1
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Exploring dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis genes in 100 FTD-like patients from 6 towns and rural villages on the Adriatic Sea cost of Apulia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6353. [PMID: 33737586 PMCID: PMC7973810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a complex spectrum of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders. Although fully penetrant mutations in several genes have been identified and can explain the pathogenic mechanisms underlying a great portion of the Mendelian forms of the disease, still a significant number of families and sporadic cases remains genetically unsolved. We performed whole exome sequencing in 100 patients with a late-onset and heterogeneous FTD-like clinical phenotype from Apulia and screened mendelian dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis genes. We identified a nonsense mutation in SORL1 VPS domain (p.R744X), in 2 siblings displaying AD with severe language problems and primary progressive aphasia and a near splice-site mutation in CLCN6 (p.S116P) segregating with an heterogeneous phenotype, ranging from behavioural FTD to FTD with memory onset and to the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia in one family. Moreover 2 sporadic cases with behavioural FTD carried heterozygous mutations in the CSF1R Tyrosin kinase flanking regions (p.E573K and p.R549H). By contrast, only a minority of patients carried pathogenic C9orf72 repeat expansions (1%) and likely moderately pathogenic variants in GRN (p.C105Y, p.C389fs and p.C139R) (3%). In concert with recent studies, our findings support a common pathogenic mechanisms between FTD and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and suggests that neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis genes should be investigated also in dementia patients with predominant frontal symptoms and language impairments.
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2
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PHACTR1 genetic variability is not critical in small vessel ischemic disease patients and PcomA recruitment in C57BL/6J mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6072. [PMID: 33727568 PMCID: PMC7966789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several genome-wide association studies identified PHACTR1 as key locus for five diverse vascular disorders: coronary artery disease, migraine, fibromuscular dysplasia, cervical artery dissection and hypertension. Although these represent significant risk factors or comorbidities for ischemic stroke, PHACTR1 role in brain small vessel ischemic disease and ischemic stroke most important survival mechanism, such as the recruitment of brain collateral arteries like posterior communicating arteries (PcomAs), remains unknown. Therefore, we applied exome and genome sequencing in a multi-ethnic cohort of 180 early-onset independent familial and apparently sporadic brain small vessel ischemic disease and CADASIL-like Caucasian patients from US, Portugal, Finland, Serbia and Turkey and in 2 C57BL/6J stroke mouse models (bilateral common carotid artery stenosis [BCCAS] and middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]), characterized by different degrees of PcomAs patency. We report 3 very rare coding variants in the small vessel ischemic disease-CADASIL-like cohort (p.Glu198Gln, p.Arg204Gly, p.Val251Leu) and a stop-gain mutation (p.Gln273*) in one MCAO mouse. These coding variants do not cluster in PHACTR1 known pathogenic domains and are not likely to play a critical role in small vessel ischemic disease or brain collateral circulation. We also exclude the possibility that copy number variants (CNVs) or a variant enrichment in Phactr1 may be associated with PcomA recruitment in BCCAS mice or linked to diverse vascular traits (cerebral blood flow pre-surgery, PcomA size, leptomeningeal microcollateral length and junction density during brain hypoperfusion) in C57BL/6J mice, respectively. Genetic variability in PHACTR1 is not likely to be a common susceptibility factor influencing small vessel ischemic disease in patients and PcomA recruitment in C57BL/6J mice. Nonetheless, rare variants in PHACTR1 RPEL domains may influence the stroke outcome and are worth investigating in a larger cohort of small vessel ischemic disease patients, different ischemic stroke subtypes and with functional studies.
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A novel presenilin 1 duplication mutation (Ile168dup) causing Alzheimer's disease associated with myoclonus, seizures and pyramidal features. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:137.e1-137.e5. [PMID: 33648786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene are the most common cause of autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease. We report the clinical, imaging and postmortem findings of kindred carrying a novel duplication mutation (Ile168dup) in the PSEN1 gene. We interpret the pathogenicity of this novel variant and discuss the additional neurological features (pyramidal dysfunction, myoclonus and seizures) that accompanied cognitive decline. This report broadens the clinical phenotype of PSEN1 insertion mutations while also highlighting the importance of considering duplication, insertion and deletion mutations in cases of young onset dementia.
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Qiu Q, Shen L, Jia L, Wang Q, Li F, Li Y, Jia J. A Novel PSEN1 M139L Mutation Found in a Chinese Pedigree with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Increases Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:199-212. [PMID: 30958370 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin1 (PSEN1) is the most common gene related to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Only several mutation types from Chinese have been reported, with less biological function research conducted. OBJECTIVES We explore the pathological function of PSEN1 M139L, a mutation located at α-helix of PSEN1 transmembrane 2, using predictive programs and in vitro study and compare its effects on Aβ production to those of an artificial PSEN1 S141G located at non α-helix mutation face. METHODS APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes were screened for mutations using Sanger sequencing in the DNA samples of the proband and additional available family members. Disease-mutation cosegregation analysis and three software programs were performed to predict the mutation's pathogenicity. In vitro, we investigated the impact of these mutations on Aβ production in HEK293-APPswe cells using lentiviral vectors harboring PSEN1 WT, PSEN1 M139L, the positive control (PSEN1 M139V) and the non α-helical mutation (PSEN1 S141G). In addition, we co-transfected PSEN1 and tau into cells to determine the mutations' impact on tau phosphorylation. RESULTS PSEN1 M139L mutation was discovered in the index patient and four affected siblings. Cosegregation analysis and silicon prediction suggested the mutation was probably disease causing. In vitro studies demonstrated that both PSEN1 M139L and PSEN1 S141G caused elevated ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40, but changes of tau phosphorylation were not detected. CONCLUSION The novel PSEN1 M139L mutation found in familial AD increases the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio significantly. Mutations at non α-helical mutation face of PSEN1 TM2 can affect Aβ production and the region may play a key role in PSEN1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Qiu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Luxi Shen
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fangyu Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
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5
