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Badawi GA, Shokr MM, Elshazly SM, Zaki HF, Mohamed AF. "Sigma-1 receptor modulation by clemastine highlights its repurposing as neuroprotective agent against seizures and cognitive deficits in PTZ-kindled rats". Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 980:176851. [PMID: 39084454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures alongside other neurological comorbidities. Cognitive impairment is the most frequent comorbidity secondary to progressive neurologic changes in epilepsy. Sigma 1 receptors (σ1 receptors) are involved in the neuroprotection and pathophysiology of both conditions and targeting these receptors may have the potential to modulate both seizures and comorbidities. The current research demonstrated the effect of clemastine (10 mg/kg, P.O.), a non-selective σ1 receptor agonist, on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (35 mg/kg, i.p., every 48 h for 14 doses)-kindling rats by acting on σ1 receptors through its anti-inflammatory/antioxidant capacity. Clemastine and phenytoin (30 mg/kg, P.O.) or their combination were given once daily. Clemastine treatment showed a significant effect on neurochemical, behavioural, and histopathological analyses through modulation of σ1 receptors. It protected the kindling animals from seizures and attenuated their cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze test by reversing the PTZ hippocampal neuroinflammation/oxidative stress state through a significant increase in inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), along with a reduction of total reactive oxygen species (TROS) and amyloid beta protein (Aβ). The involvement of σ1 receptors in the protective effects of clemastine was confirmed by their abrogation when utilizing NE-100, a selective σ1 receptor antagonist. In light of our findings, modulating σ1 receptors emerges as a compelling therapeutic strategy for epilepsy and its associated cognitive impairments. The significant neuroprotective effects observed with clemastine underscore the potential of σ1 receptor-targeted treatments to address both the primary symptoms and comorbidities of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Badawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University- Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt
| | - Mustafa M Shokr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University- Arish Branch, Arish, 45511, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hala F Zaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), South Sinai, 46612, Egypt
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2
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. One-Trial Appetitive Learning Tasks for Drug Targeting. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:680-686. [PMID: 37287290 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230607152758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One-trial appetitive learning developed from one-trial passive avoidance learning as a standard test of retrograde amnesia. It consists of one learning trial followed by a retention test, in which physiological manipulations are presented. As in passive avoidance learning, food- or waterdeprived rats or mice finding food or water inside an enclosure are vulnerable to the retrograde amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock treatment or the injection of various drugs. In one-trial taste or odor learning conducted in rats, birds, snails, bees, and fruit flies, there is an association between a food item or odorant and contextual stimuli or the unconditioned stimulus of Pavlovian conditioning. The odor-related task in bees was sensitive to protein synthesis inhibition as well as cholinergic receptor blockade, both analogous to results found on the passive avoidance response in rodents, while the task in fruit flies was sensitive to genetic modifications and aging, as seen in the passive avoidance response of genetically modified and aged rodents. These results provide converging evidence of interspecies similarities underlying the neurochemical basis of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les- Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA 7300), Medical School, University of Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les- Nancy, France
- CHRU Nancy, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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3
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Martin P, Maurice T, Gammaitoni A, Farfel G, Boyd B, Galer B. Fenfluramine modulates the anti-amnesic effects induced by sigma-1 receptor agonists and neuro(active)steroids in vivo. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 127:108526. [PMID: 35007961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fenfluramine (N-ethyl-α-methl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenethylamine) is an anti-seizure medication (ASM) particularly effective in patients with Dravet syndrome, a severe treatment-resistant epileptic encephalopathy. Fenfluramine acts not only as neuronal serotonin (5-HT) releaser but also as a positive modulator of the sigma-1 receptor (S1R). We here examined the modulatory activity of Fenfluramine on the S1R-mediated anti-amnesic response in mice using combination analyses. Fenfluramine and Norfenfluramine, racemate and isomers, were combined with either the S1R agonist (PRE-084) or the S1R-acting neuro(active)steroids, pregnenolone sulfate (PREGS), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), or progesterone. We report that Fenfluramine racemate or (+)-Fenfluramine, in the 0.1-1 mg/kg dose range, attenuated the dizocilpine-induced learning deficits in spontaneous alternation and passive avoidance, and showed low-dose synergies in combination with PRE-084. These effects were blocked by the S1R antagonist NE-100. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate or PREGS attenuated dizocilpine-induced learning deficits in the 5-20 mg/kg dose range. Co-treatments at low dose between steroids and Fenfluramine or (+)-Fenfluramine were synergistic. Progesterone blocked Fenfluramine effect. Finally, Fenfluramine and (+)-Fenfluramine effects were prevented by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 or 5-HT2A antagonist RS-127445, but not by the 5-HT1B/1D antagonist GR 127935 or the 5-HT2C antagonist SB 242084, confirming a 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor involvement in the drug effect on memory. We therefore confirmed the positive modulation of Fenfluramine racemate or dextroisomer on S1R and showed that, in physiological conditions, the drug potentiated the low dose effects of neuro(active)steroids, endogenous S1R modulators. The latter are potent modulators of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain, and their levels must be considered in the antiepileptic action of Fenfluramine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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4
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Sałaciak K, Pytka K. Revisiting the sigma-1 receptor as a biological target to treat affective and cognitive disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:1114-1136. [PMID: 34736882 PMCID: PMC8559442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression and cognitive disorders are diseases with complex and not-fully understood etiology. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically increased the prevalence of both conditions. Since the current treatments are inadequate in many patients, there is a constant need for discovering new compounds, which will be more effective in ameliorating depressive symptoms and treating cognitive decline. Proteins attracting much attention as potential targets for drugs treating these conditions are sigma-1 receptors. Sigma-1 receptors are multi-functional proteins localized in endoplasmic reticulum membranes, which play a crucial role in cellular signal transduction by interacting with receptors, ion channels, lipids, and kinases. Changes in their functions and expression may lead to various diseases, including depression or memory impairments. Thus, sigma-1 receptor modulation might be useful in treating these central nervous system diseases. Importantly, two sigma-1 receptor ligands entered clinical trials, showing that this compound group possesses therapeutic potential. Therefore, based on preclinical studies, this review discusses whether the sigma-1 receptor could be a promising target for drugs treating affective and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałaciak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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5
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Epinephrine modulates memory of latent learning in an inhibitory avoidance task. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 182:107447. [PMID: 33915301 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the memory modulatory effect of epinephrine on latent learning of an inhibitory avoidance task. Male Sprague-Dawley rats on the first day were subjected to one of three conditions (no, short or long) in pre-exposure to the task apparatus. One day or several days later, they received the typical inhibitory avoidance training with a 0.5 mA/0.5 s foot shock. Memory of the inhibitory avoidance response was tested one day after the foot-shock training. The long pre-exposure group showed better memory than the no or short pre-exposure group, and this latent memory could last for 6 days: Retention scores of the long pre-exposure group were significantly better than those of the no pre-exposure group if the shock training was given 3 or 6 days, but not 12 or 21 days, after the pre-exposure. Epinephrine injected after the pre-exposure training modulated the latent memory in a dose- and time-dependent manner: 0.01 mg/kg given shortly after the short pre-exposure enhanced the memory, but 0.5 mg/kg given shortly after the long pre-exposure impaired it. Epinephrine injected 4 h after the pre-exposure had no effect, neither did that given to rats pre-exposed to a different context. Epinephrine (0.01 mg/kg) also made the latent memory lasting longer as the rats treated with it showed significant avoidance behavior when they had the shock training at 12 or 21 days after the pre-exposure. These findings suggest that epinephrine could modulate memory formed in the latent learning.
