1
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Jiang J, Shen W, He Y, Liu J, Ouyang J, Zhang C, Hu K. Overexpression of NLRP12 enhances antiviral immunity and alleviates herpes simplex keratitis via pyroptosis/IL-18/IFN-γ signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112428. [PMID: 38908077 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a blinding disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, and rapid eradication of the virus from the affected cornea is imperative. Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are intracellular innate immune sensors closely associated with cell death, inflammation and immune responses. In this study, we investigated the role of NLRP12 in the antiviral immunology in HSK and the underlying mechanisms. We found that NLRP12 expression was significantly decreased in HSV-1-infected human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-Ts) and HSK mouse corneas. Overexpression of NLRP12 significantly reduced viral replication in infected HCE-Ts and functioned through inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and downstream IL-18-IFN-γ axis. In HSK mouse models, overexpression of NLRP12 reduced viral replication in the cornea and alleviated HSK symptoms. This resulted from enhanced antiviral immune responses including the activation of specific immune cells in both the cornea and the draining lymph nodes. Specifically, the NLRP12-IL-18-IFN-γ axis regulated the interaction between infected corneal epithelial cells and macrophages. In conclusion, our study identified a role of NLRP12 in mediating pyroptosis and regulating antiviral immune responses. This novel finding opens the possibilities of NLRP12 as a viable target in the therapeutic strategies for HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Junwen Ouyang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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2
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Acharya S, Troell HA, Billingsley RL, Lawrence KS, McKirgan DS, Alkharouf NW, Klink VP. Glycine max polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 11 (GmPGIP11) functions in the root to suppress Heterodera glycines parasitism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108755. [PMID: 38875777 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Pathogen-secreted polygalacturonases (PGs) alter plant cell wall structure by cleaving the α-(1 → 4) linkages between D-galacturonic acid residues in homogalacturonan (HG), macerating the cell wall, facilitating infection. Plant PG inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) disengage pathogen PGs, impairing infection. The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, obligate root parasite produces secretions, generating a multinucleate nurse cell called a syncytium, a byproduct of the merged cytoplasm of 200-250 root cells, occurring through cell wall maceration. The common cytoplasmic pool, surrounded by an intact plasma membrane, provides a source from which H. glycines derives nourishment but without killing the parasitized cell during a susceptible reaction. The syncytium is also the site of a naturally-occurring defense response that happens in specific G. max genotypes. Transcriptomic analyses of RNA isolated from the syncytium undergoing the process of defense have identified that one of the 11 G. max PGIPs, GmPGIP11, is expressed during defense. Functional transgenic analyses show roots undergoing GmPGIP11 overexpression (OE) experience an increase in its relative transcript abundance (RTA) as compared to the ribosomal protein 21 (GmRPS21) control, leading to a decrease in H. glycines parasitism as compared to the overexpression control. The GmPGIP11 undergoing RNAi experiences a decrease in its RTA as compared to the GmRPS21 control with transgenic roots experiencing an increase in H. glycines parasitism as compared to the RNAi control. Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) components are shown to influence GmPGIP11 expression while numerous agricultural crops are shown to have homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Acharya
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA; USDA-ARS-NEA-BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Building 004, Room 122, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hallie A Troell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Rebecca L Billingsley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Kathy S Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 209 Life Science Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Daniel S McKirgan
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Nadim W Alkharouf
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, 21252, USA
| | - Vincent P Klink
- USDA-ARS-NEA-BARC Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Building 004, Room 122, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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3
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Becchimanzi A, Nicoletti R, Di Lelio I, Russo E. Immune Gene Repertoire of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4922. [PMID: 38732132 PMCID: PMC11084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects possess an effective immune system, which has been extensively characterized in several model species, revealing a plethora of conserved genes involved in recognition, signaling, and responses to pathogens and parasites. However, some taxonomic groups, characterized by peculiar trophic niches, such as plant-sap feeders, which are often important pests of crops and forestry ecosystems, have been largely overlooked regarding their immune gene repertoire. Here we annotated the immune genes of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) for which omics data are publicly available. By using immune genes of aphids and Drosophila to query the genome of Ericerus pela, as well as the transcriptomes of Ceroplastes cirripediformis and Coccus sp., we highlight the lack of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, galectins, thaumatins, and antimicrobial peptides in Coccidae. This work contributes to expanding our knowledge about the evolutionary trajectories of immune genes and offers a list of promising candidates for developing new control strategies based on the suppression of pests' immunity through RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
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4
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Pradeu T, Thomma BPHJ, Girardin SE, Lemaitre B. The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later. Immunity 2024; 57:613-631. [PMID: 38599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of immunology. Innate immunity provides the first barrier to infection in vertebrates, and it is the sole mechanism of host defense in invertebrates and plants. Innate immunity also plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, shaping the microbiota, and in disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and aging. The emergence of the field of innate immunity has led to an expanded view of the immune system, which is no longer restricted to vertebrates and instead concerns all metazoans, plants, and even prokaryotes. The study of innate immunity has given rise to new concepts and language. Here, we review the history and definition of the core concepts of innate immunity, discussing their value and fruitfulness in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- CNRS UMR 5164 ImmunoConcept, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Sundaram B, Tweedell RE, Prasanth Kumar S, Kanneganti TD. The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors. Immunity 2024; 57:674-699. [PMID: 38599165 PMCID: PMC11112261 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of pathogenic and sterile triggers. Activation of specific NLRs initiates pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling cascades and the formation of inflammasomes-multi-protein complexes that induce caspase-1 activation to drive inflammatory cytokine maturation and lytic cell death, pyroptosis. Certain NLRs and inflammasomes act as integral components of larger cell death complexes-PANoptosomes-driving another form of lytic cell death, PANoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the evolution, structure, and function of NLRs in health and disease. We discuss the concept of NLR networks and their roles in driving cell death and immunity. An improved mechanistic understanding of NLRs may provide therapeutic strategies applicable across infectious and inflammatory diseases and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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6
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Shi Y, Bashian EE, Hou Y, Wu P. Chemical immunology: Recent advances in tool development and applications. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:S2451-9456(24)00080-1. [PMID: 38508196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunology was one of the first biological fields to embrace chemical approaches. The development of new chemical approaches and techniques has provided immunologists with an impressive arsenal of tools to address challenges once considered insurmountable. This review focuses on advances at the interface of chemistry and immunobiology over the past two decades that have not only opened new avenues in basic immunological research, but also revolutionized drug development for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. These include chemical approaches to understand and manipulate antigen presentation and the T cell priming process, to facilitate immune cell trafficking and regulate immune cell functions, and therapeutic applications of chemical approaches to disease control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Eleanor E Bashian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yingqin Hou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Maryam B, Smith ME, Miller SJ, Natarajan H, Zimmerman KA. Macrophage Ontogeny, Phenotype, and Function in Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Injury and Repair. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:459-470. [PMID: 38297436 PMCID: PMC11000738 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
AKI is characterized by a sudden, and usually reversible, decline in kidney function. In mice, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is commonly used to model the pathophysiologic features of clinical AKI. Macrophages are a unifying feature of IRI as they regulate both the initial injury response as well as the long-term outcome following resolution of injury. Initially, macrophages in the kidney take on a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1), IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α . Release of these proinflammatory cytokines leads to tissue damage. After resolution of the initial injury, macrophages take on a reparative role, aiding in tissue repair and restoration of kidney function. By contrast, failure to resolve the initial injury results in prolonged inflammatory macrophage accumulation and increased kidney damage, fibrosis, and the eventual development of CKD. Despite the extensive amount of literature that has ascribed these functions to M1/M2 macrophages, a recent paradigm shift in the macrophage field now defines macrophages on the basis of their ontological origin, namely monocyte-derived and tissue-resident macrophages. In this review, we focus on macrophage phenotype and function during IRI-induced injury, repair, and transition to CKD using both the classic (M1/M2) and novel (ontological origin) definition of kidney macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Maryam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Morgan E. Smith
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sarah J. Miller
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Hariharasudan Natarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kurt A. Zimmerman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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8
