAV and that between their active metabolites. Consequently, the ultimate metabolic substance of toxicity induction of DMMTAV may not only be DMAIII, but may also be partly due to other metabolic substances produced through the activation mechanism by GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Shimoda
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Satoru Asami
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kurita
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan; Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Metropolitan Police Department, Tokyo 100-8929, Japan
| | - Masaharu Toriyama
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Motofumi Miura
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Akihisa Hata
- Department of Medical Risk Management, Graduate School of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo
- Endo Occupational Health Consultant Office, Osaka 534-0027, Japan
| | - Ginji Endo
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Yan An
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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Nohara K, Suzuki T, Okamura K, Matsushita J, Takumi S. Tumor-augmenting effects of gestational arsenic exposure on F1 and F2 in mice. Genes Environ 2017; 39:3. [PMID: 28265304 PMCID: PMC5331735 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences of early-life exposure to chemicals in the environment are emerging concerns. Chronic exposure to naturally occurring inorganic arsenic has been known to cause various adverse health effects, including cancers, in humans. On the other hand, animal studies by Dr. M. Waalkes’ group reported that arsenite exposure of pregnant F0 females, only from gestational day 8 to 18, increased hepatic tumors in the F1 (arsenite-F1) males of C3H mice, whose males tend to develop spontaneous hepatic tumors later in life. Since this mice model illuminated novel unidentified consequences of arsenic exposure, we wished to further investigate the background mechanisms. In the same experimental model, we identified a variety of factors that were affected by gestational arsenic exposure, including epigenetic and genetic changes, as possible constituents of multiple steps of late-onset hepatic tumor augmentation in arsenite-F1 males. Furthermore, our study discovered that the F2 males born to arsenite-F1 males developed hepatic tumors at a significantly higher rate than the control F2 males. The results imply that the tumor augmenting effect is inherited by arsenite-F2 males through the sperm of arsenite-F1. In this article, we summarized our studies on the consequences of gestational arsenite exposure in F1 and F2 mice to discuss novel aspects of biological effects of gestational arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nohara
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Okamura
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan
| | - Junya Matsushita
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506 Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510 Japan
| | - Shota Takumi
- Department of Domestic Science, Kagoshima Women's College, Kagoshima, 890-8565 Japan
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Kurosawa H, Shimoda Y, Miura M, Kato K, Yamanaka K, Hata A, Yamano Y, Endo Y, Endo G. A novel metabolic activation associated with glutathione in dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA(V))-induced toxicity obtained from in vitro reaction of DMMTA(V) with glutathione. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 33:87-94. [PMID: 26653748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the metabolic processing of dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTA(V)), which is a metabolite of inorganic arsenic and has received a great deal of attention recently due to its high toxicity. The metabolites produced from an in vitro reaction with GSH were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer (HPLC-TOFMS), HPLC with a photodiode array detector (PDA), and also gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC with a flame photometric detector (FPD). The reaction of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) with GSH did not generate DMA(V)-SG but did generate dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) or DMA(III)-SG. On the contrary, we confirmed that the reaction of DMMTA(V) with GSH directly produced the stable complex of DMMTA(V)-SG without reduction through a trivalent dimethylated arsenic such as DMA(III) and DMA(III)-SG. Furthermore, the present study suggests the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and dimethylmercaptoarsine (DMA(III)-SH), a trivalent dimethylated arsenic, as well as DMA(III) and DMA(III)-SG in the decomposition process of DMMTA(V)-SG. These results indicate that the toxicity of DMMTA(V) depends not only on the formation of DMA(III) but also on at least those of H2S and DMA(III)-SH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan; Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Metropolitan Police Department, Tokyo 100-8929, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Shimoda
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Motofumi Miura
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University School of Pharmacy, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Akihisa Hata
- Department of Medical Risk Management, Graduate School of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamano
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo
- Research Center for Occupational Poisoning, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Hyogo 660-8511, Japan
| | - Ginji Endo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Sánchez-Virosta P, Espín S, García-Fernández AJ, Eeva T. A review on exposure and effects of arsenic in passerine birds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:506-525. [PMID: 25644847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Arsenic (As) is a metalloid of high concern because of its toxic effects for plants and animals. However, it is hard to find information on this metalloid in passerines. This review presents a comprehensive overview of As exposure and effects in birds, and more particularly in passerines, as a result of an extensive search of the literature available. Internal tissues are the most frequently analyzed matrices for As determination in passerines (37.5% of the reviewed studies used internal tissues), followed by feathers and eggs (32.5% each), feces (27.5%), and finally blood (15%). A clear tendency is found in recent years to the use of non-destructive samples. Most studies on As concentrations in passerines have been done in great tit (Parus major; 50%), followed by pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca; 22.5%). Some factors such as diet and migratory status are crucial on the interspecific differences in As exposure. More studies are needed to elucidate if intraspecific factors like age or gender affect As concentrations in different tissues. The literature review shows that studies on As concentrations in passerines have been done mainly in the United States (30%), followed by Belgium (22.5%), and Finland (20%), making evident the scarce or even lack of information in some countries, so we recommend further research in order to overcome the data gap, particularly in the southern hemisphere. Studies on humans, laboratory animals and birds have found a wide range of effects on different organ systems when they are exposed to different forms of As. This review shows that few field studies on As exposure and effects in passerines have been done, and all of them are correlative so far. Arsenic manipulation experiments on passerines are recommended to explore the adverse effects of As in free-living populations at similar levels to those occurring in the environment. CAPSULE This review summarizes the most interesting published studies on As exposure and effects in passerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sánchez-Virosta
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - S Espín
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - T Eeva