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Noda Y, Soeda K, Uchida M, Goto S, Ito T, Kitagaki S, Mamiya T, Yoshimi A, Ozaki N, Mouri A. Multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes regulate social or cognitive behaviors in mice repeatedly administered phencyclidine. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113284. [PMID: 33819533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Habitual smoking in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) is considered to improve their own psychoses or to develop a vulnerability to psychological dependence on (-)-nicotine ([-]-NIC) by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated whether habitual smoking is due to get therapeutic effect or to psychological dependence and which nAChR subunits are associated with them using mice that were repeatedly administered phencyclidine (PCP: 10 mg/kg/day, s.c. for 14 days) as SCZ-like model mice. Mice that were repeatedly administered PCP showed impairments in social or cognitive behaviors; decreased expression of α7 and/or α4 nAChR subunits in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); and increased expression of α7, α4, and β2 nAChR subunits in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). These changes were attenuated by repeated administration of (-)-NIC. The attenuating effects on behavioral impairments were prevented by a selective α7 nAChR antagonist and a selective α4β2 nAChR antagonist. At non- or weak effective dose by themselves, co-administration of (-)-NIC (0.03 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.03 mg/kg) showed synergistic effects on behavioral impairments in PCP-administered mice. Repeated (-)-NIC administration did not affect the performance of conditioned place preference, while it showed behavioral sensitization to (-)-NIC in the PCP-administered mice. Repeated (-)-NIC administration did not affect the performance of conditioned place preference, while it showed behavioral sensitization to (-)-NIC and attenuating effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in the PCP-administered mice. Our findings suggest that habitual smoking in SCZ might be attributed to get therapeutic and reduce side effects mediated by α7 and α4β2 nAChR activation by (-)-NIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Koki Soeda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Mizuki Uchida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Sakika Goto
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitagaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Meijo University Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation & Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Graduate School of Health Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
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Takahashi S, Okamura A, Yamazaki M, Ni K. ASP2905, a specific inhibitor of the potassium channel Kv12.2 encoded by the Kcnh3 gene, is psychoactive in mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 378:112315. [PMID: 31654662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder associated with positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. In this study, we used animal models of behavior to evaluate the antipsychotic activity of ASP2905, a potent and selective inhibitor of the potassium channel Kv12.2 encoded by the Kcnh3/BEC1 gene. ASP2905 inhibited hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine and by phencyclidine. In contrast, ASP2905 did not affect spontaneous locomotion, suggesting that ASP2905 selectively inhibits abnormal behaviors induced by stimulants. Chronic infusion of ASP2905 significantly ameliorated phencyclidine-induced prolongation of immobility time in mice subjected to the forced swimming test. These findings suggest that ASP2905 potentially mitigates symptoms of schizophrenia, such as apathy. The antipsychotic clozapine also reversed phencyclidine-induced prolonged immobility, while risperidone and haloperidol had no effect. Assessment of the effects of ASP2905 on latent learning deficits in mice treated with phencyclidine as neonates subjected to the water-finding task showed that ASP2905 significantly ameliorated phencyclidine-induced prolongation of finding latency, which reflects latent learning performance. These findings suggest that ASP2905 potentially mitigates cognitive impairments caused by schizophrenia, such as attention deficits. In contrast, administration of clozapine did not ameliorate phencyclidine-induced prolongation of finding latency. Therefore, ASP2905 may alleviate the broad spectrum of symptoms of schizophrenia, including positive and negative symptoms and cognitive impairments, which is in contrast to currently available antipsychotics, which are generally only partially effective for ameliorating these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takahashi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Ai Okamura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Mayako Yamazaki
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Keni Ni
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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Matsumoto K, Fujiwara H, Araki R, Yabe T. Post-weaning social isolation of mice: A putative animal model of developmental disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 141:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Yao L, Wang Z, Deng D, Yan R, Ju J, Zhou Q. The impact of D-cycloserine and sarcosine on in vivo frontal neural activity in a schizophrenia-like model. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:314. [PMID: 31653237 PMCID: PMC6814999 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been proposed to underlie the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Specifically, reduced function of NMDARs leads to altered balance between excitation and inhibition which further drives neural network malfunctions. Clinical studies suggested that NMDAR modulators (glycine, D-serine, D-cycloserine and glycine transporter inhibitors) may be beneficial in treating schizophrenia patients. Preclinical evidence also suggested that these NMDAR modulators may enhance synaptic NMDAR function and synaptic plasticity in brain slices. However, an important issue that has not been addressed is whether these NMDAR modulators modulate neural activity/spiking in vivo. METHODS By using in vivo calcium imaging and single unit recording, we tested the effect of D-cycloserine, sarcosine (glycine transporter 1 inhibitor) and glycine, on schizophrenia-like model mice. RESULTS In vivo neural activity is significantly higher in the schizophrenia-like model mice, compared to control mice. D-cycloserine and sarcosine showed no significant effect on neural activity in the schizophrenia-like model mice. Glycine induced a large reduction in movement in home cage and reduced in vivo brain activity in control mice which prevented further analysis of its effect in schizophrenia-like model mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that there is no significant impact of the tested NMDAR modulators on neural spiking in the schizophrenia-like model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yao
- 0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Zongliang Wang
- 0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Di Deng
- 0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Rongzhen Yan
- 0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Jun Ju
- 0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Lee G, Zhou Y. NMDAR Hypofunction Animal Models of Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:185. [PMID: 31417356 PMCID: PMC6685005 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis has been proposed to help understand the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This hypothesis was based on early observations that NMDAR antagonists could induce a full range of symptoms of schizophrenia in normal human subjects. Accumulating evidence in humans and animal studies points to NMDAR hypofunctionality as a convergence point for various symptoms of schizophrenia. Here we review animal models of NMDAR hypofunction generated by pharmacological and genetic approaches, and how they relate to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In addition, we discuss the limitations of animal models of NMDAR hypofunction and their potential utility for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Takeuchi S, Hida H, Uchida M, Naruse R, Yoshimi A, Kitagaki S, Ozaki N, Noda Y. Blonanserin ameliorates social deficit through dopamine-D 3 receptor antagonism in mice administered phencyclidine as an animal model of schizophrenia. Neurochem Int 2019; 128:127-134. [PMID: 30998952 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blonanserin differs from other antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine, and exhibits a higher affinity for dopamine-D2/3 receptors than for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. We investigated the involvement of dopamine-D3 receptors in the effect of blonanserin on the social deficit observed in an animal model of schizophrenia and sought to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying its action. Mice received phencyclidine (PCP: 10 mg/kg/day, s.c.), a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, once a day for 14 consecutive days. We then evaluated the sociability, using a social interaction test, and the expression of GluN1 subunit, an essential subunit of the NMDA receptors, in these mice. Blonanserin significantly ameliorated the PCP-induced social deficit, whereas olanzapine and haloperidol did not. This effect of blonanserin was antagonized by 7-OH-DPAT, a dopamine-D3 receptor agonist, and SCH23390, a dopamine-D1 receptor antagonist. However, the ameliorating effect of blonanserin was not inhibited by DOI, a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist. The PCP-induced social deficit was also ameliorated by U99194, a dopamine-D3 receptor antagonist and SKF38393, a dopamine-D1 receptor agonist, being effects antagonized by 7-OH-DPAT or SCH23390. Blonanserin significantly inhibited the decrease in the phosphorylation levels of GluN1 at Ser897 by protein kinase A (PKA) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in PCPadministered mice. These results suggest that activation of NMDA receptors due to Ser897-phosphorylation of GluN1 subunit, which is a step linked to dopamine-D1 receptor-PKA signaling through dopamine-D3 receptor antagonism in the PFC, is required for the ameliorating effect of blonanserin on the PCP-induced social deficit. These findings also provide in vivo evidence that blonanserin antagonism of the dopamine-D3 receptors may be useful as a novel treatment strategy and that the dopamine-D3 receptors can be a novel therapeutic target molecule for the social deficit observed in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Takeuchi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Hirotake Hida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Mizuki Uchida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ryo Naruse
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitagaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan; Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8560, Japan.
