1
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Kim J, He MJ, Widmann AK, Lee FS. The role of neurotrophic factors in novel, rapid psychiatric treatments. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:227-245. [PMID: 37673965 PMCID: PMC10700398 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors are a family of growth factors that modulate cellular growth, survival, and differentiation. For many decades, it has been generally believed that a lack of neurotrophic support led to the decreased neuronal synaptic plasticity, death, and loss of non-neuronal supportive cells seen in neuropsychiatric disorders. Traditional psychiatric medications that lead to immediate increases in neurotransmitter levels at the synapse have been shown also to elevate synaptic neurotrophic levels over weeks, correlating with the time course of the therapeutic effects of these drugs. Recent advances in psychiatric treatments, such as ketamine and psychedelics, have shown a much faster onset of therapeutic effects (within minutes to hours). They have also been shown to lead to a rapid release of neurotrophins into the synapse. This has spurred a significant shift in understanding the role of neurotrophins and how the receptor tyrosine kinases that bind neurotrophins may work in concert with other signaling systems. In this review, this renewed understanding of synaptic receptor signaling interactions and the clinical implications of this mechanistic insight will be discussed within the larger context of the well-established roles of neurotrophic factors in psychiatric disorders and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Michelle J He
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Alina K Widmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Francis S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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2
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Du X, Yan Y, Yu J, Zhu T, Huang CC, Zhang L, Shan X, Li R, Dai Y, Lv H, Zhang XY, Feng J, Li WG, Luo Q, Li F. SH2B1 Tunes Hippocampal ERK Signaling to Influence Fluid Intelligence in Humans and Mice. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0269. [PMID: 38434247 PMCID: PMC10907025 DOI: 10.34133/research.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Fluid intelligence is a cognitive domain that encompasses general reasoning, pattern recognition, and problem-solving abilities independent of task-specific experience. Understanding its genetic and neural underpinnings is critical yet challenging for predicting human development, lifelong health, and well-being. One approach to address this challenge is to map the network of correlations between intelligence and other constructs. In the current study, we performed a genome-wide association study using fluid intelligence quotient scores from the UK Biobank to explore the genetic architecture of the associations between obesity risk and fluid intelligence. Our results revealed novel common genetic loci (SH2B1, TUFM, ATP2A1, and FOXO3) underlying the association between fluid intelligence and body metabolism. Surprisingly, we demonstrated that SH2B1 variation influenced fluid intelligence independently of its effects on metabolism but partially mediated its association with bilateral hippocampal volume. Consistently, selective genetic ablation of Sh2b1 in the mouse hippocampus, particularly in inhibitory neurons, but not in excitatory neurons, significantly impaired working memory, short-term novel object recognition memory, and behavioral flexibility, but not spatial learning and memory, mirroring the human intellectual performance. Single-cell genetic profiling of Sh2B1-regulated molecular pathways revealed that Sh2b1 deletion resulted in aberrantly enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling, whereas pharmacological inhibition of ERK signaling reversed the associated behavioral impairment. Our cross-species study thus provides unprecedented insight into the role of SH2B1 in fluid intelligence and has implications for understanding the genetic and neural underpinnings of lifelong mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Du
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine at Huashan Hospital, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenom Institute,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhua Yan
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education),
School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juehua Yu
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
- Center for Experimental Studies and Research,
The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Tailin Zhu
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education),
School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chu-Chung Huang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science,
East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xingyue Shan
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education),
School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ren Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine at Huashan Hospital, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenom Institute,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine at Huashan Hospital, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenom Institute,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine at Huashan Hospital, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenom Institute,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei-Guang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine at Huashan Hospital, Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education-Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenom Institute,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Li
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children’s Environmental Health,
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department,
Shanghai Xinhua Children’s Hospital, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai 201210, China
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3
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Carter-Su C, Argetsinger LS, Svezhova N. 2022 Cannon lecture: an ode to signal transduction: how the growth hormone pathway revealed insight into height, malignancy, and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E425-E437. [PMID: 37672248 PMCID: PMC10874654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00265.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Walter Cannon was a highly regarded American neurologist and physiologist with extremely broad interests. In the tradition of Cannon and his broad interests, we discuss our laboratory's multifaceted work in signal transduction over the past 40+ years. We show how our questioning of how growth hormone (GH) in the blood communicates with cells throughout the body to promote body growth and regulate body metabolism led to insight into not only body height but also important regulators of malignancy and body weight. Highlights include finding that 1) A critical initiating step in GH signal transduction is GH activating the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase JAK2; 2) GH activation of JAK2 leads to activation of a number of signaling proteins, including STAT transcription factors; 3) JAK2 is autophosphorylated on multiple tyrosines that regulate the activity of JAK2 and recruit signaling proteins to GH/GH receptor/JAK2 complexes; 4) Constitutively activated STAT proteins are associated with cancer; 5) GH activation of JAK2 recruits the adapter protein SH2B1 to GH/GH receptor/JAK2 complexes where it facilitates GH regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and motility; and 6) SH2B1 is recruited to other receptors in the brain, where it enhances satiety, most likely in part by regulating leptin action and neuronal connections of appetite-regulating neurons. These findings have led to increased understanding of how GH functions, as well as therapeutic interventions for certain cancer and obese individuals, thereby reinforcing the great importance of supporting basic research since one never knows ahead of time what important insight it can provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Carter-Su
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | | | - Nadezhda Svezhova
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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4
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Argetsinger LS, Flores A, Svezhova N, Ellis M, Reynolds C, Cote JL, Cline JM, Myers MG, Carter-Su C. Role of the Beta and Gamma Isoforms of the Adapter Protein SH2B1 in Regulating Energy Balance. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad032. [PMID: 36799031 PMCID: PMC10282918 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Human variants of the adapter protein SH2B1 are associated with severe childhood obesity, hyperphagia, and insulin resistance-phenotypes mimicked by mice lacking Sh2b1. SH2B1β and γ isoforms are expressed ubiquitously, whereas SH2B1α and δ isoforms are expressed primarily in the brain. Restoring SH2B1β driven by the neuron-specific enolase promoter largely reverses the metabolic phenotype of Sh2b1-null mice, suggesting crucial roles for neuronal SH2B1β in energy balance control. Here we test this hypothesis by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to delete the β and γ isoforms from the neurons of mice (SH2B1βγ neuron-specific knockout [NKO] mice) or throughout the body (SH2B1βγ knockout [KO] mice). While parameters of energy balance were normal in both male and female SH2B1βγ NKO mice, food intake, body weight, and adiposity were increased in male (but not female) SH2B1βγ KO mice. Analysis of long-read single-cell RNA seq data from wild-type mouse brain revealed that neurons express almost exclusively the α and δ isoforms, whereas neuroglial cells express almost exclusively the β and γ isoforms. Our work suggests that neuronal SH2B1β and γ are not primary regulators of energy balance. Rather, non-neuronal SH2B1β and γ in combination with neuronal SH2B1α and δ suffice for body weight maintenance. While SH2B1β/γ and SH2B1α/δ share some functionality, SH2B1β/γ appears to play a larger role in promoting leanness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Argetsinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anabel Flores
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nadezhda Svezhova
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Caitlin Reynolds
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jessica L Cote
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joel M Cline
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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5
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Xie X, Houtz J, Liao GY, Chen Y, Xu B. Genetic Val66Met BDNF Variant Increases Hyperphagia on Fat-rich Diets in Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:6984997. [PMID: 36631165 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High prevalence of obesity is attributable in part to consumption of highly palatable, fat-rich foods. However, the mechanism controlling dietary fat intake is largely unknown. In this study we investigated the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the control of dietary fat intake in a mouse model that mimics the common human Val-to-Met (Val66Met) polymorphism that impairs BDNF release via the regulated secretory pathway. BdnfMet/Met mice gained weight much faster than wild-type (WT) mice and developed severe obesity due to marked hyperphagia when they were fed HFD. Hyperphagia in these mice worsened when the fat content in their diet was increased. Conversely, mice lacking leptin exhibited similar hyperphagia on chow and HFD. When 2 diets were provided simultaneously, WT and BdnfMet/Met mice showed a comparable preference for the more palatable diet rich in either fat or sucrose, indicating that increased hyperphagia on fat-rich diets in BdnfMet/Met mice is not due to enhanced hedonic drive. In support of this interpretation, WT and BdnfMet/Met mice increased calorie intake to a similar extent during the first day after chow was switched to HFD; however, WT mice decreased HFD intake faster than BdnfMet/Met mice in subsequent days. Furthermore, we found that refeeding after fasting or nocturnal feeding with HFD activated TrkB more strongly than with chow in the hypothalamus of WT mice, whereas TrkB activation under these 2 conditions was greatly attenuated in BdnfMet/Met mice. These results indicate that satiety factors generated during HFD feeding induce BDNF release to suppress excess dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Xie