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Investigating APOE, APP-Aβ metabolism genes and Alzheimer's disease GWAS hits in brain small vessel ischemic disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7103. [PMID: 32345996 PMCID: PMC7188838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and small vessel ischemic disease frequently co-exist in the aging brain. However, pathogenic links between these 2 disorders are yet to be identified. Therefore we used Taqman genotyping, exome and RNA sequencing to investigate Alzheimer’s disease known pathogenic variants and pathways: APOE ε4 allele, APP-Aβ metabolism and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease main genome-wide association loci (APOE, BIN1, CD33, MS4A6A, CD2AP, PICALM, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, ABCA7) in 96 early-onset small vessel ischemic disease Caucasian patients and 368 elderly neuropathologically proven controls (HEX database) and in a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Only a minority of patients (29%) carried APOE ε4 allele. We did not detect any pathogenic mutation in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 and report a burden of truncating mutations in APP-Aß degradation genes. The single-variant association test identified 3 common variants with a likely protective effect on small vessel ischemic disease (0.54>OR > 0.32, adj. p-value <0.05) (EPHA1 p.M900V and p.V160A and CD33 p.A14V). Moreover, 5/17 APP-Aß catabolism genes were significantly upregulated (LogFC > 1, adj. p-val<0.05) together with Apoe, Ms4a cluster and Cd33 during brain hypoperfusion and their overexpression correlated with the ischemic lesion size. Finally, the detection of Aβ oligomers in the hypoperfused hippocampus supported the link between brain ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
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6
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D’Argenio V, Sarnataro D. New Insights into the Molecular Bases of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10020026. [PMID: 32325882 PMCID: PMC7354425 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Like several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Prion and Parkinson diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by spreading mechanism of aggregated proteins in the brain in a typical "prion-like" manner. Recent genetic studies have identified in four genes associated with inherited AD (amyloid precursor protein-APP, Presenilin-1, Presenilin-2 and Apolipoprotein E), rare mutations which cause dysregulation of APP processing and alterations of folding of the derived amyloid beta peptide (A). Accumulation and aggregation of A in the brain can trigger a series of intracellular events, including hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, leading to the pathological features of AD. However, mutations in these four genes account for a small of the total genetic risk for familial AD (FAD). Genome-wide association studies have recently led to the identification of additional AD candidate genes. Here, we review an update of well-established, highly penetrant FAD-causing genes with correlation to the protein misfolding pathway, and novel emerging candidate FAD genes, as well as inherited risk factors. Knowledge of these genes and of their correlated biochemical cascade will provide several potential targets for treatment of AD and aging-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria D’Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate scarl, via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, via di val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
| | - Daniela Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.D.); (D.S.); Tel.: +39-081-3737909 (V.D.); +39-081-7464575 (D.S.)
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7
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Cai T, Tomita T. Structure-activity relationship of presenilin in γ-secretase-mediated intramembrane cleavage. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:102-109. [PMID: 32171519 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic research on familial cases of Alzheimer disease have identified presenilin (PS) as an important membrane protein in the pathomechanism of this disease. PS is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase, which is responsible for the generation of amyloid-β peptide deposited in the brains of Alzheimer disease patients. γ-Secretase is an atypical protease composed of four membrane proteins (i.e., presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective-1 (Aph-1), and presenilin enhancer-2 (Pen-2)) and mediates intramembrane proteolysis. Numerous investigations have been conducted toward understanding the structural features of γ-secretase components as well as the cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the structure and activity relationship of the γ-secretase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Cai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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8
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Hsu S, Gordon BA, Hornbeck R, Norton JB, Levitch D, Louden A, Ziegemeier E, Laforce R, Chhatwal J, Day GS, McDade E, Morris JC, Fagan AM, Benzinger TLS, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Bateman RJ, Karch CM. Discovery and validation of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutations. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:67. [PMID: 30021643 PMCID: PMC6052673 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is clinically characterized by progressive cognitive decline. Mutations in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) are the pathogenic cause of autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). However, polymorphisms also exist within these genes. Methods In order to distinguish polymorphisms from pathogenic mutations, the DIAN Expanded Registry has implemented an algorithm for determining ADAD pathogenicity using available information from multiple domains, including genetic, bioinformatic, clinical, imaging, and biofluid measures and in vitro analyses. Results We propose that PSEN1 M84V, PSEN1 A396T, PSEN2 R284G, and APP T719N are likely pathogenic mutations, whereas PSEN1 c.379_382delXXXXinsG and PSEN2 L238F have uncertain pathogenicity. Conclusions In defining a subset of these variants as pathogenic, individuals from these families can now be enrolled in observational and clinical trials. This study outlines a critical approach for translating genetic data into meaningful clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russ Hornbeck
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joanne B Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Denise Levitch
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adia Louden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ellen Ziegemeier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire du CHU de Québec, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jasmeer Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 149 13th Street, Gerontology Research Room 2669, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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9
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Genetic screening in two Iranian families with early-onset Alzheimer's disease identified a novel PSEN1 mutation. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 62:244.e15-244.e17. [PMID: 29175279 PMCID: PMC5743634 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A subset of early-onset Alzheimer's disease is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait and is associated with mutations in the genes encoding β-amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, or presenilin 2. In this study, we identified 2 PSEN1 mutations (1 novel and 1 known) in 2 unrelated Iranian families with autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease. The disease progressed rapidly with a mean age at onset of 33 and 42 years and an age at death ranging from 43 to 48 years.
