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Huo Z, Zhang R, Chen Z, Xu J, Xu T, Feng T. The neural substrates responsible for punishment sensitivity association with procrastination: Left putamen connectivity with left middle temporal gyrus. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110982. [PMID: 38387807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Procrastination has adverse consequences across cultural contexts. Behavioral research found a positive correlation between punishment sensitivity and procrastination. However, little is known about the neural substrates underlying the association between them. We employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) methods to address this issue with two independent samples. In Sample 1, behavioral results found that punishment sensitivity was positively related to procrastination. The VBM analysis showed that punishment sensitivity was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in left putamen. Subsequently, the RSFC results revealed that left putamen - left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) connectivity was positively associated with punishment sensitivity. More crucially, mediation analysis indicated that left putamen - left MTG connectivity mediated the relationship between punishment sensitivity and procrastination. The aforementioned results were validated in Sample 2. Altogether, left putamen - left MTG connectivity might be the neural signature of the association between punishment sensitivity and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huo
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; Experimental Research Center for Medical and Psychological Science (ERC-MPS), School of Psychology, Army Medical University, China
| | - Junye Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- The Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Hamamoto Y, Oba K, Ishibashi R, Ding Y, Nouchi R, Sugiura M. Reduced body-image disturbance by body-image interventions is associated with neural-response changes in visual and social processing regions: a preliminary study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337776. [PMID: 38510808 PMCID: PMC10951070 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Body-image disturbance is a major factor in the development of eating disorders, especially among young women. There are two main components: perceptual disturbance, characterized by a discrepancy between perceived and actual body size, and affective disturbance, characterized by a discrepancy between perceived and ideal body size. Interventions targeting body-image disturbance ask individuals to describe their own body without using negative expressions when either viewing it in a mirror or imagining it. Despite the importance of reducing body-image disturbance, its neural mechanisms remain unclear. Here we investigated the changes in neural responses before and after an intervention. We hypothesized that neural responses correlated with the degree of body-image disturbance would also be related to its reduction, i.e., a reduction in perceptual and affective disturbances would be related to changes in attentional and socio-cognitive processing, respectively. Methods Twenty-eight young adult women without known psychiatric disorders underwent a single 40-min intervention. Participants completed tasks before and after the intervention, in which they estimated their perceived and ideal body sizes using distorted silhouette images to measure body-image disturbance. We analyzed the behavioral and neural responses of participants during the tasks. Results The intervention did not significantly reduce body-image disturbance. Analysis of individual differences showed distinct changes in neural responses for each type of disturbance. A decrease in perceptual disturbance was associated with bodily visuospatial processing: increased activation in the left superior parietal lobule, bilateral occipital gyri, and right cuneus. Reduced affective disturbance was associated with socio-cognitive processing; decreased activation in the right temporoparietal junction, and increased functional connectivity between the left extrastriate body area and the right precuneus. Discussion We identified distinct neural mechanisms (bodily visuospatial and socio-cognitive processing) associated with the reduction in each component of body-image disturbance. Our results imply that different neural mechanisms are related to reduced perceptual disturbance and the expression thereof, whereas similar neural mechanisms are related to the reduction and expression of affective disturbance. Considering the small sample size of this study, our results should be regarded as preliminary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hamamoto
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oba
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishibashi
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yi Ding
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Karakuş Aydos Y, Dövencioğlu D, Karlı Oğuz K, Özdemir P, Pehlivantürk Kızılkan M, Kanbur N, Ünal D, Nalbant K, Çetin Çuhadaroğlu F, Akdemir D. Neural correlates of distorted body images in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa: How is it different from major depressive disorder? J Neuropsychol 2024; 18:154-172. [PMID: 37431063 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Body image disturbance is closely linked to eating disorders including anorexia nervosa (AN). Distorted body image perception, dissatisfaction and preoccupation with weight and shape are often key factors in the development and maintenance of these disorders. Although the pathophysiological mechanism of body image disorder is not yet fully understood, aberrant biological processes may interfere with perceptive, cognitive and emotional aspects of body image. This study focuses on the neurobiological aspects of body image disturbance. The sample consisted of 12 adolescent girls diagnosed with AN, nine girls with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 10 without psychiatric diagnoses (HC, the healthy control group). We applied a block-design task in functional magnetic resonance imaging using participants' original and distorted overweight and underweight images. After imaging, the participants scored the images for resemblance, satisfaction and anxiety levels. The findings of this study demonstrate that overweight images elicited dissatisfaction and increased occipitotemporal activations across all participants. However, no difference was found between the groups. Furthermore, the MDD and HC groups showed increased activations in the prefrontal cortex and insula in response to underweight images compared to their original counterparts, whereas the AN group exhibited increased activations in the parietal cortex, cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal cortex in response to the same stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur Karakuş Aydos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dicle Dövencioğlu
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader Karlı Oğuz
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- National MR Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pınar Özdemir
- Department of Bioistatistics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melis Pehlivantürk Kızılkan
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuray Kanbur
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ünal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kevser Nalbant
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Çetin Çuhadaroğlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Devrim Akdemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Byrne ME, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Liuzzi L, Holroyd T, Parker MN, Bloomer BF, Nugent A, Brady SM, Yang SB, Turner SA, Pine DS, Yanovski JA. Neural underpinnings of threat bias in relation to loss-of-control eating behaviors among adolescent girls with high weight. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1276300. [PMID: 37965354 PMCID: PMC10642175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1276300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Loss-of-control (LOC) eating, a key feature of binge-eating disorder, may relate attentional bias (AB) to highly salient interpersonal stimuli. The current pilot study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to explore neural features of AB to socially threatening cues in adolescent girls with and without LOC-eating. Methods Girls (12-17 years old) with overweight or obesity (BMI >85th percentile) completed an AB measure on an affective dot-probe AB task during MEG and evoked neural responses to angry or happy (vs. neutral) face cues were captured. A laboratory test meal paradigm measured energy intake and macronutrient consumption patterns. Results Girls (N = 34; Mage = 15.5 ± 1.5 years; BMI-z = 1.7 ± 0.4) showed a blunted evoked response to the presentation of angry face compared with neutral face cues in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a neural region implicated in executive control and regulation processes, during attention deployment (p < 0.01). Compared with those without LOC-eating (N = 21), girls with LOC-eating (N = 13) demonstrated a stronger evoked response to angry faces in the visual cortex during attention deployment (p < 0.001). Visual and cognitive control ROIs had trends suggesting interaction with test meal intake patterns among girls with LOC-eating (ps = 0.01). Discussion These findings suggest that girls with overweight or obesity may fail to adaptively engage neural regions implicated in higher-order executive processes. This difficulty may relate to disinhibited eating patterns that could lead to excess weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Byrne
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lucrezia Liuzzi
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tom Holroyd
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan N. Parker
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, USUHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bess F. Bloomer
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Allison Nugent
- MEG Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shanna B. Yang
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sara A. Turner
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Section on Growth and Obesity, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Zhong S, Su T, Gong J, Huang L, Wang Y. Brain functional alterations in patients with anorexia nervosa: A meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies. Psychiatry Res 2023; 327:115358. [PMID: 37544086 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to discern the neural activation patterns associated with anorexia nervosa (AN) in response to tasks related to body-, food-, emotional-, cognitive-, and reward- processing. A meta-analysis was performed on task-based fMRI studies, revealing that patients with AN showed increased activity in the left superior temporal gyrus and bilaterally in the ACC during a reward-related task. During cognitive-related tasks, patients with AN also showed increased activity in the left superior parietal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, but decreased activity in the MCC. Additionally, patients with AN showed increased activity bilaterally in the cerebellum, MCC, and decreased activity bilaterally in the bilateral precuneus/PCC, right middle temporal gyrus, left ACC when they viewed food images. During emotion-related tasks, patients with AN showed increased activity in the left cerebellum, but decreased activity bilaterally in the striatum, right mPFC, and right superior parietal gyrus. Patients with AN also showed increased activity in the right striatum and decreased activity in the right inferior temporal gyrus and bilaterally in the mPFC during body-related tasks. The present meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the patterns of brain activity evoked by task stimuli, thereby augmenting the current comprehension of the pathophysiology in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ting Su
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiaying Gong
- Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Radiology, Six Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Hamamoto Y, Suzuki S, Motoki K, Oba K, Kawashima R, Sugiura M. Neural mechanisms of perceptual and affective body-image disturbance during own-body and ideal-body estimation. Behav Brain Res 2023; 444:114349. [PMID: 36801426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Body-image disturbance is a core feature of eating disorders and can predict their development in healthy individuals. There are two components of body-image disturbance: perceptual disturbance (associated with overestimation of body size) and affective disturbance (associated with body dissatisfaction). Previous behavioral studies have hypothesized that attention to particular body parts and negative body-related emotions resulting from social pressure are associated with the respective degrees of perceptual and affective disturbance; however, the neural representations that underlie this hypothesis have not been elucidated. Thus, this study investigated the brain regions and connectivity associated with the degree of body-image disturbance. Specifically, we examined the brain activations associated with participants' estimation of the width of their actual and ideal bodies; we sought to determine which brain regions and functional connectivity from body-related visual processing regions were correlated with the degree of each component of body-image disturbance. The degree of perceptual disturbance was positively correlated with excessive width-dependent brain activations in the left anterior cingulate cortex when estimating one's body size; it was positively correlated with the functional connectivity between the left extrastriate body area and left anterior insula. The degree of affective disturbance was positively correlated with excessive width-dependent brain activation in the right temporoparietal junction and negatively correlated with functional connectivity between the left extrastriate body area and right precuneus when estimating one's ideal body size. These results support the hypothesis that perceptual disturbance is associated with attentional processing, whereas affective disturbance is associated with social processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hamamoto
- School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Suzuki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Centre for Brain, Minds and Markets, Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, 198 Berkeley St, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia; Center for the Promotion of Social Data Science Education and Research, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8601, Japan
| | - Kosuke Motoki
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Department of Management, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oba
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sugiura
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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7
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Elwyn R, Mitchell J, Kohn MR, Driver C, Hay P, Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF. Novel ketamine and zinc treatment for anorexia nervosa and the potential beneficial interactions with the gut microbiome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105122. [PMID: 36907256 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe illness with diverse aetiological and maintaining contributors including neurobiological, metabolic, psychological, and social determining factors. In addition to nutritional recovery, multiple psychological and pharmacological therapies and brain-based stimulations have been explored; however, existing treatments have limited efficacy. This paper outlines a neurobiological model of glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic dysfunction, exacerbated by chronic gut microbiome dysbiosis and zinc depletion at a brain and gut level. The gut microbiome is established early in development, and early exposure to stress and adversity contribute to gut microbial disturbance in AN, early dysregulation to glutamatergic and GABAergic networks, interoceptive impairment, and inhibited caloric harvest from food (e.g., zinc malabsorption, competition for zinc ions between gut bacteria and host). Zinc is a key part of glutamatergic and GABAergic networks, and also affects leptin and gut microbial function; systems dysregulated in AN. Low doses of ketamine in conjunction with zinc, could provide an efficacious combination to act on NMDA receptors and normalise glutamatergic, GABAergic and gut function in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiel Elwyn
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jules Mitchell
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- AYA Medicine Westmead Hospital, CRASH (Centre for Research into Adolescent's Health) Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney University, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Driver
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI) School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD, Australia; SouthWest Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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Lucherini Angeletti L, Innocenti M, Felciai F, Ruggeri E, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Rotella F, Castellini G, Stanghellini G, Ricca V, Northoff G. Anorexia nervosa as a disorder of the subcortical-cortical interoceptive-self. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3063-3081. [PMID: 36355249 PMCID: PMC9803759 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by a diminished capacity in perceiving the physiological correlates of interoceptive sensations, namely bodily self-consciousness. Given the neural division of self-processing into interoceptive-, exteroceptive- and mental-self, we hypothesize neural deficits in the interoceptive-processing regions in AN. METHODS To prove this, we reviewed resting state (rs), task and rest-task studies in AN literature. RESULTS Neuronal data demonstrate the following in AN: (i) decreased rs-functional connectivity (rsFC) of subcortical-cortical midline structures (SCMS); (ii) reduced rsFC between medial (default-mode network/DMN and salience network/SN) and lateral (executive-control network/ECN) cortical regions; (iii) decreased rsFC in mainly the regions of the interoceptive-self; (iv) altered activity with overall increased activity in response to sensory/body image stimuli, especially in the regions of the interoceptive-self; (v) lack of a clear task-related distinction between own's and others' body image. CONCLUSION These data may indicate that rs-hypoconnectivity between SCMS, as neural correlate of a reduced intero-exteroceptive integration resulting in self-objectification, might be linked to overall increased activity in interoceptive regions during sensory/body image stimuli in AN, engendering an "anxious bodily self." LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: Systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Matteo Innocenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Felciai
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ruggeri
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Castellini
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stanghellini
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Gizzi G, Cataldi S, Mazzeschi C, Delvecchio E, Ceccarini MR, Codini M, Albi E. Hypercholesterolemia in Cancer and in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis for a Crosstalk. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137466. [PMID: 35806470 PMCID: PMC9267523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between cholesterol and cancer has been widely demonstrated. Clinical studies have shown changes in blood cholesterol levels in cancer patients. In parallel, basic research studies have shown that cholesterol is involved in the mechanisms of onset and progression of the disease. On the other hand, anorexic patients have high cholesterol levels and a high susceptibility to cancer. In this review, we first present a brief background on the relations among nutrition, eating disorders and cancer. Using several notable examples, we then illustrate the changes in cholesterol in cancer and in anorexia nervosa, providing evidence for their important relationship. Finally, we show a new possible link between cholesterol disorder in cancer and in anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Gizzi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Samuela Cataldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Mazzeschi
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Elisa Delvecchio
- Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (G.G.); (C.M.); (E.D.)
| | - Maria Rachele Ceccarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Michela Codini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.R.C.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +39-0755857940
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10
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La Marra M, Ilardi CR, Villano I, Polito R, Sibillo MR, Franchetti M, Caggiano A, Strangio F, Messina G, Monda V, Di Maio G, Messina A. Higher general executive functions predicts lower body mass index by mitigating avoidance behaviors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1048363. [PMID: 36440204 PMCID: PMC9681800 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1048363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examines the relationship between obesity, executive functions, and body image in a nonclinical population from southern Italy. METHODS General executive functioning (Frontal Assessment Battery-15), and body image disturbances (Body Uneasiness Test) were assessed in a sample including 255 participants (138 females, M age = 43.51 years, SD = 17.94, range = 18-86 years; M body mass index (BMI) = 26.21, SD = 4.32, range = 18.03-38.79). FINDINGS Multiple Linear Regression Analysis indicated that age, years of education, FAB15 score, body image concerns, and avoidance predicted the variance of BMI. A subsequent mediation analysis highlighted that the indirect effect of FAB15 on BMI through avoidance was statistically significant. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that more performing executive functioning predicts a decrease in BMI that is partially due to the mitigation of avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ines Villano,
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Raffella Sibillo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Franchetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Caggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Strangio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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11
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The costs of over-control in anorexia nervosa: evidence from fMRI and ecological momentary assessment. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:304. [PMID: 34016948 PMCID: PMC8138008 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a high level of self-control may, despite its positive effects, influence cognitive processing in an unfavorable manner. However, the affective costs of self-control have only rarely been investigated. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that is often characterized by excessive self-control. Here, we used fMRI to explore whether over-control in AN may have negative affective consequences. 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and 36 age-matched healthy controls (HC) viewed negative and neutral pictures during two separate fMRI sessions before and after 10 min of rest. We tested whether abnormally elevated neural activity during the initial presentation in a brain region broadly implicated in top-down control, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), could predict subsequent activation in limbic areas relevant to bottom-up affective processing. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we also tested for associations between the aforementioned neuroimaging markers and negative affective states in the two weeks following the experiment. fMRI data revealed that higher initial activation of the dlPFC in AN predicted increased amygdala reactivity during the second fMRI session, which in turn was related to increased self-reported tension during two weeks following the scan. These data suggest that over-control in AN patients may come at a cost including negative affective states on a short (minutes) as well as a longer time scale (days). This mechanism may significantly contribute to the persistence of AN.