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Jessica Houtz
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Guey-Ying Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Baoji Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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6
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D’Incal C, Broos J, Torfs T, Kooy RF, Vanden Berghe W. Towards Kinase Inhibitor Therapies for Fragile X Syndrome: Tweaking Twists in the Autism Spectrum Kinase Signaling Network. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081325. [PMID: 35456004 PMCID: PMC9029738 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) causes autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, commonly referred to as the Fragile X syndrome. FMRP is a negative regulator of protein translation and is essential for neuronal development and synapse formation. FMRP is a target for several post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation and methylation, which tightly regulate its cellular functions. Studies have indicated the involvement of FMRP in a multitude of cellular pathways, and an absence of FMRP was shown to affect several neurotransmitter receptors, for example, the GABA receptor and intracellular signaling molecules such as Akt, ERK, mTOR, and GSK3. Interestingly, many of these molecules function as protein kinases or phosphatases and thus are potentially amendable by pharmacological treatment. Several treatments acting on these kinase-phosphatase systems have been shown to be successful in preclinical models; however, they have failed to convincingly show any improvements in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the different protein kinase and phosphatase studies that have been performed in the Fragile X syndrome. In our opinion, some of the paradoxical study conclusions are potentially due to the lack of insight into integrative kinase signaling networks in the disease. Quantitative proteome analyses have been performed in several models for the FXS to determine global molecular processes in FXS. However, only one phosphoproteomics study has been carried out in Fmr1 knock-out mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and it showed dysfunctional protein kinase and phosphatase signaling hubs in the brain. This suggests that the further use of phosphoproteomics approaches in Fragile X syndrome holds promise for identifying novel targets for kinase inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D’Incal
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Jitse Broos
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - Thierry Torfs
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.D.); (J.B.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0032-(0)-32-652-657
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7
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Cote JL, Vander PB, Ellis M, Cline JM, Svezhova N, Doche ME, Maures TJ, Choudhury TA, Kong S, Klaft OGJ, Joe RM, Argetsinger LS, Carter-Su C. The nucleolar δ isoform of adapter protein SH2B1 enhances morphological complexity and function of cultured neurons. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259179. [PMID: 35019135 PMCID: PMC8918807 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adapter protein SH2B1 is recruited to neurotrophin receptors, including TrkB (also known as NTRK2), the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Herein, we demonstrate that the four alternatively spliced isoforms of SH2B1 (SH2B1α-SH2B1δ) are important determinants of neuronal architecture and neurotrophin-induced gene expression. Primary hippocampal neurons from Sh2b1-/- [knockout (KO)] mice exhibit decreased neurite complexity and length, and BDNF-induced expression of the synapse-related immediate early genes Egr1 and Arc. Reintroduction of each SH2B1 isoform into KO neurons increases neurite complexity; the brain-specific δ isoform also increases total neurite length. Human obesity-associated variants, when expressed in SH2B1δ, alter neurite complexity, suggesting that a decrease or increase in neurite branching may have deleterious effects that contribute to the severe childhood obesity and neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with these variants. Surprisingly, in contrast to SH2B1α, SH2B1β and SH2B1γ, which localize primarily in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, SH2B1δ resides primarily in nucleoli. Some SH2B1δ is also present in the plasma membrane and nucleus. Nucleolar localization, driven by two highly basic regions unique to SH2B1δ, is required for SH2B1δ to maximally increase neurite complexity and BDNF-induced expression of Egr1, Arc and FosL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Cote
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paul B. Vander
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joel M. Cline
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nadezhda Svezhova
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael E. Doche
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Travis J. Maures
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tahrim A. Choudhury
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Seongbae Kong
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Olivia G. J. Klaft
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ray M. Joe
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Argetsinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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8
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Miyamoto Y, Torii T, Homma K, Oizumi H, Ohbuchi K, Mizoguchi K, Takashima S, Yamauchi J. The adaptor SH2B1 and the phosphatase PTP4A1 regulate the phosphorylation of cytohesin-2 in myelinating Schwann cells in mice. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabi5276. [PMID: 35077201 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abi5276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mature myelin sheaths insulate axons to increase nerve conduction velocity and protect nerve fibers from stress and physical injury. In the peripheral nervous system, the myelin sheath is produced by Schwann cells. The guanine-nucleotide exchange factor cytohesin-2 activates the protein Arf6 to promote Schwann cell myelination. Here, we investigated the regulation of cytohesin-2 and found that the phosphorylation status of Tyr381 in cytohesin-2 is central to Schwann cell myelination. Knockin mice with a nonphosphorylatable Y381F mutation in cytohesin-2 exhibited reduced myelin thickness and decreased Arf6 activity in sciatic nerve tissue. In HEK293T cells, cytohesin-2 was dephosphorylated at Tyr381 by the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP4A1, whereas phosphorylation at this site was maintained by interaction with the adaptor protein SH2B1. Schwann cell-specific knockdown of PTP4A1 in mice increased cytohesin-2 phosphorylation and myelin thickness. Conversely, Schwann cell-specific loss of SH2B1 resulted in reduced myelin thickness and decreased cytohesin-2 phosphorylation. Thus, a signaling unit centered on cytohesin-2-with SH2B1 as a positive regulator and PTP4A1 as a negative regulator-controls Schwann cell myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Pathophysiology, Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Keiichi Homma
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Oizumi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ohbuchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Inashiki, Ibaraki 200-1192, Japan
| | - Shou Takashima
- Laboratory of Glycobiology, The Noguchi Institute, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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9
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Eze UC, Bhaduri A, Haeussler M, Nowakowski TJ, Kriegstein AR. Single-cell atlas of early human brain development highlights heterogeneity of human neuroepithelial cells and early radial glia. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:584-594. [PMID: 33723434 PMCID: PMC8012207 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human cortex comprises diverse cell types that emerge from an initially uniform neuroepithelium that gives rise to radial glia, the neural stem cells of the cortex. To characterize the earliest stages of human brain development, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing across regions of the developing human brain, including the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain and cerebellum. We identify nine progenitor populations physically proximal to the telencephalon, suggesting more heterogeneity than previously described, including a highly prevalent mesenchymal-like population that disappears once neurogenesis begins. Comparison of human and mouse progenitor populations at corresponding stages identifies two progenitor clusters that are enriched in the early stages of human cortical development. We also find that organoid systems display low fidelity to neuroepithelial and early radial glia cell types, but improve as neurogenesis progresses. Overall, we provide a comprehensive molecular and spatial atlas of early stages of human brain and cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugomma C Eze
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes facilitate spinal cord functional recovery through the miR-199a-3p/145-5p-mediated NGF/TrkA signaling pathway in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:117. [PMID: 33579361 PMCID: PMC7879635 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although exosomes, as byproducts of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs), have been demonstrated to be an effective therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), their mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods We designed and performed this study to determine whether exosomes attenuate the lesion size of SCI by ameliorating neuronal injury induced by a secondary inflammatory storm and promoting neurite outgrowth. We determined the absolute levels of all exosomal miRNAs and investigated the potential mechanisms of action of miR-199a-3p/145-5p in inducing neurite outgrowth in vivo and in vitro. Results miR-199a-3p/145-5p, which are relatively highly expressed miRNAs in exosomes, promoted PC12 cell differentiation suppressed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro through modulation of the NGF/TrkA pathway. We also demonstrated that Cblb was a direct target of miR-199a-3p and that Cbl was a direct target of miR-145-5p. Cblb and Cbl gene knockdown resulted in significantly decreased TrkA ubiquitination levels, subsequently activating the NGF/TrkA downstream pathways Akt and Erk. Conversely, overexpression of Cblb and Cbl was associated with significantly increased TrkA ubiquitination level, subsequently inactivating the NGF/TrkA downstream pathways Akt and Erk. Western blot and coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed the direct interaction between TrkA and Cblb and TrkA and Cbl. In an in vivo experiment, exosomal miR-199a-3p/145-5p was found to upregulate TrkA expression at the lesion site and also promote locomotor function in SCI rats. Conclusions In summary, our study showed that exosomes transferring miR-199a-3p/145-5p into neurons in SCI rats affected TrkA ubiquitination and promoted the NGF/TrkA signaling pathway, indicating that hUC-MSC-derived exosomes may be a promising treatment strategy for SCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02148-5.