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Chilakapati J, Wallace K, Hernandez-Zavala A, Moore T, Ren H, Kitchin KT. Pharmacokinetic and Genomic Effects of Arsenite in Drinking Water on Mouse Lung in a 30-Day Exposure. Dose Response 2015; 13:1559325815592392. [PMID: 26674514 PMCID: PMC4674186 DOI: 10.1177/1559325815592392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2 objectives of this subchronic study were to determine the arsenite drinking water exposure dependent increases in female C3H mouse liver and lung tissue arsenicals and to characterize the dose response (to 0, 0.05, 0.25, 1, 10, and 85 ppm arsenite in drinking water for 30 days and a purified AIN-93M diet) for genomic mouse lung expression patterns. Mouse lungs were analyzed for inorganic arsenic, monomethylated, and dimethylated arsenicals by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. The total lung mean arsenical levels were 1.4, 22.5, 30.1, 50.9, 105.3, and 316.4 ng/g lung tissue after 0, 0.05, 0.25, 1, 10, and 85 ppm, respectively. At 85 ppm, the total mean lung arsenical levels increased 14-fold and 131-fold when compared to either the lowest noncontrol dose (0.05 ppm) or the control dose, respectively. We found that arsenic exposure elicited minimal numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 77, 38, 90, 87, and 87 DEGs) after 0.05, 0.25, 1, 10, and 85 ppm, respectively, which were associated with cardiovascular disease, development, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and stress response. After 30 days of arsenite exposure, this study showed monotonic increases in mouse lung arsenical (total arsenic and dimethylarsinic acid) concentrations but no clear dose-related increases in DEG numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Wallace
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Araceli Hernandez-Zavala
- Sección de Investigación y Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tanya Moore
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongzu Ren
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kirk T. Kitchin
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA
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Pandiri A. Comparative pathobiology of environmentally induced lung cancers in humans and rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:107-14. [PMID: 25351923 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314556516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer-related deaths in humans worldwide. Environmental factors play an important role in the epidemiology of these cancers. Rodents are the most common experimental model to study human lung cancers and are frequently used in bioassays to identify environmental exposure hazards associated with lung cancer. Lung tumors in rodents are common, particularly in certain strains of mice. Rodent lung tumors are predominantly bronchioloalveolar carcinomas and usually follow a progressive continuum of hyperplasia to adenoma to carcinoma. Human lung cancers are phenotypically more diverse and broadly constitute 2 types: small cell lung cancers and nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Rodent lung tumors resulting from exposure to environmental agents are comparable with certain adenocarcinomas that are a subset of human NSCLCs. Human pulmonary carcinomas differ from rodent lung tumors by exhibiting greater morphologic heterogeneity (encompassing squamous cell, neuroendocrine, mucinous, sarcomatoid, and multiple cell combinations), higher metastatic rate, higher stromal response, aggressive clinical behavior, and lack of a clear continuum of proliferative lesions. In spite of these differences, rodent lung tumors recapitulate several fundamental aspects of human lung tumor biology at the morphologic and molecular level, especially in lung cancers resulting from exposure to environmental carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Pandiri
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Lin Z, Shengnan L, Fei W, Yingli S, Qingshan S, Wei S, Shuhua X, Guifan S. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V) ) changed the expressions of proliferative related factors and secretion of inflammatory cytokines in rat bladder. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:133-41. [PMID: 24832369 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V) ), the major urinary metabolite of inorganic arsenic, is a urinary bladder carcinogen and bladder tumor promoter in adult rats. Increased urothelial cellular proliferation has been considered as an earlier phenotype in DMA(V) -induced bladder carcinogenesis. The present study examined the ultrastructural changes of bladder epithelial cells and expressions of proliferation factors, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in rats exposed to DMA(V) for 10 weeks by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining and ELISA methods. The results showed that DMA(V) administered in the drinking water produced urothelial cytotoxicity and ultrastructural changes in rats. PCNA, cyclin D1 and COX-2 mRNA expressions and immunoreactivities were elevated in bladder urothelium. In addition, 200 ppm DMA(V) treatment increased the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) secretion and decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α level in the urine of rats. These data suggest that chronic inflammation, bladder epithelium lesions and proliferation might be the basic process of the chronic toxicity effects in DMA(V) -treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Lab of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 92 Bei Er Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Beck BD, Lewis AS, Eldan M. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:711-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.827152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Tokar EJ, Diwan BA, Waalkes MP. Renal, hepatic, pulmonary and adrenal tumors induced by prenatal inorganic arsenic followed by dimethylarsinic acid in adulthood in CD1 mice. Toxicol Lett 2012; 209:179-85. [PMID: 22230260 PMCID: PMC3285471 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic, an early life carcinogen in humans and mice, can initiate lesions promotable by other agents in later life. The biomethylation product of arsenic, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), is a multi-site tumor promoter. Thus, pregnant CD1 mice were given drinking water (0 ppm or 85 ppm arsenic) from gestation day 8 to 18 and after weaning male offspring received DMA (0 ppm or 200 ppm; drinking water) for up to 2 years. No renal tumors occurred in controls or DMA alone treated mice while gestational arsenic exposure plus later DMA induced a significant renal tumor incidence of 17% (primarily renal cell carcinoma). Arsenic plus DMA or arsenic alone also increased renal hyperplasia over control but DMA alone did not. Arsenic alone, DMA alone and arsenic plus DMA all induced urinary bladder hyperplasia (33-35%) versus control (2%). Compared to control (6%), arsenic alone tripled hepatocellular carcinoma (20%), and arsenic plus DMA doubled this rate again (43%), but DMA alone had no effect. DMA alone, arsenic alone, and arsenic plus DMA increased lung adenocarcinomas and adrenal adenomas versus control. Overall, DMA in adulthood promoted tumors/lesions initiated by prenatal arsenic in the kidney and liver, but acted independently in the urinary bladder, lung and adrenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Tokar
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, and the National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Bhalchandra A. Diwan
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Inorganic Toxicology Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, and the National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD
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17
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Hughes MF, Beck BD, Chen Y, Lewis AS, Thomas DJ. Arsenic exposure and toxicology: a historical perspective. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:305-32. [PMID: 21750349 PMCID: PMC3179678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metalloid arsenic is a natural environmental contaminant to which humans are routinely exposed in food, water, air, and soil. Arsenic has a long history of use as a homicidal agent, but in the past 100 years arsenic, has been used as a pesticide, a chemotherapeutic agent and a constituent of consumer products. In some areas of the world, high levels of arsenic are naturally present in drinking water and are a toxicological concern. There are several structural forms and oxidation states of arsenic because it forms alloys with metals and covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and other elements. Environmentally relevant forms of arsenic are inorganic and organic existing in the trivalent or pentavalent state. Metabolism of arsenic, catalyzed by arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase, is a sequential process of reduction from pentavalency to trivalency followed by oxidative methylation back to pentavalency. Trivalent arsenic is generally more toxicologically potent than pentavalent arsenic. Acute effects of arsenic range from gastrointestinal distress to death. Depending on the dose, chronic arsenic exposure may affect several major organ systems. A major concern of ingested arsenic is cancer, primarily of skin, bladder, and lung. The mode of action of arsenic for its disease endpoints is currently under study. Two key areas are the interaction of trivalent arsenicals with sulfur in proteins and the ability of arsenic to generate oxidative stress. With advances in technology and the recent development of animal models for arsenic carcinogenicity, understanding of the toxicology of arsenic will continue to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hughes