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10
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Park J, An SSA, Giau VV, Shim K, Youn YC, Bagyinszky E, Kim S. Identification of a novel PSEN1 mutation (Leu232Pro) in a Korean patient with early-onset Alzheimer's disease and a family history of dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:212.e11-212.e17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Natelson Love M, Clark DG, Cochran JN, Den Beste KA, Geldmacher DS, Benzinger TL, Gordon BA, Morris JC, Bateman RJ, Roberson ED. Clinical, imaging, pathological, and biochemical characterization of a novel presenilin 1 mutation (N135Y) causing Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 49:216.e7-216.e13. [PMID: 27793474 PMCID: PMC5154842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present 2 cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease due to a novel N135Y mutation in PSEN1. The proband presented with memory and other cognitive symptoms at age 32. Detailed clinical characterization revealed initial deficits in memory with associated dysarthria, progressing to involve executive dysfunction, spastic gait, and episodic confusion with polyspike discharges on long-term electroencephalography. Amyloid- and FDG-PET scans showed typical results of Alzheimer's disease. By history, the proband's father had developed cognitive symptoms at age 42 and died at age 48. Neuropathological evaluation confirmed Alzheimer's disease, with moderate to severe amyloid angiopathy. Skeletal muscle showed type 2 fiber-predominant atrophy with pale central clearing. Genetic testing of the proband revealed an N135Y missense mutation in PSEN1. This mutation was predicted to be pathogenic by in silico analysis. Biochemical analysis confirmed that the mutation caused an increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, consistent with other PSEN1 mutations and with a loss of presenilin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Natelson Love
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David G Clark
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - J Nicholas Cochran
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyle A Den Beste
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David S Geldmacher
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tammie L Benzinger
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian A Gordon
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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12
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Denvir J, Neitch S, Fan J, Niles RM, Boskovic G, Schreurs BG, Primerano DA, Alkon DL. Identification of the PS1 Thr147Ile Variant in a Family with Very Early Onset Dementia and Expressive Aphasia. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:483-90. [PMID: 25812849 PMCID: PMC4583332 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early onset dementias have variable clinical presentations and are often difficult to diagnose. We established a family pedigree that demonstrated consistent recurrence of very early onset dementia in successive generations. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD In order to refine the diagnosis in this family, we sequenced the exomes of two affected family members and relied on discrete filtering to identify disease genes and the corresponding causal variants. RESULTS Among the 720 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) shared by two affected members, we found a C to T transition that gives rise to a Thr147Ile missense substitution in the presenilin 1 (PS1) protein. The presence of this same mutation in a French early-onset Alzheimer's disease family, other affected members of the family, and the predicted high pathogenicity of the substitution strongly suggest that it is the causal variant. In addition to exceptionally young age of onset, we also observed significant limb spasticity and early loss of speech, concurrent with progression of dementia in affected family members. These findings extend the clinical presentation associated with the Thr147Ile variant. Lastly, one member with the Thr147Ile variant was treated with the PKC epsilon activator, bryostatin, in a compassionate use trial after successful FDA review. Initial improvements with this treatment were unexpectedly clear, including return of some speech, increased attentional focus, ability to swallow, and some apparent decrease in limb spasticity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm the role of the PS1 Thr147Ile substitution in Alzheimer's disease and expand the clinical phenotype to include expressive aphasia and very early onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Shirley Neitch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Richard M Niles
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Goran Boskovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Bernard G Schreurs
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Donald A Primerano
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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13
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Somavarapu AK, Kepp KP. Loss of stability and hydrophobicity of presenilin 1 mutations causing Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:101-11. [PMID: 26756738 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 200 mutations in the gene coding for presenilin 1 (PSEN1) cause early-onset Alzheimer's disease, yet the molecular mechanism remains obscure. As a meta-analysis, we compiled available clinical and biochemical data for PSEN1 variants and correlated these to chemical properties of the mutants. We found statistically significant relationships between relative Aβ42 levels and clinical age of onset. We then computed chemical properties of the mutants from a variety of computational chemistry tools. Relative Aβ42 levels correlated significantly (95% confidence or more from p-values of linear regression) with loss of hydrophobicity for four different regression analyses (squared correlation coefficient of linear regression R(2) of 0.41-0.53) and with increased polarity (R(2) = 0.47, 0.59) and loss of protein stability (R(2) = 0.39, 0.63) for two independent data sets. Age of onset of patients carrying PSEN1 variants correlated with increased polarity (R(2) = 0.49, 0.40) and loss of stability (R(2) = 0.75, 0.44) of the protein for both data sets. These relations suggest that mutants impair the membrane-associated structural integrity of presenilin by reducing hydrophobic membrane association and overall protein stability. This explains why the many mutations that spread out across the protein and far from the catalytic aspartates can cause disease. The identified molecular determinants of clinical age of symptom onset may be relevant to future presenilin-modulating therapies specifically directed towards increasing the structural integrity and packing of the protein. Close to 200 mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) cause Alzheimer's disease, but the biochemical relating these to disease remains debated. The chemical properties of PSEN1 variants were computed and correlated against clinical age of symptom onset. Loss of stability and hydrophobicity and gain of polarity relate to disease onset, suggesting that mutants impair the membrane structure of PSEN1 and that therapies should increase PSEN1 structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Moussavi Nik SH, Newman M, Wilson L, Ebrahimie E, Wells S, Musgrave I, Verdile G, Martins RN, Lardelli M. Alzheimer's disease-related peptide PS2V plays ancient, conserved roles in suppression of the unfolded protein response under hypoxia and stimulation of γ-secretase activity. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3662-78. [PMID: 25814654 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The PRESENILIN1 and PRESENILIN2 genes encode structurally related proteases essential for γ-secretase activity. Of nearly 200 PRESENILIN mutations causing early onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) only the K115Efx10 mutation of PSEN2 causes truncation of the open reading frame. If translated, the truncated product would resemble a naturally occurring isoform of PSEN2 named PS2V that is induced by hypoxia and found at elevated levels in late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. The function of PS2V is largely unexplored. We show that zebrafish possess a PS2V-like isoform, PS1IV, produced from the fish's PSEN1 rather than PSEN2 orthologous gene. The molecular mechanism controlling formation of PS2V/PS1IV was probably present in the ancient common ancestor of the PSEN1 and PSEN2 genes. Human PS2V and zebrafish PS1IV have highly divergent structures but conserved abilities to stimulate γ-secretase activity and to suppress the unfolded protein response (UPR) under hypoxia. The putative protein truncation caused by K115Efx10 resembles PS2V in its ability to increase γ-secretase activity and suppress the UPR. This supports increased Aβ levels as a common link between K115Efx10 early onset AD and sporadic, late onset AD. The ability of mutant variants of PS2V to stimulate γ-secretase activity partially correlates with their ability to suppress the UPR. The cytosolic, transmembrane and luminal domains of PS2V are all critical to its γ-secretase and UPR-suppression activities. Our data support a model in which chronic hypoxia in aged brains promotes excessive Notch signalling and accumulation of Aβ that contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Newman