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12
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Linking phencyclidine intoxication to the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway: Therapeutic implications for schizophrenia. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:1-6. [PMID: 30731185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative anesthetic that induces psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive deficits in rodents similar to those observed in schizophrenia patients. PCP administration in healthy human subjects induces schizophrenia-like symptoms such as positive and negative symptoms, and a range of cognitive deficits. It has been reported that PCP, ketamine, and related drugs such as N-methyl-D-aspartate-type (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonists, induce behavioral effects by blocking neurotransmission at NMDA receptors. Further, NMDA receptor antagonists reproduce specific aspects of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Neurochemical models based on the actions of PCP are well established, with increased focus on glutamatergic dysfunction as a basis for both symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. On the other hand, the endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist, kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is a product of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism, is involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis. KYNA concentrations are elevated in the prefrontal cortex and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia. KYNA elevation affects neurotransmitter release in a similar manner to that of psychotomimetic agents such as PCP, underscoring a molecular basis of its involvement in schizophrenia pathophysiology. This review will highlight the relationship between PCP and KP metabolites based on evidence that both exogenous and endogenous NMDA receptor antagonists are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying dysfunctional glutamatergic signaling as potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia.
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Takahashi S, Ohmiya M, Honda S, Ni K. The KCNH3 inhibitor ASP2905 shows potential in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207750. [PMID: 30462746 PMCID: PMC6248980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N'-phenyl-N"-(pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine [ASP2905] is a potent and selective inhibitor of the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 3 (KCNH3) that was originally identified in our laboratory. KCNH3 is concentrated in the forebrain, and its overexpression in mice leads to cognitive deficits. In contrast, Kcnh3 knockout mice exhibit enhanced performance in cognitive tasks such as attention. These data suggest that KCNH3 plays important roles in cognition. Here we investigated the neurochemical and neurophysiological profiles of ASP2905 as well as its effects on cognitive function, focusing on attention. ASP2905 (0.0313 and 0.0625 mg/kg, po) improved the latent learning ability of mice, which reflects attention. Microdialysis assays in rats revealed that ASP2905 increased the efflux of dopamine and acetylcholine in the medial prefrontal cortex (0.03, 0.1 mg/kg, po; 0.1, 1 mg/kg, po, respectively). The activities of these neurotransmitters are closely associated with attention. We used a multiple-trial passive avoidance task to investigate the effects of ASP2905 on inattention and impulsivity in juvenile stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. ASP2905 (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, po) significantly prolonged cumulative latency as effectively as methylphenidate (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg, sc), which is the gold standard for treating ADHD. Further, ASP2905, amphetamine, and methylphenidate significantly increased the alpha-band power of rats, suggesting that ASP2905 increases arousal, which is a pharmacologically important activity for treating ADHD. In contrast, atomoxetine and guanfacine did not significantly affect power. Together, these findings suggest that ASP2905, which acts through a novel mechanism, is as effective for treating ADHD as currently available drugs such as methylphenidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takahashi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Ohmiya
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sokichi Honda
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keni Ni
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Tran HQ, Park SJ, Shin EJ, Tran TV, Sharma N, Lee YJ, Jeong JH, Jang CG, Kim DJ, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Clozapine attenuates mitochondrial burdens and abnormal behaviors elicited by phencyclidine in mice via inhibition of p47 phox; Possible involvements of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1233-1251. [PMID: 30207504 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118795244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. AIMS We investigated whether antipsychotic clozapine modulates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and mitochondrial burdens induced by phencyclidine in mice. METHODS We examined the effect of clozapine on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation, mitochondrial burdens (i.e. oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction), and activities of enzymatic antioxidant in the prefrontal cortex, and subsequent abnormal behaviors induced by repeated treatment with phencyclidine. p47 phox Knockout mice and LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, were employed to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of clozapine. RESULTS Phencyclidine treatment resulted in an early increase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, membrane translocation of p47 phox, interaction between p-Akt and p47 phox, and mitochondrial burdens in wild-type mice. Although these increases returned to near control level four days post-phencyclidine, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased at that time. Clozapine, LY294002, or p47 phox knockout significantly ameliorated social withdrawal and recognition memory deficits produced by phencyclidine. Importantly, LY294002 did not significantly alter the effects of clozapine against abnormal behaviors and the interaction between p-Akt and p47 phox induced by phencyclidine. Furthermore, neither LY294002 nor clozapine exhibited any additive effects to the protection afforded by p47 phox knockout against phencyclidine insult. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that p47 phox gene mediates phencyclidine-induced mitochondrial burdens and abnormal behaviors, and that the interactive modulation between p47 phox and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt is important for the understanding on the pharmacological mechanism of clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Quyen Tran
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se J Park
- 2 School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - The-Vinh Tran
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu J Lee
- 3 Clinical Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji H Jeong
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- 5 Department of Pharmacology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- 6 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- 7 Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.,9 Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- 1 Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Shimizu S, Sogabe S, Yanagisako R, Inada A, Yamanaka M, Iha HA, Ohno Y. Glycine-Binding Site Stimulants of NMDA Receptors Alleviate Extrapyramidal Motor Disorders by Activating the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071416. [PMID: 28671605 PMCID: PMC5535908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Although agonists for the glycine-binding sites of NMDA receptors have potential as new medication for schizophrenia, their modulation of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) has not yet been clarified. We herein evaluated the effects of glycine-binding site stimulants of NMDA receptors on antipsychotic-induced EPS in mice and rats. d-cycloserine (DCS) and d-serine significantly improved haloperidol (HAL)-induced bradykinesia in mice, whereas glycine showed no effects. Sodium benzoate, a d-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, also attenuated HAL-induced bradykinesia. Improvements in HAL-induced bradykinesia by DCS were antagonized by the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NG-Nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. In addition, DCS significantly reduced HAL-induced Fos expression in the dorsolateral striatum without affecting that in the nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, a microinjection of DCS into the substantia nigra pars compacta significantly inhibited HAL-induced EPS concomitant with elevations in dopamine release in the striatum. The present results demonstrated for the first time that stimulating the glycine-binding sites of NMDA receptors alleviates antipsychotic-induced EPS by activating the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, suggesting that glycine-binding site stimulants are beneficial not only for efficacy, but also for side-effect management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Shimizu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Shunsaku Sogabe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Ryoto Yanagisako