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Park JH, Kwon JT, Arassh MT, Hwang SK, Chang SH, Lim HT, Cho HS, Cho MH. Inhalation toxicity of particulate matters doped with arsenic induced genotoxicity and altered akt signaling pathway in lungs of mice. Toxicol Res 2010; 26:261-6. [PMID: 24278533 PMCID: PMC3834502 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the workplace, the arsenic is used in the semiconductor production and the manufacturing of pigments, glass, pesticides and fungicides. Therefore, workers may be exposed to airborne arsenic during its use in manufacturing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential toxicity of particulate matters (PMs) doped with arsenic (PMs-Arsenic) using a rodent model and to compare the genotoxicity in various concentrations and to examine the role of PMs-Arsenic in the induction of signaling pathway in the lung. Mice were exposed to PMs 124.4 ± 24.5 μg/m3 (low concentration) , 220.2 ± 34.5 μg/m3 (middle concentration) , 426.4 ± 40.3 μg/m3 (high concentration) doped with arsenic 1.4 μg/m3 (Low concentration) ,2.5 μg/m3 (middle concentration) , 5.7 μg/m3 (high concentration) for 4 wks (6 h/d, 5 d/wk) , respectively in the whole-body inhalation exposure chambers. To determine the level of genotoxicity, Chromosomal aberration (CA) assay in splenic lymphocytes and Supravital micronucleus (SMN) assay were performed. Then, signal pathway in the lung was analyzed. In the genotoxicity experiments, the increases of aberrant cells were concentration-dependent. Also, PMs-arsenic caused peripheral blood micronucleus frequency at high concentration. The inhalation of PMs-Arsenic increased an expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt: protein kinase B) and phpsphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) at high concentration group. Taken together, inhaled PMs-Arsenic caused genotoxicity and altered Akt signaling pathway in the lung. Therefore, the inhalation of PMs-Arsenic needs for a careful risk assessment in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hong Park
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine ; Daegu Technopark Bio Industry Center Daegu 704-801
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19
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Tokar EJ, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Ward JM, Lunn R, Sams RL, Waalkes MP. Cancer in experimental animals exposed to arsenic and arsenic compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40:912-27. [PMID: 20812815 PMCID: PMC3076186 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.506641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that has long been considered a human carcinogen. Recent studies raise further concern about the metalloid as a major, naturally occurring carcinogen in the environment. However, during this same period it has proven difficult to provide experimental evidence of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in laboratory animals and, until recently, there was considered to be a lack of clear evidence for carcinogenicity of any arsenical in animals. More recent work with arsenical methylation metabolites and early life exposures to inorganic arsenic has now provided evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents. Given that tens of millions of people worldwide are exposed to potentially unhealthy levels of environmental arsenic, in vivo rodent models of arsenic carcinogenesis are a clear necessity for resolving critical issues, such as mechanisms of action, target tissue specificity, and sensitive subpopulations, and in developing strategies to reduce cancers in exposed human populations. This work reviews the available rodent studies considered relevant to carcinogenic assessment of arsenicals, taking advantage of the most recent review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) that has not yet appeared as a full monograph but has been summarized (IARC, 2009 , IARC Special Report: Policy, Vol. 10. Lyon: IARC Press, 453–454). Many valid studies show that arsenic can interact with other carcinogens/agents to enhance oncogenesis, and help elucidate mechanisms, and these too are summarized in this review. Finally, this body of rodent work is discussed in light of its impact on mechanisms and in the context of the persistent argument that arsenic is not carcinogenic in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Tokar
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Jerold M. Ward
- Global VetPathology, 10513 Wayridge Drive, Montgomery Village, MD
| | - Ruth Lunn
- Report on Carcinogens Office, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Reeder L. Sams
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
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20
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Kitchin KT, Conolly R. Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis--oxidative stress as a possible mode of action and future research needs for more biologically based risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:327-35. [PMID: 20035570 DOI: 10.1021/tx900343d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) induces cancer in human lungs, urinary bladder, skin, kidney, and liver, with the majority of deaths from lung and bladder cancer. To date, cancer risk assessments for iAs have not relied on mechanistic data, as we have lacked sufficient understanding of arsenic's pharmacokinetics and mode(s) of carcinogenic action (MOA). Furthermore, while there are vast amounts of toxicological data on iAs, relatively little of it has been collected using experimental designs that efficiently support development of biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models and subsequently risk assessment. This review outlines an efficient approach to the development of a BBDR model for iAs that would reduce uncertainties in its cancer risk assessment. This BBDR-based approach is illustrated by using oxidative stress as the carcinogenic MOA for iAs but would be generically applicable to other MOAs. Six major research needs that will facilitate BBDR model development for arsenic-induced cancer are (1) MOA research, which is needed to reduce the uncertainty in risk assessment; (2) development and integration of the pharmacodynamic component (MOA) of the BBDR model; (3) dose-response and extrapolation model selection; (4) the determination of internal human speciated arsenical concentrations to improve physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models; (5) animal models of arsenic carcinogenesis; and (6) the determination of the low dose human relationship for death from cancer, particularly in lungs and urinary bladder. The major parts of the BBDR model are arsenic exposure, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, reactive species, antioxidant defenses, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, growth factors, transcription factors, DNA damage, chromosome damage, cell proliferation, mutation accumulation, and cancer. The BBDR model will need to be developed concurrently with data collection so that model uncertainties can be identified and addressed through an iterative process of targeted additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk T Kitchin
- Mail Drop B143-06, Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Stepnik M, Stetkiewicz J, Krajnow A, Domeradzka K, Gradecka-Meesters D, Arkusz J, Stańczyk M, Palus J, Dziubałtowska E, Sobala W, Gromadzińska J, Wasowicz W, Rydzyński K. Carcinogenic effect of arsenate in C57BL/6J/Han mice and its modulation by different dietary selenium status. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:2143-2152. [PMID: 19577296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, carcinogenic effects of arsenate in female C57BL/6J/Han mice exposed in drinking water to 50, 200 or 500microgAs/L for 24 months were investigated. All animals were fed low-selenium diet, however half of them were supplemented with sodium selenite in drinking water (200microgSe/L) to ensure the normal dietary level of selenium. Glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes and plasma as well as selenium concentration in plasma after 3, 6, 12 and 18 months in satellite groups showed considerable decrease in animals from non-selenium supplemented groups in comparison to supplemented groups. A clear arsenic concentration-dependent increase in the number of malignant lymphoma associated with increase in the risk of death was observed (hazard ratio=0.91, 1.46, and 2.24, for 50, 200 and 500microgAs/L, respectively). No significant influence of selenium dietary status on arsenic carcinogenicity was shown. A significant association between selenium supplementation status and increased risk of death of the animals from causes other than malignant tumors was found (HR=1.79, p=0.04).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Stepnik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8 Sw. Teresy Street, 91-348 Łódź, Poland.