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences
| | - Lachlan Wilson
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences
| | | | - Simon Wells
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences
| | - Ian Musgrave
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences,
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15
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Maloney JA, Bainbridge T, Gustafson A, Zhang S, Kyauk R, Steiner P, van der Brug M, Liu Y, Ernst JA, Watts RJ, Atwal JK. Molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer disease protection by the A673T allele of amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30990-1000. [PMID: 25253696 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have been described as causing early onset familial Alzheimer disease (AD). We recently identified a rare APP variant encoding an alanine-to-threonine substitution at residue 673 (A673T) that confers protection against development of AD (Jonsson, T., Atwal, J. K., Steinberg, S., Snaedal, J., Jonsson, P. V., Bjornsson, S., Stefansson, H., Sulem, P., Gudbjartsson, D., Maloney, J., Hoyte, K., Gustafson, A., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Bhangale, T., Graham, R. R., Huttenlocher, J., Bjornsdottir, G., Andreassen, O. A., Jönsson, E. G., Palotie, A., Behrens, T. W., Magnusson, O. T., Kong, A., Thorsteinsdottir, U., Watts, R. J., and Stefansson, K. (2012) Nature 488, 96-99). The Ala-673 residue lies within the β-secretase recognition sequence and is part of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cleavage product (position 2 of Aβ). We previously demonstrated that the A673T substitution makes APP a less favorable substrate for cleavage by BACE1. In follow-up studies, we confirm that A673T APP shows reduced cleavage by BACE1 in transfected mouse primary neurons and in isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Using a biochemical approach, we show that the A673T substitution modulates the catalytic turnover rate (V(max)) of APP by the BACE1 enzyme, without affecting the affinity (K(m)) of the APP substrate for BACE1. We also show a reduced level of Aβ(1-42) aggregation with A2T Aβ peptides, an observation not conserved in Aβ(1-40) peptides. When combined in a ratio of 1:9 Aβ(1-42)/Aβ(1-40) to mimic physiologically relevant mixtures, A2T retains a trend toward slowed aggregation kinetics. Microglial uptake of the mutant Aβ(1-42) peptides correlated with their aggregation level. Cytotoxicity of the mutant Aβ peptides was not dramatically altered. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that A673T, a protective allele of APP, reproducibly reduces amyloidogenic processing of APP and also mildly decreases Aβ aggregation. These effects could together have an additive or even synergistic impact on the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel van der Brug
- ITGR Diagnostics Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Yichin Liu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, and
| | - James A Ernst
- From the Departments of Neuroscience, Protein Chemistry,
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16
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Sassi C, Guerreiro R, Gibbs R, Ding J, Lupton MK, Troakes C, Al-Sarraj S, Niblock M, Gallo JM, Adnan J, Killick R, Brown KS, Medway C, Lord J, Turton J, Bras J, Morgan K, Powell JF, Singleton A, Hardy J. Investigating the role of rare coding variability in Mendelian dementia genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, MAPT, and PRNP) in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2881.e1-2881.e6. [PMID: 25104557 PMCID: PMC4236585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The overlapping clinical and neuropathologic features between late-onset apparently sporadic Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and other neurodegenerative dementias (frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) raise the question of whether shared genetic risk factors may explain the similar phenotype among these disparate disorders. To investigate this intriguing hypothesis, we analyzed rare coding variability in 6 Mendelian dementia genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN, MAPT, and PRNP), in 141 LOAD patients and 179 elderly controls, neuropathologically proven, from the UK. In our cohort, 14 LOAD cases (10%) and 11 controls (6%) carry at least 1 rare variant in the genes studied. We report a novel variant in PSEN1 (p.I168T) and a rare variant in PSEN2 (p.A237V), absent in controls and both likely pathogenic. Our findings support previous studies, suggesting that (1) rare coding variability in PSEN1 and PSEN2 may influence the susceptibility for LOAD and (2) GRN, MAPT, and PRNP are not major contributors to LOAD. Thus, genetic screening is pivotal for the clinical differential diagnosis of these neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Sassi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raphael Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Claire Troakes
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jihad Adnan
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | | | - Kristelle S Brown
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Medway
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jenny Lord
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Turton
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Translation Cell Sciences-Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John F Powell
- King's College London Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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17
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α-Synuclein mutations cluster around a putative protein loop. Neurosci Lett 2013; 546:67-70. [PMID: 23669636 PMCID: PMC3694303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We map all five missense SNCA mutations on the proposed α-synuclein protein models. 4 mutations cluster around the protein loop linking the two legs of the hairpin. 4 mutations cluster around the point of hairpin convergence for tetramer formation.
With the recent identification of two new pathogenic mutations in α-synuclein, we map the five known pathogenic mutations onto the best available models of the protein structure. We show that four of the five mutations map to a potential fold in the protein with the exception being the A30P mutation in which the substitution would be expected to have a profound effect on protein structure. We discuss this localisation in terms of the proposed mechanisms for mutation pathogenicity.
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18
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Genetic testing in familial and young-onset Alzheimer's disease: mutation spectrum in a Serbian cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1481.e7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Guerreiro RJ, Gustafson DR, Hardy J. The genetic architecture of Alzheimer's disease: beyond APP, PSENs and APOE. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:437-56. [PMID: 20594621 PMCID: PMC2980860 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex disorder with a clear genetic component. Three genes have been identified as the cause of early onset familial AD (EOAD). The most common form of the disease, late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), is, however, a sporadic one presenting itself in later stages of life. The genetic component of this late onset form of AD has been the target of a large number of studies, because only one genetic risk factor (APOE4) has been consistently associated with the disease. However, technological advances allow new approaches in the study of complex disorders. In this review, we discuss the new results produced by genome wide association studies, in light of the current knowledge of the complexity of AD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Polymorphisms of presenilin-1 gene associate with dilated cardiomyopathy susceptibility. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:31-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Church A, Prescott J, Lillis S, Rees J, Chance P, Williamson K, Morris HR. A novel presenilin 1 mutation, I202F occurring at a previously predicted pathogenic site causing autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 32:556.e1-2. [PMID: 21144619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel presenilin-1 (PSEN1) mutation, I202F occurring in a Welsh kindred with familial Alzheimer's disease. The average age at onset was 53 years. The I202F mutation occurs in alignment with previously reported PSEN1 mutations in the fourth transmembrane domain and confirms that PSEN1 mutations line up along transmembrane alpha-helices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Church
- Department of Neurology, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent, UK
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22