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11
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Cote JL, Argetsinger LS, Flores A, Rupp AC, Cline JM, DeSantis LC, Bedard AH, Bagchi DP, Vander PB, Cacciaglia AM, Clutter ES, Chandrashekar G, MacDougald OA, Myers MG, Carter-Su C. Deletion of the Brain-Specific α and δ Isoforms of Adapter Protein SH2B1 Protects Mice From Obesity. Diabetes 2021; 70:400-414. [PMID: 33214137 PMCID: PMC7881872 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking SH2B1 and humans with variants of SH2B1 display severe obesity and insulin resistance. SH2B1 is an adapter protein that is recruited to the receptors of multiple hormones and neurotrophic factors. Of the four known alternatively spliced SH2B1 isoforms, SH2B1β and SH2B1γ exhibit ubiquitous expression, whereas SH2B1α and SH2B1δ are essentially restricted to the brain. To understand the roles for SH2B1α and SH2B1δ in energy balance and glucose metabolism, we generated mice lacking these brain-specific isoforms (αδ knockout [αδKO] mice). αδKO mice exhibit decreased food intake, protection from weight gain on standard and high-fat diets, and an adiposity-dependent improvement in glucose homeostasis. SH2B1 has been suggested to impact energy balance via the modulation of leptin action. However, αδKO mice exhibit leptin sensitivity that is similar to that of wild-type mice by multiple measures. Thus, decreasing the abundance of SH2B1α and/or SH2B1δ relative to the other SH2B1 isoforms likely shifts energy balance toward a lean phenotype via a primarily leptin-independent mechanism. Our findings suggest that the different alternatively spliced isoforms of SH2B1 perform different functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cote
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lawrence S Argetsinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anabel Flores
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alan C Rupp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joel M Cline
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lauren C DeSantis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Alexander H Bedard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Devika P Bagchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul B Vander
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Abrielle M Cacciaglia
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Erik S Clutter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gowri Chandrashekar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martin G Myers
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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12
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Bebb DG, Banerji S, Blais N, Desmeules P, Gill S, Grin A, Feilotter H, Hansen AR, Hyrcza M, Krzyzanowska M, Melosky B, Noujaim J, Purgina B, Ruether D, Simmons CE, Soulieres D, Torlakovic EE, Tsao MS. Canadian Consensus for Biomarker Testing and Treatment of TRK Fusion Cancer in Adults. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:523-548. [PMID: 33467570 PMCID: PMC7903287 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib were recently approved in Canada for the treatment of solid tumours harbouring neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions. These NTRK gene fusions are oncogenic drivers found in most tumour types at a low frequency (<5%), and at a higher frequency (>80%) in a small number of rare tumours (e.g., secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland and of the breast). They are generally mutually exclusive of other common oncogenic drivers. Larotrectinib and entrectinib have demonstrated impressive overall response rates and tolerability in Phase I/II trials in patients with TRK fusion cancer with no other effective treatment options. Given the low frequency of TRK fusion cancer and the heterogeneous molecular testing landscape in Canada, identifying and optimally managing such patients represents a new challenge. We provide a Canadian consensus on when and how to test for NTRK gene fusions and when to consider treatment with a TRK inhibitor. We focus on five tumour types: thyroid carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and salivary gland carcinoma. Based on the probability of the tumour harbouring an NTRK gene fusion, we also suggest a tumour-agnostic consensus for NTRK gene fusion testing and treatment. We recommend considering a TRK inhibitor in all patients with TRK fusion cancer with no other effective treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Gwyn Bebb
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre and University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - Shantanu Banerji
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Normand Blais
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada; (N.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Patrice Desmeules
- Service D’Anatomopathologie et de Cytologie, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Sharlene Gill
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada; (S.G.); (B.M.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Andrea Grin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (A.G.); (H.F.)
| | - Harriet Feilotter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (A.G.); (H.F.)
| | - Aaron R. Hansen
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; (A.R.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Hyrcza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada;
| | - Monika Krzyzanowska
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; (A.R.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Barbara Melosky
- BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada; (S.G.); (B.M.); (C.E.S.)
| | | | - Bibiana Purgina
- The Ottawa Hospital, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Dean Ruether
- Department of Oncology, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada;
| | | | - Denis Soulieres
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada; (N.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Emina Emilia Torlakovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Saskatchewan Health Authority and University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B5, Canada;
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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13
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Perreault S, Chami R, Deyell RJ, El Demellawy D, Ellezam B, Jabado N, Morgenstern DA, Narendran A, Sorensen PHB, Wasserman JD, Yip S. Canadian Consensus for Biomarker Testing and Treatment of TRK Fusion Cancer in Pediatric Patients. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:346-366. [PMID: 33435412 PMCID: PMC7903261 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusions (NTRK) are oncogenic drivers present at a low frequency in most tumour types (<5%), and at a higher frequency (>80%) in a small number of rare tumours (e.g., infantile fibrosarcoma [IFS]) and considered mutually exclusive with other common oncogenic drivers. Health Canada recently approved two tyrosine receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors, larotrectinib (for adults and children) and entrectinib (for adults), for the treatment of solid tumours harbouring NTRK gene fusions. In Phase I/II trials, these TRK inhibitors have demonstrated promising overall response rates and tolerability in patients with TRK fusion cancer who have exhausted other treatment options. In these studies, children appear to have similar responses and tolerability to adults. In this report, we provide a Canadian consensus on when and how to test for NTRK gene fusions and when to consider treatment with a TRK inhibitor for pediatric patients with solid tumours. We focus on three pediatric tumour types: non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma/unspecified spindle cell tumours including IFS, differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and glioma. We also propose a tumour-agnostic consensus based on the probability of the tumour harbouring an NTRK gene fusion. For children with locally advanced or metastatic TRK fusion cancer who have either failed upfront therapy or lack satisfactory treatment options, TRK inhibitor therapy should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Perreault
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Child Neurology CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Rose Chami
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rebecca J. Deyell
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, British Columbia Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada;
| | - Dina El Demellawy
- Pathology Department, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, MUHC, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Daniel A. Morgenstern
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
| | - Aru Narendran
- Departments of Pediatrics, Oncology and, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Poul H. B. Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada;
| | - Jonathan D. Wasserman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Leptin receptor-expressing neuron Sh2b1 supports sympathetic nervous system and protects against obesity and metabolic disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1517. [PMID: 32251290 PMCID: PMC7089966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), energy expenditure, and weight loss; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we uncover Sh2b1 in leptin receptor (LepR) neurons as a critical component of a SNS/brown adipose tissue (BAT)/thermogenesis axis. LepR neuron-specific deletion of Sh2b1 abrogates leptin-stimulated sympathetic nerve activation and impairs BAT thermogenic programs, leading to reduced core body temperature and cold intolerance. The adipose SNS degenerates progressively in mutant mice after 8 weeks of age. Adult-onset ablation of Sh2b1 in the mediobasal hypothalamus also impairs the SNS/BAT/thermogenesis axis; conversely, hypothalamic overexpression of human SH2B1 has the opposite effects. Mice with either LepR neuron-specific or adult-onset, hypothalamus-specific ablation of Sh2b1 develop obesity, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. In contrast, hypothalamic overexpression of SH2B1 protects against high fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndromes. Our results unravel an unrecognized LepR neuron Sh2b1/SNS/BAT/thermogenesis axis that combats obesity and metabolic disease.
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15
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Cheng Y, Duan C, Zhang C. New perspective on SH2B1: An accelerator of cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 121:109651. [PMID: 31739166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SH2B1 is well-known as an adaptor protein, and deletion of SH2B1 results in severe obesity and both leptin and insulin resistance. Some studies have revealed that SH2B1 is involved in the progression of lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and so on. Biological function experiments have proven that SH2B1 can regulate cellular morphology, motility and adhesion by modifying the actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and it can promote cell mitogenesis, transformation, survival and differentiation via different signal pathways by enhancing the kinase activity of several receptor tyrosine kinases. In addition, SH2B1 is an obesity-related gene, and epidemiological surveys suggest a complex relationship between obesity and cancer. Therefore, what is the relationship between SH2B1 and cancer? Herein, we attempt to provide a mini overview of the roles of SH2B1 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanda Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chaojun Duan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87th, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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16
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Flores A, Argetsinger LS, Stadler LKJ, Malaga AE, Vander PB, DeSantis LC, Joe RM, Cline JM, Keogh JM, Henning E, Barroso I, Mendes de Oliveira E, Chandrashekar G, Clutter ES, Hu Y, Stuckey J, Farooqi IS, Myers MG, Carter-Su C. Crucial Role of the SH2B1 PH Domain for the Control of Energy Balance. Diabetes 2019; 68:2049-2062. [PMID: 31439647 PMCID: PMC6804625 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the adaptor protein SH2B1 (SH2-B, PSM) is associated with severe obesity, insulin resistance, and neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice and humans. Here, we identify 15 SH2B1 variants in severely obese children. Four obesity-associated human SH2B1 variants lie in the Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, suggesting that the PH domain is essential for SH2B1's function. We generated a mouse model of a human variant in this domain (P322S). P322S/P322S mice exhibited substantial prenatal lethality. Examination of the P322S/+ metabolic phenotype revealed late-onset glucose intolerance. To circumvent P322S/P322S lethality, mice containing a two-amino acid deletion within the SH2B1 PH domain (ΔP317, R318 [ΔPR]) were studied. Mice homozygous for ΔPR were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and exhibited obesity plus insulin resistance and glucose intolerance beyond that attributable to their increased adiposity. These studies demonstrate that the PH domain plays a crucial role in how SH2B1 controls energy balance and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Flores
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lawrence S Argetsinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lukas K J Stadler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Alvaro E Malaga
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Paul B Vander
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lauren C DeSantis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ray M Joe
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joel M Cline
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ines Barroso
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Gowri Chandrashekar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Erik S Clutter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jeanne Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Martin G Myers
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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17
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Rs7219 Regulates the Expression of GRB2 by Affecting miR-1288-Mediated Inhibition and Contributes to the Risk of Schizophrenia in the Chinese Han Population. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:137-147. [PMID: 30474799 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined a potential genetic association between the variant rs7219 within the 3'-UTR of GRB2 and the susceptibility to schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) in the Chinese Han population. A genetic association study, including 548 SCZ patients, 512 BD patients, and 598 normal controls, was conducted in the Chinese Han population. Genotyping was performed through the Sequenom MassARRAY technology platform. The expression of GRB2 was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine whether miR-1288 could bind to the 3'-UTR region of GRB2 containing rs7219. We found that rs7219 was significantly associated with the susceptibility to SCZ under different genetic models, including additive [OR (95% CI) = 1.24 (1.02-1.49), P = 0.027], dominant [OR (95% CI) = 1.31 (1.04-1.66), P = 0.025], and allelic models[OR (95% CI) = 1.24 (1.03-1.49), P = 0.027]. However, no significant associations were found between rs7219 and the risk for BD (all P > 0.05). Moreover, we observed that the expression of GRB2 significantly decreased in SCZ patients compared with the controls (P = 0.004). The dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that the minor allele C of rs7219 significantly decreased the luciferase activity by binding miR-1288 (P < 0.001). In summary, we are the first to reveal that rs7219 is significantly associated with the susceptibility to SCZ in the Chinese Han population. Moreover, the minor allele C of rs7219 is identified as a risk allele for SCZ because it generates a binding site for miR-1288, thereby resulting in decreased expression of GRB2 and ultimately increasing the risk of SCZ.
