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Ghit A, Deeb HE. Cytokines, miRNAs, and Antioxidants as Combined Non-invasive Biomarkers for Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1133-1140. [PMID: 35199307 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01984-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common long-term degenerative disorders of the CNS that primarily affects the human locomotor system. Owing to the heterogeneity of PD etiology and the lack of appropriate diagnostic tests, blood-based biomarkers became the most promising method for diagnosing PD. Even though various biomarkers for PD have been found, their specificity and sensitivity are not optimum when used alone. Therefore, the aim of this study was directed to evaluate changes in a group of sensitive blood-based biomarkers in the same PD patients compared to healthy individuals. Serum samples were collected from 20 PD patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls. We analyzed serum levels of cytokines (IL10, IL12, and TNF-α), α-synuclein proteins, miRNAs (miR-214, miR-221, and miR-141), and antioxidants (UA, PON1, ARE). Our results showed an increase in sera levels of cytokines in PD patients as well as a positive correlation among them. Also, we found a significant increase in sera levels of α-synuclein protein associated with a decrease in miR-214 which regulates its gene expression. Lastly, we observed a decrease in sera levels of miR-221, miR-141, UA, PON1, and ARE, which have a prominent role against oxidative stress. Because of the many etiologies of PD, a single measure is unlikely to become a useful biomarker. Therefore, to correctly predict disease state and progression, a mix of noninvasive biomarkers is required. Although considerable work has to be done, this study sheds light on the role of certain biomarkers in the diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Ghit
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Hany El Deeb
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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2
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Mechanistic insights and perspectives involved in neuroprotective action of quercetin. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111729. [PMID: 34044274 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are the primary cause of disabilities in the elderly people. Growing evidence indicates that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and apoptosis are associated with aging and the basis of most neurodegenerative disorders. Quercetin is a flavonoid with significant pharmacological effects and promising therapeutic potential. It is widely distributed among plants and typically found in daily diets mainly in fruits and vegetables. It shows a number of biological properties connected to its antioxidant activity. Neuroprotection by quercetin has been reported in many in vitro as well as in in vivo studies. However, the exact mechanism of action is still mystery and similarly there are a number of hypothesis exploring the mechanism of neuroprotection. Quercetin enhances neuronal longevity and neurogenesis by modulating and inhibiting wide number of pathways. This review assesses the food sources of quercetin, its pharmacokinetic profile, structure activity relationship and its pathophysiological role in various NDDs and it also provides a synopsis of the literature exploring the relationship between quercetin and various downstream signalling pathways modulated by quercetin for neuroprotection for eg. nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Paraoxonase-2 (PON2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), Sirtuins, Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signalling cascades, CREB (Cyclic AMP response element binding protein) and Phosphoinositide 3- kinase(PI3K/Akt). Therefore, the aim of the present review was to elaborate on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the quercetin involved in the protection against NDDs.
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Singh S, Mishra A, Mohanbhai SJ, Tiwari V, Chaturvedi RK, Khurana S, Shukla S. Axin-2 knockdown promote mitochondrial biogenesis and dopaminergic neurogenesis by regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in rat model of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:73-87. [PMID: 30176346 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wnts and the components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling are widely expressed in midbrain and required to control the fate specification of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, a neuronal population that specifically degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD). Accumulating evidence suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in pathogenesis of PD. Axin-2, a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects mitochondrial biogenesis and death/birth of new DAergic neurons is not fully explored. We investigated the functional role of Axin-2/Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mitochondrial biogenesis and DAergic neurogenesis in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced rat model of PD-like phenotypes. We demonstrate that single unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) potentially dysregulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We used shRNA lentiviruses to genetically knockdown Axin-2 to up-regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in SNpc in parkinsonian rats. Genetic knockdown of Axin-2 up-regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by destabilizing the β-catenin degradation complex in SNpc in parkinsonian rats. Axin-2 shRNA mediated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling improved behavioural functions and protected the nigral DAergic neurons by increasing mitochondrial functionality in parkinsonian rats. Axin-2 shRNA treatment reduced apoptotic signaling, autophagy and ROS generation and improved mitochondrial membrane potential which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in SNpc in parkinsonian rats. Interestingly, Axin-2 shRNA-mediated up-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling enhanced net DAergic neurogenesis by regulating proneural genes (Nurr-1, Pitx-3, Ngn-2, and NeuroD1) and mitochondrial biogenesis in SNpc in parkinsonian rats. Therefore, our data suggest that pharmacological/genetic manipulation of Wnt signaling that enhances the endogenous regenerative capacity of DAergic neurons may have implication for regenerative approaches in PD.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/drug effects
- Dopaminergic Neurons/metabolism
- Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Medial Forebrain Bundle/drug effects
- Medial Forebrain Bundle/metabolism
- Medial Forebrain Bundle/pathology
- Mesencephalon/drug effects
- Mesencephalon/metabolism
- Mesencephalon/pathology
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurogenesis/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Organelle Biogenesis
- Oxidopamine/administration & dosage
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/genetics
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/pathology
- Pars Compacta/drug effects
- Pars Compacta/metabolism
- Pars Compacta/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stereotaxic Techniques
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- beta Catenin/genetics
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Singh
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Akanksha Mishra
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Virendra Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001, India
| | - Sukant Khurana
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Toulorge D, Schapira AHV, Hajj R. Molecular changes in the postmortem parkinsonian brain. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:27-58. [PMID: 27381749 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer disease. Although PD has a relatively narrow clinical phenotype, it has become clear that its etiological basis is broad. Post-mortem brain analysis, despite its limitations, has provided invaluable insights into relevant pathogenic pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and protein homeostasis dysregulation. Identification of the genetic causes of PD followed the discovery of these abnormalities, and reinforced the importance of the biochemical defects identified post-mortem. Recent genetic studies have highlighted the mitochondrial and lysosomal areas of cell function as particularly significant in mediating the neurodegeneration of PD. Thus the careful analysis of post-mortem PD brain biochemistry remains a crucial component of research, and one that offers considerable opportunity to pursue etiological factors either by 'reverse biochemistry' i.e. from defective pathway to mutant gene, or by the complex interplay between pathways e.g. mitochondrial turnover by lysosomes. In this review we have documented the spectrum of biochemical defects identified in PD post-mortem brain and explored their relevance to metabolic pathways involved in neurodegeneration. We have highlighted the complex interactions between these pathways and the gene mutations causing or increasing risk for PD. These pathways are becoming a focus for the development of disease modifying therapies for PD. Parkinson's is accompanied by multiple changes in the brain that are responsible for the progression of the disease. We describe here the molecular alterations occurring in postmortem brains and classify them as: Neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors; Lewy bodies and Parkinson's-linked genes; Transition metals, calcium and calcium-binding proteins; Inflammation; Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative stress; Abnormal protein removal and degradation; Apoptosis and transduction pathways. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodolphe Hajj
- Department of Discovery, Pharnext, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, France.
