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Druga R, Mares P, Salaj M, Kubova H. Degenerative Changes in the Claustrum and Endopiriform Nucleus after Early-Life Status Epilepticus in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1296. [PMID: 38279295 PMCID: PMC10816976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the location of degenerating neurons in the dorsal (insular) claustrum (DCL, VCL) and the dorsal, intermediate and ventral endopiriform nucleus (DEn, IEn, VEn) in rat pups following lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE) induced at postnatal days [P]12, 15, 18, 21 and 25. The presence of Fluoro-Jade B-positive neurons was evaluated at 4, 12, 24, 48 h and 1 week later. A small number of degenerated neurons was observed in the CL, as well as in the DEn at P12 and P15. The number of degenerated neurons was increased in the CL as well as in the DEn at P18 and above and was highest at longer survival intervals. The CL at P15 and 18 contained a small or moderate number of degenerated neurons mainly close to the medial and dorsal margins also designated as DCl ("shell") while isolated degenerated neurons were distributed in the VCl ("core"). In P21 and 25, a larger number of degenerated neurons occurred in both subdivisions of the dorsal claustrum. The majority of degenerated neurons in the endopiriform nucleus were found in the intermediate and caudal third of the DEn. A small number of degenerated neurons was dispersed in the whole extent of the DEn with prevalence to its medial margin. Our results indicate that degenerated neurons in the claustrum CL and endopiriform nucleus are distributed mainly in subdivisions originating from the ventral pallium; their distribution correlates with chemoarchitectonics of both nuclei and with their intrinsic and extrinsic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Druga
- Institute of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mares
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Salaj
- Institute of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Hana Kubova
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
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2
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Takahashi M, Kobayashi T, Mizuma H, Yamauchi K, Okamoto S, Okamoto K, Ishida Y, Koike M, Watanabe M, Isa T, Hioki H. Preferential arborization of dendrites and axons of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive GABAergic neurons within subregions of the mouse claustrum. Neurosci Res 2023; 190:92-106. [PMID: 36574563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum coordinates the activities of individual cortical areas through abundant reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex. Although these excitatory connections have been extensively investigated in three subregions of the claustrum-core region and dorsal and ventral shell regions-the contribution of GABAergic neurons to the circuitry in each subregion remains unclear. Here, we examined the distribution of GABAergic neurons and their dendritic and axonal arborizations in each subregion. Combining in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that approximately 10% of neuronal nuclei-positive cells expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 mRNA across the claustral subregions. Approximately 20%, 30%, and 10% of GABAergic neurons were immunoreactive for parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, respectively, in each subregion, and these neurochemical markers showed little overlap with each other. We then reconstructed PV and SOM neurons labeled with adeno-associated virus vectors. The dendrites and axons of PV and SOM neurons were preferentially localized to their respective subregions where their cell bodies were located. Furthermore, the axons were preferentially extended in a rostrocaudal direction, whereas the dendrites were relatively isotropic. The present findings suggest that claustral PV and SOM neurons might execute information processing separately within the core and shell regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumu Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Kobayashi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Haruhi Mizuma
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamauchi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Advanced Research Institute for Health Sciences, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Multi-Scale Brain Structure Imaging, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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Yamagata M, Duan X, Sanes JR. Cadherins Interact With Synaptic Organizers to Promote Synaptic Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:142. [PMID: 29760652 PMCID: PMC5936767 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical cadherins, a set of ~20 related recognition and signaling molecules, have been implicated in many aspects of neural development, including the formation and remodeling of synapses. Mechanisms underlying some of these steps have been studied by expressing N-cadherin (cdh2), a Type 1 cadherin, in heterologous cells, but analysis is complicated because widely used lines express cdh2 endogenously. We used CRISPR-mediated gene editing to generate a Human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 variant lacking Cdh2, then compared the behavior of rodent cortical and hippocampal neurons co-cultured with parental, cdh2 mutant and cdh2-rescued 293 lines. The comparison demonstrated that Cdh2 promotes neurite branching and that it is required for three synaptic organizers, neurologin1 (NLGL1), leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein 2 (LRRtm2), and Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (Cadm1/SynCAM) to stimulate presynaptic differentiation, assayed by clustering of synaptic vesicles at sites of neurite-293 cell contact. Similarly, Cdh2 is required for a presynaptic organizing molecule, Neurexin1β, to promote postsynaptic differentiation in dendrites. We also show that another Type I cadherin, Cdh4, and a Type II cadherin, Cdh6, can substitute for Cdh2 in these assays. Finally, we provide evidence that the effects of cadherins require homophilic interactions between neurites and the heterologous cells. Together, these results indicate that classical cadherins act together with synaptic organizers to promote synaptic differentiation, perhaps in part by strengthening the intracellular adhesion required for the organizers to act efficiently. We propose that cadherins promote high affinity contacts between appropriate partners, which then enable synaptic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamagata
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xin Duan
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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4
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Schaarschuch A, Hertel N. Expression profile of N-cadherin and protocadherin-19 in postnatal mouse limbic structures. J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:663-680. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaarschuch
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
| | - Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital; Jena Germany
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Mills F, Globa AK, Liu S, Cowan CM, Mobasser M, Phillips AG, Borgland SL, Bamji SX. Cadherins mediate cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity and behavioral conditioning. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:540-549. [PMID: 28192395 PMCID: PMC5373847 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse alter synaptic connections in the ‘reward circuit’ of the brain, which leads to long-lasting behavioral changes that underlie addiction. Here we show that cadherin adhesion molecules play a critical role in mediating synaptic plasticity and behavioral changes driven by cocaine. We demonstrate that cadherin is essential for long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and is recruited to the synaptic membrane of excitatory inputs onto dopaminergic neurons following cocaine-mediated behavioral conditioning. Furthermore, we show that stabilization of cadherin at the membrane of these synapses blocks cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity, leading to a significant reduction in conditioned place preference induced by cocaine. Our findings identify cadherins and associated molecules as targets of interest for understanding pathological plasticity associated with addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergil Mills
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea K Globa