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Dodge JD, Browder NJ, Pellegrino MW. Mitochondrial recovery by the UPR mt: Insights from C. elegans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:59-68. [PMID: 36792440 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifaceted organelles, with such functions as the production of cellular energy to the regulation of cell death. However, mitochondria incur various sources of damage from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and DNA mutations that can impact the protein folding environment and impair their function. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with reductions in organismal fitness and possibly disease, cells must have safeguards in place to protect mitochondrial function and promote recovery during times of stress. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a transcriptional adaptation that promotes mitochondrial repair to aid in cell survival during stress. While the earlier discoveries into the regulation of the UPRmt stemmed from studies using mammalian cell culture, much of our understanding about this stress response has been bestowed to us by the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Indeed, the facile but powerful genetics of this relatively simple nematode has uncovered multiple regulators of the UPRmt, as well as several physiological roles of this stress response. In this review, we will summarize these major advancements originating from studies using C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Dodge
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Nicholas J Browder
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Mark W Pellegrino
- The University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Biology, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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9
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Khalil AM, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Antiviral responses versus virus-induced cellular shutoff: a game of thrones between influenza A virus NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357866. [PMID: 38375361 PMCID: PMC10875036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Following virus recognition of host cell receptors and viral particle/genome internalization, viruses replicate in the host via hijacking essential host cell machinery components to evade the provoked antiviral innate immunity against the invading pathogen. Respiratory viral infections are usually acute with the ability to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in/on host cells, resulting in the production and release of interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to reduce virus fitness and mitigate infection. Nevertheless, the game between viruses and the host is a complicated and dynamic process, in which they restrict each other via specific factors to maintain their own advantages and win this game. The primary role of the non-structural protein 1 (NS1 and Nsp1) of influenza A viruses (IAV) and the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respectively, is to control antiviral host-induced innate immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genesis, spatial structure, viral and cellular interactors, and the mechanisms underlying the unique biological functions of IAV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 in infected host cells. We also highlight the role of both non-structural proteins in modulating viral replication and pathogenicity. Eventually, and because of their important role during viral infection, we also describe their promising potential as targets for antiviral therapy and the development of live attenuated vaccines (LAV). Conclusively, both IAV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 play an important role in virus-host interactions, viral replication, and pathogenesis, and pave the way to develop novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic interventions for the treatment of these important human respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Low JT, Brown MC, Reitman ZJ, Bernstock JD, Markert JM, Friedman GK, Waitkus MS, Bowie ML, Ashley DM. Understanding and therapeutically exploiting cGAS/STING signaling in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e163452. [PMID: 38226619 PMCID: PMC10786687 DOI: 10.1172/jci163452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery that cGAS/STING recognizes endogenous DNA released from dying cancer cells and induces type I interferon and antitumor T cell responses, efforts to understand and therapeutically target the STING pathway in cancer have ensued. Relative to other cancer types, the glioma immune microenvironment harbors few infiltrating T cells, but abundant tumor-associated myeloid cells, possibly explaining disappointing responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies in cohorts of patients with glioblastoma. Notably, unlike most extracranial tumors, STING expression is absent in the malignant compartment of gliomas, likely due to methylation of the STING promoter. Nonetheless, several preclinical studies suggest that inducing cGAS/STING signaling in the glioma immune microenvironment could be therapeutically beneficial, and cGAS/STING signaling has been shown to mediate inflammatory and antitumor effects of other modalities either in use or being developed for glioblastoma therapy, including radiation, tumor-treating fields, and oncolytic virotherapy. In this Review, we discuss cGAS/STING signaling in gliomas, its implications for glioma immunobiology, compartment-specific roles for STING signaling in influencing immune surveillance, and efforts to target STING signaling - either directly or indirectly - for antiglioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary J. Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Yue Z, Zhang X, Gu Y, Liu Y, Lan LM, Liu Y, Li Y, Yang G, Wan P, Chen X. Regulation and functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome in RNA virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1309128. [PMID: 38249297 PMCID: PMC10796458 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1309128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is one of the greatest threats to human life and health. In response to viral infection, the host's innate immune system triggers an antiviral immune response mostly mediated by inflammatory processes. Among the many pathways involved, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has received wide attention in the context of viral infection. The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular sensor composed of three components, including the innate immune receptor NLRP3, adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC), and the cysteine protease caspase-1. After being assembled, the NLRP3 inflammasome can trigger caspase-1 to induce gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis, promoting the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Recent studies have revealed that a variety of viruses activate or inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome via viral particles, proteins, and nucleic acids. In this review, we present a variety of regulatory mechanisms and functions of the NLRP3 inflammasome upon RNA viral infection and demonstrate multiple therapeutic strategies that target the NLRP3 inflammasome for anti-inflammatory effects in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yue
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Miaoshen Lan
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilin Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Pin Wan
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Kral M, van der Vorst EP, Surnov A, Weber C, Döring Y. ILC2-mediated immune crosstalk in chronic (vascular) inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1326440. [PMID: 38179045 PMCID: PMC10765502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1326440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity is pivotal for an efficient immune response and to maintain immune homeostasis under steady state conditions. As part of the innate immune system, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have emerged as new important regulators of tissue homeostasis and repair by fine-tuning innate-adaptive immune cell crosstalk. ILC2s mediate either pro- or anti-inflammatory immune responses in a context dependent manner. Inflammation has proven to be a key driver of atherosclerosis, resembling the key underlying pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Notably, numerous studies point towards an atheroprotective role of ILC2s e.g., by mediating secretion of type-II cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, IL-9). Boosting these protective responses may be suitable for promising future therapy, although these protective cues are currently incompletely understood. Additionally, little is known about the mechanisms by which chemokine/chemokine receptor signaling shapes ILC2 functions in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Hence, this review will focus on the latest findings regarding the protective and chemokine/chemokine receptor guided interplay between ILC2s and other immune cells like T and B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages in atherosclerosis. Further, we will elaborate on potential therapeutic implications which result or could be distilled from the dialogue of ILC2s with cells of the immune system in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kral
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Emiel P.C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexey Surnov
- Type 1 Diabetes Immunology (TDI), Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Angiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR) Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Parmaksız S, Pekcan M, Özkul A, Türkmen E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Forbes N, Perrie Y, López-Macías C, Şenel S. In vivo evaluation of new adjuvant systems based on combination of Salmonella Typhi porins with particulate systems: Liposomes versus polymeric particles. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123568. [PMID: 37925042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines that have weak immunogenic activity require adjuvant systems for enhancedcellular and long-acting humoral immune responses. Both lipid-based and polymeric-based particulate adjuvants have been widely investigated to induce the desired immune responses against the subunit vaccines. The adjuvant efficacy of these particulate adjuvants depends upon their physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface charge, shape and their composition. Previously, we showed in vitro effect of adjuvant systems based on combination of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in microparticle or nanoparticle form, which were spherical with positive surface charge. In the present study, we have further developed an adjuvant system based on combination of porins with liposomes (cationic and neutral) and investigated the adjuvant effect of both the liposomal and polymeric systems in BALB/c mice using a model antigen, ovalbumin. Humoral immune responses were determined following priming and booster dose at 15-day intervals. In overall, IgM and IgG levels were induced in the presence of both the liposomal and polymeric adjuvant systems indicating the positive impact of combination with porins. The highest IgM levels were obtained on Day 8, and liposomal adjuvant systems were found to elicit significantly higher IgM levels compared to polymeric systems. IgG levels were increased significantly after booster, particularly more profound with the micro-sized polymeric system when compared to cationic liposomal system with nano-size. Our results demonstrated that the developed particulate systems are promising both as an adjuvant and delivery system, providing enhanced immune responses against subunit antigens, and have the potential for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özkul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Türkmen