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12
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Artoni P, Chierici ML, Arnone F, Cigarini C, De Bernardis E, Galeazzi GM, Minneci DG, Scita F, Turrini G, De Bernardis M, Pingani L. Body perception treatment, a possible way to treat body image disturbance in eating disorders: a case-control efficacy study. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:499-514. [PMID: 32124409 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The body image disturbance (BID) is a common symptom in eating disorders, often observed and described in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Recently, this symptom has also been observed in binge eating disorder (BED). The research underlines that the BID presents three different altered components: affective, cognitive, and perceptual one. Current treatments for BID have mainly focused on the affective and cognitive components. Nowadays, the need emerges for treatments focused also on the perceptual component of the BID. In this paper, we present the results of an efficacy study on the body perception treatment (BPT), a new treatment for BID focused on the perceptual component of the disorder. OBJECTIVE We looked for an additional treatment effect on a protocol for ED inpatients to evaluate the efficacy of BPT. We performed the study through statistical analysis of admission and discharge scores. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in a hospital ward specialized in eating disorders. Two groups were identified: the control group (TAU; N = 91) and the experimental group (TAU + BPT; N = 91). The experimental group performed BTP activities in addition to the treatment at usual. All patients in both groups had an eating disorder diagnosis (AN, BN, BED and EDNOS/OSFED). Sampling occurred on a time basis and not by randomization. Moreover, all patients admitted in the ED hospital ward in the time frame considered (from end-2009 to mid-2017) were included in the study. BPT activities were introduced in mid-2013 and three psychometric instruments upon entry and discharge were used: Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) to measure the general psychopathological state; the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) to estimate the incidence of personality traits strongly correlated to eating disorders; the body uneasiness test (BUT) to measure the body uneasiness. We performed a pre/post analysis for both groups; we studied the additional effect of the treatment through deltas analysis of the three questionnaires (Δ = assessment at discharge - assessment at the entrance). Data were analyzed using the Student T and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS The pre/post analysis showed statistically significant improvement in both conditions (TAU and TAU + BPT) in the general psychopathological state (SCL-90) and in the incidence of personality traits (EDI-3). Improvements in body uneasiness (BUT) were observed only in the experimental group (TAU + BPT). Furthermore, the analysis of the deltas shows more significant improvements in TAU + BPT compared to TAU in all the variables considered. CONCLUSION We found an additional effect of the BPT on TAU. The usual ED protocol added with BPT activities showed significantly better clinical results. We have interpreted these results in light of recent developments in the neuroscientific field of body image. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II: controlled trial without randomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Artoni
- Maria Luigia Hospital, Monticelli Terme, Italy.
| | | | - F Arnone
- Maria Luigia Hospital, Monticelli Terme, Italy
| | - C Cigarini
- Maria Luigia Hospital, Monticelli Terme, Italy
| | | | - G M Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - D G Minneci
- Maria Luigia Hospital, Monticelli Terme, Italy
| | - F Scita
- Maria Luigia Hospital, Monticelli Terme, Italy
| | - G Turrini
- Maria Luigia Hospital, Monticelli Terme, Italy
| | | | - L Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Health Professions, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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13
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Physiological, emotional and neural responses to visual stimuli in eating disorders: a review. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33597022 PMCID: PMC7890903 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overconcern with food and shape/weight stimuli are central to eating disorder maintenance with attentional biases seen towards these images not present in healthy controls. These stimuli trigger changes in the physiological, emotional, and neural responses in people with eating disorders, and are regularly used in research and clinical practice. However, selection of stimuli for these treatments is frequently based on self-reported emotional ratings alone, and whether self-reports reflect objective responses is unknown. MAIN BODY This review assessed the associations across emotional self-report, physiological, and neural responses to both food and body-shape/weight stimuli in people with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). For food stimuli, either an aversive or lack of physiological effect was generated in people with AN, together with a negative emotional response on neuroimaging, and high subjective anxiety ratings. People with BN showed a positive self-rating, an aversive physiological reaction, and a motivational neural response. In BED, an aversive physiological reaction was found in contrast to motivational/appetitive neural responses, with food images rated as pleasant. The results for shape/weight stimuli showed aversive responses in some physiological modalities, which was reflected in both the emotional and neural responses, but this aversive response was not consistent across physiological studies. CONCLUSIONS Shape/weight stimuli are more reliable for use in therapy or research than food stimuli as the impact of these images is more consistent across subjective and objective responses. Care should be taken when using food stimuli due to the disconnect reported in this review.
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14
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Haynos AF, Lavender JM, Nelson J, Crow SJ, Peterson CB. Moving towards specificity: A systematic review of cue features associated with reward and punishment in anorexia nervosa. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 79:101872. [PMID: 32521390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Models of anorexia nervosa (AN) posit that symptoms are maintained through deficient reward and enhanced punishment processing. However, theoretical and empirical inconsistencies highlight the need for a more nuanced conceptualization of this literature. Our goal was to comprehensively review the research on reward and punishment responding in AN from a cue-specific lens to determine which stimuli evoke or discourage reward and punishment responses in this population, and, ultimately, what properties these rewarding and punishing cues might share. A systematic review interrogating reward and punishment responses to specific cues yielded articles (n = 92) that examined responses to disorder relevant (e.g., food) and irrelevant (e.g., money) stimuli across self-report, behavioral, and biological indices. Overall, in most studies individuals with AN exhibited aversive responses to cues signaling higher body weights, social contexts, and monetary losses, and appetitive responses to cues for weight loss behaviors and thinness. Findings were more mixed on responses to palatable food and monetary gains. Results highlight that reward and punishment responding in AN are context specific and may be affected by varied stimulus qualities (e.g., predictability, controllability, delay, effort). Increasing specificity in future research on reward and punishment mechanisms in AN will better inform development of precisely-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Haynos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Jillian Nelson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Scott J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
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15
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Regional cerebral blood flow patterns of change following the own body image exposure in eating disorders: A longitudinal study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 24:275-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study is to see if the changes in the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) experienced by restrictive anorexia nervosa (AR) and bulimia nervosa (BN) patients, following the exposure to their own body image, persist at follow-up.MethodsThree single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed on nine patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of AR, 13 with BP, and 12 controls: at rest, following a neutral stimulus, and after exposure to their previously filmed whole body image. Body dissatisfaction was measured by means of the Body Dissatisfaction Questionnaire (BSQ). One year later the same assessment was repeated.ResultsFollowing the exposure to their own body image, BN showed an increase in body dissatisfaction, which was associated with the increase in the rCBF of the Right Temporal Area. Those changes persisted at follow-up.DiscussionMore specific long term therapies are needed for the treatment of the averse response showed by ED patients to their own body image exposure that is associated with the hyperactivation of the right temporal area when they are confronted with their whole body image.