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine M Cowan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahsan Mobasser
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shernaz X Bamji
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Orman R, Kollmar R, Stewart M. Claustrum of the short-tailed fruit bat,Carollia perspicillata: Alignment of cellular orientation and functional connectivity. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1459-1474. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology; State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Brooklyn New York
| | - Richard Kollmar
- Departments of Cell Biology and Otolaryngology; State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Brooklyn New York
| | - Mark Stewart
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology; State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Brooklyn New York
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7
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Puelles L, Ayad A, Alonso A, Sandoval J, MartÍnez-de-la-Torre M, Medina L, Ferran J. Selective early expression of the orphan nuclear receptorNr4a2identifies the claustrum homolog in the avian mesopallium: Impact on sauropsidian/mammalian pallium comparisons. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:665-703. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - A. Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - A. Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - J.E. Sandoval
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - M. MartÍnez-de-la-Torre
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - L. Medina
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Lleida, and IRBLleida Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida; Lleida 25198 Spain
| | - J.L. Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
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8
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Orman R. Claustrum: a case for directional, excitatory, intrinsic connectivity in the rat. J Physiol Sci 2015; 65:533-44. [PMID: 26329935 PMCID: PMC10717944 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Claustrum, a gray matter structure that underlies the neocortex, is reciprocally connected with many neocortical and limbic cortical areas. This connectivity positions claustrum ideally for the integration or coordination of widespread cortical activity. In anatomical studies using multiple planes of section, claustrum has distinct subregions based on latexin immunohistochemistry, and an approximately rostro-caudal alignment of fusiform cells supporting a laminar intrinsic organization. Physiological studies of claustral connectivity in disinhibited brain slices demonstrate (1) intrinsic connectivity sufficient to generate spontaneous synchronized burst discharges, (2) activity spread within the oblique laminae that contained the principal cellular axis, and (3) segregation of activity as evidenced by the absence of spread within coronal planes. Activity spread depended on glutamatergic synaptic transmission, and activity restrictions did not depend on inhibitory circuits. We conclude that the claustrum has an intrinsic excitatory connectivity that is constrained in approximately rostro-caudal laminae, with minimal cross-communication between laminae. Further, claustrum has the intrinsic capability of generating synchronized population activity and facilitating its spread within laminae, a feature that may contribute to seizure generation and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 31, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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9
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Wakimoto M, Sehara K, Ebisu H, Hoshiba Y, Tsunoda S, Ichikawa Y, Kawasaki H. Classic Cadherins Mediate Selective Intracortical Circuit Formation in the Mouse Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:3535-46. [PMID: 25230944 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of selective intracortical circuitry is one of the important questions in neuroscience research. "Barrel nets" are recently identified intracortical axonal trajectories derived from layer 2/3 neurons in layer 4 of the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex. Axons of layer 2/3 neurons are preferentially distributed in the septal regions of layer 4 of the barrel cortex, where they show whisker-related patterns. Because cadherins have been viewed as potential candidates that mediate the formation of selective neuronal circuits, here we examined the role of cadherins in the formation of barrel nets. We disrupted the function of cadherins by expressing dominant-negative cadherin (dn-cadherin) using in utero electroporation and found that barrel nets were severely disrupted. Confocal microscopic analysis revealed that expression of dn-cadherin reduced the density of axons in septal regions in layer 4 of the barrel cortex. We also found that cadherins were important for the formation, rather than the maintenance, of barrel nets. Our results uncover an important role of cadherins in the formation of local intracortical circuitry in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Wakimoto
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sehara
- Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruka Ebisu
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hoshiba
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tsunoda
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ichikawa
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Biophysical Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Brain/Liver Interface Medicine Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan Department of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Hertel N, Redies C, Medina L. Cadherin expression delineates the divisions of the postnatal and adult mouse amygdala. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3982-4012. [PMID: 22592879 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex represents a group of telencephalic nuclei and cortical areas that control emotional and social behavior. Amygdalar development is poorly understood. It is generally accepted that the structures of the amygdala originate from the neuroepithelium at both sides of the pallial-subpallial boundary. In the present study, we mapped the expression of 13 members of the cadherin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, which provide an adhesive code for the development and maintenance of functional structures in the central nervous system (CNS). Five classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh11) and eight delta-protocadherins (Pcdh1, Pcdh7, Pcdh8, Pcdh9, Pcdh10, Pcdh11, PCdh17, PCdh19) were studied by in situ hybridization in the postnatal (P5) and adult mouse amygdala. In the different parts of the amygdala, each of these (proto-) cadherins shows a distinct and spatially restricted expression pattern that is highly similar at postnatal and adult stages. The combinatorial expression of (proto-) cadherins allows the distinction of multiple molecular subdivisions within the amygdala that partially coincide with previously described morphological divisions. Beyond these expected results, a number of novel molecular subdivisions and subpopulations of cells were identified; for example, additional molecular subdomains, patches, or cell aggregates with distinct (proto-) cadherin expression in several nuclei/areas of the amygdala. We also show that several cadherins are molecular markers for particular functional subsystems within the amygdala, such as in the olfactory projections. In summary, (proto-) cadherins provide a code of potentially adhesive cues that can aid the understanding of functional organization in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hertel