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18
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Phosphorylation of the Unique C-Terminal Tail of the Alpha Isoform of the Scaffold Protein SH2B1 Controls the Ability of SH2B1α To Enhance Nerve Growth Factor Function. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00277-17. [PMID: 29229648 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00277-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein SH2B1, a major regulator of body weight, is recruited to the receptors of multiple cytokines and growth factors, including nerve growth factor (NGF). The β isoform but not the α isoform of SH2B1 greatly enhances NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Here, we asked how the unique C-terminal tails of the α and β isoforms modulate SH2B1 function. We compared the actions of SH2B1α and SH2B1β to those of the N-terminal 631 amino acids shared by both isoforms. In contrast to the β tail, the α tail inhibited the ability of SH2B1 to both cycle through the nucleus and enhance NGF-mediated neurite outgrowth, gene expression, phosphorylation of Akt and phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-γ), and autophosphorylation of the NGF receptor TrkA. These functions were restored when Tyr753 in the α tail was mutated to phenylalanine. We provide evidence that TrkA phosphorylates Tyr753 in SH2B1α, as well as tyrosines 439 and 55 in both SH2B1α and SH2B1β. Finally, coexpression of SH2B1α but not SH2B1α with a mutation of Y to F at position 753 (Y753F) inhibited the ability of SH2B1β to enhance neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that the C-terminal tails of SH2B1 isoforms are key determinants of the cellular role of SH2B1. Furthermore, the function of SH2B1α is regulated by phosphorylation of the α tail.
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Pandre MK, Shaik S, Satya Pratap VVV, Yadlapalli P, Yanamandra M, Mitra S. A novel in-cell ELISA method for screening of compounds inhibiting TRKA phosphorylation, using KM12 cell line harboring TRKA rearrangement. Anal Biochem 2018; 545:78-83. [PMID: 29360440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-related kinase A (TRKA) fusion was originally detected in colorectal carcinoma that had resulted in expression of the oncogenic chimeric protein TPM3-TRKA. Lately, many more rearrangements in TRK family of kinases generating oncogenic fusion proteins have been identified. These genetic rearrangements usually result in fusion of cytoplasmic kinase domain of TRK to another gene of interest resulting in constitutive kinase activity. Estimation of TRK inhibitor potency in a cellular context is required for drug discovery programs and is measured by receptor phosphorylation levels upon compound administration. However, since a large chunk of the TRK protein is lost in this rearrangement, it's difficult to set up sandwich ELISA for detection of receptor phosphorylation in any cell assay harboring these fusion proteins. In order to address this issue, we developed a novel and robust in-cell ELISA method which quantifies the phosphorylation of TRK kinase (Tyr 674/675) within the KM12 cells. This cell based method is more versatile & economical than conventional ELISA using engineered overexpressing cell line and/or western blot methods. Performance reliability & robustness for the validated assay were determined by %CV and Z factor in assays with reference molecule larotrectinib. This in-cell ELISA method can be used with any TRKA rearranged oncogenic fusion cell type and can be extended to other TRK isoforms as well. We have used this assay to screen novel molecules in KM12 cells and to study pharmacodynamic properties of compounds in TRKA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Pandre
- Department of In-vitro Biology, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, Campus MLR 1, Survey Nos. 125 (part) & 126, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500076, India.
| | - Shama Shaik
- Department of In-vitro Biology, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, Campus MLR 1, Survey Nos. 125 (part) & 126, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Veera Venkata Valluri Satya Pratap
- Department of In-vitro Biology, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, Campus MLR 1, Survey Nos. 125 (part) & 126, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Prasad Yadlapalli
- Department of In-vitro Biology, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, Campus MLR 1, Survey Nos. 125 (part) & 126, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Mahesh Yanamandra
- Department of In-vitro Biology, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, Campus MLR 1, Survey Nos. 125 (part) & 126, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500076, India
| | - Sayan Mitra
- Department of In-vitro Biology, GVK Biosciences Private Limited, Campus MLR 1, Survey Nos. 125 (part) & 126, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, 500076, India.
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Jiang L, Su H, Keogh JM, Chen Z, Henning E, Wilkinson P, Goodyer I, Farooqi IS, Rui L. Neural deletion of Sh2b1 results in brain growth retardation and reactive aggression. FASEB J 2018; 32:1830-1840. [PMID: 29180441 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700831r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are associated with aberrant brain development and/or aggressive behavior and are influenced by genetic factors; however, genes that affect brain aggression circuits remain elusive. Here, we show that neuronal Src-homology-2 (SH2)B adaptor protein-1 ( Sh2b1) is indispensable for both brain growth and protection against aggression. Global and brain-specific deletion of Sh2b1 decreased brain weight and increased aggressive behavior. Global and brain-specific Sh2b1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited fatal, intermale aggression. In a resident-intruder paradigm, latency to attack was markedly reduced, whereas the number and the duration of attacks was significantly increased in global and brain-specific Sh2b1 KO mice compared with wild-type littermates. Consistently, core aggression circuits were activated to a higher level in global and brain-specific Sh2b1 KO males, based on c-fos immunoreactivity in the amygdala and periaqueductal gray. Brain-specific restoration of Sh2b1 normalized brain size and reversed pathologic aggression and aberrant activation of core aggression circuits in Sh2b1 KO males. SH2B1 mutations in humans were linked to aberrant brain development and behavior. At the molecular level, Sh2b1 enhanced neurotrophin-stimulated neuronal differentiation and protected against oxidative stress-induced neuronal death. Our data suggest that neuronal Sh2b1 promotes brain development and the integrity of core aggression circuits, likely through enhancing neurotrophin signaling.-Jiang, L., Su, H., Keogh, J. M., Chen, Z., Henning, E., Wilkinson, P., Goodyer, I., Farooqi, I. S., Rui, L. Neural deletion of Sh2b1 results in brain growth retardation and reactive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haoran Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdomand.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdomand.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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21
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Ma W, Yang JW, Gao Y, Liang Z, Li XT, Wang TT, Wang XB, Liu J, Fan CM, Guo JH, Li LY. Expression pattern of high-affinity tyrosine kinase Aduring the development of human fetal spinal cord. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:577-583. [PMID: 29264935 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1369159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) is responsible for the biological activities of nerve growth factor. Most studies of the molecular mechanisms of TrkA that underlie the development of the spinal cord have been conducted in animals and the expression pattern of TrkA during the development of the human fetal spinal cord is not well characterized. We investigated 45 3-28-week-old (G3W-G28W) human fetuses. We assessed the expression pattern of TrkA in the human fetal spinal cord using immunohistochemistry, western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to clarify the spatiotemporal developmental changes and to determine the role TrkA plays in development. TrkA immunoreactive products were detected widely in the alar and basal plates, ependyma, glial cells, gray and white matter, internal limiting membrane, mantle layer, marginal layer, neuroepithelium and neurons during this period of development. Expression levels of TrkA mRNA and protein peaked at G12W and G16W, respectively. The strong expression of TrkA was closely related to the formation of the dorsal and ventral horns, and the differentiation of somatic motor neurons during late embryonic development. Our findings suggest that TrkA receptors play crucial roles during the development of human fetal spinal cord. The characteristic expression patterns may clarify the developmental characteristics of the human spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ma
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - J-W Yang
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming.,b Second Department of General Surgery , First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - Y Gao
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming.,c Department of Pathology , Children's Hospital of Kunming City , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - Z Liang
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - X-T Li
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - T-T Wang
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - X-B Wang
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - J Liu
- b Second Department of General Surgery , First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - C-M Fan
- d Department of Critical Care Medicine , First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Yunnan Kunming , China
| | - J-H Guo
- b Second Department of General Surgery , First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Yunnan , Kunming
| | - L-Y Li
- a Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Kunming Medical University , Yunnan , Kunming
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22
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Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to a family of small secreted proteins that also include nerve growth factor, neurotrophin 3, and neurotrophin 4. BDNF stands out among all neurotrophins by its high expression levels in the brain and its potent effects at synapses. Several aspects of BDNF biology such as transcription, processing, and secretion are regulated by synaptic activity. Such observations prompted the suggestion that BDNF may regulate activity-dependent forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP), a sustained enhancement of excitatory synaptic efficacy thought to underlie learning and memory. Here, we will review the evidence pointing to a fundamental role of this neurotrophin in LTP, especially within the hippocampus. Prominent questions in the field, including the release and action sites of BDNF during LTP, as well as the signaling and molecular mechanisms involved, will also be addressed. The diverse effects of BDNF at excitatory synapses are determined by the activation of TrkB receptors and downstream signaling pathways, and the functions, typically opposing in nature, of its immature form (proBDNF). The activation of p75NTR receptors by proBDNF and the implications for long-term depression will also be addressed. Finally, we discuss the synergy between TrkB and glucocorticoid receptor signaling to determine cellular responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C R Bramham