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16
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Pietrini F, Castellini G, Ricca V, Polito C, Pupi A, Faravelli C. Functional neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa: A clinical approach. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 26:176-82. [PMID: 20934859 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAimsTo provide a review of the available literature about the functional neuroimaging of anorexia nervosa, and to summarize the possible role of neurobiological factors in its pathogenesis.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Medline electronic database (1950–September 2009). Eligible studies were restricted to those involving the main parameters of cerebral activity and functional neuroimaging techniques. Findings of the reviewed studies have been grouped on a diagnostic subtype basis, and their comparison has been interpreted in terms of concordance.ResultsWe found a high level of concordance among available studies with regard to the presence of frontal, parietal and cingulate functional disturbances in both anorexia nervosa restricting and binge/purging subtypes. Concordance among studies conducted regardless of the anorexia nervosa subtypes suggests an alteration in temporal and parietal functions and striatal metabolism.ConclusionsThe most consistent alterations in anorexia nervosa cerebral activity seem to involve the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate cortex and the caudate nucleus. They may affect different neural systems such as the frontal visual system, the attention network, the arousal and emotional processing systems, the reward processing network, and the network for the body schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pietrini
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuropsychiatric Sciences, Florence University School of Medicine, Viale Morgagni 85, Florence, Italy
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17
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Molina-Ruiz RM, García-Saiz T, Looi JCL, Via Virgili E, Rincón Zamorano M, de Anta Tejado L, López HT, Perera JLC, Díaz-Marsá M. Neural Mechanisms in Eating Behaviors: A Pilot fMRI Study of Emotional Processing. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:225-236. [PMID: 32160692 PMCID: PMC7113175 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emotional processing dysfunction evident in eating disorders (ED) such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), is considered relevant to the development and maintenance of these disorders. The purpose of the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to pilot a comparison of the activity of the fronto-limbic and fronto-striatal brain areas during an emotion processing task in persons with ED. METHODS 24 women patients with ED were scanned, while showing emotionally stimulating (pleasant, unpleasant) and neutral images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). RESULTS During the pleasant condition, significant differences in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) activations were found with AN participants presenting greater activation compared to BN and ED comorbid groups (EDc) and healthy controls also showing greater activation of this brain area compared to BN and EDc. Left putamen was less activated in EDc compared to both controls (C) and AN. During the unpleasant condition, AN participants showed hyperactivation of the Orbito-frontal Cortex (OFC) when compared to EDc. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential functional relevance of brain areas that have been associated with self-control. These findings should help advance understanding the neural substrate of ED, though they should be considered as preliminary and be cautiously interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Molina-Ruiz
- Psychiatry Department, Universitary Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, IddISC, Madrid, Spain
| | - T García-Saiz
- Artificial Intelligence Department, UNED. E.T.S.I. Informatics, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey C L Looi
- Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - E Via Virgili
- Hospital Materno-Infantil Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rincón Zamorano
- Artificial Intelligence Department, UNED. E.T.S.I. Informatics, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura de Anta Tejado
- Psychiatry Department, Universitary Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, IddISC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Trebbau López
- Psychiatry Department, Universitary Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, IddISC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marina Díaz-Marsá
- Psychiatry Department, Universitary Hospital Clinico San Carlos de Madrid, IddISC, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Horndasch S, Rösch J, Kratz O, Vogel A, Heinrich H, Graap H, Moll GH, Dörfler A, Forster C. Neural mechanisms of perceptive and affective processing of body stimuli in anorexia nervosa - are there developmental effects? Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112853. [PMID: 32114206 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different components of body image processing seem to be reflected by different neural mechanisms. A core symptom of Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disturbance of body image with correlates found on a neural level. The present study focuses on the neural processing of visual body stimuli of different weight categories in adolescent and adult AN patients. Thirty-three adolescents aged 12-18 years (15 AN patients, 18 control participants) and 36 adult women (19 AN patients, 17 control participants) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a perceptive and an affective body image task involving photographic stimuli of women belonging to different BMI categories. Differential effects on activation, depending on the BMI of the women shown in the pictures, were found in frontal brain regions, the thalamus, the caudate and the fusiform gyrus. Group effects differentiating between AN patients and control participants were seen mainly in the caudate and insula. No significant developmental effect was seen. During a perceptive task, diminished activation of regions involved in perceptive and evaluative functions as well as emotional reasoning was seen in AN. During an affective task there was a tendency towards activation differences reflecting reduced ability of size estimation and impaired integration of visual and body perception with emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Horndasch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Julie Rösch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Kratz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Vogel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Heinrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Heckscher Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Holmer Graap
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Dörfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Forster
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lai J, Xu T, Zhang H, Xi C, Zhou H, Du Y, Jiang J, Wu L, Zhang P, Xu Y, Hu S, Xu D. Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation in drug-naïve first-episode patients with anorexia nervosa: A resting-state fMRI study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19300. [PMID: 32118747 PMCID: PMC7478752 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) in drug-naïve first-episode female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).Whole brain rs-fMRI data were collected from 7 drug-naïve first-episode female patients with DSM-5 AN and 14 age-matched healthy female controls. fALFF values were calculated and compared between the two groups using a two-sample t test. Correlation analysis between the fALFF values in the entire brain and body mass index (BMI) was performed.Compared with the healthy controls, increased fALFF values were observed in the AN patients in their right hippocampus and left superior frontal gyrus, while decreased fALFF values were observed in their left rectus and left middle occipital gyrus. Moreover, low BMI was significantly associated with decreased fALFF in the left inferior frontal gyrus but increased fALFF in the left calcarine. In particular, the z-standardized fALFF (zfALFF) value of the left rectus was positive associated with BMI.Our findings suggest that spontaneous brain activity in the frontal region, hippocampus and rectus, characterized by fALFF values, was altered in drug-naïve, first-episode female patients with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Mental Health Centre, Xiaoshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Haorong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging & Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixi Xi
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Hetong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University
| | - Yanli Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Peifen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management in Zhejiang Province
- Brain Research Institute of Zhejiang University
| | - Dongrong Xu
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032
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So MY, Wang X, Gao X. Body Dissatisfaction Enhances Awareness and Facilitates the Consolidation of Body-Related Words During Rapid Serial Visual Presentation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2614. [PMID: 31849747 PMCID: PMC6895214 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional biases have received considerable focus in research on cognitive biases and body dissatisfaction (BD). However, most work has focused on spatial allocation of attention. The current two experiments employed a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task to investigate attention bias to body-related words in the temporal domain among young females with high and low BD. During this task, there were two targets presented in the same stimulus stream. The first target was defined as target one (T1) and the second was defined as target 2 (T2). Participants were asked to identify T2 while ignoring T1 in single task mode or identify both targets in the dual task mode. In the current study, Experiment 1 assessed the stimulus-driven attention of body-related stimuli. Participants were required to identify a target of neutral word (T2) as quickly and accurately as possible while ignoring the preceding target (T1) of neutral, fat-, or thin-related words. As expected, we observed spontaneous attentional blink (AB) effects elicited by both fat- and thin-related T1s among participants with high BD, suggesting enhanced awareness of body-related stimuli even when this information does not have to be identified. Such effects did not emerge among participants without BD. Experimental 2 investigated the goal-directed attention of body-related stimuli, during which participants needed to identify both the T1 and neutral T2. Participants with BD showed reduced AB effects after both fat- and thin-related T1, suggesting facilitated consolidation of body-related information in goal-directed attention among participants with BD. These findings have important clinical implications that it provided insight for creating more accurate attention bias modification (ABM) task aiming at reducing and preventing BD among young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yi So
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Brain and Cognitive Development in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081907. [PMID: 31443192 PMCID: PMC6723243 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder often occurring in adolescence. AN has one of the highest mortality rates amongst psychiatric illnesses and is associated with medical complications and high risk for psychiatric comorbidities, persisting after treatment. Remission rates range from 23% to 33%. Moreover, weight recovery does not necessarily reflect cognitive recovery. This issue is of particular interest in adolescence, characterized by progressive changes in brain structure and functional circuitries, and fast cognitive development. We reviewed existing literature on fMRI studies in adolescents diagnosed with AN, following PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies had to: (1) be written in English; (2) include only adolescent participants; and (3) use block-design fMRI. We propose a pathogenic model based on normal and AN-related neural and cognitive maturation during adolescence. We propose that underweight and delayed puberty-caused by genetic, environmental, and neurobehavioral factors-can affect brain and cognitive development and lead to impaired cognitive flexibility, which in turn sustains the perpetuation of aberrant behaviors in a vicious cycle. Moreover, greater punishment sensitivity causes a shift toward punishment-based learning, leading to greater anxiety and ultimately to excessive reappraisal over emotions. Treatments combining physiological and neurobehavioral rationales must be adopted to improve outcomes and prevent relapses.