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Inada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Megumi Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Higor A Iha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Ohno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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Protective Potential of the Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Gene in Abnormal Behaviors Induced by Phencyclidine in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7042-7062. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Ramakrishnan NK, Schepers M, Luurtsema G, Nyakas CJ, Elsinga PH, Ishiwata K, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Cutamesine Overcomes REM Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Loss: Relationship to Sigma-1 Receptor Occupancy. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:364-72. [PMID: 25449772 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0808-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation (SD) decreases cerebral sigma-1 receptor expression and causes cognitive deficits. Sigma-1 agonists are cognitive enhancers. Here, we investigate the effect of cutamesine treatment in the REM SD model. PROCEDURES Sigma-1 receptor occupancy (RO) in the rat brain by cutamesine was determined using 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine ([(11)C]SA4503) and positron emission tomography (PET), and tissue cutamesine levels were measured by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-MS. RO was calculated from a Cunningham-Lassen plot, based on the total distribution volume of [(11)C]SA4503 determined by Logan graphical analysis. Cognitive performance was assessed using the passive avoidance (PA) test. RESULTS Cutamesine at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg reversed REM SD-induced cognitive deficit and occupied 92 % of the sigma-1 receptor population. A lower dose (0.3 mg/kg) occupied 88 % of the receptors but did not significantly improve cognition. CONCLUSION The anti-amnesic effect of cutamesine in this animal model may be related to longer exposure at a higher dose and/or drug binding to secondary targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, Netherlands
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Hida H, Mouri A, Mori K, Matsumoto Y, Seki T, Taniguchi M, Yamada K, Iwamoto K, Ozaki N, Nabeshima T, Noda Y. Blonanserin ameliorates phencyclidine-induced visual-recognition memory deficits: the complex mechanism of blonanserin action involving D₃-5-HT₂A and D₁-NMDA receptors in the mPFC. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:601-13. [PMID: 25120077 PMCID: PMC4289947 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Blonanserin differs from currently used serotonin 5-HT₂A/dopamine-D₂ receptor antagonists in that it exhibits higher affinity for dopamine-D₂/₃ receptors than for serotonin 5-HT₂A receptors. We investigated the involvement of dopamine-D₃ receptors in the effects of blonanserin on cognitive impairment in an animal model of schizophrenia. We also sought to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this involvement. Blonanserin, as well as olanzapine, significantly ameliorated phencyclidine (PCP)-induced impairment of visual-recognition memory, as demonstrated by the novel-object recognition test (NORT) and increased extracellular dopamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). With blonanserin, both of these effects were antagonized by DOI (a serotonin 5-HT₂A receptor agonist) and 7-OH-DPAT (a dopamine-D₃ receptor agonist), whereas the effects of olanzapine were antagonized by DOI but not by 7-OH-DPAT. The ameliorating effect was also antagonized by SCH23390 (a dopamine-D₁ receptor antagonist) and H-89 (a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor). Blonanserin significantly remediated the decrease in phosphorylation levels of PKA at Thr(197) and of NR1 (an essential subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors) at Ser(897) by PKA in the mPFC after a NORT training session in the PCP-administered mice. There were no differences in the levels of NR1 phosphorylated at Ser(896) by PKC in any group. These results suggest that the ameliorating effect of blonanserin on PCP-induced cognitive impairment is associated with indirect functional stimulation of the dopamine-D₁-PKA-NMDA receptor pathway following augmentation of dopaminergic neurotransmission due to inhibition of both dopamine-D₃ and serotonin 5-HT₂A receptors in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Hida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yurie Matsumoto
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Seki
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Taniguchi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Iwamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Department of Regional Pharmaceutical Care and Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan,Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan, Tel: +81 52 741 6021, Fax: +81 52 741 6023, E-mail:
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Mattei D, Schweibold R, Wolf SA. Brain in flames - animal models of psychosis: utility and limitations. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:1313-29. [PMID: 26064050 PMCID: PMC4455860 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s65564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that schizophrenia is a psychopathological condition resulting from aberrations in neurodevelopmental processes caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors which proceed long before the onset of clinical symptoms. Many studies discuss an immunological component in the onset and progression of schizophrenia. We here review studies utilizing animal models of schizophrenia with manipulations of genetic, pharmacologic, and immunological origin. We focus on the immunological component to bridge the studies in terms of evaluation and treatment options of negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms. Throughout the review we link certain aspects of each model to the situation in human schizophrenic patients. In conclusion we suggest a combination of existing models to better represent the human situation. Moreover, we emphasize that animal models represent defined single or multiple symptoms or hallmarks of a given disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mattei
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Schweibold
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany ; Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne A Wolf
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Perez SM, Lodge DJ. New approaches to the management of schizophrenia: focus on aberrant hippocampal drive of dopamine pathways. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:887-96. [PMID: 25061280 PMCID: PMC4085299 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s42708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disease affecting up to 1% of the population. Current therapies are based on the efficacy of chlorpromazine, discovered over 50 years ago. These drugs block dopamine D2-like receptors and are effective at primarily treating positive symptoms in a subset of patients. Unfortunately, current therapies are far from adequate, and novel treatments require a better understanding of disease pathophysiology. Here we review the dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate hypotheses of schizophrenia and describe a pathway whereby a loss of inhibitory signaling in ventral regions of the hippocampus actually drives a dopamine hyperfunction. Moreover, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches aimed at attenuating ventral hippocampal activity in a preclinical model of schizophrenia, namely the MAM GD17 rat. Specifically, pharmacological (allosteric modulators of the α5 GABAA receptor), neurosurgical (deep brain stimulation), and cell-based (GABAergic precursor transplants) therapies are discussed. By better understanding the underlying circuit level dysfunctions in schizophrenia, novel treatments can be advanced that may provide better efficacy and a superior side effect profile to conventional antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Miyamoto Y, Nitta A. Behavioral Phenotypes for Negative Symptoms in Animal Models of Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:310-20. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14r02cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Hida H, Mouri A, Ando Y, Mori K, Mamiya T, Iwamoto K, Ozaki N, Yamada K, Nabeshima T, Noda Y. Combination of neonatal PolyI:C and adolescent phencyclidine treatments is required to induce behavioral abnormalities with overexpression of GLAST in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2013; 258:34-42. [PMID: 24060653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative incidences of multiple risk factors are related to pathology of psychiatric disorders. The present study was designed to examine combinative effects of a neonatal immune challenge with adolescent abused substance treatment on the psychological behaviors and molecular expressions in the adult. C57BL/6J mice were neonatally treated, with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (PolyI:C: 5mg/kg) during postnatal days (PD) 2-6, then with phencyclidine (PCP: 10mg/kg) during adolescence (PD35-41). Locomotor activity was analyzed to evaluate sensitivity to PCP on PD35 and PD41. Emotional and cognitive tests were carried out on PD42-48. Neonatal PolyI:C treatment markedly enhanced sensitivity to PCP- and methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity in the adolescent. Mice treated with both neonatal PolyI:C and adolescent PCP (PolyI:C/PCP) showed social deficit and object recognition memory impairment. The expression of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was significantly increased in the (PolyI:C/PCP)-treated mice. Infusion of glutamate transporter inhibitor (DL-TBOA: 1 nmol/bilaterally) into the PFC reversed the object recognition impairment in the (PolyI:C/PCP)-treated mice. These results indicate that the combined treatment of neonatal PolyI:C with adolescent PCP leads to behavioral abnormalities, which were associated with increase of GLAST expression in the adult PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Hida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Mouri A, Nagai T, Ibi D, Yamada K. Animal models of schizophrenia for molecular and pharmacological intervention and potential candidate molecules. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 53:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Park SJ, Jeon SJ, dela Peña IC, Lee HE, Kim DH, Kim JM, Lee YW, Jung JM, Shin BY, Lee S, Cheong JH, Shin CY, Jang DS, Ryu JH. Prunella vulgaris
Attenuates Prepulse Inhibition Deficit and Attention Disruption induced by MK-801 in Mice. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1763-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Ike C. dela Peña