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - C B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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23
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Shah AP, Carreno FR, Wu H, Chung YA, Frazer A. Role of TrkB in the anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects of vagal nerve stimulation: Comparison with desipramine. Neuroscience 2016; 322:273-86. [PMID: 26899129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A current hypothesis regarding the mechanism of antidepressant (AD) action suggests the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Consistent with this hypothesis, the receptor for BDNF (and neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4/5)), Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), is activated in rodents by treatment with classical AD drugs. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), a therapy for treatment resistant depression (TRD), also activates TrkB in rodents. However, the role of this receptor in the therapeutic effects of VNS is unclear. In the current study, the involvement of TrkB in the effects of VNS was investigated in rats using its inhibitor, K252a. Anxiolytic-like and AD-like effects were analyzed using the novelty suppressed feeding test (NSFT) and forced swim test (FST), respectively. K252a blocked the anxiolytic-like effect of chronic VNS treatment and the AD-like effect of acute VNS treatment. By contrast, blocking TrkB did not prevent either the anxiolytic-like or AD-like effect of chronic treatment with desipramine (DMI), a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor; it did, however, block the acute effect of DMI in the FST. To examine whether the activation of TrkB caused by either VNS or DMI is ligand-dependent, use was made of TrkB-Fc, a molecular scavenger for ligands of TrkB. Intraventricular administration of TrkB-Fc blocked the acute activation of TrkB induced by either treatment, indicating that treatment-induced activation of this receptor is ligand-dependent. The behavioral results highlight differences in the involvement of TrkB in the chronic effects of an AD drug and a stimulation therapy as well as its role in acute versus chronic effects of DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - F R Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Y A Chung
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS), Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
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24
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Emdal KB, Pedersen AK, Bekker-Jensen DB, Tsafou KP, Horn H, Lindner S, Schulte JH, Eggert A, Jensen LJ, Francavilla C, Olsen JV. Temporal proteomics of NGF-TrkA signaling identifies an inhibitory role for the E3 ligase Cbl-b in neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra40. [PMID: 25921289 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells respond to nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated activation of the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) with neurite outgrowth, thereby providing a model to study neuronal differentiation. We performed a time-resolved analysis of NGF-TrkA signaling in neuroblastoma cells using mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. The combination of interactome, phosphoproteome, and proteome data provided temporal insights into the molecular events downstream of NGF binding to TrkA. We showed that upon NGF stimulation, TrkA recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b, which then becomes phosphorylated and ubiquitylated and decreases in abundance. We also found that recruitment of Cbl-b promotes TrkA ubiquitylation and degradation. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorylation of the kinase ERK and neurite outgrowth increased upon Cbl-b depletion in several neuroblastoma cell lines. Our findings suggest that Cbl-b limits NGF-TrkA signaling to control the length of neurites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina B Emdal
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Kathrine Pedersen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte B Bekker-Jensen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kalliopi P Tsafou
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Horn
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany. Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars J Jensen
- Disease Systems Biology Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Propidium iodide (PI) stains Nissl bodies and may serve as a quick marker for total neuronal cell count. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:182-7. [PMID: 25596876 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propidium iodide (PI) reacts with both DNA and RNA and is a commonly used fluorescent reagent for nucleic acid staining. The aim of the study was to compare the cellular staining patterns of PI with that of Nissl staining in rat nervous tissues and to report a modified staining method that selectively labels Nissl bodies in neurons. Cryosections and paraffin sections of different tissues of normal Sprague-Dawley rats, including trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, liver, and small intestine, were stained by either PI or the hematoxylin and eosin method. Some sections were treated with RNase or DNase before the above staining, and some were double stained with PI and a Nissl stain. The sections were observed by light, fluorescence or confocal microscopy. Results showed strong PI signals detected as patterns of granules in the neuronal cytoplasm of all nervous tissues, whereas the staining of neuronal nuclei was weaker. In contrast, nuclei of neuroglial cells were strongly stained by PI, while the cytoplasm was not obviously stained. Pretreatment of the neural tissue with RNase abolished the PI signals. Furthermore, the PI positive granules in neuronal cytoplasm co-localized with Nissl bodies stained by the fluorescent Nissl stain. When the tissue was pretreated with DNase, PI only stained the cytoplasmic granules of neurons, but not that of glial cells. Our results show that PI stains Nissl bodies and may serve as an economical and convenient neuron marker for neuronal cell counting when specific neural markers such as antibodies are not readily available.
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26
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Chen CJ, Shih CH, Chang YJ, Hong SJ, Li TN, Wang LHC, Chen L. SH2B1 and IRSp53 proteins promote the formation of dendrites and dendritic branches. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6010-21. [PMID: 25586189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.603795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2B1 is an adaptor protein known to enhance neurite outgrowth. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that the SH2B1 level is increased during in vitro culture of hippocampal neurons, and the β isoform (SH2B1β) is the predominant isoform. The fact that formation of filopodia is prerequisite for neurite initiation suggests that SH2B1 may regulate filopodium formation and thus neurite initiation. To investigate whether SH2B1 may regulate filopodium formation, the effect of SH2B1 and a membrane and actin regulator, IRSp53 (insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate p53), is investigated. Overexpressing both SH2B1β and IRSp53 significantly enhances filopodium formation, neurite outgrowth, and branching. Both in vivo and in vitro data show that SH2B1 interacts with IRSp53 in hippocampal neurons. This interaction depends on the N-terminal proline-rich domains of SH2B1. In addition, SH2B1 and IRSp53 co-localize at the plasma membrane, and their levels increase in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction of developing neurons. These findings suggest that SH2B1-IRSp53 complexes promote the formation of filopodia, neurite initiation, and neuronal branching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, China
| | - Linyi Chen
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, China
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27
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The use of high-throughput next-generation sequencing techniques in multiple tumor types during the last few years has identified NTRK1, 2, and 3 gene rearrangements encoding novel oncogenic fusions in 19 different tumor types to date. These recent developments have led us to revisit an old oncogene, Trk (originally identified as OncD), which encodes the TPM3-NTRK1 gene fusion and was one of the first transforming chromosomal rearrangements identified 32 years ago. However, no drug has yet been approved by the FDA for cancers harboring this oncogene. This review will discuss the biology of the TRK family of receptors, their role in human cancer, the types of oncogenic alterations, and drugs that are currently in development for this family of oncogene targets. SIGNIFICANCE Precision oncology approaches have accelerated recently due to advancements in our ability to detect oncogenic mutations in tumor samples. Oncogenic alterations, most commonly gene fusions, have now been detected for the genes encoding the TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC receptor tyrosine kinases across multiple tumor types. The scientific rationale for the targeting of the TRK oncogene family will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Vaishnavi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anh T Le
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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28
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Rui L. SH2B1 regulation of energy balance, body weight, and glucose metabolism. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:511-526. [PMID: 25126397 PMCID: PMC4127586 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Src homology 2B (SH2B) family members (SH2B1, SH2B2 and SH2B3) are adaptor signaling proteins containing characteristic SH2 and PH domains. SH2B1 (also called SH2-B and PSM) and SH2B2 (also called APS) are able to form homo- or hetero-dimers via their N-terminal dimerization domains. Their C-terminal SH2 domains bind to tyrosyl phosphorylated proteins, including Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), TrkA, insulin receptors, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors, insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), and IRS2. SH2B1 enhances leptin signaling by both stimulating JAK2 activity and assembling a JAK2/IRS1/2 signaling complex. SH2B1 promotes insulin signaling by both enhancing insulin receptor catalytic activity and protecting against dephosphorylation of IRS proteins. Accordingly, genetic deletion of SH2B1 results in severe leptin resistance, insulin resistance, hyperphagia, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in mice. Neuron-specific overexpression of SH2B1β transgenes protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. SH2B1 in pancreatic β cells promotes β cell expansion and insulin secretion to counteract insulin resistance in obesity. Moreover, numerous SH2B1 mutations are genetically linked to leptin resistance, insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in humans. Unlike SH2B1, SH2B2 and SH2B3 are not required for the maintenance of normal energy and glucose homeostasis. The metabolic function of the SH2B family is conserved from insects to humans.