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Neil Forbes
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Mohapatra S, Kumar S, Kumar S, Singh AK, Nayak B. Immunodominant conserved moieties on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 renders virulence factor for the design of epitope-based peptide vaccines. Virusdisease 2023; 34:456-482. [PMID: 38046066 PMCID: PMC10686954 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of novel SARS-CoV-2 virion has wreaked havoc with a high prevalence of respiratory illness and high transmission due to a vague understanding of the viral antigenicity, augmenting the dire challenge to public health globally. This viral member necessitates the expansion of diagnostic and therapeutic tools to track its transmission and confront it through vaccine development. Therefore, prophylactic strategies are mandatory. Virulent spike proteins can be the most desirable candidate for the computational design of vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2, followed by the meteoric development of immune epitopes. Spike protein was characterized using existing bioinformatics tools with a unique roadmap related to the immunological profile of SARS-CoV-2 to predict immunogenic virulence epitopes based on antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, immunogenicity, and population coverage. Applying in silico approaches, a set of twenty-four B lymphocyte-based epitopes and forty-six T lymphocyte-based epitopes were selected. The predicted epitopes were evaluated for their intrinsic properties. The physico-chemical characterization of epitopes qualifies them for further in vitro and in vivo analysis and pre-requisite vaccine development. This study presents a set of screened epitopes that bind to HLA-specific allelic proteins and can be employed for designing a peptide vaccine construct against SARS-CoV-2 that will confer vaccine-induced protective immunity due to its structural stability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00852-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Mohapatra
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signalling and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401 India
| | - Atul Kumar Singh
- Molecular Signalling and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab 151401 India
| | - Bismita Nayak
- Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
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15
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Naithani U, Jain P, Sachan A, Khare P, Gabrani R. MicroRNA as a potential biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and targeted therapy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4065-4077. [PMID: 37921874 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with hyperactive innate and adaptive immune systems that cause dermatological, cardiovascular, renal, and neuropsychiatric problems in patients. SLE's multifactorial nature and complex pathogenesis present significant challenges in its clinical classification. In addition, unpredictable treatment responses in patients emphasize the need for highly specific and sensitive SLE biomarkers that can assist in understanding the exact pathogenesis and, thereby, lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Recent studies on microRNA (miRNA), a non-coding region involved in the regulation of gene expression, indicate its importance in the development of the immune system and thus in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders such as SLE. miRNAs are fascinating biomarker prospects for SLE categorization and disease monitoring owing to their small size and high stability. In this paper, we have discussed the involvement of a wide range of miRNAs in the regulation of SLE inflammation and how their modulation can be a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urshila Naithani
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Priyanjal Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Aastha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Prachi Khare
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Department of Biotechnology, A 10, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201309, India.
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16
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Akitsu A, Kobayashi E, Feng Y, Stephens HM, Brazin KN, Masi DJ, Kirpatrick EH, Mallis RJ, Duke-Cohan JS, Booker MA, Cinella V, Feng WW, Holliday EL, Lee JJ, Zienkiewicz KJ, Tolstorukov MY, Hwang W, Lang MJ, Reinherz EL. Parsing digital or analogue TCR performance through piconewton forces. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.568292. [PMID: 38076892 PMCID: PMC10705438 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.568292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize aberrant peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs) on unhealthy cells, amplifying specificity and sensitivity through physical load placed on the TCR-pMHC bond during immunosurveillance. To understand this mechanobiology, TCRs stimulated by abundantly and sparsely arrayed epitopes (NP 366-374 /D b and PA 224-233 /D b , respectively) following in vivo influenza A virus infection were studied with optical tweezers. While certain NP repertoire CD8 T lymphocytes require many ligands for activation, others are digital, needing just few. Conversely, all PA TCRs perform digitally, exhibiting pronounced bond lifetime increases through sustained, energizing volleys of structural transitioning. Optimal digital performance is superior in vivo, correlating with ERK phosphorylation, CD3 loss, and activation marker upregulation in vitro . Given neoantigen array paucity, digital TCRs are likely critical for immunotherapies. One Sentence Summary Quality of ligand recognition in a T-cell repertoire is revealed through application of physical load on clonal T-cell receptor (TCR)-pMHC bonds.
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17
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Tsai WC, Liu FL, Huang MH, Huang CH. Enhancing Immunity and Modulating Vaginal Microflora Against Candidal Vaginitis Through Nanoemulsion Supplemented with Porphyra Oligosaccharide as an Intravaginal Vaccine Adjuvant. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6333-6346. [PMID: 37954454 PMCID: PMC10637204 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s431009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intravaginal vaccination is an encouraging approach to prevent infectious vaginitis, with nanoemulsions showing effectiveness as mucosal adjuvants. Purpose This study aimed to formulate a nanoemulsion incorporating Porphyra oligosaccharide (PO@NE) and assess its effectiveness as a mucosal adjuvant in intravaginal vaccines against candidal vaginitis. Materials and Methods PO@NE was prepared, and the stability, immunomodulatory activity and cytotoxicity were screened in vitro. Further, the preventive effect of PO@NE as adjuvants for heat-killed Candida albicans (HK-CA) vaccines was explored in a murine model of candidal vaginitis, in comparison with those supplemented with polysaccharide (PP@NE). The mice were intravaginally vaccinated with 106 HK-CA cells, suspended in 1% NE without or with either PO or PP at a final concentration of 6.5 μg/mL, in a total volume of 20 μL. This vaccination was intravaginally administered once a week for 3 weeks. One week following the final vaccination, the mice underwent an intravaginal challenge with 107 C. albicans cells. One week after the challenge, the mice were euthanized to isolate serum, spleen, vaginal washes, and vaginal tissues for analysis. Results PP@NE and PO@NE, with diameters approximately around 100 nm, exhibited exceptional stability at 4°C and low cytotoxicity when used at a concentration of 1% (v/v). Intravaginal vaccination with HK-CA adjuvanted with PO@NE effectively protected against candidal vaginitis evidenced by less Candida hyphae colonization, milder mucosal damage and cell infiltration. Moreover, enhanced mucosal antibody production, induction of T helper (Th)1 and Th17-related immune responses, enlarged the population of CD8+ cells, and elevated vaginal microflora diversity were observed in vaccinated mice. Interestingly, the potency was rather attenuated when PO@NE was replaced with PP@NE. Conclusion These findings indicate PO@NE as a HK-CA vaccine adjuvant for candidal vaginitis prevention via enhancement of both cellular and humoral immunity and modulation of vaginal microflora, emphasizing further intravaginal vaccination development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ling Liu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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18
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Park TG, Kim YR, Park SY, Choi K, Kim KJ, Kim JY. Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum cassia) hot water extract improves inflammation and tight junctions in the intestine in vitro and in vivo. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1925-1933. [PMID: 37781063 PMCID: PMC10541376 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural byproduct Cinnamomum cassia was widely used in ancient Asia to cure disease because of its various pharmacological effects. Despite its ethnomedicinal benefits, few studies on the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of C. cassia have been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of C. cassia on the intestine in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the effects of cinnamon hot water extract (CWE) on tight junction (TJ) barrier function, transepithelial electrical resistance, and mRNA expression were confirmed in Caco-2 cells. The CWE treatment groups showed significantly enhanced cell permeability, proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression, and TJ expression. CWE-treated mice showed an improved histological index and decreased cytokine concentrations compared with those of colitis model mice. These results suggest that CWE alleviated inflammatory damage and improved the TJ barrier, indicating that CWE may be used as a functional food to improve intestinal health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01292-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae gwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Rim Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanyong Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232, Gongneung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
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19
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Alrehaili J. Leprosy Classification, Clinical Features, Epidemiology, and Host Immunological Responses: Failure of Eradication in 2023. Cureus 2023; 15:e44767. [PMID: 37809252 PMCID: PMC10557090 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is of big concern in the medical fraternity. Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. It is a curable communicable disease that remains prevalent in most countries all over the globe. It is a chronic granulomatous infection commonly caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis, which mainly show an effect on the skin and peripheral nerves. To control the disease and minimize the impact of the disease, much effort has been put into it for decades. Nearly 0.2 million fresh cases were documented in 2017 worldwide in spite of being declared "eradicated" by the WHO in the year 2000. However, impressive achievements have been made in several countries, including India; still, we are lagging behind the ultimate goal of the final disappearance of leprosy. Extensive migration is a crucial element that may transmit leprosy to unaffected areas. Additionally, there are several areas in the USA where person-to-person leprosy transmission has been reported without a prior history of exposure. Recently, WHO instigated a new Global Leprosy Strategy 2021-2030, termed "Towards Zero Leprosy." In this article, we review the clinical features, leprosy epidemiology, transmission, classification, host immunological response, and diagnostic challenges.