- Department of Pharmacy; Sahmyook University; Seoul 139-742 Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Young Woo Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Jun Man Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Bum Young Shin
- Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Seungheon Lee
- Faculty of Marine Biomedical Science; Cheju National University; Jeju 690-756 Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy; Sahmyook University; Seoul 139-742 Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
- Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Korea
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Ouchi H, Ono K, Murakami Y, Matsumoto K. Social isolation induces deficit of latent learning performance in mice: a putative animal model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 2012; 238:146-53. [PMID: 23103401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Social isolation of rodents (SI) elicits a variety of stress responses such as increased aggressiveness, hyper-locomotion, and reduced susceptibility to pentobarbital. To obtain a better understanding of the relevance of SI-induced behavioral abnormalities to psychiatric disorders, we examined the effect of SI on latent learning as an index of spatial attention, and discussed the availability of SI as an epigenetic model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Except in specially stated cases, 4-week-old male mice were housed in a group or socially isolated for 3-70 days before experiments. The animals socially isolated for 1 week or more exhibited spatial attention deficit in the water-finding test. Re-socialized rearing for 5 weeks after 1-week SI failed to attenuate the spatial attention deficit. The effect of SI on spatial attention showed no gender difference or correlation with increased aggressive behavior. Moreover, SI had no effect on cognitive performance elucidated in a modified Y-maze or an object recognition test, but it significantly impaired contextual and conditional fear memory elucidated in the fear-conditioning test. Drugs used for ADHD therapy, methylphenidate (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) and caffeine (0.5-1 mg/kg, i.p.), improved SI-induced latent learning deficit in a manner reversible with cholinergic but not dopaminergic antagonists. Considering the behavioral features of SI mice together with their susceptibility to ADHD drugs, the present findings suggest that SI provides an epigenetic animal model of ADHD and that central cholinergic systems play a role in the effect of methylphenidate on SI-induced spatial attention deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ouchi
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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Matsumoto RR. Targeting sigma receptors: novel medication development for drug abuse and addiction. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 2:351-8. [PMID: 22112179 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant abuse is a serious health and societal problem in industrialized and developing countries. However, the identification of an effective pharmacotherapy to treat it has remained elusive. It has long been known that many psychostimulant drugs, including cocaine and methamphetamine, interact with sigma receptors in the brain and heart, offering a logical target for medication development efforts. However, selective pharmacological agents and molecular biological tools have only recently become available to rigorously evaluate these receptors as viable medication development targets. The current review will summarize provocative preclinical data, demonstrating the ability of sigma receptor antagonists and antisense oligonucleotides to ameliorate cocaine-induced convulsions, lethality, locomotor activity and sensitization, and conditioned place-preference in rodents. Recent studies suggest that the protective effects of sigma receptor antagonists also extend to actions produced by methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ethanol and other abused substances. Together, the data indicate that targeting sigma receptors, particularly the σ(1)-subtype, may offer an innovative approach for combating the effects of cocaine, and perhaps other abused substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae R Matsumoto
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, PO Box 9500, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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van Waarde A, Ramakrishnan NK, Rybczynska AA, Elsinga PH, Ishiwata K, Nijholt IM, Luiten PGM, Dierckx RA. The cholinergic system, sigma-1 receptors and cognition. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:543-54. [PMID: 20060423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of present knowledge regarding the relationship between the cholinergic system and sigma-1 receptors, and discusses potential applications of sigma-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of memory deficits and cognitive disorders. Sigma-1 receptors, initially considered as a subtype of the opioid family, are unique ligand-regulated molecular chaperones in the endoplasmatic reticulum playing a modulatory role in intracellular calcium signaling and in the activity of several neurotransmitter systems, particularly the cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways. Several central nervous system (CNS) drugs show high to moderate affinities for sigma-1 receptors, including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil), antipsychotics (haloperidol, rimcazole), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluvoxamine, sertraline) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (clorgyline). These compounds can influence cognitive functions both via their primary targets and by activating sigma-1 receptors in the CNS. Sigma-1 agonists show powerful anti-amnesic and neuroprotective effects in a large variety of animal models of cognitive dysfunction involving, among others (i) pharmacologic target blockade (with muscarinic or NMDA receptor antagonists or p-chloroamphetamine); (ii) selective lesioning of cholinergic neurons; (iii) CNS administration of β-amyloid peptides; (iv) aging-induced memory loss, both in normal and senescent-accelerated rodents; (v) neurodegeneration induced by toxic compounds (CO, trimethyltin, cocaine), and (vi) prenatal restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Stouffer EM. The entorhinal cortex, but not the dorsal hippocampus, is necessary for single-cue latent learning. Hippocampus 2011; 20:1061-71. [PMID: 19806659 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the roles of the entorhinal cortex (EC), dorsal hippocampus (DH), and ventral hippocampus (VH) in a modified Latent Cue Preference (LCP) task. The modified LCP task utilized one visual cue in each compartment, compared to several multimodal cues used in a previous version. In the single-cue LCP task, water-replete rats drink water in one compartment of the LCP box on 1 day, and then have no water in a second compartment of the LCP box the following day (one training trial), for a total of three training trials. Rats are then water-deprived prior to a preference test, in which they are allowed to move freely between the two compartments with the water removed. Latent learning is demonstrated when water-deprived rats spend more time in the compartment that previously contained the water. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the single-cue LCP task results in the same irrelevant-incentive latent learning as the multicue LCP task. In addition, Experiment 1 replicated the finding that a compartment preference based on this latent learning requires a deprivation state during the preference test, while a compartment preference based on conditioning does not. Experiment 2 examined the effects of pretraining neurotoxin lesions of the EC, DH, and VH on this single-cue LCP task. Results showed that lesions of the EC and VH disrupted the irrelevant-incentive latent learning, while lesions of the DH did not. These results indicate that a latent learning task that involves one discrete compartment cue, rather than several compartmental cues, does not require the DH. Therefore, the EC appears to play a central role in single-cue latent learning in the LCP task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Stouffer
- Department of Psychology, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Evaluation of object-based attention in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:185-93. [PMID: 21277334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The deficits of attention result in significant impairment in daily life, and pharmacological intervention to improve attention is the most effective treatment in clinics. However, methods which are suitable for the large scale preclinical screening of attention-improving compounds or drugs are few in the field. In this study, we have developed object-based attention task as a simple and wherever-practical method that suitable for quick drug screening in mice. Treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) (200mg/kg/day, i.p.) for three consecutive days reduced the prefrontal cortical content of serotonin and dopamine, and increased turn-over of dopamine while decreasing turn-over of norepinephrine in the prefrontal cortex on day 7. Auditory attention and working memory, but not long-term object memory after a long (10 min) object (two objects)-exposure period, were impaired on day 7 after the same treatment paradigm with pCPA. Novel object recognition ability immediately (<10s) after a short (3 min) object (on two objects)-exposure period was not impaired after pCPA treatment. However, novel object recognition ability immediately (<10s) after a short (3 min), but not long (6 min), object (five objects)-exposure period was impaired after pCPA treatment. For the verification, the current task, the object-based attention task, was confirmed in an attention deficit model induced by acute phencyclidine (1mg/kg, i.p.) treatment in mice. It was implied that the object-based attention task would assist the behavioral screening process of pharmacological studies on attention-improving drugs.