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Pielarski KN, van Stegen B, Andreyeva A, Nieweg K, Jüngling K, Redies C, Gottmann K. Asymmetric N-cadherin expression results in synapse dysfunction, synapse elimination, and axon retraction in cultured mouse neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54105. [PMID: 23382872 PMCID: PMC3561303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapse elimination and pruning of axon collaterals are crucial developmental events in the refinement of neuronal circuits. While a control of synapse formation by adhesion molecules is well established, the involvement of adhesion molecules in developmental synapse loss is poorly characterized. To investigate the consequences of mis-match expression of a homophilic synaptic adhesion molecule, we analysed an asymmetric, exclusively postsynaptic expression of N-cadherin. This was induced by transfecting individual neurons in cultures of N-cadherin knockout mouse neurons with a N-cadherin expression vector. 2 days after transfection, patch-clamp analysis of AMPA receptor-mediated miniature postsynaptic currents revealed an impaired synaptic function without a reduction in the number of presynaptic vesicle clusters. Long-term asymmetric expression of N-cadherin for 8 days subsequently led to synapse elimination as indicated by a loss of colocalization of presynaptic vesicles and postsynaptic PSD95 protein. We further studied long-term asymmetric N-cadherin expression by conditional, Cre-induced knockout of N-cadherin in individual neurons in cultures of N-cadherin expressing cortical mouse neurons. This resulted in a strong retraction of axonal processes in individual neurons that lacked N-cadherin protein. Moreover, an in vivo asymmetric expression of N-cadherin in the developmentally transient cortico-tectal projection was indicated by in-situ hybridization with layer V neurons lacking N-cadherin expression. Thus, mis-match expression of N-cadherin might contribute to selective synaptic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim N. Pielarski
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd van Stegen
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aksana Andreyeva
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Nieweg
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kay Jüngling
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Kurt Gottmann
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Small GTPase Rho regulates R-cadherin through Dia1/profilin-1. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Association of genetic variants with chronic kidney disease in Japanese individuals with or without hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:137-145. [PMID: 23136606 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are important risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of the present study was to identify genetic variants that confer susceptibility to CKD in individuals with or without hypertension or diabetes mellitus, thereby contributing to the personalized prevention of CKD in such individuals separately. The study population comprised 5835 unrelated Japanese individuals, including 1763 subjects with CKD and 4072 controls. The 150 polymorphisms were selected by genome-wide association studies of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction with the use of the GeneChip Human Mapping 500K Array Set (Affymetrix). The genotypes for these polymorphisms were determined by a method that combines polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes with suspension array technology. The χ(2) test, multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for covariates, as well as a stepwise forward selection procedure revealed that two different polymorphisms were significantly (P<0.005) associated with the prevalence of CKD in individuals with or without hypertension or diabetes mellitus: the A→G (Lys625Arg) polymorphism of CDH4 (rs6142884) in individuals without diabetes mellitus, and the C→T polymorphism of PTPRN2 (rs1638021) in individuals with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. No polymorphism was significantly associated with CKD in individuals with or without hypertension, in those with diabetes mellitus, or in those without hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Stratification of subjects based on hypertension or diabetes mellitus may thus be fundamental to achieving the personalized prevention of CKD with the use of genetic information.
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14
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Kumbasar A, Plachez C, Gronostajski RM, Richards LJ, Litwack ED. Absence of the transcription factor Nfib delays the formation of the basilar pontine and other mossy fiber nuclei. J Comp Neurol 2009; 513:98-112. [PMID: 19107796 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the Nuclear Factor I (Nfi) family are important for the development of specific neuronal and glial populations in the nervous system. One such population, the neurons of the basilar pontine nuclei, expresses high levels of Nfi proteins, and the pontine nuclei are greatly reduced in mice lacking a functional Nfib gene. Pontine neurons, along with other precerebellar neurons that populate the hindbrain, arise from precursors in the lower rhombic lip and migrate anteroventrally to reach their final location. Using immunohistochemistry, we find that NFI-B expression is specific for mossy fiber populations of the precerebellar system. Analysis of the Nfib(-/-) hindbrain indicates that the development of the basilar pontine nuclei is delayed, with pontine neurons migrating 1-2 days later than in control animals, and that significantly fewer pontine neurons are produced. While the mossy fiber nuclei of the caudal medulla do form, they also exhibit a developmental delay. Nfia and Nfix null mice exhibit no apparent pontine phenotype, implying specificity in the action of NFI family members. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Nfib plays an important role in the generation of precerebellar mossy fiber neurons, and may do so at least in part by regulating neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Kumbasar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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15
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Krishna-K, Nuernberger M, Weth F, Redies C. Layer-specific expression of multiple cadherins in the developing visual cortex (V1) of the ferret. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:388-401. [PMID: 18534988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are superfamily of Ca2+-dependent transmembrane glycoproteins with more than 100 members. They play a role in a wide variety of developmental mechanisms, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell-cell recognition, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. We cloned 16 novel members of the classic cadherin and delta-protocadherin subgroups from ferret brain. Their expression patterns were investigated by in situ hybridization in the developing primary visual cortex (V1) of the ferret. Fifteen out of the 16 cadherins are expressed in a spatiotemporally restricted fashion throughout development. Each layer of V1 can be characterized by the combinatorial expression of a subset of cadherins at any given developmental stage. A few cadherins are expressed by subsets of neurons in specific layers or by neurons dispersed throughout all cortical layers. Generally, the expression of protocadherins is more widespread, whereas that of classic cadherins is more restricted to specific layers. At the V1/V2 boundary, changes in layer-specific cadherin expression are observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that cadherins provide a code of potentially adhesive cues for layer formation in ferret V1. The persistence of expression in the adult suggests a functional role also in the mature cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna-K
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine, Teichgraben 7, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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16
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Hertel N, Krishna-K, Nuernberger M, Redies C. A cadherin-based code for the divisions of the mouse basal ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2008; 508:511-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Shapiro L, Love J, Colman DR. Adhesion molecules in the nervous system: structural insights into function and diversity. Annu Rev Neurosci 2007; 30:451-74. [PMID: 17600523 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The unparalleled complexity of intercellular connections in the nervous system presents requirements for high levels of both specificity and diversity for the proteins that mediate cell adhesion. Here we describe recent advances toward understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie adhesive binding, specificity, and diversity for several well-characterized families of adhesion molecules in the nervous system. Although many families of adhesion proteins, including cadherins and immunoglobulin superfamily members, are utilized in neural and nonneural contexts, nervous system-specific diversification mechanisms, such as precisely regulated alternative splicing, provide an important means to enable their function in the complex context of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 2Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032 USA.