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5
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Tyurina YY, Polimova AM, Maciel E, Tyurin VA, Kapralova VI, Winnica DE, Vikulina AS, Domingues RM, McCoy J, Sanders LH, Bayır H, Greenamyre JT, Kagan VE. LC/MS analysis of cardiolipins in substantia nigra and plasma of rotenone-treated rats: Implication for mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:681-91. [PMID: 25740198 PMCID: PMC4430340 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1005085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to rotenone in vivo results in selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and development of neuropathologic features of Parkinson's disease (PD). As rotenone acts as an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory complex I, we employed oxidative lipidomics to assess oxidative metabolism of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), in substantia nigra (SN) of exposed animals. We found a significant reduction in oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing CL molecular species. We further revealed increased contents of mono-oxygenated CL species at late stages of the exposure. Notably, linoleic acid in sn-1 position was the major oxidation substrate yielding its mono-hydroxy- and epoxy-derivatives whereas more readily "oxidizable" fatty acid residues (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids) remained non-oxidized. Elevated levels of PUFA CLs were detected in plasma of rats exposed to rotenone. Characterization of oxidatively modified CL molecular species in SN and detection of PUFA-containing CL species in plasma may contribute to better understanding of the PD pathogenesis and lead to the development of new biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Anastasia M. Polimova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vladimir A. Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Valentina I. Kapralova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Daniel E. Winnica
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Anna S. Vikulina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Rosario M. Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jennifer McCoy
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Laurie H. Sanders
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
| | | | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, 15219, USA
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6
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Gao L, Brenner D, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Saiz-Castro G, Frank T, Wieghofer P, Hill O, Thiemann M, Karray S, Prinz M, Weishaupt JH, Martin-Villalba A. Infiltration of circulating myeloid cells through CD95L contributes to neurodegeneration in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:469-80. [PMID: 25779632 PMCID: PMC4387281 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gao et al. report that genetic or pharmacological blockade of CD95 ligand prevents infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells and thereby averts toxin-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Activated central nervous system–resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells contribute to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DNs). However, how the inflammatory process leads to neuron loss and whether blocking this response would be beneficial to disease progression remains largely unknown. CD95 is a mediator of inflammation that has also been proposed as an apoptosis inducer in DNs, but previous studies using ubiquitous deletion of CD95 or CD95L in mouse models of neurodegeneration have generated conflicting results. Here we examine the role of CD95 in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP)–induced neurodegeneration using tissue-specific deletion of CD95 or CD95L. We show that DN death is not mediated by CD95-induced apoptosis because deletion of CD95 in DNs does not influence MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. In contrast, deletion of CD95L in peripheral myeloid cells significantly protects against MPTP neurotoxicity and preserves striatal dopamine levels. Systemic pharmacological inhibition of CD95L dampens the peripheral innate response, reduces the accumulation of infiltrating myeloid cells, and efficiently prevents MPTP-induced DN death. Altogether, this study emphasizes the role of the peripheral innate immune response in neurodegeneration and identifies CD95 as potential pharmacological target for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Brenner
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enric Llorens-Bobadilla
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Saiz-Castro
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Frank
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Saoussen Karray
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1160, Université Paris Diderot, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Biology, and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Kennedy PGE. Viruses, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation--a double-edged sword. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:1-7. [PMID: 25604493 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental and widespread cell biological process that is distinct from cell necrosis and can be induced by a wide variety of stimuli including viral infections. Apoptosis may occur via either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and confers several advantages to the virally infected host including the prevention of further viral propagation and the potential inhibition and resolution of inflammatory processes. Several viruses have been shown to have the capacity to induce apoptosis in susceptible cells including herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, rabies virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and reovirus. Apoptosis has also been observed in human African trypanosomiasis which is an infection caused by a protozoan parasite. The mechanisms leading to apoptosis may differ depending on the type of infection. Apoptosis has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases and also psychiatric disorders but the true clinical significance of such observations is not certain, and, though interesting, it is very difficult to ascribe causation in these conditions. The presence of inflammation in the central nervous system in any neurological condition, including those associated with a viral infection, is not necessarily an absolute marker of serious disease and the notion of 'good' versus 'bad' inflammation is considered to be valid in some circumstances. The precise relationship between viruses, apoptosis, and inflammation is viewed as a complex one requiring further investigation to unravel and understand its nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G51 4TF, Scotland, UK,
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8
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Ettcheto M, Junyent F, de Lemos L, Pallas M, Folch J, Beas-Zarate C, Verdaguer E, Gómez-Sintes R, Lucas JJ, Auladell C, Camins A. Mice Lacking Functional Fas Death Receptors Are Protected from Kainic Acid-Induced Apoptosis in the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:120-9. [PMID: 25119776 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Fas receptor (FasR)/Fas ligand (FasL) system plays a significant role in the process of neuronal loss in neurological disorders. Thus, in the present study, we used a real-time PCR array focused apoptosis (Mouse Apoptosis RT(2) PCR Array) to study the role of the Fas pathway in the apoptotic process that occurs in a kainic acid (KA) mice experimental model. In fact, significant changes in the transcriptional activity of a total of 23 genes were found in the hippocampus of wild-type C57BL/6 mice after 12 h of KA treatment compared to untreated mice. Among the up-regulated genes, we found key factors involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, such as tnf, fas and fasL, and also in caspase genes (caspase -4, caspase-8 and caspase-3). To discern the importance of the FasR/FasL pathway, mice lacking the functional Fas death receptor (lpr) were also treated with KA. After 24 h of neurotoxin treatment, lpr mice exhibited a reduced number of apoptotic positive cells, determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) method in different regions of the hippocampus, when compared to wild-type mice. In addition, treatment of lpr mice with KA did not produce significant changes in the transcriptional activity of genes related to apoptosis in the hippocampus, either in the fas and fas ligand genes or in caspase-4 and caspase-8 and the executioner caspase-3 genes, as occurred in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Thus, these data provide direct evidence that Fas signalling plays a key role in the induction of apoptosis in the hippocampus following KA treatment, making the inhibition of the death receptor pathway a potentially suitable target for excitotoxicity neuroprotection in neurological conditions such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda/Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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FAIM-L is an IAP-binding protein that inhibits XIAP ubiquitinylation and protects from Fas-induced apoptosis. J Neurosci 2014; 33:19262-75. [PMID: 24305822 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2479-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal long isoform of Fas Apoptotic Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM-L) protects from death receptor (DR)-induced apoptosis, yet its mechanism of protection remains unknown. Here, we show that FAIM-L protects rat neuronal Type II cells from Fas-induced apoptosis. XIAP has previously emerged as a molecular discriminator that is upregulated in Type II and downregulated in Type I apoptotic signaling. We demonstrate that FAIM-L requires sustained endogenous levels of XIAP to protect Type II cells as well as murine cortical neurons from Fas-induced apoptosis. FAIM-L interacts with the BIR2 domain of XIAP through an IAP-binding motif, the mutation of which impairs the antiapoptotic function of FAIM-L. Finally, we report that FAIM-L inhibits XIAP auto-ubiquitinylation and maintains its stability, thus conferring protection from apoptosis. Our results bring new understanding of the regulation of endogenous XIAP by a DR antagonist, pointing out at FAIM-L as a promising therapeutic tool for protection from apoptosis in pathological situations where XIAP levels are decreased.