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20
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Chang L, Tian Y, Xu L, Hao Q, Song L, Lu Y, Zhen Y. Spotlight on NLRP6 and Tumor Research Situation: A Potential Cancer Participant. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:6613064. [PMID: 37415625 PMCID: PMC10322559 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6613064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) is a new pattern recognition receptor in the mammalian innate immune system. Both the liver and the gut exhibit substantial levels of cytoplasmic expression. It can speed up cell response to endogenous danger signals or exogenous pathogen infection. NLRP6 can function in various ways as an inflammasome or a noninflammasome. The understanding of NLRP6 is steadily increasing thanks to ongoing investigations, but due to discrepancies in how those studies have described their link with tumors, the significance of NLRP6 in the emergence of cancer is still debatable as of this writing. This article will use the structure and function of NLRP6 as the pivotal point and thoroughly explain the present interactions between NLRP6 and tumors and any possible clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuying Tian
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiuyao Hao
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Lingyu Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yinying Lu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yunhuan Zhen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004 Guizhou, China
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21
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Sundaram B, Pandian N, Mall R, Wang Y, Sarkar R, Kim HJ, Malireddi RKS, Karki R, Janke LJ, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. NLRP12-PANoptosome activates PANoptosis and pathology in response to heme and PAMPs. Cell 2023; 186:2783-2801.e20. [PMID: 37267949 PMCID: PMC10330523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic innate immune sensors are critical for host defense and form complexes, such as inflammasomes and PANoptosomes, that induce inflammatory cell death. The sensor NLRP12 is associated with infectious and inflammatory diseases, but its activating triggers and roles in cell death and inflammation remain unclear. Here, we discovered that NLRP12 drives inflammasome and PANoptosome activation, cell death, and inflammation in response to heme plus PAMPs or TNF. TLR2/4-mediated signaling through IRF1 induced Nlrp12 expression, which led to inflammasome formation to induce maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. The inflammasome also served as an integral component of a larger NLRP12-PANoptosome that drove inflammatory cell death through caspase-8/RIPK3. Deletion of Nlrp12 protected mice from acute kidney injury and lethality in a hemolytic model. Overall, we identified NLRP12 as an essential cytosolic sensor for heme plus PAMPs-mediated PANoptosis, inflammation, and pathology, suggesting that NLRP12 and molecules in this pathway are potential drug targets for hemolytic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nagakannan Pandian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Raghvendra Mall
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yaqiu Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Roman Sarkar
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Laura J Janke
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Zhang X, Chen Y, Li S, Wang J, He Z, Yan J, Liu X, Guo C. MARCO Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection through Intensifying Viral GP5-Induced Apoptosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0475322. [PMID: 37078873 PMCID: PMC10269733 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04753-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying viral glycoprotein-host membrane protein interactions contributes to the discovery of novel cell receptors or entry facilitators for viruses. Glycoprotein 5 (GP5), which is a major envelope protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) virions, is a key target for the control of the virus. Here, the macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), which is a member of the scavenger receptor family, was identified as one of the host interactors of GP5 through a DUALmembrane yeast two-hybrid screening. MARCO was specifically expressed on porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), and PRRSV infection downregulated MARCO expression both in vitro and in vivo. MARCO was not involved in viral adsorption and internalization processes, indicating that MARCO may not be a PRRSV-entry facilitator. Contrarily, MARCO served as a host restriction factor for PRRSV. The knockdown of MARCO in PAMs enhanced PRRSV proliferation, whereas overexpression suppressed viral proliferation. The N-terminal cytoplasmic region of MARCO was responsible for its inhibitory effect on PRRSV. Further, we found that MARCO was a proapoptotic factor in PRRSV-infected PAMs. MARCO knockdown weakened virus-induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression aggravated apoptosis. MARCO aggravated GP5-induced apoptosis, which may result in its proapoptotic function in PAMs. The interaction between MARCO and GP5 may contribute to the intensified apoptosis induced by GP5. Additionally, the inhibition of apoptosis during PRRSV infection weakened the antiviral function of MARCO, suggesting that MARCO inhibits PRRSV through the regulation of apoptosis. Taken together, the results of this study reveal a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCO and suggest a molecular basis for the potential development of therapeutics against PRRSV. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been one of the most serious threats to the global swine industry. Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) exposed on the surface of PRRSV virions is a major glycoprotein, and it is involved in viral entry into host cells. A macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), which is a member of the scavenger receptor family, was identified to interact with PRRSV GP5 in a DUALmembrane yeast two-hybrid screening. Further investigation demonstrated that MARCO may not serve as a potential receptor to mediate PRRSV entry. Instead, MARCO was a host restriction factor for the virus, and the N-terminal cytoplasmic region of MARCO was responsible for its anti-PRRSV effect. Mechanistically, MARCO inhibited PRRSV infection through intensifying virus-induced apoptosis in PAMs. The interaction between MARCO and GP5 may contribute to GP5-induced apoptosis. Our work reveals a novel antiviral mechanism of MARCO and advances the development of control strategies for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songbei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiecong Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Zheng J, Shi W, Yang Z, Chen J, Qi A, Yang Y, Deng Y, Yang D, Song N, Song B, Luo D. RIG-I-like receptors: Molecular mechanism of activation and signaling. Adv Immunol 2023; 158:1-74. [PMID: 37453753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
During RNA viral infection, RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) recognize the intracellular pathogenic RNA species derived from viral replication and activate antiviral innate immune response by stimulating type 1 interferon expression. Three RLR members, namely, RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 are homologous and belong to a subgroup of superfamily 2 Helicase/ATPase that is preferably activated by double-stranded RNA. RLRs are significantly different in gene architecture, RNA ligand preference, activation, and molecular functions. As switchable macromolecular sensors, RLRs' activities are tightly regulated by RNA ligands, ATP, posttranslational modifications, and cellular cofactors. We provide a comprehensive review of the structure and function of the RLRs and summarize the molecular understanding of sensing and signaling events during the RLR activation process. The key roles RLR signaling play in both anti-infection and immune disease conditions highlight the therapeutic potential in targeting this important molecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenjia Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyuan Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Song
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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24
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Baghaei Naeini F, Hassanpour S, Asghari A. Resveratrol exerts anxiolytic-like effects through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in rats exposed to chronic social isolation. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114201. [PMID: 36334782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has confirmed resveratrol's (RES) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant effects. The beneficial effects of RES were confirmed for several emotional and cognitive deficits. This research aimed to assess the impacts of RES on behavior and hippocampal levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors in rats exposed to chronic social isolation (SI) stress, which is known to induce mental disorders such as depressive-like behavior. The animals were treated by RES (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg/intraperitoneally) for 28 days following a 28-day exposure to stress. Behavioral tests, including the forced swim test (FST), open-field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), and sucrose preference test (SPT), assessed depressive symptoms. Finally, the animals were sacrificed, and molecular studies (qPCR and ELISA) were performed. Exposure of animals to SI dramatically increased the immobility of animals in TST and FST, enhanced the time spent in the open-field peripheral zone of the OFT, and reduced the sucrose preference rate. In addition, SI increased serum levels of corticosterone and hippocampal content of MDA, whereas it reduced hippocampal SOD and CAT activities. Moreover, SI upregulated the expression of IL-10, IL-18, and IL-1β and downregulated the expression of TGF-β in the hippocampus. RES treatment (40 & 80 mg/kg) significantly improved the behavioral alterations through the modulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The 20 mg/kg RES dose was inefficient for treating SI-induced depressive-like behavior. These results indicated that RES attenuated depressive-like behavior in prolonged stressed animals. These properties might be associated with RES-mediated improvements in serum corticosterone and hippocampal inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Baghaei Naeini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Shahin Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Ahmad Asghari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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25