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29
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Hsu YC, Chen SL, Wang YJ, Chen YH, Wang DY, Chen L, Chen CH, Chen HH, Chiu IM. Signaling adaptor protein SH2B1 enhances neurite outgrowth and accelerates the maturation of human induced neurons. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:713-22. [PMID: 24736401 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in somatic cell reprogramming have highlighted the plasticity of the somatic epigenome, particularly through demonstrations of direct lineage reprogramming of adult mouse and human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and induced neurons (iNs) under defined conditions. However, human cells appear to be less plastic and have a higher epigenetic hurdle for reprogramming to both iPSCs and iNs. Here, we show that SH2B adaptor protein 1β (SH2B1) can enhance neurite outgrowth of iNs reprogrammed from human fibroblasts as early as day 14, when combined with miR124 and transcription factors BRN2 and MYT1L (IBM) under defined conditions. These SH2B1-enhanced iNs (S-IBM) showed canonical neuronal morphology, and expressed multiple neuronal markers, such as TuJ1, NeuN, and synapsin, and functional proteins for neurotransmitter release, such as GABA, vGluT2, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Importantly, SH2B1 accelerated mature process of functional neurons and exhibited action potentials as early as day 14; without SH2B1, the IBM iNs do not exhibit action potentials until day 21. Our data demonstrate that SH2B1 can enhance neurite outgrowth and accelerate the maturation of human iNs under defined conditions. This approach will facilitate the application of iNs in regenerative medicine and in vitro disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Su-Liang Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jean Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yen Wang
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, and Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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SH2B1β interacts with STAT3 and enhances fibroblast growth factor 1-induced gene expression during neuronal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1003-19. [PMID: 24396070 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00940-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is an essential process during neuronal differentiation as well as neuroregeneration. Thus, understanding the molecular and cellular control of neurite outgrowth will benefit patients with neurological diseases. We have previously shown that overexpression of the signaling adaptor protein SH2B1β promotes fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1)-induced neurite outgrowth (W. F. Lin, C. J. Chen, Y. J. Chang, S. L. Chen, I. M. Chiu, and L. Chen, Cell. Signal. 21:1060-1072, 2009). SH2B1β also undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and regulates a subset of neurotrophin-induced genes. Although these findings suggest that SH2B1β regulates gene expression, the nuclear role of SH2B1β was not known. In this study, we show that SH2B1β interacts with the transcription factor, signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in neuronal PC12 cells, cortical neurons, and COS7 fibroblasts. By affecting the subcellular distribution of STAT3, SH2B1β increased serine phosphorylation and the concomitant transcriptional activity of STAT3. As a result, overexpressing SH2B1β enhanced FGF1-induced expression of STAT3 target genes Egr1 and Cdh2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further reveal that, in response to FGF1, overexpression of SH2B1β promotes the in vivo occupancy of STAT3-Sp1 heterodimers at the promoter of Egr1 and Cdh2. These findings establish a central role of SH2B1β in orchestrating signaling events to transcriptional activation through interacting and regulating STAT3-containing complexes during neuronal differentiation.
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31
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Sheng L, Liu Y, Jiang L, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Cho KW, Rui L. Hepatic SH2B1 and SH2B2 regulate liver lipid metabolism and VLDL secretion in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83269. [PMID: 24358267 PMCID: PMC3866185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2B1 is an SH2 and PH domain-containing adaptor protein. Genetic deletion of SH2B1 results in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver diseases in mice. Mutations in SH2B1 are linked to obesity in humans. SH2B1 in the brain controls energy balance and body weight at least in part by enhancing leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamus. SH2B1 in peripheral tissues also regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, presumably by enhancing insulin sensitivity in peripheral metabolically-active tissues. However, the function of SH2B1 in individual peripheral tissues is unknown. Here we generated and metabolically characterized hepatocyte-specific SH2B1 knockout (HKO) mice. Blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were similar between HKO, albumin-Cre, and SH2B1f/f mice fed either a normal chow diet or a high fat diet (HFD). Adult-onset deletion of SH2B1 in the liver either alone or in combination with whole body SH2B2 knockout also did not exacerbate HFD-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Adult-onset, but not embryonic, deletion of SH2B1 in the liver attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. In agreement, adult-onset deletion of hepatic SH2B1 decreased the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2) and increased the expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Furthermore, deletion of liver SH2B1 in SH2B2 null mice attenuated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. These data indicate that hepatic SH2B1 is not required for the maintenance of normal insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism; however, it regulates liver triacylglycerol synthesis, lipolysis, and VLDL secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sheng
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yingjiang Zhou
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Shih CH, Chen CJ, Chen L. New function of the adaptor protein SH2B1 in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced neurite outgrowth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79619. [PMID: 24260264 PMCID: PMC3829828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is an essential process for the establishment of the nervous system. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) binds to its receptor TrkB and regulates axonal and dendritic morphology of neurons through signal transduction and gene expression. SH2B1 is a signaling adaptor protein that regulates cellular signaling in various physiological processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of SH2B1 in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we show that knocking down SH2B1 reduces neurite formation of cortical neurons whereas overexpression of SH2B1β promotes the development of hippocampal neurons. We further demonstrate that SH2B1β promotes BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth and signaling using the established PC12 cells stably expressing TrkB, SH2B1β or SH2B1β mutants. Our data indicate that overexpressing SH2B1β enhances BDNF-induced MEK-ERK1/2, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Inhibition of MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways by specific inhibitors suggest that these two pathways are required for SH2B1β-promoted BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, SH2B1β enhances BDNF-stimulated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 at serine 727. Finally, our data indicate that the SH2 domain and tyrosine phosphorylation of SH2B1β contribute to BDNF-induced signaling pathways and neurite outgrowth. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SH2B1β promotes BDNF-induced neurite outgrowth through enhancing pathways involved MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Shih
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Speakman JR. Functional analysis of seven genes linked to body mass index and adiposity by genome-wide association studies: a review. Hum Hered 2013; 75:57-79. [PMID: 24081222 DOI: 10.1159/000353585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a total of about 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show significant linkage to body mass index, a widely utilised surrogate measure of adiposity. However, only 8 of these associations have been confirmed by follow-up GWAS using more sophisticated measures of adiposity (computed tomography). Among these 8, there is a SNP close to the gene FTO which has been the subject of considerable work to diagnose its function. The remaining 7 SNPs are adjacent to, or within, the genes NEGR1, TMEM18, ETV5, FLJ35779, LINGO2, SH2B1 and GIPR, most of which are less well studied than FTO, particularly in the context of obesity. This article reviews the available data on the functions of these genes, including information gleaned from studies in humans and animal models. At present, we have virtually no information on the putative mechanism associating the genes FLJ35779 and LINGO2 to obesity. All of these genes are expressed in the brain, and for 2 of them (SH2B1 and GIPR), a direct link to the appetite regulation system is known. SH2B1 is an enhancer of intracellular signalling in the JAK-STAT pathway, and GIPR is the receptor for an appetite-linked hormone (GIP) produced by the alimentary tract. NEGR1, ETV5 and SH2B1 all have suggested roles in neurite outgrowth, and hence SNPs adjacent to these genes may affect development of the energy balance circuitry. Although the genes have central patterns of gene expression, implying a central neuronal connection to energy balance, for at least 4 of them (NEGR1, TMEM18, SH2B1 and GIPR), there are also significant peripheral functions related to adipose tissue biology. These functions may contribute to their effects on the obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Biarc J, Chalkley RJ, Burlingame AL, Bradshaw RA. Dissecting the roles of tyrosines 490 and 785 of TrkA protein in the induction of downstream protein phosphorylation using chimeric receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16606-16618. [PMID: 23589303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases generally act by forming phosphotyrosine-docking sites on their own endodomains that propagate signals through cascades of post-translational modifications driven by the binding of adaptor/effector proteins. The pathways that are stimulated in any given receptor tyrosine kinase are a function of the initial docking sites that are activated and the availability of downstream participants. In the case of the Trk receptors, which are activated by nerve growth factor, there are only two established phosphotyrosine-docking sites (Tyr-490 and Tyr-785 on TrkA) that are known to be directly involved in signal transduction. Taking advantage of this limited repertoire of docking sites and the availability of PC12 cell lines stably transfected with chimeric receptors composed of the extracellular domain of the PDGF receptor and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of TrkA, the downstream TrkA-induced phosphoproteome was assessed for the "native" receptor and mutants lacking Tyr-490 or both Tyr-490 and Tyr-785. Basal phosphorylation levels were compared with those formed after 20 min of stimulation with PDGF. Several thousand phosphopeptides were identified after TiO2 enrichment, and many were up- or down-regulated by receptor activation. The modified proteins in the native sample contained many of the well established participants in TrkA signaling. The results from the mutant receptors allowed grouping of these downstream targets by their dependence on the two characterized docking site(s). A clear subset that was not dependent on either Tyr-490 or Tyr-785 emerged, providing direct evidence that there are other sites on TrkA that are involved in downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordane Biarc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158.