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Ringman JM, Gylys KH, Medina LD, Fox M, Kepe V, Flores DL, Apostolova LG, Barrio JR, Small G, Silverman DH, Siu E, Cederbaum S, Hecimovic S, Malnar M, Chakraverty S, Goate AM, Bird TD, Leverenz JB. Biochemical, neuropathological, and neuroimaging characteristics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease due to a novel PSEN1 mutation. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:287-92. [PMID: 21094210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to PSEN1 mutations provides an opportunity to examine AD biomarkers in persons in whom the diagnosis is certain. We describe a 55 year-old woman with clinically probable AD and a novel PSEN1 mutation who underwent genetic, clinical, biochemical and magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging assessments. We also describe neuropathological findings in her similarly affected brother. Neuropsychological testing confirmed deficits in memory, visuospatial and language function. CSF t-tau and p-tau181 were markedly elevated and Aβ(42) levels reduced. FDG-PET revealed hypometabolism in the left parietotemporal cortex. FDDNP-PET showed increased binding of tracer in medial temporal and parietal lobes and in the head of the caudate and anterior putamen bilaterally. Neuropathological examination of her brother showed the typical findings of AD and the striatum demonstrated amyloid pathology and marked neurofibrillary pathology beyond that typically seen in late-onset AD. A novel S212Y substitution in PSEN1 was present in the index patient and her affected brother but not in an older unaffected sister. An in vitro assay in which the S212Y mutation was introduced in cell culture confirmed that it was associated with increased production of Aβ(42). We describe biochemical, imaging, and neuropathological changes in a pedigree with a novel PSEN1 mutation. This allows us to validate the pathogenicity of this mutation and the indices used to assess AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ringman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, UCLA Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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23
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Harnasch M, Grau S, Behrends C, Dove SL, Hochschild A, Iskandar MK, Xia W, Ehrmann M. Characterization of presenilin-amyloid precursor interaction using bacterial expression and two-hybrid systems for human membrane proteins. Mol Membr Biol 2009; 21:373-83. [PMID: 15764367 DOI: 10.1080/09687860400008429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An Escherichia coli system was used to produce the human membrane proteins presenilin 1 and amyloid precursor protein and to analyse their interaction. Our data indicate that the main binding site for amyloid precursor protein is located in the N-terminal three-transmembrane segments of presenilin and not in the proposed active site containing the two conserved aspartate residues. The data also suggest the presence of an additional segment of sufficient hydrophobicity at the C-terminus of PS1 to act potentially as a transmembrane segment. The implications of these findings for the function of gamma-secretase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Harnasch
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
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24
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Early onset familial Alzheimer Disease with spastic paraparesis, dysarthria, and seizures and N135S mutation in PSEN1. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2008; 22:299-307. [PMID: 18580586 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3181732399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early onset familial Alzheimer disease (EOFAD) can be caused by mutations in genes for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 (PSEN1), or presenilin 2 (PSEN2). There is considerable phenotypic variability in EOFAD, including some patients with spastic paraparesis. The objective is to describe clinical and neuropathologic features of a family with a PSEN1 mutation that has been reported previously, without autopsy confirmation, in a single Greek family whose affected members presented with memory loss in their 30s, as well as variable limb spasticity and seizures. METHODS We prospectively evaluated 2 children (son and daughter) with EOFAD and reviewed medical records on their mother. Archival material from the autopsy of the mother was reviewed and postmortem studies were performed on the brain of the daughter. RESULTS All 3 individuals in this family had disease onset in their 30s, with cognitive deficits in multiple domains, including memory, language, and attention, as well as less common features such as spastic dysarthria, limb spasticity, and seizures. At autopsy both the mother and her daughter had pathologic findings of Alzheimer disease, and histologic evidence of corticospinal tract degeneration. Genetic studies revealed a mutation in PSEN1 leading to an asparagine to serine substitution at amino acid residue 135 (N135S) in presenilin 1. CONCLUSIONS This is the first description of neuropathologic findings in EOFAD owing to N135S PSEN1 mutation. The clinical phenotype was remarkable for spastic dysarthria, limb spasticity, and seizures, in addition to more typical features of EOFAD.
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25
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Guerreiro RJ, Baquero M, Blesa R, Boada M, Brás JM, Bullido MJ, Calado A, Crook R, Ferreira C, Frank A, Gómez-Isla T, Hernández I, Lleó A, Machado A, Martínez-Lage P, Masdeu J, Molina-Porcel L, Molinuevo JL, Pastor P, Pérez-Tur J, Relvas R, Oliveira CR, Ribeiro MH, Rogaeva E, Sa A, Samaranch L, Sánchez-Valle R, Santana I, Tàrraga L, Valdivieso F, Singleton A, Hardy J, Clarimón J. Genetic screening of Alzheimer's disease genes in Iberian and African samples yields novel mutations in presenilins and APP. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 31:725-31. [PMID: 18667258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in three genes (PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP) have been identified in patients with early-onset (<65 years) Alzheimer's disease (AD). We performed a screening for mutations in the coding regions of presenilins, as well as exons 16 and 17 of the APP gene in a total of 231 patients from the Iberian peninsular with a clinical diagnosis of early-onset AD (mean age at onset of 52.9 years; range 31-64). We found three novel mutations in PSEN1, one novel mutation in PSEN2, and a novel mutation in the APP gene. Four previously described mutations in PSEN1 were also found. The same analysis was carried in 121 elderly healthy controls from the Iberian peninsular, and a set of 130 individuals from seven African populations belonging to the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain-Human Genome Diversity Panel (CEPH-HGDP), in order to determine the extent of normal variability in these genes. Interestingly, in the latter series, we found five new non-synonymous changes in all three genes and a presenilin 2 variant (R62H) that has been previously related to AD. In some of these mutations, the pathologic consequence is uncertain and needs further investigation. To address this question we propose and use a systematic algorithm to classify the putative pathology of AD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Joao Guerreiro
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Jozwiak K, Krzysko K, Bojarski L, Gacia M, Filipek S. Molecular Models of the Interface between Anterior Pharynx-Defective Protein 1 (APH-1) and Presenilin Involving GxxxG Motifs. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:627-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Golan MP, Styczyńska M, Jóźwiak K, Walecki J, Maruszak A, Pniewski J, Lugiewicz R, Filipek S, Zekanowski C, Barcikowska M. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease with a de novo mutation in the presenilin 1 gene. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:264-8. [PMID: 17931627 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 32-year-old woman diagnosed with very rapidly progressing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), age of onset 29 years, and S170F mutation in presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1) is presented. Neuroimaging conducted 2 years after the first symptoms was typical for the advanced stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), showing cortical brain atrophy, particularly within hippocampus, frontal and temporal cortex. The unaffected parents of the proband are not carriers of the mutation. The paternity was confirmed by microsatellite typing, strongly suggesting de novo origin of S170F mutation. In silico modeling of S170F mutation impact on presenilin 1 (PS1) transmembrane structure indicates that the mutation considerably alters putative interactions of PS1 with other proteins within gamma-secretase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Golan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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28