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Sarnyai Z, Alsaif M, Bahn S, Ernst A, Guest PC, Hradetzky E, Kluge W, Stelzhammer V, Wesseling H. Behavioral and molecular biomarkers in translational animal models for neuropsychiatric disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 101:203-38. [PMID: 22050853 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387718-5.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modeling neuropsychiatric disorders in animals poses a significant challenge due to the subjective nature of diverse often overlapping symptoms, lack of objective biomarkers and diagnostics, and the rudimentary understanding of the pathophysiology. Successful translational research requires animal models that can inform about disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Here, we review behavioral and neurobiological findings from selected animal models, based on presumed etiology and risk factors, for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. We focus on the use of appropriate statistical tools and newly developed Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to link biomarkers from animal models with the human disease. We argue that this approach will lead to development of only the most robust animal models for specific psychiatric disorders and may ultimately lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology and identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Sarnyai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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Park SJ, Kim DH, Lee IK, Jung WY, Park DH, Kim JM, Lee KR, Lee KT, Shin CY, Cheong JH, Ko KH, Ryu JH. The ameliorating effect of the extract of the flower of Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina on drug-induced memory impairments in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1671-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nakatani-Pawlak A, Yamaguchi K, Tatsumi Y, Mizoguchi H, Yoneda Y. Neonatal phencyclidine treatment in mice induces behavioral, histological and neurochemical abnormalities in adulthood. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1576-83. [PMID: 19721235 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the involvement of glutamic acid in neural development by injecting phencyclidine (PCP) into neonatal ICR mice. Neonatal mice were injected with PCP at 10 mg/kg or saline on postnatal days 7, 9 and 11, and their behavioral, anatomical and neurochemical changes were analyzed in adulthood. PCP-treated mice exhibited an increase in PCP-induced hyperactivity and impairments of spatial working memory and social interaction behavior. The impairment of social interaction behavior was significantly reversed by administration of clozapine, D-cycloserine, flumazenil, or SHC50911, a gamma-aminobutyrate B (GABA(B)) receptor antagonist. A decrease in the number of parvalbumin-positive cells and spine density in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus were evident in the brains of PCP-treated mice. Measurement of brain monoamine and their metabolite contents in adulthood indicated brain area-dependent and neurotransmitter-specific changes in monoamine metabolism. These findings suggest that neonatal treatment with PCP in mice leads to enhanced sensitivity to PCP and impairment of spatial working memory and social interaction behaviors in adulthood, which may be associated with reduced spine density and GABAergic interneurons and changes in monoamine metabolism. Furthermore, pharmacologic experiments suggest the potential applicability of neonatally PCP-treated mice as a useful animal model for new antipsychotic drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakatani-Pawlak
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kakuma-machi, Japan
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Beraki S, Kuzmin A, Tai F, Ogren SO. Repeated low dose of phencyclidine administration impairs spatial learning in mice: blockade by clozapine but not by haloperidol. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 18:486-97. [PMID: 18242064 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effect of phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was examined in the water maze, a spatial learning and memory task dependent on hippocampal functions. Male adult C57Bl/6J mice received daily (s.c.) injections of either saline or PCP (0.25-4.0 mg/kg) for 12 days. During the last 5 days, the injections were followed by water maze training. Repeated PCP treatments disrupted spatial learning and memory in the 0.5-4.0 mg/kg dose range. Severe sensorimotor disturbances, observed at the 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg doses of PCP, precluded further swim maze testing. The 0.5 mg/kg but not the 1.0 mg/kg dose of PCP impaired spatial learning and memory without any apparent sensorimotor deficits. PCP, at 1.0 mg/kg, produced impairment in non-spatial learning in the swim maze task and motor disturbances in the rotarod test. Repeated daily treatment with either the "atypical" antipsychotic drug clozapine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) or the "typical" antipsychotic drug haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg i.p.) failed to influence spatial performances. The spatial impairment caused by the 0.5 mg/kg dose of PCP was blocked by concomitant treatment with clozapine (0.5 mg/kg), but not with haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg). The results suggest that it is possible, at low doses of PCP, to dissociate the spatial learning impairment in the water maze from the adverse behavioral effects of NMDA receptor blockade. This model may provide a basis for the analysis of the mechanisms underlying declarative memory disturbances in schizophrenia and the differences in mechanisms between typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simret Beraki
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Retziusvag 8, B3:5, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chang SD, Chen DY, Liang KC. Infusion of lidocaine into the dorsal hippocampus before or after the shock training phase impaired conditioned freezing in a two-phase training task of contextual fear conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 89:95-105. [PMID: 17825588 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Learning in a contextual fear conditioning task involves forming a context representation and associating it with a shock. The dorsal hippocampus (DH) is implicated in representing the context, but whether it also has a role in associating the context and shock is unclear. To address this issue, male Wistar rats were trained on the task by a two-phase training paradigm, in which rats learned the context representation on day 1 and then reactivated it to associate with the shock on day 2; conditioned freezing was tested on day 3. Lidocaine was infused into the DH at various times in each of the two training sessions. Results showed that intra-DH infusion of lidocaine shortly before or after the context training session on day 1 impaired conditioned freezing, attesting to the DH involvement in context representation. Intra-DH infusion of lidocaine shortly before or after the shock training session on day 2 also impaired conditioned freezing. This deficit was reproduced by infusing lidocaine or APV (alpha-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) into the DH after activation of the context memory but before shock administration. The deficit was not due to drug-induced state-dependency, decreased shock sensitivity or reconsolidation failure of the contextual memory. These results suggest that in contextual fear conditioning integrity of the DH is required for memory processing of not only context representation but also context-shock association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Dar Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang D, Noda Y, Zhou Y, Nitta A, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T. Synergistic effect of combined treatment with risperidone and galantamine on phencyclidine-induced impairment of latent visuospatial learning and memory: Role of nAChR activation-dependent increase of dopamine D1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission. Neuropharmacology 2007; 53:379-89. [PMID: 17632185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The clinically achievable efficacy of the atypical antipsychotics on cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia is practically limited by their dose-dependent side effects. Thus, there is the need for adjuvant treatments or strategies for the cognitive impairments. Further, human autopsy and genetic data in schizophrenia have indicated the existence of the abnormality of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the synergistic effect and mechanisms of a combined treatment with an atypical antipsychotic risperidone and galantamine, which is a nAChR-allosteric modulator and a modest cholinesterase inhibitor, on the impairment of latent visuospatial learning and memory in mice resembling the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. Repeated treatment with phencyclidine (PCP, 10 mg/kg, 14 days)-induced cognitive impairment in mice in a one trial water-finding test was used as a model of the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. In vivo microdialysis was used to investigate the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Combined treatment with galantamine and risperidone, at low, ineffective doses (both at 0.05 mg/kg) showed a synergistic effect to reverse cognitive impairment and increase extracellular concentration of dopamine in the mPFC. The synergistic behavioral effect was abolished by a dopamine-D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390, and a nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine, but not a muscarinic AChR (mAChR) antagonist, scopolamine. Mecamylamine also blocked the synergistic effect on dopamine release in the mPFC of PCP-treated mice. The study indicates that galantamine and risperidone may have synergistic effect on the cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients by synergistically promoting the nAChR activation-dependent increase of dopamine D1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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36