| | - A L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Ralph A Bradshaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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Hubbard SR. The insulin receptor: both a prototypical and atypical receptor tyrosine kinase. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a008946. [PMID: 23457259 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Unlike prototypical receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are single-chain polypeptides, the insulin receptor (InsR) is a preformed, covalently linked tetramer with two extracellular α subunits and two membrane-spanning, tyrosine kinase-containing β subunits. A single molecule of insulin binds asymmetrically to the ectodomain, triggering a conformational change that is transmitted to the cytoplasmic kinase domains, which facilitates their trans-phosphorylation. As in prototypical RTKs, tyrosine phosphorylation in the juxtamembrane region of InsR creates recruitment sites for downstream signaling proteins (IRS [InsR substrate] proteins, Shc) containing a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, and tyrosine phosphorylation in the kinase activation loop stimulates InsR's catalytic activity. For InsR, phosphorylation of the activation loop, which contains three tyrosine residues, also creates docking sites for adaptor proteins (Grb10/14, SH2B2) that possess specialized Src homology-2 (SH2) domains, which are dimeric and engage two phosphotyrosines in the activation loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan R Hubbard
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Zhang H, Duan CJ, Chen W, Wang SQ, Zhang SK, Dong S, Cheng YD, Zhang CF. Clinical significance of SH2B1 adaptor protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2355-62. [PMID: 22901222 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.5.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The SH2B1 adaptor protein is recruited to multiple ligand-activated receptor tyrosine kinases that play important role in the physiologic and pathologic features of many cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess SH2B1 expression and to explore its contribution to the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS SH2B1 expression in 114 primary NSCLC tissue specimens was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patients' outcome. Additionally, 15 paired NSCLC background tissues, 5 NSCLC cell lines and a normal HBE cell line were evaluated for SH2B1 expression by RT-PCR and immunoblotting, immunofluorescence being applied for the cell lines. RESULTS SH2B1 was found to be overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and NSCLC cell lines. More importantly, high SH2B1 expression was significantly associated with tumor grade, tumor size, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with high SH2B1 expression had both poorer disease- free survival and overall survival than other patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that SH2B1 overexpression was an independent prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the SH2B1 protein may contribute to the malignant progression of NSCLC and could offer a novel prognostic indicator for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Doche ME, Bochukova EG, Su HW, Pearce LR, Keogh JM, Henning E, Cline JM, Dale A, Cheetham T, Barroso I, Argetsinger LS, O’Rahilly S, Rui L, Carter-Su C, Farooqi IS. Human SH2B1 mutations are associated with maladaptive behaviors and obesity. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:4732-6. [PMID: 23160192 PMCID: PMC3533535 DOI: 10.1172/jci62696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2 B adapter protein 1 (SH2B1) modulates signaling by a variety of ligands that bind to receptor tyrosine kinases or JAK-associated cytokine receptors, including leptin, insulin, growth hormone (GH), and nerve growth factor (NGF). Targeted deletion of Sh2b1 in mice results in increased food intake, obesity, and insulin resistance, with an intermediate phenotype seen in heterozygous null mice on a high-fat diet. We identified SH2B1 loss-of-function mutations in a large cohort of patients with severe early-onset obesity. Mutation carriers exhibited hyperphagia, childhood-onset obesity, disproportionate insulin resistance, and reduced final height as adults. Unexpectedly, mutation carriers exhibited a spectrum of behavioral abnormalities that were not reported in controls, including social isolation and aggression. We conclude that SH2B1 plays a critical role in the control of human food intake and body weight and is implicated in maladaptive human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Doche
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Elena G. Bochukova
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Hsiao-Wen Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Laura R. Pearce
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Keogh
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Elana Henning
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Joel M. Cline
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dale
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Cheetham
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S. Argetsinger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O’Rahilly
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Christin Carter-Su
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - I. Sadaf Farooqi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, United Kingdom.
Royal Victoria Infirmary and Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Bradshaw RA, Chalkley RJ, Biarc J, Burlingame AL. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling mechanisms: Devolving TrkA responses with phosphoproteomics. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 53:87-96. [PMID: 23266087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) function through protein kinase entities located in the intracellular domain of each protomer. Following activation by ligand binding, they selectively form phosphotyrosine residues by autocatalytic modification. Some of these sites are involved in maintaining the active conformation of the kinase, while others become docking sites for various adaptor/effector/scaffold proteins, which, after complexing with the receptor, then initiate further responses through cascades of post-translational modifications and the generation of lipid second messengers. Although there is substantial overlap in the pathways and activities stimulated by this superfamily, the molecular features of the endodomains of the sub-families and the moieties that they interact with to perpetrate their signals are surprisingly distinct, which may play a significant role in the regulation and responses of the individual RTK types. Some use large scaffold proteins as the basis for most, if not all, of their signal-generating interactions, while others have numerous receptor endodomain phosphotyrosine sites that are quite overlapping in specificity. The members of the Trk family of receptors each have several tyrosine residues that are phosphorylated following stimulation, including those in the kinase activation loop, but there are only two established sites (Y490 and Y785 on TrkA) that are known to be directly involved in signal propagation. Taking advantage of this limited repertoire of docking sites, we have applied phosphoproteomic methods to dissect the signaling responses of both the native protein and derivatives that have had these two sites modified. Interestingly, a clear subset that was not dependent on either docking site was identified. A comparison with a similar set of data for EGFR indicates a considerable degree of similarity in the downstream signaling profile between these two RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Bradshaw
- Dept. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Wang H, Duan X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Huang M, Liu P, Wang R, Gao G, Zhou L, Feng Z, Zheng W. FoxO3a Negatively Regulates Nerve Growth Factor-Induced Neuronal Differentiation Through Inhibiting the Expression of Neurochondrin in PC12 Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:24-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Oku S, van der Meulen T, Copp J, Glenn G, van der Geer P. Engineering NGF receptors to bind Grb2 directly uncovers differences in signaling ability between Grb2- and ShcA-binding sites. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3658-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Abnormal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling seems to have a central role in the course and development of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. In addition, positive effects of psychotropic drugs are known to activate BDNF-mediated signaling. Although the BDNF gene has been associated with several diseases, molecular mechanisms other than functional genetic variations can impact on the regulation of BDNF gene expression and lead to disturbed BDNF signaling and associated pathology. Thus, epigenetic modifications, representing key mechanisms by which environmental factors induce enduring changes in gene expression, are suspected to participate in the onset of various psychiatric disorders. More specifically, various environmental factors, particularly when occurring during development, have been claimed to produce long-lasting epigenetic changes at the BDNF gene, thereby affecting availability and function of the BDNF protein. Such stabile imprints on the BDNF gene might explain, at least in part, the delayed efficacy of treatments as well as the high degree of relapses observed in psychiatric disorders. Moreover, BDNF gene has a complex structure displaying differential exon regulation and usage, suggesting a subcellular- and brain region-specific distribution. As such, developing drugs that modify epigenetic regulation at specific BDNF exons represents a promising strategy for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Here, we present an overview of the current literature on epigenetic modifications at the BDNF locus in psychiatric disorders and related animal models.