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Yamanaka K, Kato K, Mizoi M, An Y, Nakanao M, Hoshino M, Okada S. Dimethylarsine likely acts as a mouse-pulmonary tumor initiator via the production of dimethylarsine radical and/or its peroxy radical. Life Sci 2009; 84:627-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Eldan M, Lewis AS, Beck BD. Methylated Arsenicals: The Implications of Metabolism and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents to Human Risk Assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 36:99-133. [PMID: 16736939 DOI: 10.1080/10408440500534230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) are active ingredients in pesticidal products used mainly for weed control. MMA(V) and DMA(V) are also metabolites of inorganic arsenic, formed intracellularly, primarily in liver cells in a metabolic process of repeated reductions and oxidative methylations. Inorganic arsenic is a known human carcinogen, inducing tumors of the skin, urinary bladder, and lung. However, a good animal model has not yet been found. Although the metabolic process of inorganic arsenic appears to enhance the excretion of arsenic from the body, it also involves formation of methylated compounds of trivalent arsenic as intermediates. Trivalent arsenicals (whether inorganic or organic) are highly reactive compounds that can cause cytotoxicity and indirect genotoxicity in vitro. DMA(V) was found to be a bladder carcinogen only in rats and only when administered in the diet or drinking water at high doses. It was negative in a two-year bioassay in mice. MMA(V) was negative in 2-year bioassays in rats and mice. The mode of action for DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats appears to not involve DNA reactivity, but rather involves cytotoxicity with consequent regenerative proliferation, ultimately leading to the formation of carcinoma. This critical review responds to the question of whether DMA(V)-induced bladder cancer in rats can be extrapolated to humans, based on detailed comparisons between inorganic and organic arsenicals, including their metabolism and disposition in various animal species. The further metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) formed endogenously during the metabolism of inorganic arsenic is different from the metabolism and disposition of MMA(V) and DMA(V) from exogenous exposure. The trivalent arsenicals that are cytotoxic and indirectly genotoxic in vitro are hardly formed in an organism exposed to MMA(V) or DMA(V) because of poor cellular uptake and limited metabolism of the ingested compounds. Furthermore, the evidence strongly supports a nonlinear dose-response relationship for the biologic processes involved in the carcinogenicity of arsenicals. Based on an overall review of the evidence, using a margin-of-exposure approach for MMA(V) and DMA(V) risk assessment is appropriate. At anticipated environmental exposures to MMA(V) and DMA(V), there is not likely to be a carcinogenic risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135, USA.
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Photochemical reaction of dimethylarsinous iodide in aerated methanol: A contribution to arsenic radical chemistry. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ahlborn GJ, Nelson GM, Ward WO, Knapp G, Allen JW, Ouyang M, Roop BC, Chen Y, O'Brien T, Kitchin KT, Delker DA. Dose response evaluation of gene expression profiles in the skin of K6/ODC mice exposed to sodium arsenite. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:400-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Hughes MF, Devesa V, Adair BM, Conklin SD, Creed JT, Styblo M, Kenyon EM, Thomas DJ. Tissue dosimetry, metabolism and excretion of pentavalent and trivalent dimethylated arsenic in mice after oral administration. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 227:26-35. [PMID: 18036629 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) is a rat bladder carcinogen and the major urinary metabolite of administered inorganic arsenic in most mammals. This study examined the disposition of pentavalent and trivalent dimethylated arsenic in mice after acute oral administration. Adult female mice were administered [(14)C]-DMA(V) (0.6 or 60 mg As/kg) and sacrificed serially over 24 h. Tissues and excreta were collected for analysis of radioactivity. Other mice were administered unlabeled DMA(V) (0.6 or 60 mg As/kg) or dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) (0.6 mg As/kg) and sacrificed at 2 or 24 h. Tissues (2 h) and urine (24 h) were collected and analyzed for arsenicals. Absorption, distribution and excretion of [(14)C]-DMA(V) were rapid, as radioactivity was detected in tissues and urine at 0.25 h. For low dose DMA(V) mice, there was a greater fractional absorption of DMA(V) and significantly greater tissue concentrations of radioactivity at several time points. Radioactivity distributed greatest to the liver (1-2% of dose) and declined to less than 0.05% in all tissues examined at 24 h. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was significantly greater in the 0.6 mg As/kg DMA(V) group. Conversely, fecal excretion of radioactivity was significantly greater in the high dose group. Urinary metabolites of DMA(V) included DMA(III), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylthioarsinic acid and trimethylarsine sulfide. Urinary metabolites of DMA(III) included TMAO, dimethylthioarsinic acid and trimethylarsine sulfide. DMA(V) was also excreted by DMA(III)-treated mice, showing its sensitivity to oxidation. TMAO was detected in tissues of the high dose DMA(V) group. The low acute toxicity of DMA(V) in the mouse appears to be due in part to its minimal retention and rapid elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hughes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Kinoshita A, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Wei M, Nakae D, Arai T, Minowa O, Noda T, Nishimura S, Fukushima S. Carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in Ogg1-deficient mice. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:803-14. [PMID: 17441966 PMCID: PMC11158468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress to DNA is recognized as a mechanism underlying carcinogenic effects of some environmental agents. Here, we hypothesized that dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), an organic metabolite of inorganic arsenic in humans, might exert carcinogenic potential in a mouse line carrying a mutant Mmh allele of the Mmh/OGG1 gene encoding the enzyme 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1). Ogg1 mutant and wild type mice were treated with DMA(V) in their drinking water at a dose of 200 p.p.m. for up to 72 weeks. All DMA(V)-treated Ogg1(-/-)animals developed tumors, with a tendency for lower total incidences in the Ogg1(+/+) cases. Lung tumors in particular were induced as compared to the lack in non-carcinogen controls and were significantly more frequent in the homozygotes. At week 4, the levels of DNA 8-OH-dG and cell proliferation were significantly elevated in the lungs of non-treated Ogg1(-/-) as compared to Ogg1(+/+) mice and were strongly enhanced by DMA(V) treatment. Marked induction of Pola1, Cyp7b1, Ndfua3, Mmp13 and other genes specific to cell proliferation, cell signaling and xenobiotic metabolism in the lungs of DMA(V)-treated Ogg1(-/-) mice was found. Electron microscopic examination revealed the growth of microvilli, with increased numbers of mitochondria only in lungs and lung tumors of DMA(V)-exposed Ogg1(-/-) mice. Therefore, we strongly suggest that DMA(V) exerts carcinogenicity in the lungs of Ogg1(-/-) mutant mice, with a possible role for persistent accumulation of DNA oxidative adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kinoshita
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Degli Esposti D, Lambertini L. Results of a long-term carcinogenicity bioassay on Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to sodium arsenite administered in drinking water. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1076:578-91. [PMID: 17119234 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1371.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a metal found in nature whose acute and chronic toxic effects have been known for decades. Hundreds of millions of people are at risk of exposure to As and its various chemical forms which can occur in the occupational and general environment in air, water, soil, food, and medicines. Several epidemiological studies have shown that prolonged exposure to As can induce various types of malignant tumors in humans, namely, skin, lung, liver, kidney, and bladder cancers. These effects have been observed particularly in geographic areas where people are exposed to well water with high concentrations of As. While the risks of As at high concentrations are well documented, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding the risk of exposure to As at very low levels. This uncertainty is due to the absence of adequate epidemiological data and the insufficiency of experimental data currently available. Given the limited evidence demonstrating the carcinogenic potential of As in animals, a long-term carcinogenicity bioassay on sodium arsenite (NaAsO(2)) was performed at the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC) of the European Ramazzini Foundation (ERF). NaAsO(2) was administrated with drinking water at concentrations of 200, 100, 50, or 0 mg/L, for 104 weeks to Sprague-Dawley rats (50/sex/group), 8 weeks old at the start of the study. The animals were monitored until spontaneous death at which time each animal underwent complete necropsy. Histopathological evaluation of all pathological lesions and of all organs and tissues collected was routinely performed on each animal. The results demonstrate that in our experimental conditions NaAsO(2) induces sparse benign and malignant tumors among treated rats. The types of tumors observed are infrequent in the strain of Sprague-Dawley rats of the colony used in our laboratory, namely, lung adenomas and carcinomas, kidney adenomas/papillomas and carcinomas, and bladder carcinomas. Notably, an elevated incidence of these types of oncological lesions is also observed among people living in geographical areas where As is present at higher concentrations in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morando Soffritti
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, European Foundation of Oncology and Environmental Sciences B. Ramazzini, 40010 Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy.