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Noda Y, Nabeshima T, Mouri A. [Behavioral evaluation in animal models of schizophrenia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2007; 130:117-23. [PMID: 17690492 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.130.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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37
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Mouri A, Noda Y, Nabeshima T. [Evaluation of latent learning in a water-finding test by using model animals]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2007; 130:141-6. [PMID: 17690496 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.130.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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Mouri A, Noda Y, Enomoto T, Nabeshima T. Phencyclidine animal models of schizophrenia: Approaches from abnormality of glutamatergic neurotransmission and neurodevelopment. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:173-84. [PMID: 17669558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans, phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, reproduces a schizophrenia-like psychosis including positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Thus, the glutamatergic neuronal dysfunction hypothesis is one of the main explanatory hypotheses and PCP-treated animals have been utilized as an animal model of schizophrenia. The adult rodents treated with PCP repeatedly exhibit hyperlocomotion as an index of positive symptoms, a social behavioral deficit in a social interaction test and enhanced immobility in a forced swimming test as indices of negative symptoms. They also show a sensorimotor gating deficits and cognitive dysfunctions in several learning and memory tests. Some of these behavioral changes endure after withdrawal from repeated PCP treatment. Furthermore, repeated PCP treatment induces some neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes. On the other hand, the exposure to viral or environmental insult in the second trimester of pregnancy increases the probability of subsequently developing schizophrenia as an adult. NMDA receptor has been implicated in controlling the structure and plasticity of developing brain circuitry. Based on neurodevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia, schizophrenia model rats treated with PCP at the perinatal stage is developed. Perinatal PCP treatment impairs neuronal development and induces long-lasting schizophrenia-like behaviors in adult period. Many findings suggest that these PCP animal models would be useful for evaluating novel therapeutic candidates and for confirming pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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Mouri A, Noda Y, Noda A, Nakamura T, Tokura T, Yura Y, Nitta A, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T. Involvement of a dysfunctional dopamine-D1/N-methyl-d-aspartate-NR1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II pathway in the impairment of latent learning in a model of schizophrenia induced by phencyclidine. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 71:1598-609. [PMID: 17344353 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.032961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous ingestion of phencyclidine (PCP) in humans produces long-lasting schizophrenic-like cognitive dysfunction. Although a malfunction of dopaminergic and/or glutamatergic neurotransmission is implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia, involvement of the dopaminergic-glutamatergic neurotransmission in the cognitive dysfunction induced by repeated PCP treatment is minor. We demonstrated that mice treated with PCP (10 mg/kg/day s.c.) for 14 days displayed an impairment of latent learning in a water-finding task and of learning-associated phosphorylation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and NR1 in the prefrontal cortex even after drug withdrawal. The infusion of a CaMKII inhibitor and NR1 antisense oligonucleotide into the prefrontal cortex produced an impairment of latent learning and decrease of learning-associated phosphorylation of CaMKII, which were observed in the PCP-treated mice. Exogenous NMDA-induced CaMKII activation was not observed in slices of the prefrontal cortex prepared from mice treated repeatedly with PCP. The potentiation of NMDA receptor function by the infusion of glycine into the prefrontal cortex ameliorated these impairments in mice treated repeatedly with PCP. The high potassium-stimulated release of dopamine from the prefrontal cortex was less extensive in the PCP-treated than saline-treated mice. The infusion of a dopamine-D1 receptor agonist into the prefrontal cortex attenuated the impairment of latent learning and decrease of learning-associated NR1 phosphorylation in the PCP-treated mice, suggesting a functional linkage between glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling. These findings indicate that repeated PCP treatment impairs latent learning through a prefrontal cortical dysfunction of NMDA-CaMKII signaling, which is associated with dopaminergic hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Wang D, Noda Y, Zhou Y, Nitta A, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T. Synergistic effect of galantamine with risperidone on impairment of social interaction in phencyclidine-treated mice as a schizophrenic animal model. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1179-87. [PMID: 17313962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Social withdrawal is the first sign and key component of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The efficacy of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, on the symptom is practically limited by dose-dependent side effects in clinical trials, therefore there is the need for adjuvant treatments. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the synergistic effect and mechanism of risperidone and galantamine, which is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-allosteric modulator and a modest cholinesterase inhibitor, on phencyclidine (PCP)-treated mouse model of social withdrawal. At non-effective doses by themselves, co-administration of galantamine (0.05mg/kg) and risperidone (0.05mg/kg) showed synergistic effects on PCP-induced impairments of social interaction and dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The behavioral synergistic effect was abolished by the administration of a dopamine-D(1) receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.02mg/kg, systemic; or 0.02microg/0.5microL/mouse, intra-mPFC), and a nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine (3mg/kg), but not a muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.1mg/kg). Mecamylamine (3mg/kg) also abolished the synergistic effect on dopamine release in the mPFC. We conclude that galantamine may have synergistic effect with risperidone on the negative symptom of social withdrawal in schizophrenia, which is mediated by dopamine-D(1) receptors in the mPFC through nAChR activation-increased dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Japanese Society of Pharmacopoeia, Tokyo 150-0002, Japan
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Hashimoto K, Fujita Y, Ishima T, Hagiwara H, Iyo M. Phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits in mice are improved by subsequent subchronic administration of tropisetron: Role of α7 nicotinic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 553:191-5. [PMID: 17094961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of tropisetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT(3)) receptor antagonist and alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonist, on cognitive deficits in mice after repeated administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). PCP (10 mg/kg/day for 10 days)-induced cognitive deficits were significantly improved by subsequent subchronic (2 weeks) administration of tropisetron, but not ondansetron. Effects of tropisetron were significantly antagonized by co-administration of the alpha7 nicotinic receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine, suggesting the role of alpha7 nicotinic receptors in the active mechanisms of tropisetron. These findings suggest that tropisetron could be a potential therapeutic drug for cognitive deficits in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Rubio J, Caldas M, Dávila S, Gasco M, Gonzales GF. Effect of three different cultivars of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on learning and depression in ovariectomized mice. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2006; 6:23. [PMID: 16796734 PMCID: PMC1534053 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), known as Maca, is a Peruvian hypocotyl growing exclusively between 4000 and 4500 m altitude in the central Peruvian Andes, particularly in Junin plateau and is used traditionally to enhance fertility. Maca is a cultivated plant and different cultivars are described according to the color of the hypocotyls. Methods The study aimed to elucidate the effect of Yellow, Red and Black Maca on cognitive function and depression in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. In all experiments OVX mice were treated during 21 days and divided in four groups: control group, Yellow Maca, Red Maca and Black Maca. Latent learning was assessed using the water finding task and the antidepressant activity of the three varieties of Maca was evaluated using the forced swimming test. Animals were sacrificed at the end of each treatment and the uterus were excised and weighed. Results Black Maca was the variety that showed the best response in the water finding task, particularly in the trained mice. The three varieties were effective to reduce finding latency in non trained and trained mice (P < 0.05). In the force swimming test, all varieties assessed reduced the time of immobility and increased uterine weight in OVX mice. Conclusion Black Maca appeared to have more beneficial effects on latent learning in OVX mice; meanwhile, all varieties of Maca showed antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rubio