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Furmaga H, Carreno FR, Frazer A. Vagal nerve stimulation rapidly activates brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor TrkB in rat brain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34844. [PMID: 22563458 PMCID: PMC3341395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved for treatment-resistant depression. Many antidepressants increase expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain or activate, via phosphorylation, its receptor, TrkB. There have been no studies yet of whether VNS would also cause phosphorylation of TrkB. Methods Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the phosphorylation status of TrkB in the hippocampus of rats administered VNS either acutely or chronically. Acute effects of VNS were compared with those caused by fluoxetine or desipramine (DMI) whereas its chronic effects were compared with those of sertraline or DMI. Results All treatments, given either acutely or chronically, significantly elevated phosphorylation of tyrosines 705 and 816 on TrkB in the hippocampus. However, only VNS increased the phosphorylation of tyrosine 515, with both acute and chronic administration causing this effect. Pretreatment with K252a, a nonspecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked the phosphorylation caused by acute VNS at all three tyrosines. Downstream effectors of Y515, namely Akt and ERK, were also phosphorylated after acute treatment with VNS, whereas DMI did not cause this effect. Conclusion VNS rapidly activates TrkB phosphorylation and this effect persists over time. VNS-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine 515 is distinct from the effect of standard antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havan Furmaga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Flavia Regina Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu CL, Chou YH, Chang YJ, Teng NY, Hsu HL, Chen L. Interplay between cell migration and neurite outgrowth determines SH2B1β-enhanced neurite regeneration of differentiated PC12 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34999. [PMID: 22539954 PMCID: PMC3335126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of neurite outgrowth is crucial in developing strategies to promote neurite regeneration after nerve injury and in degenerative diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of an adaptor/scaffolding protein SH2B1β promotes neurite re-growth of differentiated PC12 cells, an established neuronal model, using wound healing (scraping) assays. Cell migration and the subsequent remodeling are crucial determinants during neurite regeneration. We provide evidence suggesting that overexpressing SH2B1β enhances protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent cell migration and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT-, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)-ERK-dependent neurite re-growth. Our results further reveal a cross-talk between pathways involving PKC and ERK1/2 in regulating neurite re-growth and cell migration. We conclude that temporal regulation of cell migration and neurite outgrowth by SH2B1β contributes to the enhanced regeneration of differentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Han Chou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nan-Yuan Teng
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Ling Hsu
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Tomasovic A, Traub S, Tikkanen R. Molecular networks in FGF signaling: flotillin-1 and cbl-associated protein compete for the binding to fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29739. [PMID: 22235335 PMCID: PMC3250484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2α) is a signaling adaptor protein that regulates downstream signaling of many receptor tyrosine kinases. During signal transduction, FRS2 can be both tyrosine and threonine phosphorylated and forms signaling complexes with other adaptor proteins and tyrosine phosphatases. We have here identified flotillin-1 and the cbl-associated protein/ponsin (CAP) as novel interaction partners of FRS2. Flotillin-1 binds to the phosphotyrosine binding domain (PTB) of FRS2 and competes for the binding with the fibroblast growth factor receptor. Flotillin-1 knockdown results in increased Tyr phosphorylation of FRS2, in line with the inhibition of ERK activity in the absence of flotillin-1. CAP directly interacts with FRS2 by means of its sorbin homology (SoHo) domain, which has previously been shown to interact with flotillin-1. In addition, the third SH3 domain in CAP binds to FRS2. Due to the overlapping binding domains, CAP and flotillin-1 appear to compete for the binding to FRS2. Thus, our results reveal a novel signaling network containing FRS2, CAP and flotillin-1, whose successive interactions are most likely required to regulate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, especially the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tomasovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Clinic of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephanie Traub
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Clinic of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, University Clinic of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang TC, Chiu H, Chang YJ, Hsu TY, Chiu IM, Chen L. The adaptor protein SH2B3 (Lnk) negatively regulates neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and cortical neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26433. [PMID: 22028877 PMCID: PMC3196555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SH2B adaptor protein family members (SH2B1-3) regulate various physiological responses through affecting signaling, gene expression, and cell adhesion. SH2B1 and SH2B2 were reported to enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells, a well-established neuronal model system. In contrast, SH2B3 was reported to inhibit cell proliferation during the development of immune system. No study so far addresses the role of SH2B3 in the nervous system. In this study, we provide evidence suggesting that SH2B3 is expressed in the cortex of embryonic rat brain. Overexpression of SH2B3 not only inhibits NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells but also reduces neurite outgrowth of primary cortical neurons. SH2B3 does so by repressing NGF-induced activation of PLCγ, MEK-ERK1/2 and PI3K-AKT pathways and the expression of Egr-1. SH2B3 is capable of binding to phosphorylated NGF receptor, TrkA, as well as SH2B1β. Our data further demonstrate that overexpression of SH2B3 reduces the interaction between SH2B1β and TrkA. Consistent with this finding, overexpressing the SH2 domain of SH2B3 is sufficient to inhibit NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Together, our data demonstrate that SH2B3, unlike the other two family members, inhibits neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and primary cortical neurons. Its inhibitory mechanism is likely through the competition of TrkA binding with the positive-acting SH2B1 and SH2B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsun Chiu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Linyi Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Lanning NJ, Su HW, Argetsinger LS, Carter-Su C. Identification of SH2B1β as a focal adhesion protein that regulates focal adhesion size and number. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3095-105. [PMID: 21878491 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein SH2B1β participates in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton during processes such as cell migration and differentiation. Here, we identify SH2B1β as a new focal adhesion protein. We provide evidence that SH2B1β is phosphorylated in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation and show that PMA induces a rapid redistribution of SH2B1β out of focal adhesions. We also show that growth hormone (GH) increases cycling of SH2B1β into and out of focal adhesions. Ser161 and Ser165 in SH2B1β fall within consensus PKC substrate motifs. Mutating these two serine residues into alanine residues abrogates PMA-induced redistribution of SH2B1β out of focal adhesions, decreases SH2B1β cycling into and out of focal adhesions in control and GH-stimulated cells, and increases the size of focal adhesions. By contrast, mutating Ser165 into a glutamate residue decreases the amount of SH2B1β in focal adhesions and increases the number of focal adhesions per cell. These results suggest that activation of PKC regulates SH2B1β focal adhesion localization through phosphorylation of Ser161 and/or Ser165. The finding that phosphorylation of SH2B1β increases the number of focal adhesions suggests a mechanism for the stimulatory effect on cell motility of SH2B1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Lanning
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5622, USA
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Devallière J, Charreau B. The adaptor Lnk (SH2B3): an emerging regulator in vascular cells and a link between immune and inflammatory signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1391-402. [PMID: 21723852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A better knowledge of the process by which inflammatory extracellular signals are relayed from the plasma membrane to specific intracellular sites is a key step to understand how inflammation develops and how it is regulated. This review focuses on Lnk (SH2B3) a member, with SH2B1 and SH2B2, of the SH2B family of adaptor proteins that influences a variety of signaling pathways mediated by Janus kinase and receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2B adaptor proteins contain conserved dimerization, pleckstrin homology, and SH2 domains. Initially described as a regulator of hematopoiesis and lymphocyte differentiation, Lnk now emerges as a key regulator in hematopoeitic and non hematopoeitic cells such as endothelial cells (EC) moderating growth factor and cytokine receptor-mediated signaling. In EC, Lnk is a negative regulator of TNF signaling that reduce proinflammatory phenotype and prevent EC from apoptosis. Lnk is a modulator in integrin signaling and actin cytoskeleton organization in both platelets and EC with an impact on cell adhesion, migration and thrombosis. In this review, we discuss some recent insights proposing Lnk as a key regulator of bone marrow-endothelial progenitor cell kinetics, including the ability to cell growth, endothelial commitment, mobilization, and recruitment for vascular regeneration. Finally, novel findings also provided evidences that mutations in Lnk gene are strongly linked to myeloproliferative disorders but also autoimmune and inflammatory syndromes where both immune and vascular cells display a role. Overall, these studies emphasize the importance of the Lnk adaptor molecule not only as prognostic marker but also as potential therapeutic target.
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TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase B) controls the assembly and maintenance of GABAergic synapses in the cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2769-80. [PMID: 21414899 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4991-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons play a critical role in coordinating the activity of neural circuits. To explore the mechanisms that direct the organization of inhibitory circuits, we analyzed the involvement of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in the assembly and maintenance of GABAergic inhibitory synapses between Golgi and granule cells in the mouse cerebellar cortex. We show that TrkB acts directly within each cell-type to regulate synaptic differentiation. TrkB is required not only for assembly, but also maintenance of these synapses and acts, primarily, by regulating the localization of synaptic constituents. Postsynaptically, TrkB controls the localization of a scaffolding protein, gephyrin, but acts at a step subsequent to the localization of a cell adhesion molecule, Neuroligin-2. Importantly, TrkB is required for the localization of an Ig superfamily cell adhesion molecule, Contactin-1, in Golgi and granule cells and the absence of Contactin-1 also results in deficits in inhibitory synaptic development. Thus, our findings demonstrate that TrkB controls the assembly and maintenance of GABAergic synapses and suggest that TrkB functions, in part, through promoting synaptic adhesion.
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Rider L, Diakonova M. Adapter protein SH2B1beta binds filamin A to regulate prolactin-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization and cell motility. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1231-43. [PMID: 21566085 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell motility. PRL-activated Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2) phosphorylates the p21-activated serine-threonine kinase (PAK)1 and the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein SH2B1β. SH2B1β is an actin-binding protein that cross-links actin filaments, whereas PAK1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton by different mechanisms, including direct phosphorylation of the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNa). Here, we have used a FLNa-deficient human melanoma cell line (M2) and its derivative line (A7) that stably expresses FLNa to demonstrate that SH2B1β and FLNa are required for maximal PRL-dependent cell ruffling. We have found that in addition to two actin-binding domains, SH2B1β has a FLNa-binding domain (amino acids 200-260) that binds directly to repeats 17-23 of FLNa. The SH2B1β-FLNa interaction participates in PRL-dependent actin rearrangement. We also show that phosphorylation of the three tyrosines of PAK1 by JAK2, as well as the presence of FLNa, play a role in PRL-dependent cell ruffling. Finally, we show that the actin- and FLNa-binding-deficient mutant of SH2B1β (SH2B1β 3Δ) abolished PRL-dependent ruffling and PRL-dependent cell migration when expressed along with PAK1 Y3F (JAK2 tyrosyl-phosphorylation-deficient mutant). Together, these data provide insight into a novel mechanism of PRL-stimulated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility via JAK2 signaling through FLNa, PAK1, and SH2B1β. We propose a model for PRL-dependent regulation of the actin cytoskeleton that integrates our findings with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA
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Wang TC, Li YH, Chen KW, Chen CJ, Wu CL, Teng NY, Chen L. SH2B1β regulates N-cadherin levels, cell-cell adhesion and nerve growth factor-induced neurite initiation. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2063-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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