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Arnold LL, Eldan M, Nyska A, van Gemert M, Cohen SM. Dimethylarsinic acid: Results of chronic toxicity/oncogenicity studies in F344 rats and in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology 2006; 223:82-100. [PMID: 16677751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V), cacodylic acid), a foliar herbicide, was administered in the diet to B6C3F1 mice (at dose levels of 0, 8, 40, 200, and 500 ppm) and to F344 rats (at dose levels of 0, 2, 10, 40, and 100 ppm) for 2 years, according to US EPA guidelines. In mice, there were no treatment-related tumors observed at any site. Treatment-related progressive glomerulonephropathy and nephrocalcinosis were observed in the kidneys in both sexes. The incidence of vacuolation of the epithelium in the urinary bladder was increased in both sexes, but was not associated with cytotoxicity, necrosis or hyperplasia. Based on non-neoplastic lesions found in the urinary bladder, the NOEL for mice was assessed to be 40 ppm in males and 8 ppm in females. In rats, treatment-related mortality occurred early in the study in five males in the 100 ppm group and in one male in the 40 ppm group. Papillomas and carcinomas with degeneration of the urothelium, necrosis and urothelial cell hyperplasia, were found in the urinary bladders of both sexes. In male rats, one papilloma was found in each of the 10 and 40 ppm groups; one urothelial cell carcinoma was found in the 2 ppm group and two in the 100 ppm group. Four papillomas and six urothelial cell carcinomas were found in the female 100 ppm group. Non-neoplastic treatment-related kidney lesions were confined to the 40 and 100 ppm levels and included necrosis, pyelonephritis, medullary nephrocalcinosis and tubular cystic dilation, hyperplasia of the epithelial lining of the papilla, and pelvic urothelial cell hyperplasia. All of these kidney changes appear to be related to an increase in the aging nephropathy of the rat. Dose-related increases in the height of the thyroid follicular epithelium were also noted in males and females, however, such changes reflect an adaptive response of the thyroid to decreased levels of circulating thyroid hormone, rather than an adverse effect. Based on the kidney and bladder lesions, the NOEL for non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions was considered to be 10 ppm in males and females. Based on these studies, DMA(V) is carcinogenic only in rats and only at relatively high doses, with the urinary bladder as the target organ. Female rats appear to be more sensitive to the effects of DMA(V) than male rats. DMA(V) is not carcinogenic in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Tapio S, Grosche B. Arsenic in the aetiology of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2006; 612:215-246. [PMID: 16574468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, one of the most significant hazards in the environment affecting millions of people around the world, is associated with several diseases including cancers of skin, lung, urinary bladder, kidney and liver. Groundwater contamination by arsenic is the main route of exposure. Inhalation of airborne arsenic or arsenic-contaminated dust is a common health problem in many ore mines. This review deals with the questions raised in the epidemiological studies such as the dose-response relationship, putative confounders and synergistic effects, and methods evaluating arsenic exposure. Furthermore, it describes the metabolic pathways of arsenic, and its biological modes of action. The role of arsenic in the development of cancer is elucidated in the context of combined epidemiological and biological studies. However, further analyses by means of molecular epidemiology are needed to improve the understanding of cancer aetiology induced by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Bashir S, Sharma Y, Irshad M, Nag TC, Tiwari M, Kabra M, Dogra TD. Arsenic induced apoptosis in rat liver following repeated 60 days exposure. Toxicology 2006; 217:63-70. [PMID: 16288947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2005.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of the wide spread environmental toxin arsenic in liver results in hepatotoxcity. Exposure to arsenite and other arsenicals has been previously shown to induce apoptosis in certain tumor cell lines at low (1-3 microM) concentration. AIM The present study was focused to elucidate the role of free radicals in arsenic toxicity and to investigate the nature of in vivo sodium arsenite induced cell death in liver. METHODS Male wistar rats were exposed to arsenite at three different doses of 0.05, 2.5 and 5mg/l for 60 days. Oxidative stress in liver was measured by estimating pro-oxidant and antioxidant activity in liver. Histopathological examination of liver was carried out by light and transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of DNA fragmentation by gel electrophoresis was used to identify apoptosis after the exposure. Terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to qualify and quantify apoptosis. RESULTS A significant increase in cytochrome-P450 and lipid peroxidation accompanied with a significant alteration in the activity of many of the antioxidants was observed, all suggestive of arsenic induced oxidative stress. Histopathological examination under light and transmission electron microscope suggested a combination of ongoing necrosis and apoptosis. DNA-TUNEL showed an increase in apoptotic cells in liver. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA of hepatocytes resulted in a characteristic ladder pattern. CONCLUSION Chronic arsenic administration induces a specific pattern of apoptosis called post-mitotic apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somia Bashir
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India.