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10
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Romeo MJ, Espina V, Lowenthal M, Espina BH, Petricoin EF, Liotta LA. CSF proteome: a protein repository for potential biomarker identification. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 2:57-70. [PMID: 15966853 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis is not limited to the analysis of serum or tissues. Synovial, peritoneal, pericardial and cerebrospinal fluid represent unique proteomes for disease diagnosis and prognosis. In particular, cerebrospinal fluid serves as a rich source of putative biomarkers that are not solely limited to neurologic disorders. Peptides, proteolytic fragments and antibodies are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, thus providing a repository of pathologic information. Proteomic technologies such as immunoblotting, isoelectric focusing, 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry have proven useful for deciphering this unique proteome. Cerebrospinal fluid proteins are generally less abundant than their corresponding serum counterparts, necessitating the development and use of sensitive analytical techniques. This review highlights some of the promising areas of cerebrospinal fluid proteomic research and their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Romeo
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Pranski E, Van Sanford CD, Dalal N, Orr AL, Karmali D, Cooper DS, Gearing M, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Betarbet R. NF-κB activity is inversely correlated to RNF11 expression in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2013; 547:16-20. [PMID: 23669642 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RING finger protein 11 (RNF11), a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling pathway, colocalizes with α-synuclein and is sequestered in Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease (PD). Since persistent NF-κB activation is reported in PD, in this report we investigated if RNF11 expression level is correlated to activated NF-κB in PD. We examined RNF11 expression levels in correlation to phospho-p65, a marker for activated NF-κB, in control and PD brain tissue from cerebral cortex. In addition we performed double immunofluorescence labeling experiments to confirm this correlation. Our investigations demonstrated that the neuronal RNF11 expression was down-regulated in PD and was usually associated with increased expression of phospho-p65. Double labeling confirmed that loss of neuronal RNF11 was linked to increased phospho-p65 expression, suggesting that persistent presence of NF-κB activation could be due to decreased levels of its negative regulator. Our data exemplifies the relevance of RNF11 and persistent NF-κB activation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Pranski
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Deng X, Jayanthi S, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Rothman RK, Cadet JL. Methamphetamine Injections Cause Widespread Increases in Caspase-8 Expression in the Mouse Brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4303/jdar/235648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Landau AM, Siegrist-Johnstone R, Desbarats J. Fas expression promotes proteasomal activity in toxin-induced parkinsonism. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2012; 24:166-71. [PMID: 26953010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fas (CD95), commonly categorised as a death receptor due to its well-defined role in apoptosis, can paradoxically also promote neuroprotection. We have previously found that defects in Fas signalling render mice highly susceptible to neural degeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Decreased activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system and accumulation of protein aggregates are implicated in PD pathogenesis. Here, we investigate the relationship between Fas and ubiquitin proteasomal activity in neuronal cells. METHODS We performed proteasome assays in neuroblastoma cells and in midbrain cultures of wild-type and Fas-deficient mice. RESULTS Neuroblastoma cells upregulated proteasomal activity in response to an activating Fas antibody in vitro. Furthermore, neural tissue from Fas-deficient mice showed decreased proteasomal activity compared with the tissue from wild-type mice when exposed to a PD-inducing toxin in vivo. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that mechanisms for Fas-mediated neuroprotection may include Fas-induced upregulation of proteasomal activity, and consequently less accumulation of toxic protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Landau
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Julie Desbarats
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Camargo JA, Bertolucci PHF. Quantification of Fas protein in CSF of patients with neurocysticercosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 70:262-6. [PMID: 22510737 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease that affects the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between neuronal death evaluated by the quantification of Fas apoptotic factor and the different evolutive forms of neurocysticercosis accompanied or not by epileptic seizures. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 36 patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis divided into the following groups: active cystic form (n=15), 9 patients with and 6 without seizures, and calcified form (=21), 9 with and 12 without seizures. Fourteen patients comprised the control group. Fas protein concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Only the group of patients with calcified cysts without seizures presented cerebrospinal fluid levels of Fas similar to those of the control group. Higher levels were observed for the other groups. CONCLUSIONS The present finding suggests high cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble Fas protein, except for patients with calcified cysts without seizures. Significant differences were observed for the group with calcified cysts and seizures, suggesting greater neuronal damage in these patients. Replacement of the term inactive cyst with reactive inactive cyst is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Camargo
- Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Hospital São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Burguillos MA, Hajji N, Englund E, Persson A, Cenci AM, Machado A, Cano J, Joseph B, Venero JL. Apoptosis-inducing factor mediates dopaminergic cell death in response to LPS-induced inflammatory stimulus: evidence in Parkinson's disease patients. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 41:177-88. [PMID: 20850531 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that intranigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, which provokes specific degeneration of DA neurons, induced caspase-3 activation in the rat ventral mesencephalon, which was mostly associated with glial cells. In contrast, nigral DA neurons exhibited AIF nuclear translocation in response to LPS. A significant decrease of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in nigral tissue after LPS injection was observed. We next developed an in vitro co-culture system with the microglial BV2 and the DA neuronal MN9D murine cell lines. The silencing of caspase-3 or AIF by small interfering RNAs exclusively in the DA MN9D cells demonstrated the key role of AIF in the LPS-induced death of DA cells. In vivo chemical inhibition of caspases and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1, an upstream regulator of AIF release and calpain, proved the central role of the AIF-dependent pathway in LPS-induced nigral DA cell death. We also observed nuclear translocation of AIF in the ventral mesencephalon of Parkinson's disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Burguillos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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Diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: a pathogenetically based approach. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:229-41. [PMID: 20451609 PMCID: PMC7126274 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The inaccuracy of the early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been a major incentive for studies aimed at the identification of biomarkers. Brain-derived cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins are potential biomarkers considering the major role that proteins play in PD pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the current hypotheses about the pathogenesis of PD and identify the most promising candidate biomarkers among the CSF proteins studied so far. The list of potential markers includes proteins involved in various pathogenetic processes, such as oxidative stress and protein aggregation. This list will undoubtedly grow in the near future by application of CSF proteomics and subsequent validation of identified proteins. Probably a single biomarker will not suffice to reach high sensitivity and specificity, because PD is pathogenetically heterogeneous and shares etiological factors with other neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, identified candidate biomarkers will have to be thoroughly validated before they can be implemented as diagnostic aids.