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Leon C, Tokarev A, Bouchnita A, Volpert V. Modelling of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to SARS Viral Infection, Cytokine Storm and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010127. [PMID: 36679972 PMCID: PMC9861811 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we develop mathematical models of the immune response to respiratory viral infection, taking into account some particular properties of the SARS-CoV infections, cytokine storm and vaccination. Each model consists of a system of ordinary differential equations that describe the interactions of the virus, epithelial cells, immune cells, cytokines, and antibodies. Conventional analysis of the existence and stability of stationary points is completed by numerical simulations in order to study the dynamics of solutions. The behavior of the solutions is characterized by large peaks of virus concentration specific to acute respiratory viral infections. At the first stage, we study the innate immune response based on the protective properties of interferon secreted by virus-infected cells. Viral infection down-regulates interferon production. This competition can lead to the bistability of the system with different regimes of infection progression with high or low intensity. After that, we introduce the adaptive immune response with antigen-specific T- and B-lymphocytes. The resulting model shows how the incubation period and the maximal viral load depend on the initial viral load and the parameters of the immune response. In particular, an increase in the initial viral load leads to a shorter incubation period and higher maximal viral load. The model shows that a deficient production of antibodies leads to an increase in the incubation period and even higher maximum viral loads. In order to study the emergence and dynamics of cytokine storm, we consider proinflammatory cytokines produced by cells of the innate immune response. Depending on the parameters of the model, the system can remain in the normal inflammatory state specific for viral infections or, due to positive feedback between inflammation and immune cells, pass to cytokine storm characterized by the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, we study the production of antibodies due to vaccination. We determine the dose-response dependence and the optimal interval of vaccine dose. Assumptions of the model and obtained results correspond to the experimental and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Leon
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mathematical Modelling in Biomedicine, S.M. Nikol’skii Mathematical Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia
- M&S Decisions, 5 Naryshkinskaya Alley, 125167 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Foreign Languages No. 2, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexey Tokarev
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mathematical Modelling in Biomedicine, S.M. Nikol’skii Mathematical Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 4 Kosygin St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Bukhara Engineering Technological Institute, 15 Murtazoyeva Street, Bukhara 200100, Uzbekistan
| | - Anass Bouchnita
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Interdisciplinary Center for Mathematical Modelling in Biomedicine, S.M. Nikol’skii Mathematical Institute, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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26
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Wang T, Hu Y, Dusi S, Qi F, Sartoris S, Ugel S, De Sanctis F. "Open Sesame" to the complexity of pattern recognition receptors of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130060. [PMID: 36911674 PMCID: PMC9992799 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are primitive sensors that arouse a preconfigured immune response to broad stimuli, including nonself pathogen-associated and autologous damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. These receptors are mainly expressed by innate myeloid cells, including granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Recent investigations have revealed new insights into these receptors as key players not only in triggering inflammation processes against pathogen invasion but also in mediating immune suppression in specific pathological states, including cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are preferentially expanded in many pathological conditions. This heterogeneous cell population includes immunosuppressive myeloid cells that are thought to be associated with poor prognosis and impaired response to immune therapies in various cancers. Identification of pattern recognition receptors and their ligands increases the understanding of immune-activating and immune-suppressive myeloid cell functions and sheds light on myeloid-derived suppressor cell differences from cognate granulocytes and monocytes in healthy conditions. This review summarizes the different expression, ligand recognition, signaling pathways, and cancer relations and identifies Toll-like receptors as potential new targets on myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer, which might help us to decipher the instruction codes for reverting suppressive myeloid cells toward an antitumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Yushu Hu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Dusi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fang Qi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Sartoris
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Ugel
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco De Sanctis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Immunology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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27
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Vivian GK, da Silva RO, Santos ACA, Hastreiter AA, Dias CC, Makiyama EN, Borelli P, de Oliveira Rodrigues C, Fock RA. The interaction between aging and protein malnutrition modulates peritoneal macrophage function: An experimental study in male mice. Exp Gerontol 2023; 171:112025. [PMID: 36372284 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition is considered one of the most common problems in the elderly population worldwide and can significantly interfere in health evolution in these individuals, predisposing them to increased infection susceptibility. The immune response triggered by infections comprises several mechanisms, and macrophages play important roles in this response. This study aimed to evaluate mechanisms related to macrophage function in a model of protein malnutrition in the elderly. Two age groups (young: 3-5 months and elderly: 18-19 months) male C57BL/6NTac mice were subjected to protein malnutrition with a low-protein diet (2 %). The nutritional status, hemogram and number of peritoneal cells were affected by both age and nutritional status. Additionally, the spreading capacity as well as the phagocytic and fungicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages were affected by the nutritional status and age of the animal. Interestingly, the percentages of F4/80+/CD11b+ and CD86+ cells were reduced mostly in elderly animals, while the TLR-4+ population was more affected by nutritional status than by age. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 was also influenced by nutritional status and/or by age, and malnourished animals of advanced age produced higher amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, the phosphorylation ratio of the transcription factor NFκB (pNFκB/NFκB) was directly affected by the nutritional status, independently of age. Thus, these results allow us to conclude that aging and protein malnutrition compromise macrophage function, likely affecting their immune function, and in aged protein-malnourished animals, this impairment tends to be more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kodja Vivian
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renaira Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Cristina Antunes Santos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Araceli Aparecida Hastreiter
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Carvalho Dias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Naoto Makiyama
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Primavera Borelli
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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28
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Innate immune sensing of pathogens and its post-transcriptional regulations by RNA-binding proteins. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:65-77. [PMID: 36725818 PMCID: PMC9891759 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is one of the most ancient and conserved aspect of the immune system. It is responsible for an anti-infective response and has been intrinsically linked to the generation of inflammation. While the inflammatory response entails signaling to the adaptive immune system, it can be self-perpetuating and over-exaggerated, resulting in deleterious consequences, including cytokine storm, sepsis, and the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cytokines are the defining features of the immune system. They are critical to mediation of inflammation and host immune defense, and are tightly regulated at several levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recently, the role of post-transcriptional regulation in fine-tuning cytokine expression has become more appreciated. This interest has advanced our understanding of how various mechanisms are integrated and regulated to determine the amount of cytokine production in cells during inflammatory responses. Here, we would like to review how innate immunity recognizes and responds to pathogens by pattern-recognition receptors, and the molecular mechanisms regulating inflammatory responses, with a focus on the post-transcriptional regulations of inflammatory mediators by RNA-binding proteins, especially Regnase-1. Finally, we will discuss the regulatory mechanisms of Regnase-1 and highlight therapeutic strategies based on targeting Regnase-1 activity and its turnover as potential treatment options for chronic and autoimmune diseases.