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Bashir S, Sharma Y, Irshad M, Gupta SD, Dogra TD. Arsenic-Induced Cell Death in Liver and Brain of Experimental Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2006; 98:38-43. [PMID: 16433889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2006.pto_170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well established human carcinogen and is ubiquitous in the environment. The present study demonstrates the effect of acute arsenic administration at three different doses in liver and brain of Wistar rats. Sodium arsenite was administered orally at doses of 6.3 mg/kg, 10.5 mg/kg and 12.6 mg/kg of body weight on the basis of a lethal dose 50% (LD50) for 24 hr. After administration of arsenites, liver and brain were analyzed for various parameters of oxidative stress, histopathological changes and caspase-3 activity. Glutathione levels were decreased significantly in the liver at all doses. In liver the following biochemical changes were observed, a significant lipid peroxidation and cytochrome-P450 induction along with significant decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed at 10.5 mg/kg and 12.6 mg/kg. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was increased significantly at all doses. In brain, no significant change was observed at 6.3 mg/kg. However, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity along with significant decrease in the activity of glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed at 10.5 mg/kg and 12.6 mg/kg. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase was decreased significantly in both liver and brain at 10.5 and 12.6 mg/kg. No significant alteration in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase was observed in either liver or brain at any dose. Dose-dependent histopathological changes, observed in both liver and brain are also described. A significant increase in caspase-3 activity was observed at all doses in liver and at 10.5 and 12.6 mg/kg in brain. Sodium arsenite caused DNA cleavage into fragments and manifested as "DNA laddering", a hallmark of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somia Bashir
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi-29, India
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Kuroda K, Yoshida K, Yoshimura M, Endo Y, Wanibuchi H, Fukushima S, Endo G. Genotoxicity of dimethylarsinous acid: high induction of tetraploids. Appl Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ochi T, Suzuki T, Barrett JC, Tsutsui T. A trivalent dimethylarsenic compound, dimethylarsine iodide, induces cellular transformation, aneuploidy, centrosome abnormality and multipolar spindle formation in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Toxicology 2004; 203:155-63. [PMID: 15363591 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of dimethylarsine iodide (DMI), a model compound of trivalent dimethylarsenicals, to induce cellular transformation, aneuploidy, centrosome abnormality, and multipolar spindle formations were investigated using the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell model. Cellular growth was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner by treatment with DMI at concentrations over 0.1 microM. Treatment with DMI at concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 microM induced morphological transformation in SHE cells. The transforming activity of DMI, determined by the frequency of morphologically transformed colonies, was approximately 30 times higher than that induced by treatment with the same concentration of sodium arsenite. Flow cytometry suggested an increase in the aneuploid population caused by DMI, as shown by the appearance of hypo-2N, hypo-4N and hypo-8N. DMI also caused abnormal staining of gamma-tubulin, indicating loss of centrosome integrity and a resultant induction of multipolar spindles in mitotic cells. Mitotic cells with centrosomes that coalesced partly at the cell periphery, not the cell center, were detected as early changes that resulted in multipolar spindles. These findings indicate that DMI has transforming activity in SHE cells. Moreover, the results suggest the importance of centrosome abnormalities as a causal change of DMI-induced aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ochi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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Abstract
Arsenic is a known toxin and carcinogen that is present in industrial settings and in the environment. The mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are not fully understood. In the last a few years, there has been increasing evidence of the correlation between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, tumor promotion, and arsenic exposure. This article summarizes the current literature on the arsenic mediated generation of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in various biological systems. This article also discusses the role of ROS and RNS in arsenic-induced DNA damage and activation of oxidative sensitive gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Shi
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Wanibuchi H, Salim EI, Kinoshita A, Shen J, Wei M, Morimura K, Yoshida K, Kuroda K, Endo G, Fukushima S. Understanding arsenic carcinogenicity by the use of animal models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:366-76. [PMID: 15276416 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous epidemiological studies have indicated that human arsenic exposure is associated with increased incidences of bladder, liver, skin, and lung cancers, limited attempts have been made to understand mechanisms of carcinogenicity using animal models. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), an organic arsenic compound, is a major metabolite of ingested inorganic arsenics in mammals. Recent in vitro studies have proven DMA to be a potent clastogenic agent, capable of inducing DNA damage including double strand breaks and cross-link formation. In our attempts to clarify DMA carcinogenicity, we have recently shown carcinogenic effects of DMA and its related metabolites using various experimental protocols in rats and mice: (1) a multi-organ promotion bioassay in rats; (2) a two-stage promotion bioassay by DMA of rat urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis; (3) a 2-year carcinogenicity test of DMA in rats; (4) studies on the effects of DMA on lung carcinogenesis in rats; (5) promotion of skin carcinogenesis by DMA in keratin (K6)/ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) transgenic mice; (6) carcinogenicity of DMA in p53(+/-) knockout and Mmh/8-OXOG-DNA glycolase (OGG1) mutant mice; (7) promoting effects of DMA and related organic arsenicals in rat liver; (8) promoting effects of DMA and related organic arsenicals in a rat multi-organ carcinogenesis test; and (9) 2-year carcinogenicity tests of monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) in rats. The results revealed that the adverse effects of arsenic occurred either by promoting and initiating carcinogenesis. These data, as covered in the present review, suggest that several mechanisms may be involved in arsenic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Yamanaka K, Kato K, Mizoi M, An Y, Takabayashi F, Nakano M, Hoshino M, Okada S. The role of active arsenic species produced by metabolic reduction of dimethylarsinic acid in genotoxicity and tumorigenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 198:385-93. [PMID: 15276418 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent research of arsenic carcinogenesis, many researchers have directed their attention to methylated metabolites of inorganic arsenics. Because of its high cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, trivalent dimethylated arsenic, which can be produced by the metabolic reduction of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), has attracted considerable attention from the standpoint of arsenic carcinogenesis. In the present paper, we examined trivalent dimethylated arsenic and its further metabolites for their chemical properties and biological behavior such as genotoxicity and tumorigenicity. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that the formation of cis-thymine glycol in DNA was induced via the production of dimethylated arsenic peroxide by the reaction of trivalent dimethylated arsenic with molecular oxygen, but not via the production of common reactive oxygen species (ROS; superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, etc.). Thus, dimethylated arsenic peroxide may be the main species responsible for the tumor promotion in skin tumorigenesis induced by exposure to DMA. Free radical species, such as dimethylarsenic radical [(CH(3))(2)As.] and dimethylarsenic peroxy radical [(CH(3))(2)AsOO.], that are produced by the reaction of molecular oxygen and dimethylarsine [(CH(3))(2)AsH], which is probably a further reductive metabolite of trivalent dimethylated arsenic, may be main agents for initiation in mouse lung tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Yamanaka
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Nihon University College of Pharmacy, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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Ochi T, Suzuki T, Isono H, Schlagenhaufen C, Goessler W, Tsutsui T. Induction of structural and numerical changes of chromosome, centrosome abnormality, multipolar spindles and multipolar division in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells by exposure to a trivalent dimethylarsenic compound. Mutat Res 2003; 530:59-71. [PMID: 14563531 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(03)00137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsine iodide (DMI) was used as a model compound of trivalent dimethylarsenicals [DMA(III)], and the biological effects were extensively investigated in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. When the cytotoxic effects of DMA(III) were compared with those of inorganic arsenite and dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)], DMA(III) was about 10,000 times more potent than DMA(V), and it was even 10 times more toxic than arsenite. Depletion of cell glutathione (GSH) did not influence the cytotoxic effects of DMA(III), whereas it enhanced the cytotoxicity of arsenite. Chromosome structural aberrations, such as gaps, breaks and pulverizations, and numerical changes, such as aneuploidy, hyper- and hypo-tetraploidy, were induced by DMA(III) in a concentration-dependent manner. Mitotic index increased 9-12h after the addition of DMA(III), and then declined. By contrast, the incidence of multinucleated cells increased conversely with the decrease in mitotic index at and after 24h of exposure. The mitotic cell-specific abnormality of centrosome integrity and multipolar spindles were induced by DMA(III) in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, DMA(III) caused abnormal cytokinesis (multipolar division) at concentrations that were effective in causing centrosome abnormality, multipolar spindles and aneuploidy. These results showed that DMA(III) was genotoxic on cultured mammalian cells. Results also suggest that DMA(III)-induced multipolar spindles and multipolar division may be associated with the induction of aneuploidy. In addition, the centrosome may be a primary target for cell death via multinucleated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ochi
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 199-0195, Japan.