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17
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Calopa M, Bas J, Callén A, Mestre M. Apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes in Parkinson patients. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Simunovic F, Yi M, Wang Y, Macey L, Brown LT, Krichevsky AM, Andersen SL, Stephens RM, Benes FM, Sonntag KC. Gene expression profiling of substantia nigra dopamine neurons: further insights into Parkinson's disease pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 132:1795-809. [PMID: 19052140 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by a progressive loss of the midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the main cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, there is increasing evidence that it is a complex disorder caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, which affect key signalling pathways in substantia nigra DA neurons. Insights into pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease stem from in vitro and in vivo models and from postmortem analyses. Recent technological developments have added a new dimension to this research by determining gene expression profiles using high throughput microarray assays. However, many of the studies reported to date were based on whole midbrain dissections, which included cells other than DA neurons. Here, we have used laser microdissection to isolate single DA neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta of controls and subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease matched for age and postmortem interval followed by microarrays to analyse gene expression profiling. Our data confirm a dysregulation of several functional groups of genes involved in the Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. In particular, we found prominent down-regulation of members of the PARK gene family and dysregulation of multiple genes associated with programmed cell death and survival. In addition, genes for neurotransmitter and ion channel receptors were also deregulated, supporting the view that alterations in electrical activity might influence DA neuron function. Our data provide a 'molecular fingerprint identity' of late-stage Parkinson's disease DA neurons that will advance our understanding of the molecular pathology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Simunovic
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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19
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Abstract
Neuronal cell death plays a role in many chronic neurodegenerative diseases with the loss of particular subsets of neurons. The loss of the neurons occurs during a period of many years, which can make the mode(s) of cell death and the initiating factors difficult to determine. In vitro and in vivo models have proved invaluable in this regard, yielding insight into cell death pathways. This review describes the main mechanisms of neuronal cell death, particularly apoptosis, necrosis, excitotoxicity and autophagic cell death, and their role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ischaemia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Crosstalk between these death mechanisms is also discussed. The link between cell death and protein mishandling, including misfolded proteins, impairment of protein degradation, protein aggregation is described and finally, some pro-survival strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway Ireland.
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20
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Halliday GM, McCann H. Human-based studies on α-synuclein deposition and relationship to Parkinson's disease symptoms. Exp Neurol 2008; 209:12-21. [PMID: 17706644 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge on alpha-synuclein and its cellular locations in studies using human brain tissue. Alterations in the conformation and distribution of alpha-synuclein are examined in Parkinson's disease and the relationship between clinical symptoms and pathology explored. alpha-Synuclein as a molecular chaperone has several isoforms and is known to have different environment-dependent conformations. Processing methods for studying human brain tissue significantly impact on the conformational type of alpha-synuclein analysed, and antibody species used for the in situ detection of alpha-synuclein give variable results depending on the epitope visualised. Human studies show that alpha-synuclein is not isolated to neurons, but is also found in glia, making the interpretation of studies using brain tissue homogenates less clearly related to neurons. These methodological issues impact significantly on our understanding of the form, location, and therefore function of alpha-synuclein in normal human brain tissue. There are less methodological issues regarding highly aggregated alpha-synuclein found in the major hallmark of Parkinson's disease, the Lewy body. However, it remains unclear whether these alpha-synuclein inclusions are harmful to host neurons or provide protection. Several correlations exist between the clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease and the distribution of Lewy pathology, the strongest being the association between limbic and cortical Lewy bodies and well-formed visual hallucinations. Further correlation studies in prospectively-followed patients and, perhaps more importantly, controls are required in order to determine normal versus pathologic alpha-synuclein and how to detect such differences in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda M Halliday
- Prince of Wales, Medical Research Institute, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Expression and localization of Fas-associated proteins following focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2007; 1191:30-8. [PMID: 18096138 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of expression of Fas-associated proteins and its cellular localization in the peri-infarct region following transient focal cerebral ischemia. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 2 h and reperfusion for 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. The expression of Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), Fas-associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1) caspase-8 and death-associated protein (Daxx), the pro-apoptotic genes, were examined by methods of RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that the expression levels of mRNA and protein for FADD and caspase-8 increased significantly at 1-3 h after reperfusion, peaked at 12 h, then declined markedly at 24 h. The time course change of FAP-1 was consistent with that of FADD. The expression level of mRNA and protein for death-associated protein (Daxx) increased significantly at 3 h after reperfusion and persisted for 24 h at a high level. Immunofluorescence double-staining laser scanning showed that the immunoreactivity of FADD was localized in cytoplasm, and Daxx immunoreactivity was translocated from nucleus to cytoplasm at 3 h after reperfusion. The TUNEL-positive cells could be found in peri-infarct region at 3 h and increased with time after reperfusion. Our findings suggest a possible association between expression of FADD, caspase-8, Daxx and FAP-1 genes and apoptosis following ischemia.
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22
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Singh S, Dikshit M. Apoptotic neuronal death in Parkinson's disease: Involvement of nitric oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 54:233-50. [PMID: 17408564 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of nigral dopaminergic neurons by various mechanisms is an emerging phenomenon involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways seems to be involved in death of nigral neurons, intrinsic pathway however, seems to be more important due to the energy crisis. Apoptosis by intrinsic pathway is executed by several initiators and effector caspases, which have been found activated in PD patients, experimental models as well as in neuronal cultures. Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be a central molecule due to its ability to modulate both pro and antiapoptotic phenomenon. The review focuses on the diverse extrinsic and intrinsic factors, signaling pathways and their modulation by NO leading to the death of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
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23
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Interleukin-10 protects against inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 28:894-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Mogi M, Kondo T, Mizuno Y, Nagatsu T. p53 protein, interferon-γ, and NF-κB levels are elevated in the parkinsonian brain. Neurosci Lett 2007; 414:94-7. [PMID: 17196747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 10/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We and other workers found markedly increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related proteins in parkinsonian brain. Although the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains enigmatic, apoptosis might be involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. To investigate the possible presence of other inflammatory cytokines and/or apoptosis-related protein, the levels of p53 protein, interferon-gamma, and NF-kappaB were measured for the first time in the brain (substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, putamen, cerebellum, and frontal cortex) from control and parkinsonian patients by a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The p53 protein level in the caudate nucleus was significantly higher in parkinsonian patients than in controls (P<0.05), whereas this protein in the substantia nigra, putamen, and cerebral cortex showed no significant difference between parkinsonian and control subjects. The interferon-gamma level was significantly higher in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic regions (substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, and putamen) in parkinsonian patients than in the controls (P<0.05), but was not significantly different in the cerebellum or frontal cortex between the two groups. In accordance with previous immunohistochemical analysis, the NF-kappaB level in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic regions was significantly higher in parkinsonian patients than in the controls (P<0.05). These data suggest that the significant increase in the levels of p53 protein, interferon-gamma, and NF-kappaB reflect apoptosis and the inflammatory state in the parkinsonian brain and that their elevation is involved in the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makio Mogi