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Simon JJ, Stopyra MA, Friederich HC. Neural Processing of Disorder-Related Stimuli in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review of Brain Imaging Studies. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8071047. [PMID: 31323803 PMCID: PMC6678397 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8071047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities and alterations in brain function are commonly associated with the etiology and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). Different symptom categories of AN have been correlated with distinct neurobiological patterns in previous studies. The aim of this literature review is to provide a narrative overview of the investigations into neural correlates of disorder-specific stimuli in patients with AN. Although findings vary across studies, a summary of neuroimaging results according to stimulus category allows us to account for methodological differences in experimental paradigms. Based on the available evidence, the following conclusions can be made: (a) the neural processing of visual food cues is characterized by increased top-down control, which enables restrictive eating, (b) increased emotional and reward processing during gustatory stimulation triggers disorder-specific thought patterns, (c) hunger ceases to motivate food foraging but instead reinforces disorder-related behaviors, (d) body image processing is related to increased emotional and hedonic reactions, (e) emotional stimuli provoke increased saliency associated with decreased top-down control and (f) neural hypersensitivity during interoceptive processing reinforces avoidance behavior. Taken together, studies that investigated symptom-specific neural processing have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe J Simon
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marion A Stopyra
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Oldershaw A, Startup H, Lavender T. Anorexia Nervosa and a Lost Emotional Self: A Psychological Formulation of the Development, Maintenance, and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychol 2019; 10:219. [PMID: 30886593 PMCID: PMC6410927 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we argue that Anorexia Nervosa (AN) can be explained as arising from a 'lost sense of emotional self.' We begin by briefly reviewing evidence accumulated to date supporting the consensus that a complex range of genetic, biological, psychological, and socio-environmental risk and maintenance factors contribute to the development and maintenance of AN. We consider how current interventions seek to tackle these factors in psychotherapy and potential limitations. We then propose our theory that many risk and maintenance factors may be unified by an underpinning explanation of emotional processing difficulties leading to a lost sense of 'emotional self.' Further, we discuss how, once established, AN becomes 'self-perpetuating' and the 'lost sense of emotional self' relentlessly deepens. We outline these arguments in detail, drawing on empirical and neuroscientific data, before discussing the implications of this model for understanding AN and informing clinical intervention. We argue that experiential models of therapy (e.g., emotion-focused therapy; schema therapy) be employed to achieve emergence and integration of an 'emotional self' which can be flexibly and adaptively used to direct an individual's needs and relationships. Furthermore, we assert that this should be a primary goal of therapy for adults with established AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Oldershaw
- Salmons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Kent and Medway All Age Eating Disorder Service, North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Startup
- Sussex Eating Disorders Service and Research and Development Department, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Lavender
- Salmons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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24
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Murray SB, Strober M, Craske MG, Griffiths S, Levinson CA, Strigo IA. Fear as a translational mechanism in the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:383-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Lantz EL, Gaspar ME, DiTore R, Piers AD, Schaumberg K. Conceptualizing body dissatisfaction in eating disorders within a self-discrepancy framework: a review of evidence. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:275-291. [PMID: 29423688 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Body dissatisfaction, the negative subjective evaluation of one's body, is associated with many negative psychological and physical health consequences. One conceptualization of body dissatisfaction includes an experience of discrepancy between perceived actual and ideal body shapes. This paper reviews the literature on three facets of body dissatisfaction from the framework of self-discrepancy theory: perceptions of current weight, ideal body weight, and the relative importance of conforming to ideals. We review components of body dissatisfaction among healthy individuals and eating-disordered individuals. We also address the conceptualization's relationship among body dissatisfaction, weight history, and dieting to expand the impact of body dissatisfaction research and to provide more information on the nature and treatment of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin L Lantz
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Monika E Gaspar
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX, 79409-2051, USA
| | - Rebecca DiTore
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amani D Piers
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Schaumberg
- Department of Psychology, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 10618 Neurosciences Hospital CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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26
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Via E, Goldberg X, Sánchez I, Forcano L, Harrison BJ, Davey CG, Pujol J, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Fernández-Aranda F, Soriano-Mas C, Cardoner N, Menchón JM. Self and other body perception in anorexia nervosa: The role of posterior DMN nodes. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:210-224. [PMID: 27873550 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1249951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Body image distortion is a core symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN), which involves alterations in self- (and other's) evaluative processes arising during body perception. At a neural level, self-related information is thought to rely on areas of the so-called default mode network (DMN), which, additionally, shows prominent synchronised activity at rest. METHODS Twenty female patients with AN and 20 matched healthy controls were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging when: (a) viewing video clips of their own body and another's body; (b) at rest. Between-group differences within the DMN during task performance were evaluated and further explored for task-related and resting-state-related functional connectivity alterations. RESULTS AN patients showed a hyperactivation of the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex during their own-body processing but a response failure to another's body processing at the precuneus and ventral PCC. Increased task-related connectivity was found between dPCC-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus-mid-temporal cortex. Further, AN patients showed decreased resting-state connectivity between the dPCC and the angular gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The PCC and the precuneus are suggested as key components of a network supporting self-other-evaluative processes implicated in body distortion, while the existence of DMN alterations at rest might reflect a sustained, task-independent breakdown within this network in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Via
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain.,b Department of Clinical Sciences , School of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The Department of Psychiatry , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.,d Depression and Anxiety Program, Mental Health Department , Parc Taulí Sabadell University Hospital , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ximena Goldberg
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain.,d Depression and Anxiety Program, Mental Health Department , Parc Taulí Sabadell University Hospital , Barcelona , Spain.,e CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- f Clinical research group in human pharmacology and neuroscience , IMIM Research Institute at the Hospital de Mar , Barcelona , Spain.,g CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ben J Harrison
- c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The Department of Psychiatry , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Christopher G Davey
- c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The Department of Psychiatry , The University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.,h Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jesús Pujol
- i MRI Research Unit , Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM G21 , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain.,b Department of Clinical Sciences , School of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,g CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain.,e CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain.,j Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Spain
| | - Narcís Cardoner
- d Depression and Anxiety Program, Mental Health Department , Parc Taulí Sabadell University Hospital , Barcelona , Spain.,k Department of Psychiatry , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- a Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL) , Barcelona , Spain.,b Department of Clinical Sciences , School of Medicine, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona , Spain
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27
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Spence SA. All in the mind? The neural correlates of unexplained physical symptoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.12.5.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical symptoms with no medical explanation are commonly experienced by healthy people and those attending clinics. Psychiatrists see such patients in liaison settings and clinics for those with psychotic and affective disorders. The pathophysiology remains obscure; physical investigations are usually performed to exclude pathology rather than elucidate dysfunction. However, modern neuroimaging has allowed the study of nervous system structure and function. Although there are few diagnostically specific findings, patterns of association have emerged: where action is impeded (certain forms of conversion disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome) frontal systems of the brain are often implicated; when subjective awareness of the body is disturbed (passivity phenomena and anorexia nervosa) temporo-parietal cortices appear to be dysfunctional. The caudate nuclei (components of the frontal executive circuit) are implicated in a variety of syndromes (including body dysmorphic disorder, somatisation and chronic fatigue). The brain may be viewed as a cognitive neurobiological entity, crucially oriented towards action (for survival). Psychiatric syndromes that have an impact on bodily awareness signal dysfunction within systems representing that body and its performance in time and space.