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. P.O. Box 1843, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Caldas
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. P.O. Box 1843, Lima, Peru
| | - Sonia Dávila
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. P.O. Box 1843, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel Gasco
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. P.O. Box 1843, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo F Gonzales
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Altura, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. P.O. Box 1843, Lima, Peru
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Enomoto T, Noda Y, Mouri A, Shin EJ, Wang D, Murai R, Hotta K, Furukawa H, Nitta A, Kim HC, Nabeshima T. Long-Lasting Impairment of Associative Learning Is Correlated with a Dysfunction of N-Methyl-d-aspartate-Extracellular Signaling-Regulated Kinase Signaling in Mice after Withdrawal from Repeated Administration of Phencyclidine. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1765-74. [PMID: 16150934 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the administration of phencyclidine causes schizophrenic-like symptoms that persist for several weeks after withdrawal from phencyclidine use. We demonstrated here that mice pretreated with phencyclidine (10 mg/kg/day s.c. for 14 days) showed an enduring impairment of associative in a Pavlovian fear conditioning 8 days after cessation of phencyclidine treatment. Extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (ERK) was transiently activated in the amygdalae and hippocampi of saline-treated mice after conditioning. In the phencyclidine-treated mice, the basal level of ERK activation was elevated in the hippocampus, whereas the activation was impaired in the amygdala and hippocampus after conditioning. Exogenous N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), glycine, and spermidine-induced ERK activation was not observed in slices of hippocampus and amygdala prepared from phencyclidine-treated mice. Repeated olanzapine (3 mg/kg/day p.o. for 7 days), but not haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day p.o. for 7 days), treatment reversed the impairment of associative learning and of fear conditioning-induced ERK activation in repeated phencyclidine-treated mice. Our findings suggest an involvement of abnormal ERK signaling via NMDA receptors in repeated phencyclidine treatment-induced cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, our phencyclidine-treated mice would be a useful model for studying the effect of antipsychotics on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Enomoto
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurum-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common and debilitating illness, characterized by chronic psychotic symptoms and psychosocial impairment that exact considerable human and economic costs. The literature in electronic databases as well as citations and major articles are reviewed with respect to the phenomenology, pathology, treatment, genetics and neurobiology of schizophrenia. Although studied extensively from a clinical, psychological, biological and genetic perspective, our expanding knowledge of schizophrenia provides only an incomplete understanding of this complex disorder. Recent advances in neuroscience have allowed the confirmation or refutation of earlier findings in schizophrenia, and permit useful comparisons between the different levels of organization from which the illness has been studied. Schizophrenia is defined as a clinical syndrome that may include a collection of diseases that share a common presentation. Genetic factors are the most important in the etiology of the disease, with unknown environmental factors potentially modulating the expression of symptoms. Schizophrenia is a complex genetic disorder in which many genes may be implicated, with the possibility of gene-gene interactions and a diversity of genetic causes in different families or populations. A neurodevelopmental rather than degenerative process has received more empirical support as a general explanation of the pathophysiology, although simple dichotomies are not particularly helpful in such a complicated disease. Structural brain changes are present in vivo and post-mortem, with both histopathological and imaging studies in overall agreement that the temporal and frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex are the most affected. Functional imaging, neuropsychological testing and clinical observation are also generally consistent in demonstrating deficits in cognitive ability that correlate with abnormalities in the areas of the brain with structural abnormalities. The dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems are certainly involved in the treatment or modulation of psychotic symptoms. These broad findings represent the distillation of a large body of disparate data, but firm and specific findings are sparse, and much about schizophrenia remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Hung Choy Wong
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
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Sircar R. Postnatal phencyclidine-induced deficit in adult water maze performance is associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor upregulation. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003; 21:159-67. [PMID: 12711354 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(03)00026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays an important role in developmental plasticity. Earlier, we have shown that blocking the NMDA receptor with the non-competitive antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), during a brief postnatal period, disrupts the water maze performance in young juvenile rats (starting at 25 days of age). We now show the long-term effects of postnatal phencyclidine exposure on spatial learning and memory. Male and female rats were exposed to PCP (1 and 5mg/kg) or saline, from postnatal days 5-15, and their performance in the Morris water maze (MWM) was tested both as adolescents (starting on postnatal day (PD) 35) and as adults (starting on postnatal day 60). Separate groups of adult male and female postnatal PCP-treated and saline-treated rats were sacrificed and saturation [3H]MK-801 binding experiments were carried out in their hippocampi and frontal cortices; hippocampus and frontal cortex have high densities of NMDA receptors and both regions are important in spatial learning and memory. Postnatal PCP administration disrupted the water maze performance both in adolescent and adult rats of both sexes. Adult male and female rats treated postnatally with PCP had increased maximal [3H]MK-801 binding in the hippocampus and frontal cortex compared to same-sex saline-treated controls. Taken together, repeated postnatal PCP (RPP) administration impaired the acquisition of spatial learning in adolescent and adult male and female rats, and this cognitive deficit was associated with increased [3H]MK-801 labeled NMDA receptor in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that PCP treatment during the postnatal period produces deficits in the water maze performance by disrupting the developing glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sircar
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer Building Room 109, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Abstract
Exposing the developing brain to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) has been shown to cause deficits in neurobehavioral functions, particularly on learning and memory and seizure sensitivity. Besides acting as a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, PCP at high doses is known to affect the dopaminergic system. The present study assessed the effect of postnatal PCP treatment on locomotor activity and striatal dopamine (DA) D(2) receptor. Male and female rat pups were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with one of three doses of PCP (1, 3 and 5 mg/kg) or saline from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 15. Control and PCP-treated rats were given a challenge dose of PCP (10 mg/kg) as adults, and their locomotor behaviors--locomotion, stereotypy and ataxia--were scored. Postnatal PCP treatment did not have any significant effect in either sex on any of the PCP-induced locomotor behavioral paradigms studied. Separate groups of male and female rats were treated daily with saline or PCP (5 mg/kg i.p.) from PD 5 to PD 15 and sacrificed either as juveniles (PD 21) or adults, and D(2) receptor binding was measured in their striata. Striatal D(2) receptor density in juvenile and adult male postnatal PCP-treated rats did not differ from saline-treated controls. Adult female PCP-treated rats showed a slight but significant reduction in the maximal binding of striatal D(2) receptors. There was no effect of postnatal PCP on striatal D(2) receptor binding in female juvenile rats. These results support the hypothesis that blocking the developing NMDA receptor minimally affects PCP-induced locomotor behavior and the striatal D(2) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Sircar
- Developmental Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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