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Kato K, Yamanaka K, Hasegawa A, Okada S. Active arsenic species produced by GSH-dependent reduction of dimethylarsinic acid cause micronuclei formation in peripheral reticulocytes of mice. Mutat Res 2003; 539:55-63. [PMID: 12948814 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsine and trivalent dimethylated arsenic, metabolites of inorganic arsenics, have received considerable attention in current research because of their biological activities. We attempted to determine the appearance of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) in mouse peripheral blood following intraperitoneal administration of dimethylarsinous iodide (DMI) and trimethylarsine (TMA), model compounds of trivalent dimethylated arsenic and dimethylarsine, respectively. A significant increase in the number of MNRETs was observed with TMA, but not with DMI. Furthermore, MNRETs only appeared with 10.6 mg/kg of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) following its co-injection with reduced glutathione (GSH). These results suggest that micronucleus formation may need further metabolic reduction of trivalent dimethylated arsenic, i.e. the production of dimethylarsine, by an excess amount of GSH. Meanwhile, the increase in MNRETs by administration of arsenite at 7.6 mg/kg, an equivalent dose to DMA as As, was remarkably diminished by co-administration with GSH. These results indicate that GSH plays an important role in the genotoxic process of arsenics, particularly by dimethylated arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kato
- Nihon University College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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Abstract
As inorganic arsenic is a proven human carcinogen, significant effort has been made in recent decades in an attempt to understand arsenic carcinogenesis using animal models, including rodents (rats and mice) and larger mammals such as beagles and monkeys. Transgenic animals were also used to test the carcinogenic effect of arsenicals, but until recently all models had failed to mimic satisfactorily the actual mechanism of arsenic carcinogenicity. However, within the past decade successful animal models have been developed using the most common strains of mice or rats. Thus dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), an organic arsenic compound which is the major metabolite of inorganic arsenicals in mammals, has been proven to be tumorigenic in such animals. Reports of successful cancer induction in animals by inorganic arsenic (arsenite and arsenate) have been rare, and most carcinogenetic studies have used organic arsenicals such as DMA combined with other tumor initiators. Although such experiments used high concentrations of arsenicals for the promotion of tumors, animal models using doses of arsenicals species closed to the exposure level of humans in endemic areas are obviously the most significant. Almost all researchers have used drinking water or food as the pathway for the development of animal model test systems in order to mimic chronic arsenic poisoning in humans; such pathways seem more likely to achieve desirable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ping Wang
- National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia
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Beck BD, Slayton TM, Farr CH, Sved DW, Crecelius EA, Holson JF. Systemic uptake of inhaled arsenic in rabbits. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:205-15. [PMID: 12099622 DOI: 10.1191/0960327102ht237oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human occupational exposure to sufficiently high levels of arsenic in air has been associated with lung cancer, but generally not other types of cancer. Thus, a better understanding of the relationship between airborne arsenic exposures and systemic uptake is essential. In this study, rabbits were exposed to one of four levels of arsenic trioxide in air for 8 h/day, 7 days/week, for 8 weeks (0.05, 0.1, 0.22, or 1.1 mg/m3). Plasma levels of inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were measured following the last exposure. Although there was a dose-related increase in plasma levels of methylated arsenic metabolites, statistically significant increases in mean inorganic arsenic levels in plasma were observed only in male rabbits exposed to 0.22 mg/m3, and in both males and females exposed to 1.1 mg/m3. Mean inorganic arsenic levels in plasma in males and females exposed to 0.05 and 0.1 mg/m3, and females exposed to 0.22 mg/m3, were not significantly elevated compared to controls. These results suggest that arsenic inhalation has a negligible impact on body burden of inorganic arsenic until air levels are significantly elevated. Based on plasma measurements of inorganic arsenic, the two lowest exposure levels in this study (0.05 and 0.1 mg/m3) are indistinguishable from background.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Beck
- Gradient Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Seike N, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Nishikawa T, Kishida H, Nakae D, Hirata K, Fukushima S. Lack of promoting effect due to oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid on rat lung carcinogenesis initiated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Lett 2002; 175:113-9. [PMID: 11741738 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), a major metabolite of inorganic arsenics, and arsenic exposure is associated with tumor development in a wide variety of human tissues. In the present study, we examined whether DMA has tumor-promoting activity on rat lung carcinogenesis initiated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN). Male, 8-week-old, F344 rats were treated with DHPN at a concentration of 0.1% in drinking water for 1 week, and starting 1 week thereafter, DMA was administered at concentrations of 0, 100, 200 or 400 ppm in the drinking water for 30 weeks. Induction of epithelial lesions, classified as alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma was evident in the lungs of DHPN-initiated animals, but no significant differences were found between DMA-treated groups and control groups. Furthermore, no significant differences in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling indices, as a marker of cell proliferation were observed among the groups. An additional group treated with DMA at concentrations of 200 ppm alone, without prior DHPN initiation was found to develop no epithelial lesions in the lung. There was no significant gain in 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine formation, as a marker of oxidative stress, in the lungs of rats treated with DMA in their drinking water. In conclusion, oral-administered DMA does not exert promoting effects on rat lung carcinogenesis initiated with DHPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Seike
- Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
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Yamanaka K, Takabayashi F, Mizoi M, An Y, Hasegawa A, Okada S. Oral exposure of dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, in mice leads to an increase in 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine level, specifically in the target organs for arsenic carcinogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:66-70. [PMID: 11549254 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed that oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), a metabolite of inorganic arsenics in mammals, rather than inorganic arsenics themselves, promotes lung and skin tumors by way of the metabolic production of free radicals such as dimethylarsenic peroxy radical [(CH(3))(2)AsOO*]. The purpose of the present study was to examine if dimethylarsenic has the ability to induce oxidative damage. 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) was used as a biomarker of DNA oxidation. The oral administration of DMA enhanced significantly the amounts of 8-oxodG specifically in the target organs (skin, lung, liver, and urinary bladder) of arsenic carcinogenesis and also in urine, whereas arsenite did not. The dimethylarsenics thus may play an important role in arsenic carcinogenesis through the induction of oxidative damage, particularly of base oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamanaka
- Nihon University College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