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
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25
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Cinque P, Brew BJ, Gisslen M, Hagberg L, Price RW. Cerebrospinal fluid markers in central nervous system HIV infection and AIDS dementia complex. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 85:261-300. [PMID: 18808988 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)85017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cinque
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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26
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Burke RE. Programmed cell death in Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2007; 83:591-605. [DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)83029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Chang YP, Kim MJ, Lee YI, Im IJ, Cho JJ, Kim JW, Yeo SM. Fas/FasL expression in the hippocampus of neonatal rat brains follwing hypoxic-ischemic injury. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2006. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2006.49.2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Pyo Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myeung Ju Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young Il Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ik Je Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jae Ju Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung Moon Yeo
- Department of Biological Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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28
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Sabri F, Granath F, Hjalmarsson A, Aurelius E, Sköldenberg B. Modulation of sFas indicates apoptosis in human herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 171:171-6. [PMID: 16325272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is the most common cause of non-epidemic, acute and fatal viral encephalitis. A pronounced mortality and morbidity remains in HSE despite antiviral treatment. There is evidence of a vigorous intrathecal immune activity in acute phases of HSE and of persistently increased activity at follow-ups after years. The role of apoptosis of neuronal cells in HSE patients as a mechanism of damage has been brought up lately. We hypothesize that the severity and the progression of the cerebral injury resulting from HSE can be evaluated by quantitative measurement of a compartment of immune activation molecules i.e. soluble Fas (sFas) involved in apoptosis through the Fas/Fas Ligand pathway. Consecutive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from a prospectively followed cohort, included in an antiviral treatment trial in HSE, were enrolled for quantitative measurement of sFas using commercial capture ELISA. In total, CSF samples from 49 patients with HSE, 63 patients with non-HSE encephalitis and 18 healthy individuals were studied. High levels of sFas were expressed in CSF samples collected between days 0-45 after neurological onset in 41/49 (84%) HSE patients, whereas only 21/63 (33%) of non-HSE patients and none of 18 healthy controls demonstrated measurable levels of sFas. Following the consecutive CSF sFas levels over the time and considering the clinical state of patients at admission, their neurological or lethal outcome at 12 months, and antiviral treatment, we observed that HSE patients with severe neurological sequels revealed an increase in changes of CSF sFas as compared to patients with mild or moderate neurological outcome (57.6+/-55.6 pg/ml, n=10 versus 26.3+/-97.5 pg/ml, n=14; P=0.008). Also HSE patients undergoing vidarabine treatment expressed significantly higher levels of changes of CSF sFas when compared to acyclovir-treated patients (63.7+/-52.8 pg/ml, n=9 versus 26.1+/-98.4 pg/ml, n=14; P=0.003). Interestingly, regardless of the clinical state at admission, and subsequent disease progression of the HSE patients, we could not observe any significant differences in the CSF sFas levels during the first 7 days of neurological symptoms. These observations underline the role of immunological response throughout the course of HSV infection in the brain and the role of the Fas/FasL pathway in particular in disease progression of HSE. The findings further enforce the need of expanding the knowledge of the pathogenesis of HSE to direct to more effective, in particular not only antiviral but also anti-apoptotic or anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Sabri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Landau AM, Luk KC, Jones ML, Siegrist-Johnstone R, Young YK, Kouassi E, Rymar VV, Dagher A, Sadikot AF, Desbarats J. Defective Fas expression exacerbates neurotoxicity in a model of Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 202:575-81. [PMID: 16129703 PMCID: PMC2212882 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fas (CD95), a member of the tumor necrosis factor-receptor superfamily, has been studied extensively as a death-inducing receptor in the immune system. However, Fas is also widely expressed in a number of other tissues, including in neurons. Here, we report that defects in the Fas/Fas ligand system unexpectedly render mice highly susceptible to neural degeneration in a model of Parkinson's disease. We found that Fas-deficient lymphoproliferative mice develop a dramatic phenotype resembling clinical Parkinson's disease, characterized by extensive nigrostriatal degeneration accompanied by tremor, hypokinesia, and loss of motor coordination, when treated with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) at a dose that causes no neural degeneration or behavioral impairment in WT mice. Mice with generalized lymphoproliferative disease, which express a mutated Fas ligand, display an intermediate phenotype between that of lymphoproliferative and WT mice. Moreover, Fas engagement directly protects neuronal cells from MPTP/1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion toxicity in vitro. Our data show that decreased Fas expression renders dopaminergic neurons highly susceptible to degeneration in response to a Parkinson-causing neurotoxin. These findings constitute the first evidence for a neuroprotective role for Fas in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Landau
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Developing neurons are programmed to die by an apoptotic pathway unless they are rescued by extrinsic growth factors that generate an anti-apoptotic response. By contrast, adult neurons need to survive for the lifetime of the organism, and their premature death can cause irreversible functional deficits. The default apoptotic pathway is shut down when development is complete, and consequently growth factors are no longer required to prevent death. To protect against accidental apoptotic cell death, anti-apoptotic mechanisms are activated in mature neurons in response to stress. Loss or reduced activity of these intrinsic anti-apoptotic 'brakes' might contribute to or accelerate neurodegeneration, whereas their activation might rescue neurons from injury or genetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Benn
- Day Neuromuscular Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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31
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Falsig J, Pörzgen P, Leist M. Modification of apoptosis-related genes and CD95 signaling in cytokine-treated astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Hayley S, Crocker SJ, Smith PD, Shree T, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S, Mount M, Slack R, Anisman H, Park DS. Regulation of dopaminergic loss by Fas in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2004; 24:2045-53. [PMID: 14985447 PMCID: PMC6730390 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4564-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that apoptotic and inflammatory factors contribute to the demise of dopaminergic neurons. In this respect, Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family with proapoptotic and inflammatory functions, was reported to be elevated within the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Accordingly, the present investigation evaluated the function of Fas in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD. Injection of MPTP increased nigral Fas expression, and mice lacking Fas displayed attenuated MPTP-induced SNc dopaminergic loss and microglial activation. In addition, Fas induction was blocked by expression of a dominant-negative c-Jun adenovirus that also protected dopamine neurons from MPTP-induced damage. Together, these data suggest the critical nature of the c-Jun-Fas signaling pathway in MPTP-induced neuronal loss. Although critical for degeneration of the soma, Fas deficiency did not significantly prevent the reduction of dopaminergic terminal fibers within the striatum or normalize the activation of striatal microglia and elevation of the postsynaptic activity marker DeltaFosB induced by denervation. Interestingly, Fas-deficient mice displayed a pre-existing reduction in striatal dopamine levels and locomotor behavior when compared with wild-type mice. Despite the reduced terminals, dopamine levels were not further suppressed by MPTP treatment in mutant mice, raising the possibility of a compensatory response in basal ganglia function in Fas-deficient mice.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/genetics
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/enzymology
- Corpus Striatum/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Drug Resistance/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Dominant
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/genetics
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/metabolism
- Parkinsonian Disorders/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/drug effects
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
- Substantia Nigra/pathology
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Hayley
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Neuroscience Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Abstract