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18
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Seshadri S, DeStefano AL, Au R, Massaro JM, Beiser AS, Kelly-Hayes M, Kase CS, D'Agostino RB, DeCarli C, Atwood LD, Wolf PA. Genetic correlates of brain aging on MRI and cognitive test measures: a genome-wide association and linkage analysis in the Framingham Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8 Suppl 1:S15. [PMID: 17903297 PMCID: PMC1995608 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-s1-s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cognitive tests can identify heritable endophenotypes associated with an increased risk of developing stroke, dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) and linkage analysis exploring the genetic basis of these endophenotypes in a community-based sample. METHODS A total of 705 stroke- and dementia-free Framingham participants (age 62 +9 yrs, 50% male) who underwent volumetric brain MRI and cognitive testing (1999-2002) were genotyped. We used linear models adjusting for first degree relationships via generalized estimating equations (GEE) and family based association tests (FBAT) in additive models to relate qualifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, 70,987 autosomal on Affymetrix 100K Human Gene Chip with minor allele frequency > or = 0.10, genotypic call rate > or = 0.80, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p-value > or = 0.001) to multivariable-adjusted residuals of 9 MRI measures including total cerebral brain (TCBV), lobar, ventricular and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes, and 6 cognitive factors/tests assessing verbal and visuospatial memory, visual scanning and motor speed, reading, abstract reasoning and naming. We determined multipoint identity-by-descent utilizing 10,592 informative SNPs and 613 short tandem repeats and used variance component analyses to compute LOD scores. RESULTS The strongest gene-phenotype association in FBAT analyses was between SORL1 (rs1131497; p = 3.2 x 10(-6)) and abstract reasoning, and in GEE analyses between CDH4 (rs1970546; p = 3.7 x 10(-8)) and TCBV. SORL1 plays a role in amyloid precursor protein processing and has been associated with the risk of AD. Among the 50 strongest associations (25 each by GEE and FBAT) were other biologically interesting genes. Polymorphisms within 28 of 163 candidate genes for stroke, AD and memory impairment were associated with the endophenotypes studied at p < 0.001. We confirmed our previously reported linkage of WMH on chromosome 4 and describe linkage of reading performance to a marker on chromosome 18 (GATA11A06), previously linked to dyslexia (LOD scores = 2.2 and 5.1). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that genes associated with clinical neurological disease also have detectable effects on subclinical phenotypes. These hypothesis generating data illustrate the use of an unbiased approach to discover novel pathways that may be involved in brain aging, and could be used to replicate observations made in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Seshadri
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anita L DeStefano
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Massaro
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Statistics and Consulting Unit, Department of Mathematics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexa S Beiser
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Kelly-Hayes
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos S Kase
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Statistics and Consulting Unit, Department of Mathematics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- The Department of Neurology, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Larry D Atwood
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip A Wolf
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Rahman FE, Baizer JS. Neurochemically defined cell types in the claustrum of the cat. Brain Res 2007; 1159:94-111. [PMID: 17582386 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a subcortical structure reciprocally and topographically connected with all sensory and motor domains of the cerebral cortex. Previous anatomical and electrophysiological data suggested that most cells in the claustrum are large neurons that both receive cortical input and project back to cortex, forming excitatory connections with their cortical targets. These data have been interpreted to imply a relay function for the claustrum, with information from different functional cortical domains remaining segregated. The possibility that the claustrum might mediate a more "global" function has been recently been developed by Crick and Koch [Crick, F. C., Koch, C., 2005. What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 360, 1271-1279]. We have reexamined the anatomical substrate for information processing in the claustrum of the cat by analyzing the patterns of immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins, GAD, serotonin, nNOS and the glutamate transporter EAAC1. We found multiple neurochemically defined cell types, suggesting multiple classes of projection neurons and interneurons. Each class was found throughout the entire claustrum, in all functionally defined subdivisions. Many neurons in the claustrum were surrounded by parvalbumin, calretinin, GAD or nNOS immunoreactive terminals, suggesting that many neurons of the claustrum make extensive intraclaustral connections. The entire claustrum also receives a serotonergic input. The identification of multiple neurochemical cell classes, their distribution and the extent of their dendritic arborizations relative to functional compartments suggest a substrate for information processing in the claustrum that may allow integration of information across functional subdivisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad E Rahman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 123 Sherman Hall, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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20