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Namgung U, Xia Z. Arsenic induces apoptosis in rat cerebellar neurons via activation of JNK3 and p38 MAP kinases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 174:130-8. [PMID: 11446828 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rat cerebellar neurons were used to study mechanisms of arsenic neurotoxicity. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 microM sodium arsenite reduced cerebellar neuron viability and induced nuclear fragmentation and condensation as well as DNA degradation to oligonucleosome fragments. Exposure to 1 or 5 mM dimethylarsinic acid caused similar changes. Therefore, both inorganic arsenite and organic dimethylarsinic acid induce apoptosis in cerebellar neurons, with the inorganic form being more toxic. Cotreatment with cycloheximide or actinomycin D, inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis, respectively, or with the caspase inhibitor zVAD, completely blocked arsenite-induced cerebellar neuron apoptosis. This implies that arsenite-induced cerebellar neuron apoptosis requires new gene expression and caspase activation. Interestingly, sodium arsenite selectively activated p38 and JNK3, but not JNK1 or JNK2 in cerebellar neurons. Blocking the p38 or JNK signaling pathways using the inhibitors SB203580 or CEP-1347 protected cerebellar neurons against arsenite-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that arsenite neurotoxicity may be due to apoptosis caused by activation of p38 and JNK3 MAP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Namgung
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7234, USA
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45
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Kitchin KT. Recent advances in arsenic carcinogenesis: modes of action, animal model systems, and methylated arsenic metabolites. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 172:249-61. [PMID: 11312654 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our knowledge of arsenic carcinogenesis include the development of rat or mouse models for all human organs in which inorganic arsenic is known to cause cancer-skin, lung, urinary bladder, liver, and kidney. Tumors can be produced from either promotion of carcinogenesis protocols (mouse skin and lungs, rat bladder, kidney, liver, and thyroid) or from complete carcinogenesis protocols (rat bladder and mouse lung). Experiments with p53(+/-) and K6/ODC transgenic mice administered dimethylarsinic acid or arsenite have shown some degree of carcinogenic, cocarcinogenic, or promotional activity in skin or bladder. At present, with the possible exception of skin, the arsenic carcinogenesis models in wild-type animals are more highly developed than in transgenic mice. Recent advances in arsenic metabolism have suggested that methylation of inorganic arsenic may be a toxification, rather than a detoxification, pathway and that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid, have a great deal of biological activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that these trivalent, methylated, and relatively less ionizable arsenic metabolites may be unusually capable of interacting with cellular targets such as proteins and even DNA. In risk assessment of environmental arsenic, it is important to know and to utilize both the mode of carcinogenic action and the shape of the dose-response curve at low environmental arsenic concentrations. Although much progress has been recently made in the area of arsenic's possible mode(s) of carcinogenic action, a scientific concensus has not yet been reached. In this review, nine different possible modes of action of arsenic carcinogenesis are presented and discussed-induced chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, altered DNA repair, altered DNA methylation patterns, altered growth factors, enhanced cell proliferation, promotion/progression, gene amplification, and suppression of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Kitchin
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, USA
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Yamanaka K, Mizol M, Kato K, Hasegawa A, Nakano M, Okada S. Oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenic, in mice promotes skin tumorigenesis initiated by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene with or without ultraviolet B as a promoter. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:510-4. [PMID: 11379771 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Concerning arsenic-induced tumorigenesis, an animal model must be developed for understanding the mechanism of human carcinogenesis by arsenics. To determine whether orally administered dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) promotes and causes the progression of skin tumorigenesis, an animal protocol by topical application of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) with or without UVB, a tumor promoter, in hairless mice was used. The administration of DMA by the oral route promoted not only the formation of papillomas induced by DMBA alone but also the formation of malignant tumors induced by way of the formation of atypical keratoses by treatment with DMBA and UVB. A phenomenon, the progression of keratoses-->atypical keratoses-->squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), observed in the present study may resemble the development of tumors in arsenic-exposed humans. We also discussed the involvement of a reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., the dimethylarsenic peroxy radical [(CH3)2AsOO.], produced during the metabolic processing of DMA, in skin and in multi-organ tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamanaka
- College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
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Ahmad S, Kitchin KT, Cullen WR. Arsenic species that cause release of iron from ferritin and generation of activated oxygen. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 382:195-202. [PMID: 11068869 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of four different species of arsenic (arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid) in mobilizing iron from horse spleen ferritin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were investigated. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)) significantly released iron from horse spleen ferritin either with or without the presence of ascorbic acid, a strong synergistic agent. Ascorbic acid-mediated iron release was time-dependent as well as both DMA(III) and ferritin concentration-dependent. Iron release from ferritin by DMA(III)) alone or with ascorbic acid was not significantly inhibited by superoxide dismutase (150 or 300 units/ml). However, the iron release was greater under anaerobic conditions (nitrogen gas), which indicates direct chemical reduction of iron from ferritin by DMA(III), with or without ascorbic acid. Both DMA(V) and DMA(III)) released iron from both horse spleen and human liver ferritin. Further, the release of ferritin iron by DMA(III)) with ascorbic acid catalyzed bleomycin-dependent degradation of calf thymus DNA. These results indicate that exogenous methylated arsenic species and endogenous ascorbic acid can cause (a) the release of iron from ferritin, (b) the iron-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species, and (c) DNA damage. This reactive oxygen species pathway could be a mechanism of action of arsenic carcinogenesis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmad
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Yamanaka K, Katsumata K, Ikuma K, Hasegawa A, Nakano M, Okada S. The role of orally administered dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, in the promotion and progression of UVB-induced skin tumorigenesis in hairless mice. Cancer Lett 2000; 152:79-85. [PMID: 10754209 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on skin tumorigenesis by UVB irradiation was examined. Hairless mice (Hos: HR-1) irradiated with UVB at a dose of 2 kJ/m(2) twice weekly, were fed with drinking water containing 1000 ppm DMA, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, produced more skin tumors than DMA-untreated mice. Histopathological examination revealed that the mouse malignant tumors with severe atypism appeared only in the treatment group of UVB plus 1000 ppm DMA. These positive results point out the importance of dimethylated metabolites of inorganic arsenic in the process of skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamanaka
- Nihon University College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
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Ahmad S, Anderson WL, Kitchin KT. Dimethylarsinic acid effects on DNA damage and oxidative stress related biochemical parameters in B6C3F1 mice. Cancer Lett 1999; 139:129-35. [PMID: 10395169 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(99)00022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult female B6C3F1 mice were given 720 mg/kg of DMA by oral gavage at one of three times (2 h, 15 h, or at both 21 and 4 h) before sacrifice. Significant (P < 0.05) decreases in liver GSH and GSSG contents (15-37%) were observed. Some evidence of DMA-induced hepatic DNA damage (at the P < 0.10 level only) was observed. Pulmonary and hepatic ODC activities were reduced (19-59%) by DMA treatment. Overall, these biochemical studies show that mice are much less responsive to DMA than rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmad
- MD-68, Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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