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28
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Lipsman N, Lozano AM, Hamani C. Neuromodulation in Anorexia Nervosa. Neuromodulation 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805353-9.00088-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Seidel M, King JA, Ritschel F, Boehm I, Geisler D, Bernardoni F, Beck M, Pauligk S, Biemann R, Strobel A, Goschke T, Walter H, Roessner V, Ehrlich S. Processing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 18:1-8. [PMID: 29321971 PMCID: PMC5756056 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical models and recent advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) have increasingly focused on the role of alterations in the processing and regulation of emotions. To date, however, our understanding of these changes is still limited and reports of emotional dysregulation in AN have been based largely on self-report data, and there is a relative lack of objective experimental evidence or neurobiological data. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the hemodynamic correlates of passive viewing and voluntary downregulation of negative emotions by means of the reappraisal strategy detachment in AN patients. Detachment is regarded as adaptive regulation strategy associated with a reduction in emotion-related amygdala activity and increased recruitment of prefrontal brain regions associated with cognitive control processes. Emotion regulation efficacy was assessed via behavioral arousal ratings and fMRI activation elicited by an established experimental paradigm including negative images. Participants were instructed to either simply view emotional pictures or detach themselves from feelings triggered by the stimuli. The sample consisted of 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and a pairwise age-matched healthy control group. Behavioral and neuroimaging data analyses indicated a reduction of arousal and amygdala activity during the regulation condition for both patients and controls. However, compared with controls, individuals with AN showed increased activation in the amygdala as well as in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the passive viewing of aversive compared with neutral pictures. These results extend previous findings indicative of altered processing of salient emotional stimuli in AN, but do not point to a general deficit in the voluntary regulation of negative emotions. Increased dlPFC activation in AN during passive viewing of negative stimuli is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder may be characterized by excessive self-control. Taken together, the data seem to suggest that reappraisal via detachment may be an effective strategy to reduce negative arousal for individuals with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seidel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph A King
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilka Boehm
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Bernardoni
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Beck
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pauligk
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Strobel
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychology, Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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30
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Yamamotova A, Bulant J, Bocek V, Papezova H. Dissatisfaction with own body makes patients with eating disorders more sensitive to pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1667-1675. [PMID: 28761371 PMCID: PMC5522677 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s133425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image represents a multidimensional concept including body image evaluation and perception of body appearance. Disturbances of body image perception are considered to be one of the central aspects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. There is growing evidence that body image distortion can be associated with changes in pain perception. The aim of our study was to examine the associations between body image perception, body dissatisfaction, and nociception in women with eating disorders and age-matched healthy control women. We measured body dissatisfaction and pain sensitivity in 61 patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition diagnoses of eating disorders (31 anorexia nervosa and 30 bulimia nervosa) and in 30 healthy women. Thermal pain threshold latencies were evaluated using an analgesia meter and body image perception and body dissatisfaction were assessed using Anamorphic Micro software (digital pictures of their own body distorted into larger-body and thinner-body images). Patients with eating disorders overestimated their body size in comparison with healthy controls, but the two groups did not differ in body dissatisfaction. In anorexia and bulimia patient groups, body dissatisfaction (calculated in pixels as desired size/true image size) correlated with pain threshold latencies (r=0.55, p=0.001), while between body image perception (determined as estimation size/true image size) and pain threshold, no correlation was found. Thus, we demonstrated that in patients with eating disorders, pain perception is significantly associated with emotional contrary to sensory (visual) processing of one’s own body image. The more the patients desired to be thin, the more pain-sensitive they were. Our findings based on some shared mechanisms of body dissatisfaction and pain perception support the significance of negative emotions specific for eating disorders and contribute to better understanding of the psychosomatic characteristics of this spectrum of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yamamotova
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine
| | - Josef Bulant
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine
| | - Vaclav Bocek
- Department of Neurology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Achamrah N, Coëffier M, Rimbert A, Charles J, Folope V, Petit A, Déchelotte P, Grigioni S. Micronutrient Status in 153 Patients with Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030225. [PMID: 28257095 PMCID: PMC5372888 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient status in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been poorly documented and previous data are often contradictory. We aimed to assess micronutrient status in a large population of AN patients. The relationships between micronutrient status and body composition were also determined. Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and body composition data were collected at referral in 153 patients with AN (28.5 ± 11 years). At least one trace element deficit was observed in almost half of patients; the most frequent was selenium deficit (40% of patients). At least one vitamin deficit was observed in 45.7% of patients, mostly vitamin A and B9. Albumin, transthyretin and CRP were within normal range in most patients. No correlations were found between body composition and micronutrient status. Our study suggests that micronutrient status is often altered in AN patients, which may contribute to neuropsychiatric dysfunction. Monitoring of micronutrients and correction of deficits should be included in the routine care of AN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najate Achamrah
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Clinical Investigation Centre CIC 1404 INSERM, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Moïse Coëffier
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Agnès Rimbert
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Jocelyne Charles
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Vanessa Folope
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - André Petit
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
| | - Sébastien Grigioni
- Nutrition Department, Rouen University Hospital, 76183 Rouen, France.
- INSERM Unit 1073, 76183 Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, 76183 Rouen, France.
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Hu SH, Feng H, Xu TT, Zhang HR, Zhao ZY, Lai JB, Xu DR, Xu Y. Altered microstructure of brain white matter in females with anorexia nervosa: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:2829-2836. [PMID: 29200856 PMCID: PMC5701551 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s144972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Structural studies have reported anorexia nervosa (AN) patients with abnormal gray matter in several brain regions and dysfunction in some connected neural circuits. However, the role of white matter (WM) in AN patients has rarely been investigated. The present study aimed to assess alterations in WM microstructure of the entire brain in females with AN using a voxel-based method on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study enrolled 8 female patients with AN and 14 age-matched females as controls (CW). The DTI data was collected from each subject to calculate the fractional anisotropy (FA) maps of the whole brain by the DTI-Studio software. Subsequently, a 2-sample t-test (P<0.05, corrected) was performed to detect the difference in FA maps of AN and CW group, and a Pearson's correlation analyzed the relationship between mean FA value of brain regions and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Compared with CW, AN patients revealed a significant decrease in FA maps in the left superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, thalamus, and bilateral insula. Moreover, significantly positive correlations were established between the mean FA value of the left inferior frontal gyrus, insula as well as thalamus and BMI in AN patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings supported the presence of WM abnormality in patients with AN. The significant differences of FA maps, in patients with AN, were associated with their aberrant BMI. The results further improved our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Hong Feng
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,Department of Psychiatry, Shaoxing No Seven People's Hospital, Shaoxing
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,Department of Psychiatry, The Center of Mental Health, Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou
| | - Hao-Rong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Key Laboratory of Brain Function Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Key Laboratory of Brain Function Genomics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Bo Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Dong-Rong Xu
- Epidemiology Division and MRI Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou.,The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder's Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
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Gao X, Deng X, Wen X, She Y, Vinke PC, Chen H. My Body Looks Like That Girl's: Body Mass Index Modulates Brain Activity during Body Image Self-Reflection among Young Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164450. [PMID: 27764116 PMCID: PMC5072594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image distress or body dissatisfaction is one of the most common consequences of obesity and overweight. We investigated the neural bases of body image processing in overweight and average weight young women to understand whether brain regions that were previously found to be involved in processing self-reflective, perspective and affective components of body image would show different activation between two groups. Thirteen overweight (O-W group, age = 20.31±1.70 years) and thirteen average weight (A-W group, age = 20.15±1.62 years) young women underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a body image self-reflection task. Among both groups, whole-brain analysis revealed activations of a brain network related to perceptive and affective components of body image processing. ROI analysis showed a main effect of group in ACC as well as a group by condition interaction within bilateral EBA, bilateral FBA, right IPL, bilateral DLPFC, left amygdala and left MPFC. For the A-W group, simple effect analysis revealed stronger activations in Thin-Control compared to Fat-Control condition within regions related to perceptive (including bilateral EBA, bilateral FBA, right IPL) and affective components of body image processing (including bilateral DLPFC, left amygdala), as well as self-reference (left MPFC). The O-W group only showed stronger activations in Fat-Control than in Thin-Control condition within regions related to the perceptive component of body image processing (including left EBA and left FBA). Path analysis showed that in the Fat-Thin contrast, body dissatisfaction completely mediated the group difference in brain response in left amygdala across the whole sample. Our data are the first to demonstrate differences in brain response to body pictures between average weight and overweight young females involved in a body image self-reflection task. These results provide insights for understanding the vulnerability to body image distress among overweight or obese young females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiao Deng
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying She
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Petra Corianne Vinke