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Akins MR, Benson DL, Greer CA. Cadherin expression in the developing mouse olfactory system. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:483-97. [PMID: 17278136 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although odor receptors have been implicated in establishing the topography of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory bulb (OB), it is likely other molecules are also involved. The cadherins (CDHs) are a large family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell:cell interactions elsewhere in the central nervous system. However, their distribution and role in the olfactory system have remained largely unexplored. We previously demonstrated that intracellular binding partners of cadherins, the catenins, have unique spatiotemporal patterns of expression in the developing olfactory system. To further our understanding of cadherin function within the developing olfactory system, we now report on the localization of 11 classical cadherins-CDH1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 15. We demonstrate the expression of all but CDH5 and CDH15 in neuronal and/or glial cells in primary olfactory structures. CDH1 and CDH2 are expressed by OSNs; CDH2 expression closely parallels that seen for gamma-catenin in OSN axons. CDH3 and CDH11 are expressed by olfactory ensheathing glia, which surround OSN axons in the outer OB. CDH2, CDH4, and CDH6 are expressed within neuropil. CDH2, CDH4, CDH6, CDH8, CDH10, CDH11, and CDH13 are expressed by projection neurons within the main and accessory OBs. We conclude that cadherin proteins in the developing olfactory system are positioned to underlie the formation of the odorant map and local circuits within the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Akins
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8082, USA
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21
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Real MA, Dávila JC, Guirado S. Immunohistochemical localization of the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 in the developing and adult mouse claustrum. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:169-77. [PMID: 16434168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the immunoreactive expression pattern for the vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 in the embryonic, postnatal and adult mouse dorsal claustrum, at the light and electron microscopic levels. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in the dorsal claustrum starts to be observed at E16.5, with a dramatic increase towards P0. At this age, abundant VGLUT2-immunoreactive axons and puncta are observed in all pallial regions, including the claustral complex. From the first postnatal week, VGLUT2 immunoreactivity declines in several telencephalic areas, including the pallium, but abundant VGLUT2-immunoreactive fine axons and puncta remain in the claustrum. Beginning at E18.5, VGLUT2 immunoreactivity within the claustrum shows a characteristic arrangement: a central part of the region is practically devoid of VGLUT2 immunoreactivity, and it is surrounded by plenty of immunoreactive axon terminals forming a shell around it. This core/shell arrangement of the VGLUT2 immunoreactivity resembles the complementary expression of parvalbumin and calretinin described in the mouse claustrum [Real, M.A., Dávila, J.C., Guirado, S., 2003. Expression of calcium-binding proteins in the mouse claustrum. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 25, 151-160]. We observed immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies as well in the dorsal claustrum, but only at P0. Electron microscopic analysis reveals that VGLUT2 immunoreactivity in the developing and adult dorsal claustrum consists predominantly of presynaptic boutons making asymmetric synaptic contacts. These VGLUT2-immunoreactive boutons are observed as early as E16.5 and may be related to thalamo-claustral incoming fibers.
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22
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Mihrshahi R. The corpus callosum as an evolutionary innovation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2006; 306:8-17. [PMID: 16116611 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is the major interhemispheric fibre bundle in the eutherian brain and has been described as a true evolutionary innovation. This paper reviews the current literature with regard to functional, developmental and genetic concepts that may help elucidate the evolutionary origin of this structure. It has been suggested that the CC arose in the eutherian brain as a more direct and, therefore, more effective system for the interhemispheric integration of topographically organized sensory cortices than the anterior commissure (AC) and hippocampal commissure (HC) already present in nonplacental mammals. It can also be argued, however, that the ability of the CC to integrate the newly evolving motor cortices of placental mammals may have played a role in the evolutionary fixation of this structure. Investigations into the developmental mechanism involved in the formation of the CC and their underlying patterns of gene expression make it possible to formulate a tentative hypothesis about the evolutionary origin of this commissure. This paper suggests that changes in the developmental patterns of the expression of certain regulatory genes may have allowed a first group of callosal pioneering axons to cross the cortical midline. These pioneering fibres may have used the axons of the HC to find their way across the midline. Additional callosal fibres may then have fasciculated with these pioneers. Once the CC had formed in this way, more complex systems of axonal guidance may have evolved over time, thus enabling a gradual increase in the size and complexity of the CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mihrshahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, North Ryde 2109, Australia.
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23
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Miyashita T, Nishimura-Akiyoshi S, Itohara S, Rockland KS. Strong expression of NETRIN-G2 in the monkey claustrum. Neuroscience 2005; 136:487-96. [PMID: 16203099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a phylogenetically conserved structure, with extensive reciprocal connections with cortical regions, and has thus been considered important for sensory, motor, emotional, and mnemonic coordination or integration. Here, we show by in situ hybridization that the adult monkey claustrum is strongly positive for NETRIN-G2, a gene encoding a glycosyl phosphatidyl-inositol-linked membrane protein, which constitutes a subfamily with NETRIN-G1 within the netrin/UNC6 family. There is a conspicuous dorsal/ventral differentiation, where the label is stronger in the ventral claustrum. NETRIN-G2 positive neurons are not GABAergic, but rather correspond to claustrocortical projection neurons, as demonstrated by retrograde transport of Fast Blue from cortical injections and by double in situ hybridization for NETRIN-G2 and GAD67. Since NETRIN-G2 is known to be preferentially expressed in cortex, in contrast with the thalamically expressed NETRIN-G1, these results raise the possibility of some functional similarity in regulation of excitatory neural transmission in the claustrum and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyashita
- Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan.