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is the major type of cell death involved in normal development, regeneration, proliferation and pathologic degeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). The apoptotic process can be divided further into two pathways depending on the involvement of mitochondria and related biochemical cascades. The internal pathway of apoptosis is initiated by a variety of cytotoxic stimuli and mediated by the release of cytochrome c and subsequent activation of downstream caspases. The external pathway is mainly triggered by ligation of death receptors such as Fas, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand-R1 (TRAIL-R1), TRAIL-R2 and TNFRp55, and mediated by direct activation of upstream caspases. The Fas-FasL system has been known as a prototypic inducer of extrinsic cell death responsible for cell-mediated cytotoxicity, peripheral immune regulation, immune privilege and "counterattack" of malignant tumor cells against the host immune system. Fas and FasL are expressed in the normal CNS, and expression increases in inflamed and degenerated brains. Like other specialized tissues such as the eye and testis, the Fas-FasL system is thought to be involved in immune suppressed status in the CNS. Expression of Fas and FasL is significantly elevated in a variety of the neurologic disorders, suggesting the possibility that this system may play roles in degenerative and inflammatory responses in the CNS. Therefore, the FasL-Fas system should be considered as a double-edged sword in the CNS: maintaining the immune suppressed status in normal brain and inducing neuronal cell death and inflammation in a variety of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhee Choi
- The Center for Cell Signaling Research and Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Sudaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
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Felderhoff-Mueser U, Buhrer C, Groneck P, Obladen M, Bartmann P, Heep A. Soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-1), soluble Fas ligand, and activated caspase 3 in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants with posthemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatr Res 2003; 54:659-64. [PMID: 12867600 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000084114.83724.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus may result in loss of tissue associated with neuronal degeneration, axonal damage, and reactive gliosis. The soluble form of the anti-apoptotic regulator Fas (sFas) and the pro-apoptotic factors soluble FasL (sFasL) and activated caspase 3 were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants with hydrocephalus. Fifteen preterm infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus undergoing serial reservoir puncture and seven term or near-term infants with nonhemorrhagic hydrocephalus and shunt surgery were included in the study. Twenty-four age-matched patients with lumbar puncture for the exclusion of meningitis served as controls. Elevated levels of sFas were observed in infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus [median (range), 131 ng/mL (51-279 ng/mL)] and in nonhemorrhagic hydrocephalus [127 ng/mL (35-165 ng/mL)]. sFas concentrations were highest in a subgroup of eight patients with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus developing periventricular leukomalacia [164 ng/mL (76-227 ng/mL)]. In contrast, in 24 control infants, sFas was low, in 15 cases below detection limit (0.5 ng/mL) and in nine cases, 24 ng/mL (20-43 ng/mL). sFasL and activated caspase 3 did not differ from control infants in all groups of patients. Increased intrathecal release of sFas in the cerebrospinal fluid of infants with hydrocephalus may serve as an indicator of brain injury from progressive ventricular dilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser
- Department of Neonatology, Charité, Children's Hospital, Campus Virchow Klinikum, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Ghorpade A, Holter S, Borgmann K, Persidsky R, Wu L. HIV-1 and IL-1 beta regulate Fas ligand expression in human astrocytes through the NF-kappa B pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 141:141-9. [PMID: 12965265 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is a prominent pathological feature of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). We hypothesized that in HAD, astrocytes activated with proinflammatory stimuli such as IL-1beta express Fas ligand (FasL), a death protein. IL-1beta and HIV-1-activated astrocytes expressed FasL mRNA and protein. Luciferase reporter constructs showed that IL-1beta and HIV-1 upregulated FasL promoter activity (p<0.001). The NF-kappaB pathway was involved as shown by inhibition with SN50 and dominant negative IkappaBalpha mutants. Brain extracts from HAD patients had significantly elevated FasL levels compared to HIV-seropositive (p<0.001) and seronegative individuals (p<0.01). We propose that astrocyte expression of FasL may participate in neuronal injury in HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghorpade
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5215, USA.
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36
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Tatton WG, Chalmers-Redman R, Brown D, Tatton N. Apoptosis in Parkinson's disease: signals for neuronal degradation. Ann Neurol 2003; 53 Suppl 3:S61-70; discussion S70-2. [PMID: 12666099 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Controversy has surrounded a role for apoptosis in the loss of neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although a variety of evidence has supported an apoptotic contribution to PD neuronal loss particularly in the nigra, two factors have weighed against general acceptance: (1) limitations in the use of in situ 3' end labeling techniques to demonstrate nuclear DNA cleavage; and (2) the insistence that a specific set of nuclear morphological features be present before apoptotic death could be declared. We first review the molecular events that underlie apoptotic nuclear degradation and the literature regarding the unreliability of 3' DNA end labeling as a marker of apoptotic nuclear degradation. Recent findings regarding the multiple caspase-dependent or caspase-independent signaling pathways that mediate apoptotic nuclear degradation and determine the morphological features of apoptotic nuclear degradation are presented. The evidence shows that a single nuclear morphology is not sufficient to identify apoptosis and that a cytochrome c, pro-caspase 9, and caspase 3 pathways is operative in PD nigral apoptosis. BAX-dependent increases in mitochondrial membrane permeability are responsible for the release of mitochondrial factors that signal for apoptotic degradation, and increased BAX levels have been found in a subset of PD nigral neurons. Studies using immunocytochemistry in PD postmortem nigra have begun to define the premitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathways in the disease. Two, possibly interdependent, pathways have been uncovered: (1) a p53-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)-BAX pathway; and (2) FAS receptor-FADD-caspase 8-BAX pathway. Based on the above, it seems unlikely that apoptosis does not contribute to PD neuronal loss, and the definition of the premitochondrial signaling pathways may allow for the development and testing of an apoptosis-based PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Richartz E, Noda S, Schott K, Günthner A, Lewczuk P, Bartels M. Increased serum levels of CD95 in Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2002; 13:178-82. [PMID: 11893840 DOI: 10.1159/000048650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for a role of apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent findings suggest an increased susceptibility of lymphocytes to apoptosis in AD. To prove the hypothesis of systemic alterations in the apoptotic balance in AD, serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble CD95, which is known to mediate apoptosis, were measured. In the serum, AD patients exhibited significantly higher levels of CD95 than the controls (p = 0.017), suggesting an involvement of peripheral markers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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38
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Jin K, Graham SH, Mao X, Nagayama T, Simon RP, Greenberg DA. Fas (CD95) may mediate delayed cell death in hippocampal CA1 sector after global cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21:1411-21. [PMID: 11740202 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200112000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell death-regulatory genes like caspases and bcl-2 family genes are involved in delayed cell death in the CA1 sector of hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia, but little is known about the mechanisms that trigger their expression. The authors found that expression of Fas and Fas-ligand messenger ribonucleic acid and protein was induced in vulnerable CA1 neurons at 24 and 72 hours after global ischemia. Fas-associating protein with a novel death domain (FADD) also was upregulated and immunoprecipitated and co-localized with Fas. Caspase-10 was activated and interacted with FADD protein to an increasing extent as the duration of ischemia increased. Moreover, caspase-10 co-localized with both FADD and caspase-3. These findings suggest that Fas-mediated death signaling may play an important role in signaling hippocampal neuronal death in CA1 after global cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jin
- Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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Tatton WG, Chalmers-Redman RM, Elstner M, Leesch W, Jagodzinski FB, Stupak DP, Sugrue MM, Tatton NA. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in neurodegeneration and apoptosis signaling. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001:77-100. [PMID: 11205159 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6301-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a well-studied glycolytic enzyme that plays a key role in energy metabolism. GAPDH catalyzes the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in the glycolytic pathway. As part of the conversion, GAPDH converts NAD+ to the high-energy electron carrier NADH. GAPDH has been referred to as a "housekeeping" protein and based on the view that GAPDH gene expression remains constant under changing cellular conditions, the levels of GAPDH mRNA have frequently been used to normalize northern blots. In recent years, that view has changed since GAPDH is now known to contribute to a number of diverse cellular functions unrelated to glycolysis. Normative functions of GAPDH now include nuclear RNA export, DNA replication, DNA repair, exocytotic membrane fusion, cytoskeletal organization and phosphotransferase activity. Pathologically, GAPDH has been implicated in apoptosis, neurodegenerative disease, prostate cancer and viral pathogenesis (see Sirover (1999) for a recent review of GAPDH functions). Most recently, it has been shown that GAPDH is a target for deprenyl related compounds (Carlile et al., 2000; Kragten et al., 1998) and may contribute to the neuroprotection offered by those compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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40