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Tomaino C, Bernardi L, Anfossi M, Costanzo A, Ferrise F, Gallo M, Geracitano S, Maletta R, Curcio SAM, Mirabelli M, Colao R, Frangipane F, Puccio G, Calignano C, Muraca MG, Paonessa A, Smirne N, Leotta A, Bruni AC. Presenilin 2 Ser130Leu mutation in a case of late-onset "sporadic" Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol 2007; 254:391-3. [PMID: 17345043 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0373-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Li D, Parks SB, Kushner JD, Nauman D, Burgess D, Ludwigsen S, Partain J, Nixon RR, Allen CN, Irwin RP, Jakobs PM, Litt M, Hershberger RE. Mutations of presenilin genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:1030-9. [PMID: 17186461 PMCID: PMC1698711 DOI: 10.1086/509900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common disorders of the elderly are heart failure and Alzheimer disease (AD). Heart failure usually results from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM of unknown cause in families has recently been shown to result from genetic disease, highlighting newly discovered disease mechanisms. AD is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease of older Americans. Familial AD is caused most commonly by presenilin 1 (PSEN1) or presenilin 2 (PSEN2) mutations, a discovery that has greatly advanced the field. The presenilins are also expressed in the heart and are critical to cardiac development. We hypothesized that mutations in presenilins may also be associated with DCM and that their discovery could provide new insight into the pathogenesis of DCM and heart failure. A total of 315 index patients with DCM were evaluated for sequence variation in PSEN1 and PSEN2. Families positive for mutations underwent additional clinical, genetic, and functional studies. A novel PSEN1 missense mutation (Asp333Gly) was identified in one family, and a single PSEN2 missense mutation (Ser130Leu) was found in two other families. Both mutations segregated with DCM and heart failure. The PSEN1 mutation was associated with complete penetrance and progressive disease that resulted in the necessity of cardiac transplantation or in death. The PSEN2 mutation showed partial penetrance, milder disease, and a more favorable prognosis. Calcium signaling was altered in cultured skin fibroblasts from PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutation carriers. These data indicate that PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutations are associated with DCM and heart failure and implicate novel mechanisms of myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanxiang Li
- Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Jozwiak K, Zekanowski C, Filipek S. Linear patterns of Alzheimer's disease mutations along α-helices of presenilins as a tool for PS-1 model construction. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1560-72. [PMID: 16923167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed an analysis of mutation patterns in all 10 hydrophobic regions (HRs) of presenilin-1 (PS-1) and PS-2 using a recent database of Alzheimer's disease (AD) mutations. The linear patterns were confirmed and extended to areas spanning as many as three faces of a given HR. The complementary areas of residues free of AD mutations were identified based on the location of non-pathogenic polymorphisms and PS-1 versus PS-2 amino acid discordances. Taking into account the location of areas of AD mutations and mutation-free areas/regions, we proposed a preliminary model of PS-1 structure using a general stick-out-mutation rule. To build a molecular structure of PS-1 and preserve features of the preliminary model, we used bacteriorhodopsin template in homology/comparative modelling. Two molecular models were built differing in the location of C-terminal fragment helices. The models properly distinguish residues belonging to AD-affected sites and non-pathogenic areas, and may be used for classification purposes. They also comply with experimental results, such as differences in accessibility of the catalytic residues in uncleaved PS-1, and binding of PEN-2 by the PS-1 NF motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jozwiak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Zekanowski C, Golan MP, Krzyśko KA, Lipczyńska-Łojkowska W, Filipek S, Kowalska A, Rossa G, Pepłońska B, Styczyńska M, Maruszak A, Religa D, Wender M, Kulczycki J, Barcikowska M, Kuźnicki J. Two novel presenilin 1 gene mutations connected with frontotemporal dementia-like clinical phenotype: Genetic and bioinformatic assessment. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:82-8. [PMID: 16546171 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). There are several reports describing mutations in PSEN1 in cases with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We identified two novel mutations in the PSEN1 gene: L226F and L424H. The first mutation was detected in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of FTD and a post-mortem diagnosis of AD. The second mutation is connected with a clinical phenotype of variant AD with strong FTD signs. In silico modeling revealed that the mutations, as well as mutations used for comparison (F177L and L424R), change the local structure, stability and/or properties of the transmembrane regions of the presenilin 1 protein (PS1). In contrast, a silent non-synonymous substitution F175S is eclipsed by external residues and has no influence on PS1 interfacial surface. We suggest that in silico analysis of PS1 substitutions can be used to characterize novel PSEN1 mutations, to discriminate between silent polymorphisms and a potential disease-causing mutation. We also propose that PSEN1 mutations should be considered in FTD patients with no MAPT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Zekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
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32
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Abstract
Presenilin 1 plays a central catalytic role in the gamma-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein, Notch and many other substrates. However, this core component clearly mediates independently several other physiological roles in the cell/neuron. Besides its involvement in beta-catenin degradation, we discuss here the recent implication of presenilin 1 in the turnover of the intercellular cell adhesion molecule, telencephalin, through a degradation route that bears autophagic characteristics. Activation of the endosomal/lysosomal system in general and autophagic degradation in particular, is finally briefly discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raemaekers
- Laboratory for Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, Gasthuisberg, K.U. Leuven and V.I.B.04, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Watanabe N, Tomita T, Sato C, Kitamura T, Morohashi Y, Iwatsubo T. Pen-2 is incorporated into the gamma-secretase complex through binding to transmembrane domain 4 of presenilin 1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41967-75. [PMID: 16234244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma-Secretase is a multimeric membrane protein complex comprised of presenilin (PS), nicastrin (Nct), Aph-1, and Pen-2. It is a member of an atypical class of aspartic proteases that hydrolyzes peptide bonds within the membrane. During the biosynthetic process of the gamma-secretase complex, Nct and Aph-1 form a heterodimeric intermediate complex and bind to the C-terminal region of PS, serving as a stabilizing scaffold for the complex. Pen-2 is then recruited into this trimeric complex and triggers endoproteolysis of PS, conferring gamma-secretase activity. Although the Pen-2 accumulation depends on PS, the binding partner of Pen-2 within the gamma-secretase complex remains unknown. We reconstituted PS1 in Psen1/Psen2 deficient cells by expressing a series of PS1 mutants in which one of the N-terminal six transmembrane domains (TMDs) was swapped with those of CD4 (a type I transmembrane protein) or CLAC-P (a type II transmembrane protein). We report that the proximal two-thirds of TMD4 of PS1, including the conserved Trp-Asn-Phe sequence, are required for its interaction with Pen-2. Using a chimeric CD4 molecule harboring PS1 TMD4, we further demonstrate that the PS1 TMD4 bears a direct binding motif to Pen-2. Pen-2 may contribute to the activation of the gamma-secretase complex by directly binding to the TMD4 of PS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Watanabe
- Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Suga K, Saito A, Tomiyama T, Mori H, Akagawa K. Syntaxin 5 interacts specifically with presenilin holoproteins and affects processing of betaAPP in neuronal cells. J Neurochem 2005; 94:425-39. [PMID: 15998293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The specific roles of syntaxin 5 (Syx 5) in the interaction with presenilin (PS) and the accumulation of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP), as well as the secretion of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta peptide) were examined in NG108-15 cells. Syx 5, which localizes from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, bound to PS holoproteins, while the other Syxs studied did not. Among familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)-linked PS mutants, PS1deltaE9, which lacks the endoproteolytic cleavage site, showed markedly decreased binding to Syx 5. The interaction domains in Syx 5 were mapped to the transmembrane region and to the cytoplasmic region containing the alpha-helical domains, which are distinct from the H3 (SNARE motif). Among all of the Syxs examined, only overexpression of Syx 5 resulted in the accumulation of betaAPP in the ER to cis-Golgi compartment, an attenuation of the amount of the C-terminal fragment (APP-CTF) of betaAPP, and a reduction in the secretion of Abeta peptides. Furthermore, co-expression of Syx 5 with C99 resulted in an increase in APP-CTF and suppressed Abeta secretion. Taken together, these results indicate that Syx 5 may play a specific role in the modulation of processing and/or trafficking of FAD-related proteins in neuronal cells by interaction with PS holoproteins in the early secretory compartment of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suga
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan.