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, Dept. Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Donofry SD, Roecklein KA, Wildes JE, Miller MA, Erickson KI. Alterations in emotion generation and regulation neurocircuitry in depression and eating disorders: A comparative review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:911-927. [PMID: 27422451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major depression and eating disorders (EDs) are highly co-morbid and may share liability. Impaired emotion regulation may represent a common etiological or maintaining mechanism. Research has demonstrated that depressed individuals and individuals with EDs exhibit impaired emotion regulation, with these impairments being associated with changes in brain structure and function. The goal of this review was to evaluate findings from neuroimaging studies of depression and EDs to determine whether there are overlapping alterations in the brain regions known to be involved in emotion regulation, evidence of which would aid in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. Our review of the literature suggests that depression and EDs exhibit common structural and functional alterations in brain regions involved in emotion regulation, including the amygdala, ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We present preliminary support for a shared etiological mechanism. Future studies should consider manipulating emotion regulation in a sample of individuals with depression and EDs to better characterize abnormalities in these brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon D Donofry
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Kathryn A Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Wildes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Megan A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Forghieri M, Monzani D, Mackinnon A, Ferrari S, Gherpelli C, Galeazzi GM. Posturographic destabilization in eating disorders in female patients exposed to body image related phobic stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:155-159. [PMID: 27397012 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human postural control is dependent on the central integration of vestibular, visual and proprioceptive inputs. Psychological states can affect balance control: anxiety, in particular, has been shown to influence balance mediated by visual stimuli. We hypothesized that patients with eating disorders would show postural destabilization when exposed to their image in a mirror and to the image of a fashion model representing their body ideal in comparison to body neutral stimuli. Seventeen females patients attending a day centre for the treatment of eating disorders were administered psychometric measures of body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression and underwent posturographic measures with their eyes closed, open, watching a neutral stimulus, while exposed to a full length mirror and to an image of a fashion model corresponding to their body image. Results were compared to those obtained by eighteen healthy subjects. Eating disordered patients showed higher levels of body dissatisfaction and higher postural destabilization than controls, but this was limited to the conditions in which they were exposed to their mirror image or a fashion model image. Postural destabilization under these conditions correlated with measures of body dissatisfaction. In eating disordered patients, body related stimuli seem to act as phobic stimuli in the posturographic paradigm used. If confirmed, this has the potential to be developed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Forghieri
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - D Monzani
- Section of ENT, Department of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A Mackinnon
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Ferrari
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Gherpelli
- Section of ENT, Department of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G M Galeazzi
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical, Diagnostic, and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Esposito R, Cieri F, di Giannantonio M, Tartaro A. The role of body image and self-perception in anorexia nervosa: the neuroimaging perspective. J Neuropsychol 2016; 12:41-52. [PMID: 27220759 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric illness characterized by intense fear of gaining weight, relentless pursuit of thinness, deep concerns about food and a pervasive disturbance of body image. Functional magnetic resonance imaging tries to shed light on the neurobiological underpinnings of anorexia nervosa. This review aims to evaluate the empirical neuroimaging literature about self-perception in anorexia nervosa. This narrative review summarizes a number of task-based and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in anorexia nervosa about body image and self-perception. The articles listed in references were searched using electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from 1990 to February 2016 using specific key words. All studies were reviewed with regard to their quality and eligibility for the review. Differences in brain activity were observed using body image perception and body size estimation tasks showing significant modifications in activity of specific brain areas (extrastriate body area, fusiform body area, inferior parietal lobule). Recent studies highlighted the role of emotions and self-perception in anorexia nervosa and their neural substrate involving resting-state networks and particularly frontal and posterior midline cortical structures within default mode network and insula. These findings open new horizons to understand the neural substrate of anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Esposito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Filippo Cieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Armando Tartaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Bang L, Rø Ø, Endestad T. Amygdala alterations during an emotional conflict task in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 248:126-133. [PMID: 26778366 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa (AN) is not completely understood, but research suggests that alterations in brain circuits related to cognitive control and emotion are central. The aim of this study was to explore neural responses to an emotional conflict task in women recovered from AN. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure neural responses to an emotional conflict task in 22 women recovered from AN and 21 age-matched healthy controls. The task involved categorizing affective faces while ignoring affective words. Face and word stimuli were either congruent (non-conflict) or incongruent (conflict). Brain responses to emotional conflict did not differ between groups. However, in response to emotional non-conflict, women recovered from AN relative to healthy controls showed significantly less activation in the bilateral amygdala. Specifically, while emotional non-conflict evoked significant activations of the amygdala in healthy controls, recovered AN women did not show such activations. Similar significant group differences were also observed in the hippocampus and basal ganglia. These results suggest that women recovered from AN are characterized by alterations within emotion-related brain circuits. Recovered women's absence of amygdala and hippocampus activation during non-conflict trials possibly reflects an impaired ability to process emotional significant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Bang
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Øyvind Rø
- Regional Department for Eating Disorders, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Endestad
- Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Dunlop KA, Woodside B, Downar J. Targeting Neural Endophenotypes of Eating Disorders with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:30. [PMID: 26909013 PMCID: PMC4754427 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "eating disorders" (ED) encompasses a wide variety of disordered eating and compensatory behaviors, and so the term is associated with considerable clinical and phenotypic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity makes optimizing treatment techniques difficult. One class of treatments is non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). NIBS, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), are accessible forms of neuromodulation that alter the cortical excitability of a target brain region. It is crucial for NIBS to be successful that the target is well selected for the patient population in question. Targets may best be selected by stepping back from conventional DSM-5 diagnostic criteria to identify neural substrates of more basic phenotypes, including behavior related to rewards and punishment, cognitive control, and social processes. These phenotypic dimensions have been recently laid out by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative. Consequently, this review is intended to identify potential dimensions as outlined by the RDoC and the underlying behavioral and neurobiological targets associated with ED. This review will also identify candidate targets for NIBS based on these dimensions and review the available literature on rTMS and tDCS in ED. This review systematically reviews abnormal neural circuitry in ED within the RDoC framework, and also systematically reviews the available literature investigating NIBS as a treatment for ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A. Dunlop
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Blake Woodside
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Eating Disorders Program, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Downar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- MRI-Guided rTMS Clinic, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health NetworkToronto, ON, Canada
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Gonidakis F, Kravvariti V, Fabello M, Varsou E. Anorexia Nervosa and Sexual Function. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-016-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2016; 24:416-436. [PMID: 27824637 PMCID: PMC5485261 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness with minimal effective treatments and a very high rate of mortality. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of the disease is imperative for improving outcomes and can be aided by the study of animal models. The activity-based anorexia rodent model (ABA) is the current best parallel for the study of AN. This review describes the basic neurobiology of feeding and hyperactivity seen in both ABA and AN, and compiles the research on the role that stress-response and reward pathways play in modulating the homeostatic drive to eat and to expend energy, which become dysfunctional in ABA and AN.
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Suchan B, Vocks S, Waldorf M. Alterations in Activity, Volume, and Connectivity of Body-Processing Brain Areas in Anorexia Nervosa. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2015. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Body image disturbance is one of the main symptoms of eating disorders; however, the neural basis of this phenomenon is not well understood yet. In the present paper, we review studies investigating the neuronal correlates of visual body perception in anorexia nervosa. We first focus on the well-known parietal lobe contribution to body image processing and its malfunction. Additionally, we focus on the contribution and involvement of the extrastriate and fusiform body area in eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa. The summarized studies provide first evidence for a reduced activity, volume, and connectivity in brain areas involved and specialized in the visual processing of human bodies. In general, the reviewed studies provide evidence for abnormalities in body-processing brain areas in anorexia nervosa, indicating two structures in the brain that are involved: early stages of body processing in the visual extrastriate cortex and later stages in the parietal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Suchan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Germany
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Fuglset TS, Endestad T, Landrø NI, Rø Ø. Brain structure alterations associated with weight changes in young females with anorexia nervosa: a case series. Neurocase 2015; 21:169-77. [PMID: 24460514 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2013.878728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Structural brain changes associated with starvation and clinical measurements were explored in four females with anorexia nervosa with different clinical course, at baseline and 1-year follow-up, after receiving intensive inpatient treatment at a specialized eating disorder unit. Global volume alterations were associated with weight changes. Regional volume alterations were also associated with weight changes, with the largest changes occurring in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, pallidum, and putamen. Largest changes in cortical thickness occurred in the frontal and temporal lobes. The results are preliminary; however, they show that fluctuations in weight are associated with brain volume alterations, especially gray matter. We suggest that these parts of the brain are vulnerable to starvation and malnutrition, and could be a part of the pathophysiology of AN.