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24
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Morishita H, Murata Y, Esumi S, Hamada S, Yagi T. CNR/Pcdhalpha family in subplate neurons, and developing cortical connectivity. Neuroreport 2005; 15:2595-9. [PMID: 15570159 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200412030-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin-related neuronal receptor (CNR)/protocadherin (Pcdh) alpha family is one of the diverse protocadherin families identified as a candidate diversified membrane-associated component regulating the formation of neuronal connectivity. However, its expression during neural circuit formation has not been examined in detail. Here, we used a conserved sequence to study the expression of this protein family during the development of neocortical connectivity, by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The proteins were detected in developing thalamocortical and corticofugal axons, and in subplate neurons, which pioneer these axon tracts. The expression in subplate neurons was confirmed by birth-date labeling with BrdU, and by examination in homozygous reeler mice. This pattern of CNR/Pcdhalpha expression suggests its involvement in the development of neocortical connectivity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Contactin 2
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Indoles/metabolism
- Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Neurologic Mutants
- Neocortex/cytology
- Neocortex/embryology
- Neocortex/metabolism
- Neural Pathways/embryology
- Neural Pathways/metabolism
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/genetics
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Protocadherins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Transfection/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Morishita
- KOKORO Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-08713, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Dávila JC, Real MA, Olmos L, Legaz I, Medina L, Guirado S. Embryonic and postnatal development of GABA, calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the mouse claustral complex. J Comp Neurol 2005; 481:42-57. [PMID: 15558732 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the development of immunoreactive expression patterns for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the calcium-binding proteins calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin in the embryonic and postnatal mouse claustral complex. Each calcium-binding protein shows a different temporal and spatial pattern of development. Calbindin-positive cells start to be seen very early during embryogenesis and increase dramatically until birth, thus becoming the most abundant cell type during embryonic development, especially in the ventral pallial part of the claustrum. The distribution of calbindin neurons throughout the claustrum during embryonic development partly parallels that of GABA neurons, suggesting that at least part of the calbindin neurons of the claustral complex are GABAergic and originate in the subpallium. Parvalbumin cells, on the other hand, start to be seen only postnatally, and their number then increases while the density of calbindin neurons decreases. Based on calretinin expression in axons, the core/shell compartments of the dorsal claustrum start to be clearly seen at embryonic day 18.5 and may be related to the development of the thalamoclaustral input. Comparison with the expression of Cadherin 8, a marker of the developing dorsolateral claustrum, indicates that the core includes a central part of the dorsolateral claustrum, whereas the shell includes a peripheral area of the dorsolateral claustrum, plus the adjacent ventromedial claustrum. The present data on the spatiotemporal developmental patterns of several subtypes of GABAergic neurons in the claustral complex may help for future studies on temporal lobe epilepsies, which have been related to an alteration of the GABAergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Dávila
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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26
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Liu Q, Marrs JA, Azodi E, Kerstetter AE, Babb SG, Hashmi L. Differential expression of cadherins in the developing and adult zebrafish olfactory system. J Comp Neurol 2004; 478:269-81. [PMID: 15368532 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that play important roles in development of a variety of tissues and maintenance of adult structures. Although cadherin expression has been studied in detail in the central nervous system of several vertebrate species, little is known of their distribution in the developing and adult olfactory structures, and there is no published report, to our knowledge, of cadherin expression in fish olfactory system. In this study, we examined expression patterns of three cadherins, cadherin-1 (E-cadherin), cadherin-2 (N-cadherin), and cadherin-4 (R-cadherin), in the olfactory system of developing and adult zebrafish by using both in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical methods. Cadherin-1 is detected in the newly formed olfactory placode, and its expression is maintained in the developing and adult olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerve. Cadherin-2 is expressed in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerve, and olfactory bulb of the embryonic and larval zebrafish, and its expression is reduced in the adult olfactory system. In contrast to the cadherin-1 and cadherin-2 expression, cadherin-4 is not found in the olfactory epithelium, but it is detected in the larval and adult olfactory bulb, in the olfactory tract, and its targets in the telencephalon. We hypothesize that the differential expression of these three cadherins in the developing zebrafish major olfactory structures reflects functionally different roles in the development of the vertebrate olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA.