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35
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Brunkan AL, Martinez M, Wang J, Walker ES, Beher D, Shearman MS, Goate AM. Two domains within the first putative transmembrane domain of presenilin 1 differentially influence presenilinase and gamma-secretase activity. J Neurochem 2005; 94:1315-28. [PMID: 16001967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) are thought to contain the active site for presenilinase endoproteolysis of PS and gamma-secretase cleavage of substrates. The structural requirements for PS incorporation into the gamma-secretase enzyme complex, complex stability and maturation, and appropriate presenilinase and gamma-secretase activity are poorly understood. We used rescue assays to identify sequences in transmembrane domain one (TM1) of PS1 required to support presenilinase and gamma-secretase activities. Swap mutations identified an N-terminal TM1 domain that is important for gamma-secretase activity only and a C-terminal TM1 domain that is essential for both presenilinase and gamma-secretase activities. Exchange of residues 95-98 of PS1 (sw95-98) completely abolishes both activities while the familial Alzheimer's disease mutation V96F significantly inhibits both activities. Reversion of residue 96 back to valine in the sw95-98 mutant rescues PS function, identifying V96 as the critical residue in this region. The TM1 mutants do not bind to an aspartyl protease transition state analog gamma-secretase inhibitor, indicating a conformational change induced by the mutations that abrogates catalytic activity. TM1 mutant PS1 molecules retain the ability to interact with gamma-secretase substrates and gamma-secretase complex members, although Nicastrin stability is decreased by the presence of these mutants. gamma-Secretase complexes that contain V96F mutant PS1 molecules display a partial loss of function for gamma-secretase that alters the ratio of amyloid-beta peptide species produced, leading to the amyloid-beta peptide aggregation that causes familial Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Brunkan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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36
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Finckh U, Kuschel C, Anagnostouli M, Patsouris E, Pantes GV, Gatzonis S, Kapaki E, Davaki P, Lamszus K, Stavrou D, Gal A. Novel mutations and repeated findings of mutations in familial Alzheimer disease. Neurogenetics 2005; 6:85-9. [PMID: 15776278 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-005-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one unrelated patients with a history of suspected familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) were screened for mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP, the known FAD genes encoding the presenilins (PS1 and PS2) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The mutation detection rate was 57%. Of the nine pathogenic mutations found in 12 cases, three were in APP, one in PSEN2, and five in PSEN1, including two novel Greek mutations (L113Q and N135S). Whereas our findings suggest the possibility of single founders for the majority of mutations, we found evidence of recurrence of the APP mutations V717L and V717I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Finckh
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Butenfeld 42, 22529 Hamburg, Germany.
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37
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Jimenez-Escrig A, Rabano A, Guerrero C, Simon J, Barquero MS, Güell I, Ginestal RC, Montero T, Orensanz L. New V272A presenilin 1 mutation with very early onset subcortical dementia and parkinsonism. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:663-9. [PMID: 15469450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we present the clinical and pathological details of a kindred of four individuals with a novel missense mutation (V272A) of the presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1) that experienced a subcortical dementia. The age of onset of symptoms ranged 26-36-year old, with an age at death of 36-46 years. Initial symptom was a marked mood disorder, with prominent parkinsonism in one case. The neuropsychological study, as well as the neuroimaging and PET in the proband were concordant with a subcortical dementia. The cerebral pathology showed in this patient, aside from the classical lesions of Alzheimer disease, Lewy bodies in cortex and substantia nigra, and widespread subcortical neuritic lesions. This clinical pattern and pathology expands the clinical spectrum of familial Alzheimer's disease and compel to include mutations of PSEN1 gene in the genetic study of subcortical dementia.