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29
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Chen S, Kong J, Wu S, Luo C, Shen J, Zhang Z, Zou J, Feng L. Targeting TBK1 attenuates ocular inflammation in uveitis by antagonizing NF-κB signaling. Clin Immunol 2023; 246:109210. [PMID: 36528252 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis with complex pathogenesis is a kind of eye emergency involving refractory and blinding inflammation. Dysregulation of TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which plays an important role in innate immunity, often leads to inflammatory diseases in various organs. However, the role of TBK1 in uveitis remains elusive. In this study, we identified that the mRNA expression level of TBK1 and its phosphorylation level were significantly increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with uveitis. Consistent with this, the expression of Tbk1 was elevated in the ocular tissues of uveitis rats and primary peritoneal macrophages while its phosphorylation levels, which present activation forms, were upregulated as well, accompanied by an increase in the level of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, inhibition of TBK1 may effectively reduce the inflammatory response of uveitis rats by blocking NF-κB entry into the nucleus and impeding the initiation of NLRP3 inflammasome- and caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; Department of ophthalmology, Jinshan Branch of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 201599, China
| | - Jinfeng Kong
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Shiying Wu
- Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenqi Luo
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Jian Zou
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | - Lei Feng
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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30
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Lu X, Zhang M, Yang S, Deng Y, Jiao Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the diverse response of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii after different PAMP stimulation. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:881-890. [PMID: 36374639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves have evolved effective strategies to combat different pathogens in the environment. They rely on innate immunity to deal with the invasion of various bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses remain largely unknown. Herein, we constructed 21 transcriptomes of the hemocytes after lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) stimulation to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations and plastic responses to different pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Transcriptome analysis revealed 1986-3427 responsive genes enriched in the major immune and cell cycle-related pathways at different times after PAMP stimulation, and the expression patterns of genes under these pathways are complex and diverse. Moreover, "lysosomes" were enriched 6 h after LPS and PGN stimulation, while "peroxisomes" were only enriched in poly(I:C) group. These results suggest different response strategies of pearl oyster to different PAMPs. Furthermore, we identified 261 pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) including 4 retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors, 38 NOD-like receptors, 83 Toll-like receptors, and 136 C-type lectins in the genome of P. f. martensii. The diverse expression patterns of these PRRs after different PAMP stimulation indicated that pearl oyster evolved complex and specific recognition systems due to tandem repeat and diverse domain combination, which may help pearl oyster cope with the different pathogens in the environment. The present study improved our understanding of the molecular response of pearl oyster to different PAMP stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Lu
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Marine Ecology Early Warning and Monitoring Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, 524088, China; Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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31
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Zhang Y, Shen W, Ding J, Gao X, Wu X, Zhu J. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Head Kidney of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected Hypoxia-tolerant and Normal Large Yellow Croaker. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:1039-1054. [PMID: 36129638 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most economically important marine fish on the southeast coast of China and much of its yield is usually lost by hypoxia. To address this problem and lay a foundation for culturing a new strain of large yellow croaker with hypoxia tolerance, our research group screened a hypoxia-tolerant population of L. crocea. Surprisingly, we also found that hypoxia-tolerant population exhibited higher survival when infected with pathogens compared to the normal population during the farming operation. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the higher survival rate of the hypoxia-tolerant population and enrich the head kidney immune mechanism of L. crocea infected with pathogens, we compared and analyzed the head kidney transcriptome of the hypoxia-tolerant and normal individuals under Aeromonas hydrophila infection. We obtained 159.68 GB high-quality reads, of which more than 87.61% were successfully localized to the reference genome of L. crocea. KEGG analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in the signaling pathways involving immunity, cell growth and death, transport and catabolism, and metabolism. Among these, the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Nod-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, phagosome, apoptosis, and OXPHOS pathways were enriched in both groups after infection compared to before, and were enriched in infected tolerant individuals compared to normal individuals. In addition, we found that the expression of hif1α and its downstream genes were higher in the hypoxia-sensitive group of fish than in the normal group. In conclusion, our results showed some signaling pathways and hub genes, which may participate in A. hydrophila defense in the head kidney of two populations, and may contribute to the higher survival rate in the hypoxia-tolerant population. Overall, these findings increase our understanding of the defense mechanism within the head kidney of L. crocea under A. hydrophila infection, and suggest a preliminary hypothesis for why hypoxia-tolerant individuals may exhibit a higher survival rates after infection. Our study provides scientific evidence for the breeding of a new hypoxia-tolerant strain of L. crocea for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongfei Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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32
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Devoy C, Flores Bueso Y, Tangney M. Understanding and harnessing triple-negative breast cancer-related microbiota in oncology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020121. [PMID: 36505861 PMCID: PMC9730816 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial inhabitants of the body have the potential to play a role in various stages of cancer initiation, progression, and treatment. These bacteria may be distal to the primary tumour, such as gut microbiota, or local to the tissue, before or after tumour growth. Breast cancer is well studied in this context. Amongst breast cancer types, Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is more aggressive, has fewer treatment options than receptor-positive breast cancers, has an overall worse prognosis and higher rates of reoccurrence. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the bacterial influence on TNBC progression and treatment is of high value. In this regard, the Gut Microbiota (GM) can be involved in various stages of tumour progression. It may suppress or promote carcinogenesis through the release of carcinogenic metabolites, sustenance of proinflammatory environments and/or the promotion of epigenetic changes in our genome. It can also mediate metastasis and reoccurrence through interactions with the immune system and has been recently shown to influence chemo-, radio-, and immune-therapies. Furthermore, bacteria have also been found to reside in normal and malignant breast tissue. Several studies have now described the breast and breast tumour microbiome, with the tumour microbiota of TNBC having the least taxonomic diversity among all breast cancer types. Here, specific conditions of the tumour microenvironment (TME) - low O2, leaky vasculature and immune suppression - are supportive of tumour selective bacterial growth. This innate bacterial ability could enable their use as delivery agents for various therapeutics or as diagnostics. This review aims to examine the current knowledge on bacterial relevance to TNBC and potential uses while examining some of the remaining unanswered questions regarding mechanisms underpinning observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Devoy
- Cancer Research@UCC, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,SynBio Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yensi Flores Bueso
- Cancer Research@UCC, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,SynBio Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Tangney
- Cancer Research@UCC, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,SynBio Center, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Mark Tangney,