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27
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Medina L, Legaz I, González G, De Castro F, Rubenstein JLR, Puelles L. Expression of Dbx1, Neurogenin 2, Semaphorin 5A, Cadherin 8, and Emx1 distinguish ventral and lateral pallial histogenetic divisions in the developing mouse claustroamygdaloid complex. J Comp Neurol 2004; 474:504-23. [PMID: 15174069 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the lateral and ventral pallial divisions of the claustroamygdaloid complex by means of analysis of expression patterns of the developmental regulatory genes Tbr1, Dbx1, Neurogenin 2, Emx1, Cadherin 8, and Semaphorin 5A in mouse developing telencephalon, from embryonic day 12.5 until birth. Our results indicate that these genes help to distinguish distinct lateral and ventral pallial histogenetic divisions in the embryonic telencephalon. Tbr1 is broadly expressed in both lateral and ventral pallial histogenetic divisions (the lateroventral migratory stream plus the mantle) during early and intermediate embryonic development; its signal becomes weak in parts of the mantle during late embryonic development. Dbx1 is strongly and specifically expressed in progenitor cells (ventricular zone) of the ventral pallium during early embryonic development, but there is no signal of this gene in the rest of the pallium nor the subpallium. Neurogenin 2 and Semaphorin 5A are both expressed in a ventral subdivision of the lateroventral migratory stream (called by us the ventral migratory stream). Further, specific nuclei of the claustral complex and pallial amygdala show strong expression of Neurogenin 2 and/or Semaphorin 5A, including the ventromedial claustrum and endopiriform nuclei, the lateral and basomedial amygdalar nuclei, the anterior and posteromedial cortical amygdalar areas, plus the amygdalo-hippocampal area. We interpret these nuclei or areas of the claustroamygdaloid complex as possible derivatives of the ventral pallium. In contrast, during embryonic development the dorsolateral claustrum, the basolateral amygdalar nucleus, and the posterolateral cortical amygdalar area do not express or show weak expression of Neurogenin 2 or Semaphorin 5A, but express selectively and strongly Cadherin 8 plus Emx1, and may be derivatives of the lateral pallium. The lateral pallial and ventral pallial divisions of the claustroamygdaloid complex appear to have some different sets of connections, although this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Medina
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Guirado S, Real MA, Olmos JL, Dávila JC. Distinct types of nitric oxide-producing neurons in the developing and adult mouse claustrum. J Comp Neurol 2003; 465:431-44. [PMID: 12966566 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied at the light and electron microscopic levels the nitric oxide-producing neurons in the mouse claustrum. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase histochemistry and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunohistochemical staining were used to reveal putative nitrergic neurons. We also analyzed colocalization of nNOS with the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the ontogenesis of the nNOS-immunoreactive neurons, providing evidence for different populations of nitrergic neurons in the mouse claustrum. The general staining pattern was similar for the histochemical and the immunohistochemical methods, resulting in neuron and neuropil staining throughout the whole claustrum. We described two populations of nitric oxide-producing neurons in the mouse claustrum on the basis of a different level of nNOS expression. Densely nNOS-stained neurons were mostly GABA immunoreactive, displayed ultrastructural features typically seen in aspiny neurons, and may originate in the subpallium; they were first seen in the claustrum at embryonic stage 17.5 and probably represent local inhibitory interneurons. Densely stained cells were found from rostral to caudal levels throughout the dorsal claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus. Lightly nNOS-stained neurons, on the other hand, were more numerous than densely stained ones, especially in the dorsal claustrum. These claustral lightly stained cells, barely observed in the NADPH-diaphorase reacted sections, were mostly non-GABAergic, and appeared earlier during ontogenesis than densely stained cells (at embryonic stages 15.5-16.5). We suggest that these neurons are probably projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Guirado
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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29
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Abstract
Thalamocortical axons are precisely targeted to cortical layer IV, but the identity of specific molecules that govern the establishment of laminar specificity in the thalamocortical projection has been elusive. In this study, we test the role of N-cadherin, a homophilic cell adhesion molecule, in laminar targeting of thalamocortical axons using cocultured thalamic and cortical slice explants exposed to N-cadherin function-blocking antibodies or inhibitory peptides. In untreated cocultures, labeled thalamocortical axons normally grow to and stop in layer IV, forming terminal-like arbors. In the N-cadherin-blocked cocultures, thalamic axons reach layer IV by growing through deep layers at the same rate as those in the untreated cocultures, but instead of terminating in layer IV, they continue growing uninterruptedly through layer IV and extend into supragranular layers to reach the outermost cortical edge, where some form terminal-like arbors in this aberrant laminar position. In cocultures in which the cortical slice is taken at an earlier maturational stage, one that corresponds to a time when thalamic axons are normally growing through deep layers before the emergence of layer IV from the cortical plate, thalamic axon ingrowth through deep layers is significantly attenuated by N-cadherin blocking reagents. These data indicate that N-cadherin has multifaceted roles in establishing the thalamocortical projection, governing aspects of both thalamic axon ingrowth and laminar targeting by acting as a layer IV stop signal, which progressively change in parallel with the maturational state of the cortex.