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Abstract
This manuscript summarizes the proceedings of the symposium entitled, "Stress, Palatable Food and Reward", that was chaired by Drs. Linda Rinaman and Yvonne Ulrich-Lai at the 2014 Neurobiology of Stress Workshop held in Cincinnati, OH. This symposium comprised research presentations by four neuroscientists whose work focuses on the biological bases for complex interactions among stress, food intake and emotion. First, Dr Ulrich-Lai describes her rodent research exploring mechanisms by which the rewarding properties of sweet palatable foods confer stress relief. Second, Dr Stephanie Fulton discusses her work in which excessive, long-term intake of dietary lipids, as well as their subsequent withdrawal, promotes stress-related outcomes in mice. Third, Dr Mark Wilson describes his group's research examining the effects of social hierarchy-related stress on food intake and diet choice in group-housed female rhesus macaques, and compared the data from monkeys to results obtained in analogous work using rodents. Finally, Dr Gorica Petrovich discusses her research program that is aimed at defining cortical-amygdalar-hypothalamic circuitry responsible for curbing food intake during emotional threat (i.e. fear anticipation) in rats. Their collective results reveal the complexity of physiological and behavioral interactions that link stress, food intake and emotional state, and suggest new avenues of research to probe the impact of genetic, metabolic, social, experiential and environmental factors on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219
| | - Stephanie Fulton
- CRCHUM, Dept. of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada, H1W 4A4
| | - Mark Wilson
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Emory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Linda Rinaman
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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Khedr E, El Fetoh N, El Bieh E, Ali A, Karim A. Altered cortical excitability in anorexia nervosa. Neurophysiol Clin 2014; 44:291-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Katayama H, Kohmura K, Tanaka S, Imaeda M, Kawano N, Noda Y, Nishioka K, Ando M, Aleksic B, Iidaka T, Ozaki N. Social insecurity in relation to orbitofrontal activity in patients with eating disorders: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:173. [PMID: 24924100 PMCID: PMC4067083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional neuroimaging techniques are widely used to elucidate changes in brain activity, and various questionnaires are used to investigate psychopathological features in patients with eating disorders (ED). It is well known that social skills and interpersonal difficulties are strongly associated with the psychopathology of patients with ED. However, few studies have examined the association between brain activity and social relationships in patients with ED, particularly in patients with extremely low body weight. METHODS In this study, 22-channel near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify regional hemodynamic changes during a letter fluency task (LFT) in 20 female patients with ED with a mean body mass index of 14.0 kg/m(2) and 31 female controls (CTLs). Symptoms were assessed using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 and Beck Depression Inventory. We hypothesized that frontal activity in patients with ED would be lower than in CTLs and would show different correlations with psychopathological features compared with CTLs. RESULTS The LFT performance and score on the social insecurity subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 were significantly higher in the ED group than in the CTL group. The mean change in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) in bilateral frontal regions during the LFT was significantly smaller in the ED group than in the CTL group. Social insecurity score was positively correlated with the concentration of oxy-Hb in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex in the ED group but not in the CTL group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activity of the orbitofrontal cortex is associated with social insecurity and disturbed in patients with ED. Therefore, disturbed orbitofrontal cortex activity may underlie the lack of insight and social isolation that is characteristic of patients with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Katayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Kohmura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miho Imaeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Science and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 468-8503, Japan
- The Academic Frontier Project for Private Universities, Comparative Cognitive Science Institutes, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ando
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Iidaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi-ken 466-8550, Japan
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Legenbauer T, Thiemann P, Vocks S. Body image disturbance in children and adolescents with eating disorders. Current evidence and future directions. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2014; 42:51-9. [PMID: 24365963 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Body image is multifaceted and incorporates perceptual, affective, and cognitive components as well as behavioral features. Only few studies have examined the character of body-image disturbance in children/adolescents with eating disorders. It is unknown whether body-image disturbances in children/adolescent with eating disturbances are comparable to those of adult patients with eating disorders. Body-image disturbance might differ quantitatively and qualitatively according to the cognitive developmental status and the age of the individual. This paper provides an overview of the current evidence for body-image disturbance in children/adolescents with eating disorders, and how they compare with those adults with eating disorders. Current evidence indicates that older adolescent patients show similar deficits as adult patients with eating disorders, in particular for the attitudinal body-image component. However, evidence for a perceptual body-image disturbance in adolescent patients, in particular anorexia nervosa, is not conclusive. Reliable statements for childhood can hardly be made because clinical studies are not available. Investigations of body-image disturbance in children have focused on the predictive value for eating disorders. Limitations of the current evidence are discussed, and future directions for research and therapy are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Legenbauer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany
| | - Pia Thiemann
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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Cazzato V, Mele S, Urgesi C. Gender differences in the neural underpinning of perceiving and appreciating the beauty of the body. Behav Brain Res 2014; 264:188-96. [PMID: 24512771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested a certain degree of right hemisphere dominance for the response of extrastriate body area (EBA) during body perception, recent evidence suggests that this functional lateralization may differ between men and women. It is unknown, however, whether and how gender differences in body perception affect appreciating the beauty of the body of conspecifics. Here, we applied five 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) pulses over left and right EBA and over the vertex to investigate the contribution of visual body representations in the two hemispheres on esthetic body perception. Female and male healthy volunteers were requested to judge how much they liked opposite- and same-gender virtual model bodies or to judge their weight, thus allowing us to compare the effects of right- and left-EBA rTMS on esthetic (liking) and perceptual (weight) judgments of human bodies. The analysis of the esthetic judgments provided by women revealed that right-EBA rTMS increased the liking judgments of opposite- but not same-gender models, as compared to both vertex and left EBA stimulation. Conversely, in men the liking judgments of opposite-gender models decreased after virtual disruption of both right and left EBA as compared to vertex stimulation. Crucially, no significant effect was found for the perceptual task, showing that left- and right-EBA rTMS did not affect weight perception. Our results provide evidence of gender difference in the hemispheric asymmetry of EBA in the esthetic processing of human bodies, with women showing stronger right hemisphere dominance in comparison with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cazzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - Sonia Mele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Eugenio Medea, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques have enabled a better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of this paper was to summarise our current understanding of the neurobiology of AN. METHODS The literature was searched using the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar, and by additional hand searches through reference lists and specialist eating disorders journals. Relevant studies were included if they were written in English, only used human participants, had a specific AN group, used clinical populations of AN, group comparisons were reported for AN compared to healthy controls and not merely AN compared to other eating disorders or other psychiatric groups, and were not case studies. RESULTS The systematic review summarises a number of structural and functional brain differences which are reported in individuals with AN, including differences in neurotransmitter function, regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, volumetrics and the blood oxygen level dependent response. CONCLUSION Several structural and functional differences have been reported in AN, some of which reverse and others which persist following weight restoration. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of AN, and further research in this field may provide new direction for the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Phillipou
- 1Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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49
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Reppucci CJ, Kuthyar M, Petrovich GD. Contextual fear cues inhibit eating in food-deprived male and female rats. Appetite 2013; 69:186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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50
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Hecht D. The neural basis of optimism and pessimism. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:173-99. [PMID: 24167413 PMCID: PMC3807005 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our survival and wellness require a balance between optimism and pessimism. Undue pessimism makes life miserable; however, excessive optimism can lead to dangerously risky behaviors. A review and synthesis of the literature on the neurophysiology subserving these two worldviews suggests that optimism and pessimism are differentially associated with the two cerebral hemispheres. High self-esteem, a cheerful attitude that tends to look at the positive aspects of a given situation, as well as an optimistic belief in a bright future are associated with physiological activity in the left-hemisphere (LH). In contrast, a gloomy viewpoint, an inclination to focus on the negative part and exaggerate its significance, low self-esteem as well as a pessimistic view on what the future holds are interlinked with neurophysiological processes in the right-hemisphere (RH). This hemispheric asymmetry in mediating optimistic and pessimistic outlooks is rooted in several biological and functional differences between the two hemispheres. The RH mediation of a watchful and inhibitive mode weaves a sense of insecurity that generates and supports pessimistic thought patterns. Conversely, the LH mediation of an active mode and the positive feedback it receives through its motor dexterity breed a sense of confidence in one's ability to manage life's challenges, and optimism about the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hecht
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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