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38
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Coleman P, Kurlan R, Crook R, Werner J, Hardy J. A new presenilin Alzheimer’s disease case confirms the helical alignment of pathogenic mutations in transmembrane domain 5. Neurosci Lett 2004; 364:139-40. [PMID: 15196662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 04/02/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a case of familial early onset Alzheimer's disease, a mutation was detected in exon 7 of the presenilin 1 gene at codon 226 with a resultant amino acid change from leucine (CTC) to arginine (CGC) (L226R). This is a novel finding, yet is consistent with the previously reported mutations at codons 222, 229, 233 and 237 in transmembrane domain 5 which show a helical alignment of mutations in this domain. We conclude that the cause of Alzheimer's disease in this patient is an authentic PS1 gene abnormality responsible for the patient's early onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Coleman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box 645, NY 14642, USA
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Lleó A, Berezovska O, Growdon JH, Hyman BT. Clinical, pathological, and biochemical spectrum of Alzheimer disease associated with PS-1 mutations. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12:146-56. [PMID: 15010344 DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200403000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three genes have been implicated in the etiology of early-onset autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (AD): the amyloid precursor protein, the presenilin-1, and presenilin-2 genes. Approximately half of autosomal-dominant AD cases are associated with mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on the long arm of Chromosome 14. Marked allelic heterogeneity characterizes families with PS-1 gene mutations; more than 100 different mutations have been found in independent families thus far. With the exception of age at onset, the clinical phenotype is similar to late-onset AD, although some rare specific phenotypes have been described. These mutations lead to enhanced deposition of total Abeta and Abeta42 (but not Abeta40) in the brain, compared with sporadic AD. There is a considerable heterogeneity in the histological profiles among brains from patients with different mutations, and although some lead to predominantly parenchymal deposition of Abeta in the form of diffuse and cored plaques, others show predominantly vascular deposition, with severe amyloid angiopathy. Only some mutations are associated with enhanced neurofibrillary tangle formation and increased neuronal loss compared with sporadic AD. However, there is an important clinical and pathological variability even among family members with the same mutation, which suggests the involvement of other genetic or environmental factors that modulate the clinical expression of the disease. This represents a valuable model for identifying such factors and has potential implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for delaying disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lleó
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Alzheimer Research Unit, Charleston, MA 02129, USA
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40
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Lee MS, Kao SC, Lemere CA, Xia W, Tseng HC, Zhou Y, Neve R, Ahlijanian MK, Tsai LH. APP processing is regulated by cytoplasmic phosphorylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 163:83-95. [PMID: 14557249 PMCID: PMC2173445 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200301115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregate in senile plaque is a key characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we show that phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) on threonine 668 (P-APP) may play a role in APP metabolism. In AD brains, P-APP accumulates in large vesicular structures in afflicted hippocampal pyramidal neurons that costain with antibodies against endosome markers and the β-secretase, BACE1. Western blot analysis reveals increased levels of T668-phosphorylated APP COOH-terminal fragments in hippocampal lysates from many AD but not control subjects. Importantly, P-APP cofractionates with endosome markers and BACE1 in an iodixanol gradient and displays extensive colocalization with BACE1 in rat primary cortical neurons. Furthermore, APP COOH-terminal fragments generated by BACE1 are preferentially phosphorylated on T668 verses those produced by α-secretase. The production of Aβ is significantly reduced when phosphorylation of T668 is either abolished by mutation or inhibited by T668 kinase inhibitors. Together, these results suggest that T668 phosphorylation may facilitate the BACE1 cleavage of APP to increase Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Sum Lee
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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41
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Schroeter EH, Ilagan MXG, Brunkan AL, Hecimovic S, Li YM, Xu M, Lewis HD, Saxena MT, De Strooper B, Coonrod A, Tomita T, Iwatsubo T, Moore CL, Goate A, Wolfe MS, Shearman M, Kopan R. A presenilin dimer at the core of the gamma-secretase enzyme: insights from parallel analysis of Notch 1 and APP proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:13075-80. [PMID: 14566063 PMCID: PMC240747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1735338100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors and the amyloid precursor protein are type I membrane proteins that are proteolytically cleaved within their transmembrane domains by a presenilin (PS)-dependent gamma-secretase activity. In both proteins, two peptide bonds are hydrolyzed: one near the inner leaflet and the other in the middle of the transmembrane domain. Under saturating conditions the substrates compete with each other for proteolysis, but not for binding to PS. At least some Alzheimer's disease-causing PS mutations reside in proteins possessing low catalytic activity. We demonstrate (i) that differentially tagged PS molecules coimmunoprecipitate, and (ii) that PS N-terminal fragment dimers exist by using a photoaffinity probe based on a transition state analog gamma-secretase inhibitor. We propose that gamma-secretase contains a PS dimer in its catalytic core, that binding of substrate is at a site separate from the active site, and that substrate is cleaved at the interface of two PS molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Schroeter
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ma. Xenia G. Ilagan
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne L. Brunkan
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silva Hecimovic
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yue-ming Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Min Xu
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huw D. Lewis
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Meera T. Saxena
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Archie Coonrod
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chad L. Moore
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alison Goate
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael S. Wolfe
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Shearman
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Biological Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486-0004; Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, United Kingdom; Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163; and Neuronal Cell Biology and Gene Transfer Laboratory, Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB4 Leuven, Belgium
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein and the proteases cleaving this protein are important players in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease via the generation of the amyloid peptide. Physiologically, the amyloid precursor protein is implied in axonal vesicular trafficking and the proteases are implicated in developmentally important signaling pathways, most significantly those involving regulated intramembrane proteolysis or RIP. We discuss the cell biology behind the amyloid and tangle hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease, drawing on the many links to the fields of cell biology and developmental biology that have been established in the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Annaert
- Neuronal Cell Biology Laboratory, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) and Catholic University of Leuven, Center for Human Genetics Herestraat 49, Belgium
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43
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Plant LD, Boyle JP, Thomas NM, Hipkins NJ, Benedikz E, Hooper NM, Henderson Z, Vaughan PFT, Peers C, Cowburn RF, Pearson HA. Presenilin-1 mutations alter K+ currents in the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Neuroreport 2002; 13:1553-6. [PMID: 12218704 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200208270-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1) are the major cause of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. We have measured the voltage-gated K+ current in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y using whole-cell patch-clamp. When cells were stably transfected to over-express PS1, no change in K+ current was observed. However, over-expression of a deletion mutation (deltaE9) in PS1 led to a decreased K+ current. These changes were channel specific since no change in the Na+ current could be observed in the same cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that the K(V)3.1 K+ channel subunit had a diminished plasma membrane distribution when the deltaE9 over-expressing cells were compared to control cells. Intracellular retention of Kv3.1 is consistent with the notion that PS1 can modulate the activity and trafficking of ion channels in central neurones and implicates a compromise in electrical signalling as an underlying factor in the pathogenesis of familial Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh D Plant
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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44
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Houlden H, Crook R, Dolan RJ, McLaughlin J, Revesz T, Hardy J. A novel presenilin mutation (M233V) causing very early onset Alzheimer's disease with Lewy bodies. Neurosci Lett 2001; 313:93-5. [PMID: 11684347 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin 1 mutations are the major cause of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease: here we identify a new missense mutation causing a methionine to valine change at codon 233. This codon is homologous to a pathogenic presenilin 2 mutation with the same base change (ATG to GTG) and amino acid change (M239V). This mutation causes disease with an exceptionally early onset age (approximately 30 years) in which pathological examination shows extensive Lewy bodies as well as plaques and tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Houlden
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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45
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Abstract
It is widely believed that the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is intimately, if not causatively, associated with the deposition of approximately 4 kDa beta-amyloid (A beta) peptides in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of affected individuals. A beta peptides are liberated from transmembrane proteins, termed beta-amyloid precursor proteins (APP), by the concerted action of beta- and gamma-secretase(s). Whereas the identity of beta-secretase is no longer in question, the identity of gamma-secretase, which is responsible for the intramembranous processing of APP, has never been more enigmatic. Considerable evidence has accrued to impugn the presenilins (PS) as the executioners of intramembranous processing of APP. Here, we summarize these observations and review recent evidence that argues against the prevailing hypothesis that PS function as gamma-secretases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sisodia
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Dept of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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