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30
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Abstract
The present paper describes the distribution of three calcium-binding proteins (calbindin D28k, calretinin, and parvalbumin) in the mouse dorsal claustrum and endopiriform nucleus. The three calcium-binding proteins were distinctly expressed in structures of both the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus. Calbindin was the calcium-binding protein showing the highest expression in the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus. In contrast, calretinin-immunoreactive structures, particularly cell bodies, were very scarce in these regions. Both calbindin-immunoreactive and parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons were more abundant in the claustrum than in the endopiriform nucleus, and more in rostral than in caudal levels. Nevertheless, calcium-binding protein immunoreactive neurons constitute a minority population of claustral neurons. The colocalization study of calbindin and parvalbumin immunoreactivities has demonstrated that both calcium-binding proteins are mostly expressed by separate claustral neurons in the mouse. On the other hand, our results on parvalbumin and calretinin immunoreactivity match a novel subdivision of the mouse claustrum mostly based on the pattern of cadherin expression [Neuroscience 106 (2001) 505]. In this sense, we propose that a specific zone of the dorsal claustrum with cell bodies that strongly express Rcad and cadherin-8 would be the selective target for parvalbumin-expressing fibers, and that they would be mostly avoided by calretinin-expressing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angeles Real
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Bekirov IH, Needleman LA, Zhang W, Benson DL. Identification and localization of multiple classic cadherins in developing rat limbic system. Neuroscience 2003; 115:213-27. [PMID: 12401335 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Classic cadherins are multifunctional adhesion proteins that play roles in tissue histogenesis, neural differentiation, neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Several lines of evidence suggest that classic cadherins may establish regional or laminar recognition cues by virtue of their differential expression and tight, and principally homophilic, cell adhesion. As a first step toward investigating the role this family plays in generating limbic system connectivity, we used RT-PCR to amplify type I and type II classic cadherins present in rat hippocampus during the principal period of synaptogenesis. We identified nine different cadherins, one of which, cadherin-9, is novel in hippocampus. Using in situ hybridization, we compared the cellular and regional distribution of five of the cadherins (N, 6, 8, 9 and 10) during the first two postnatal weeks in hippocampus, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, cingulate cortex, anterior thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala. We find that each cadherin is differentially distributed in distinct, but highly overlapping fields that largely correspond to known anatomical boundaries and are often coordinately expressed in interconnected regions. For example, cadherin-6 expression defines CA1 and its principal target, the subiculum; cadherin-10 is differentially expressed in CA1 and CA3 in a manner correlating with the organization of interconnecting Schaffer collateral axons; and cadherin-9 shows a striking concentration in CA3. Some cadherin mRNAs are highly restricted to particular anatomical fields over the entire time course, while others are more broadly expressed and become concentrated within particular domains coincident with the timing of afferent ingrowth. Our data indicate that classic cadherins are sufficiently diverse and differentially distributed to support a role in cell surface recognition and adhesion during the formation of limbic system connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Bekirov
- Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Box 1065/Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Kovjanic D, Redies C. Small-scale pattern formation in a cortical area of the embryonic chicken telencephalon. J Comp Neurol 2003; 456:95-104. [PMID: 12509867 DOI: 10.1002/cne.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The parahippocampal area is a cortical region of the avian dorsomedial telencephalon. In the chicken embryo, it contains discrete clusters of cadherin-7-positive cells, which are embedded in a cadherin-7-negative matrix. In the present work, the development and spatial distribution of these clusters is studied in whole-mount specimens. The clusters form a complex, coherent pattern of patches of variable size, spacing, and staining intensity. The pattern is especially prominent and regularly spaced in the rostral part of the caudolateral parahippocampal area. Here, it consists of stripes and connecting bridges with an average periodicity of approximately 0.3 mm. This pattern vaguely resembles some animal fur patterns and the ocular dominance domain of the mammalian visual cortex. The cadherin-7-positive patches also differ from their surrounding area by their cytoarchitecture and their increased acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that they represent functionally specialized subregions within the parahippocampal area. During development, the patchiness is first observed between 9 and 10 days of incubation and gradually becomes more prominent until 15 days of incubation. Our results indicate that the patchy organization of cortical gray matter on a small scale of periodicity (below 1 mm), which is well studied in the mammalian neocortex, is also found in the avian telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Kovjanic
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Essen School of Medicine, D-45122 Essen, Germany
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Gil OD, Needleman L, Huntley GW. Developmental patterns of cadherin expression and localization in relation to compartmentalized thalamocortical terminations in rat barrel cortex. J Comp Neurol 2002; 453:372-88. [PMID: 12389209 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The wiring of synaptic circuitry during development is remarkably precise, but the molecular interactions that enable such precision remain largely to be defined. Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules hypothesized to play roles in axon growth and synaptic targeting during development. We previously showed that N-cadherin localizes to ventrobasal (VB) thalamocortical synapses in rat somatosensory (barrel) cortex during formation of the whisker-map in layer IV (Huntley and Benson [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 407:453-471). Such specific association of N-cadherin with one identified afferent pathway raises the prediction that other cadherins are expressed in barrel cortex and that these are, in some combination, also differentially associated with distinct inputs. Here, we first show that N-cadherin and three other classic cadherins (cadherin-6, -8, and -10) are expressed contemporaneously in barrel cortex with relative levels of postnatal expression that are highest during the first 2 weeks, when afferent and intrinsic circuitries are forming and synaptogenesis is maximal. Each displayed distinct, but partly overlapping laminar patterns of expression that changed over time. Cadherin-8 probe hybridization formed a particularly striking pattern of intermittent, columnar patches extending from layer V through layer III, which was first detectable at approximately postnatal day 3. The patches were centered precisely over regions of dysgranular layer IV and, in the whisker barrel field, over barrel septa. This pattern is similar to that formed by the terminal distribution of thalamocortical afferents arising from the posterior nucleus (POm), suggesting cadherin-8 association with the POm thalamocortical synaptic circuit. Consistent with this, cadherin-8 mRNAs were enriched in the POm nucleus, and cadherin-8 immunolabeling in layer IV was enriched in barrel septa and codistributed with labeled POm thalamocortical synaptic-like puncta. The striking molecular parcellation of at least two different cadherins to the two, converging thalamic pathways that terminated in non-overlapping barrel center and septal compartments in layer IV strongly suggested that cadherins provide requisite molecular recognition and targeting that enable precise construction of thalamocortical and other synaptic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando D Gil
- Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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