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Nagatsu T, Mogi M, Ichinose H, Togari A. Changes in cytokines and neurotrophins in Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2001:277-90. [PMID: 11205147 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6301-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the resulting loss of nerve terminals accompanied by DA deficiency in the striatum are responsible for most of the movement disturbances called parkinsonism, observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). One hypothesis of the cause of degeneration of the nigrostriatal DA neurons is that PD is caused by programmed cell death (apoptosis) due to increased levels of cytokines and/or decreased ones of neurotrophins. We and other workers found markedly increased levels of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TFG)-alpha, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta2, and decreased ones of neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), in the nigrostriatal DA regions and ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients. Furthermore, the levels of TNF-alpha receptor R1 (TNF-R1, p55), bcl-2, soluble Fas (sFas), and the activities of caspase-1 and caspase-3 were also elevated in the nigrostriatal DA regions in PD. In experimental animal models of PD, IL-1beta level was increased and NGF one decreased in the striatum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonian mice, and TNF-alpha level was increased in the substantia nigra and striatum of the 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA)-injected side of hemiparkinsonian rats. L-DOPA alone or together with 6OHDA does not increase the level of TNF-alpha in the brain in vivo. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptors and caspase activities, and reduced levels of neurotrophins in the nigrostriatal region in PD patients, and in MPTP- and 6OHDA-produced parkinsonian animals suggest increased immune reactivity and programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neuronal and/or glial cells. These data indicate the presence of such proapoptotic environment in the substantia nigra in PD that may induce increased vulnerability of neuronal or glial cells towards a variety of neurotoxic factors. The probable causative linkage among the increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and the decreased levels of neurotrophins, candidate parkinsonism-producing neurotoxins such as isoquinoline neurotoxins (Review; Nagatsu, 1997), and the genetic susceptibility to toxic factors, remains for further investigation in the molecular mechanism of PD. The increased cytokine levels, decreased neurotrophin ones, and the possible immune response in the nigrostriatal region in PD indicate new neuroprotective therapy including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, immunosuppressive or immunophilin-binding drugs such as FK-506, and drugs increasing neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagatsu
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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41
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Felderhoff-Mueser U, Herold R, Hochhaus F, Koehne P, Ring-Mrozik E, Obladen M, Bührer C. Increased cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of soluble Fas (CD95/Apo-1) in hydrocephalus. Arch Dis Child 2001; 84:369-72. [PMID: 11259245 PMCID: PMC1718719 DOI: 10.1136/adc.84.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ventricular enlargement observed in children with chronically raised intracranial pressure (ICP) causes a secondary loss of brain tissue. In animal studies of hydrocephalus, programmed cell death (apoptosis) has been found as a major mechanism of neuronal injury. One of the regulators of the apoptotic cell death programme is the receptor mediated Fas/Fas ligand interaction. METHODS The apoptosis regulating cytokines soluble Fas (sFas) and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) were studied in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 31 hydrocephalic children undergoing shunt surgery for symptomatic hydrocephalus and 18 controls. RESULTS High concentrations of sFas were observed in children with hydrocephalus (median 252 ng/ml); in controls sFas was below the detection limit (0.5 ng/ml). sFasL was undetectable in all but one sample. CONCLUSION High concentrations of sFas in the CSF of children with hydrocephalus suggest intrinsic sFas production, potentially antagonising pressure mediated Fas activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Felderhoff-Mueser
- Department of Neonatology, Charité Children's Hospital, Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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42
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Sabri F, De Milito A, Pirskanen R, Elovaara I, Hagberg L, Cinque P, Price R, Chiodi F. Elevated levels of soluble Fas and Fas ligand in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with AIDS dementia complex. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 114:197-206. [PMID: 11240032 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We measured the levels of sFas and sFasL in CSF and serum of HIV-1 infected patients and related them to AIDS dementia complex (ADC). Specimens were obtained from 51 HIV-1 infected individuals (29 with ADC) and 39 HIV negative individuals. The sFas was detectable in all sera and 98% of CSF specimens. Measurable levels of sFasL were found in 79% of the CSF and 98% of sera samples. According to the presence or absence of ADC, we observed significant differences in CSF sFas (median and IQR 116, 132 vs. 30, 23 pg/ml, P<0.001) and sFasL (median and IQR 127, 290 vs. 15, 73 pg/ml, P<0.001) levels. The sFas in serum differed significantly between HIV-1 infected subjects and non-infected controls (P<0.001), with no correlation to ADC. On the contrary, sFasL in serum differed among HIV-1 infected subjects according to clinical signs of ADC. In the cross-sectional study, the number of cells present in CSF and CD4+ T cell counts in blood did not correlate to the levels of CSF sFas and sFasL. Interestingly, the number of HIV RNA copies in CSF correlated significantly to the levels of CSF sFasL (P=0.001) but not to sFas in the same compartment. Antiretroviral therapy reduced viral load and sFas levels in CSF in the majority of patients. sFas is a useful marker for ADC diagnosis and follow-up during antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sabri
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg, 16, S 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Tatton NA. Increased caspase 3 and Bax immunoreactivity accompany nuclear GAPDH translocation and neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2000; 166:29-43. [PMID: 11031081 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In situ end labeling combined with YOYO staining was used to mark apoptotic DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation respectively in human postmortem brain sections. Increased numbers of apoptotic neuronal nuclei were identified in the Parkinson's disease (PD) nigra compared with age-matched controls. Caspase 3 and Bax showed increased immunoreactivity in melanized neurons of the PD nigra compared with controls. Importantly, GAPDH nuclear accumulation was also observed in the PD nigra, suggesting apoptotic rather than necrotic cell death. Interestingly, both Lewy bodies and the intranuclear Marinesco's bodies were GAPDH immunoreactive in the PD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Tatton
- Department of Neurology, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine/NYU, New York, New York 10029, USA
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44
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Ferrer I, Blanco R, Cutillas B, Ambrosio S. Fas and Fas-L expression in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2000; 26:424-33. [PMID: 11054182 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Fas/Fas-L signalling system plays a role in the control of cell death and the survival of lymphocytes, in the regulation of the immune system, and in the progression of autoimmune diseases. Studies in the nervous system have shown Fas/Fas-L activation in multiple sclerosis and in various paradigms leading to neuronal death. Enhanced Fas and Fas-L expression has also been documented in astrocytomas and glioma cell lines. However, little is known about the possible implication of Fas/Fas-L signals in primary human neurodegenerative diseases. In an attempt to gain understanding of the mechanisms commanding cell death and neurone loss in Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), Fas and Fas-L expression has been examined in the brains of patients with HD and PD with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Fas and Fas-L expression levels are reduced in the caudate and putamen, but not in the parietal cortex, in HD, as revealed in Western blots. Moreover, Fas and Fas-L immunoreactivity is reduced in striatal neurones in HD. Fas and Fas-L immunoreactivity is also decreased in neurones of the substantia nigra pars compacta in PD. Reduced Fas and Fas-L expression is observed equally in Lewy body-bearing and non-Lewy body-bearing neurones. Yet increased Fas and Fas-L immunoreactivity occurs in normal astrocytes in control brains and in reactive astrocytes in diseased brains. The meaning of increased Fas and Fas-L expression in astrocytes is still unclear. However, the present results suggest that Fas/Fas-L signals are minimized in sensitive neurones in HD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Unitat de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Princeps d'Espanya, Barcelona, Spain.