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Pezzino S, Sofia M, Faletra G, Mazzone C, Litrico G, La Greca G, Latteri S. Gut-Liver Axis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Vicious Circle of Dysfunctions Orchestrated by the Gut Microbiome. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1622. [PMID: 36358323 PMCID: PMC9687983 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent, multifactorial, and poorly understood liver disease with an increasing incidence worldwide. NAFLD is typically asymptomatic and coupled with other symptoms of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of NAFLD is rising in tandem with the prevalence of obesity. In the Western hemisphere, NAFLD is one of the most prevalent causes of liver disease and liver transplantation. Recent research suggests that gut microbiome dysbiosis may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD by dysregulating the gut-liver axis. The so-called "gut-liver axis" refers to the communication and feedback loop between the digestive system and the liver. Several pathological mechanisms characterized the alteration of the gut-liver axis, such as the impairment of the gut barrier and the increase of the intestinal permeability which result in endotoxemia and inflammation, and changes in bile acid profiles and metabolite levels produced by the gut microbiome. This review will explore the role of gut-liver axis disruption, mediated by gut microbiome dysbiosis, on NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Saverio Latteri
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G. F. Ingrassia”, Cannizzaro Hospital, University of Catania, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Immunosenescence and Aging: Neuroinflammation Is a Prominent Feature of Alzheimer's Disease and Is a Likely Contributor to Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111817. [PMID: 36579548 PMCID: PMC9698256 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic multifactorial and complex neuro-degenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and the loss of cognitive ability, which is a problem affecting the elderly. The pathological intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins, forming neurofibrillary tangles, and extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, forming senile plaques, as well as neural disconnection, neural death and synaptic dysfunction in the brain, are hallmark pathologies that characterize AD. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase globally due to the increase in longevity, quality of life, and medical treatment for chronic diseases that decreases the mortality and enhance the survival of elderly. Medical awareness and the accurate diagnosis of the disease also contribute to the high prevalence observed globally. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment exists that can be used to modify the course of AD, and no available treatment is capable of mitigating the cognitive decline or reversing the pathology of the disease as of yet. A plethora of hypotheses, ranging from the cholinergic theory and dominant Aβ cascade hypothesis to the abnormally excessive phosphorylated Tau protein hypothesis, have been reported. Various explanations for the pathogenesis of AD, such as the abnormal excitation of the glutamate system and mitochondrial dysfunction, have also been suggested. Despite the continuous efforts to deliver significant benefits and an effective treatment for this distressing, globally attested aging illness, multipronged approaches and strategies for ameliorating the disease course based on knowledge of the underpinnings of the pathogenesis of AD are urgently needed. Immunosenescence is an immune deficit process that appears with age (inflammaging process) and encompasses the remodeling of the lymphoid organs, leading to alterations in the immune function and neuroinflammation during advanced aging, which is closely linked to the outgrowth of infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignant cancers. It is well known that long-standing inflammation negatively influences the brain over the course of a lifetime due to the senescence of the immune system. Herein, we aim to trace the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, we explore alternative avenues, such as neuroimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. We determine the initial triggers of neuroinflammation, which is an early episode in the pre-symptomatic stages of AD and contributes to the advancement of the disease, and the underlying key mechanisms of brain damage that might aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can be used to combat this devastating disease. In addition, we aim to outline the ways in which different aspects of the immune system, both in the brain and peripherally, behave and thus to contribute to AD.
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Kumar N, Vyas A, Agnihotri SK, Chattopadhyay N, Sachdev M. Small secretory proteins of immune cells can modulate gynecological cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:513-531. [PMID: 35150864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Small secretory proteins of immune cells are mostly Cytokines, which include chemokines, interleukins, interferons, lymphokines and tumor necrosis factors but not hormones or growth factors. These secretory proteins are the molecular messengers and primarily involved in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling as immunomodulating agents. Hence, these proteins actually regulate the cells of immune system to communicate with one another to produce a synchronized, robust, still self-regulated response to a specific antigen. Chemokines are smaller secreted proteins that control overall immune cell movement and location; these chemokines are divided into 4 subgroups, namely, CXC, CC, CX3C and C according to the position of 4 conserved cysteine residues. Complete characterization of cytokines and chemokines can exploit their vast signaling networks to develop cancer treatments. These secretory proteins like IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNFα, CCL2, CXCL4 & CXCL8 are predominantly expressed in most of the gynecological cancers, which directly stimulate immune effector cells and stromal cells at the tumor site and augment tumor cell recognition by cytotoxic T-cells. Hence; these secretory proteins are the major regulators, which can actually modulate all kinds of gynecological cancers. Furthermore, advancements in adoptive T-cell treatment have relied on the use of multiple cytokines/chemokines to establish a highly regulated environment for anti-tumor T cell growth. A number of in vitro studies as well as animal models and clinical subjects have also shown that cytokines/chemokines have broad antitumor activity, which has been translated into a number of cancer therapy approaches. This review will focus on the foremost cytokines & chemokines involved in the majority of the gynecological malignancies and discuss their basic biology as well as clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Akanksha Vyas
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | | | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| | - Monika Sachdev
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
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36
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Evolving understandings for the roles of non-coding RNAs in autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2022:102948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scarneo SA, Smith AP, Favret J, O’Connell R, Pickeral J, Yang KW, Ferrari G, Loiselle DR, Hughes PF, Kulkarni MM, Gargesha M, Scott B, Roy D, Haynes BF, Kwiek JJ, Haystead TAJ. Expression of membrane Hsp90 is a molecular signature of T cell activation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18091. [PMID: 36302951 PMCID: PMC9613876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) maintains cellular proteostasis during stress and has been under investigation as a therapeutic target in cancer for over two decades. We and others have identified a membrane expressed form of Hsp90 (mHsp90) that previously appeared to be restricted to rapidly proliferating cells exhibiting a metastatic phenotype. Here, we used HS-131, a fluor-tethered mHsp90 inhibitor, to quantify the effect of T cell activation on the expression of mHsp90 in human and mouse T cells. In cell-based assays, stimulation of human T cells induced a 20-fold increase in mHsp90 expression at the plasma membrane, suggesting trafficking of mHsp90 is regulated by TCR and inflammatory mediated signaling. Following injection of HS-131 in mouse models of human rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, we detected localization of the probe at sites of active disease, consistent with immune cell invasion. Moreover, despite rapid hepatobiliary clearance, HS-131 demonstrated efficacy in reducing the mean clinical score in the CIA arthritis model. Our results suggest mHsp90 expression on T cells is a molecular marker of T cell activation and potentially a therapeutic target for chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Scarneo
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Aaron P. Smith
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | | | | | - Joy Pickeral
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kelly W. Yang
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David R. Loiselle
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Philip F. Hughes
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Manjusha M. Kulkarni
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | | | - Bryan Scott
- grid.431911.fBioInVision, Inc., Mayfield, OH 44143 USA
| | - Debashish Roy
- grid.431911.fBioInVision, Inc., Mayfield, OH 44143 USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Jesse J. Kwiek
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Timothy A. J. Haystead
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Garay JA, Silva JE, Di Genaro MS, Davicino RC. The Multiple Faces of Nitric Oxide in Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Comprehensive Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102570. [PMID: 36289832 PMCID: PMC9599698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, regulates multiple biological functions, including a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this regard, NO participates in cutaneous inflammations, modulation of mitochondrial functions, vascular diseases, COVID-19, neurologic diseases, and obesity. It also mediates changes in the skeletal muscle function. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by the malfunction of phagocytes caused by mutations in some of the genes encoding subunits of the superoxide-generating phagocyte NADPH (NOX). The literature consulted shows that there is a relationship between the production of NO and the NADPH oxidase system, which regulates the persistence of NO in the medium. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of NO on CGD remain unknown. In this paper, we briefly review the regulatory role of NO in CGD and its potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Agustín Garay