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45
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Rosenbaum DM, Gupta G, D'Amore J, Singh M, Weidenheim K, Zhang H, Kessler JA. Fas (CD95/APO-1) plays a role in the pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2000; 61:686-92. [PMID: 10972965 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20000915)61:6<686::aid-jnr12>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of fas antigen, a member of the TNF receptor family, in cell death after focal cerebral ischemia. Focal ischemia was induced in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Evidence for apoptosis was determined by morphology as well as the presence of DNA fragmentation by the end labeling technique (TUNEL). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect expression of both fas and fas ligand (fasL). In a separate set of experiments, two groups of mice were studied: lpr (that have a loss of function mutation for fas) and wild type. Infarct volume was measured at 24 hr as well as evidence for apoptosis. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, there was evidence for apoptosis based on morphological criteria as well as the TUNEL technique in the rat. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased expression of both fas and fasL in the ischemic region, with maximal staining occurring between 24-48 hr for both. Twenty-four hours after ischemia in the mice, there was evidence of apoptosis in both groups, however, the mutant mice (lpr) had significantly smaller infarcts as compared to the wild type. There was no difference in the cerebrovasculature of the two groups of mice. These data support the hypothesis that apoptosis plays a role in the pathophysiology of focal cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, these data suggest that fas-mediated apoptosis contributes to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Rosenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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46
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Mogi M, Togari A, Tanaka K, Ogawa N, Ichinose H, Nagatsu T. Increase in level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned striatum in rats is suppressed by immunosuppressant FK506. Neurosci Lett 2000; 289:165-8. [PMID: 10961655 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced hemiparkinsonism the content of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic region of the control side with that of the 6-OHDA-injected experimental side, and explored the effects of 6-OHDA injection combined with the immunosuppressant FK506 treatment (0.5 or 4 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks). The ratios of the concentration of TNF-alpha in the striatum and substantia nigra on the 6-OHDA injection side to that on the control side in the 6-OHDA hemiparkinsonism rats were significantly higher than those in the control rats without 6-OHDA treatment, whereas those in the rats treated with 6-OHDA and FK506 were not significantly different from those in the control rats. Thus FK506 attenuated increased TNF-alpha level in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic region injured by 6-OHDA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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47
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Martínez M, Fernández-Vivancos E, Frank A, De la Fuente M, Hernanz A. Increased cerebrospinal fluid fas (Apo-1) levels in Alzheimer's disease. Relationship with IL-6 concentrations. Brain Res 2000; 869:216-9. [PMID: 10865077 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing lines of evidence suggest a role of apoptosis in the neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease, in which it has been implicated in increasing the expression of p53 and Fas. On the other hand, inflammatory cytokines have also been implicated as important factors in the progression of neuronal damage in this disease. In an attempt to investigate the possible in vivo relationship between programmed cell death and the inflammatory response in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), we measured the levels of soluble Fas, interleukin-1beta (IL-lbeta) and IL-6 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ten DAT patients and ten age-matched controls. Our results show a significant increase in IL-6 and soluble Fas concentrations in the CSF of DAT patients compared with those from nondemented controls. Moreover, linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant correlation (r=0.703; P<0.05) between soluble Fas and IL-6 levels in the CSF in DAT patients. These results suggest that Fas is implicated in the inflammatory response observed in Alzheimer's brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Castellana 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Sporer B, Koedel U, Goebel FD, Pfister HW. Increased levels of soluble Fas receptor and Fas ligand in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:221-6. [PMID: 10710210 DOI: 10.1089/088922200309313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of serum samples and blood cells have revealed a dysregulation of the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system during HIV infection, which may be related to disease progression. As Fas and FasL have been suggested to participate in brain injury in a variety of CNS disorders, the aim of this study was to determine (1) whether soluble Fas and FasL can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from HIV-infected patients, (2) whether levels of these molecules are related to disease progression, and (3) whether levels of sFasL are related to other laboratory findings. Soluble Fas was detected in 38 of 56 (68%) and soluble Fas ligand in 17 of 56 (30%) CSF samples from HIV-infected patients. CSF levels of both molecules correlated neither with the CSF-to-serum albumin ratio nor with corresponding serum concentrations. This finding suggests that they are at least in part produced intrathecally. Levels of both CSF sFas and sFasL correlated significantly and inversely with the blood CD4+ cell counts, suggesting that the intrathecal release of both molecules is increased during progression to advanced immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sporer
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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49
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Kostrzewa RM. Review of apoptosis vs. necrosis of substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease. Neurotox Res 2000; 2:239-50. [PMID: 16787844 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that melanized neurons of the pars compacta of substantia nigra (pcSN) degenerate in the midbrain of human Parkinsonians is nearly a century old, but only in this decade have we gained insights into mechanisms underlying this neuronal loss. Although it had long been assumed that pcSN neurons underwent necrosis, recent (1) in vitro studies on isolated neurons, (2) in vivo studies in animals treated with neurotoxins, and (3) postmortem study of human Parkinsonian brain provide strong evidence that pcSN cells may be lost more from apoptosis (i.e., cell suicide) than from necrosis. This paper gives some historical perspective, but focuses primarily on mechanisms involved in both necrosis and apoptosis of neurons, primarily dopaminergic, and reviews the recent literature relating to apoptosis and apoptotic factors now identified in neurons undergoing neurotoxin-induced death and in postmortem human Parkinsonian brain. The weight of evidence in favor of apoptosis and apoptotic factors in these neurons, provides us with tools needed to develop anti-apoptotic factors that can be targeted to proteins on genes, so that it may be possible to decelerate or prevent the progressive neuronal cell loss in human Parkinsonians or in humans with other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kostrzewa
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Vermes I, Steur EN, Reutelingsperger C, Haanen C. Decreased concentration of annexin V in parkinsonian cerebrospinal fluid: speculation on the underlying cause. Mov Disord 1999; 14:1008-10. [PMID: 10584677 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8257(199911)14:6<1008::aid-mds1015>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumstantial evidence suggests that increased apoptosis is responsible for the loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). It is impossible to perform high-quality studies on human postmortem material because of the low quality of tissue preservation, and the fact that apoptosis has a duration of only hours, and that the duration of the agonal period itself will lead to massive neuronal cell death. We measured, as epiphenomenon of neuronal cell death ex vivo, the Annexin V concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with PD and control subjects. The Annexin V concentration in CSF of patients with PD was significantly lower compared with control subjects. Annexin V concentrations of the CSF did not correlate with dementia, duration of symptoms, age, sex, or treatment of PD. The rationale for measurement of Annexin V in CSF is the fact that Annexin V adheres to dying cells. It is tempting to suppose that the decrease of Annexin V in CSF of PD is the result of consumption of this protein during neuronal apoptosis as has been demonstrated to occur in the midbrain in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vermes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Spectrum Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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