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Juan Eduardo Silva
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Di Genaro
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
| | - Roberto Carlos Davicino
- División de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis 5700, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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Avital G, Kuperwaser F, Pountain AW, Lacey KA, Zwack EE, Podkowik M, Shopsin B, Torres VJ, Yanai I. The tempo and mode of gene regulatory programs during bacterial infection. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111477. [PMID: 36223751 PMCID: PMC9741813 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune recognition of bacterial pathogens is a key determinant of the ensuing systemic response, and host or pathogen heterogeneity in this early interaction can impact the course of infection. To gain insight into host response heterogeneity, we investigate macrophage inflammatory dynamics using primary human macrophages infected with Group B Streptococcus. Transcriptomic analysis reveals discrete cellular states within responding macrophages, one of which consists of four sub-states, reflecting inflammatory activation. Infection with six additional bacterial species-Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella enterica-recapitulates these states, though at different frequencies. We show that modulating the duration of infection and the presence of a toxin impacts inflammatory trajectory dynamics. We provide evidence for this trajectory in infected macrophages in an in vivo model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Our cell-state analysis defines a framework for understanding inflammatory activation dynamics in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Avital
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Felicia Kuperwaser
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrew W. Pountain
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin E. Zwack
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Magdalena Podkowik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victor J. Torres
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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40
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Health Effects of Peptides Extracted from Deer Antler. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194183. [PMID: 36235835 PMCID: PMC9572057 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deer antler is widely used as a nutraceutical in Asian countries. In the past decades, deer antler peptides (DAPs) have received considerable attention because of their various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bone damage, anti-neurological disease, anti-tumor and immunomodulatory properties. This review describes the production methods of DAPs and the recent progress of research on DAPs, focusing on the physiological functions and their regulatory mechanisms.
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41
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Howard FHN, Kwan A, Winder N, Mughal A, Collado-Rojas C, Muthana M. Understanding Immune Responses to Viruses-Do Underlying Th1/Th2 Cell Biases Predict Outcome? Viruses 2022; 14:1493. [PMID: 35891472 PMCID: PMC9324514 DOI: 10.3390/v14071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases have increased in number and geographical extent during the last decades. Examples include the current COVID-19 pandemic and the recent epidemics of the Chikungunya, Ebola, and Zika viruses. Immune responses to viruses have been well-characterised within the innate and adaptive immunity pathways with the outcome following viral infection predominantly attributed to properties of the virus and circumstances of the infection. Perhaps the belief that the immune system is often considered as a reactive component of host defence, springing into action when a threat is detected, has contributed to a poorer understanding of the inherent differences in an individual's immune system in the absence of any pathology. In this review, we focus on how these host factors (age, ethnicity, underlying pathologies) may skew the T helper cell response, thereby influencing the outcome following viral infection but also whether we can use these inherent biases to predict patients at risk of a deviant response and apply strategies to avoid or overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith H. N. Howard
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (A.K.); (N.W.); (A.M.); (C.C.-R.); (M.M.)
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42
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Xin Y, Ji H, Cho E, Roh KB, You J, Park D, Jung E. Immune-enhancing effect of water-soluble beta-glucan derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of yeast glucan. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101256. [PMID: 35368741 PMCID: PMC8965850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulants play an important role in the treatment of immunodeficiency. Macrophages are the first line in our immune defense system and play a critical role in the immune response. Therefore, finding new and better substances to induce an immune response by activating macrophages is an attractive research topic, especially in the fields of immunopharmacology and cancer prevention. Keratinocytes actively crosstalk with immune cells during wound repair, so enhancing the function of keratinocytes is also an important part of improving immunity. Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides, consisting of d-glucose monomers linked by beta-glycosidic bonds. Several studies have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of beta-glucan, such as its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. However, the use of yeast cell wall glucan has been limited because it is not soluble in water. In this study, we produced low-molecular-weight water-soluble yeast glucan (WSY glucan) and confirmed various aspects of its immune-enhancing effect. The structure of the beta-(1→3) and (1→6) bonds of WSY glucan were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) analysis. Our results showed that treatment with WSY glucan significantly and dose-dependently induced the production of inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO)) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6) in macrophages. In addition, WSY glucan treatment showed changes in the morphological structure of the macrophages and promoted phagocytic activity of the macrophages and wound healing in keratinocytes. Based on these results, WSY glucan is considered as a potential candidate for the treatment of diseases related to the weakening of the immune system without the limitation of insolubility. Soluble low-molecular-weight beta-glucan, WSY-glucan, was produced through enzymatic hydrolysis. WSY glucan significantly and dose-dependently induced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and inflammatory mediators (NO and prostaglandin E2) in macrophages. WSY glucan treatment showed changes in the morphological structure of the macrophages and promoted phagocytic activity of the macrophages and wound healing in keratinocytes.
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Rosas-García J, Ramón-Luing LA, Bobadilla K, Meraz-Ríos MA, Sevilla-Reyes EE, Santos-Mendoza T. Distinct Transcriptional Profile of PDZ Genes after Activation of Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137010. [PMID: 35806015 PMCID: PMC9266728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The PDZ (PSD95, Dlg and ZO-1) genes encode proteins that primarily function as scaffolds of diverse signaling pathways. To date, 153 PDZ genes have been identified in the human genome, most of which have multiple protein isoforms widely studied in epithelial and neural cells. However, their expression and function in immune cells have been poorly studied. Herein, we aimed to assess the transcriptional profiles of 83 PDZ genes in human macrophages (Mɸ) and dendritic cells (DCs) and changes in their relative expression during cell PRR stimulation. Significantly distinct PDZ gene transcriptional profiles were identified under different stimulation conditions. Furthermore, a distinct PDZ gene transcriptional signature was found in Mɸ and DCs under the same phagocytic stimuli. Notably, more than 40 PDZ genes had significant changes in expression, with potentially relevant functions in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Given that several PDZ proteins are targeted by viral products, our results support that many of these proteins might be viral targets in APCs as part of evasion mechanisms. Our results suggest a distinct requirement for PDZ scaffolds in Mɸ and DCs signaling pathways activation. More assessments on the functions of PDZ proteins in APCs and their role in immune evasion mechanisms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rosas-García
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.R.-G.); (K.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lucero A. Ramón-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Karen Bobadilla
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.R.-G.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Edgar E. Sevilla-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.E.S.-R.); (T.S.-M.)
| | - Teresa Santos-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.R.-G.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.E.S.-R.); (T.S.-M.)
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Li Z, Ji S, Jiang ML, Xu Y, Zhang CJ. The Regulation and Modification of GSDMD Signaling in Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893912. [PMID: 35774778 PMCID: PMC9237231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) serves as a key executor to trigger pyroptosis and is emerging as an attractive checkpoint in host defense, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and many other systemic diseases. Although canonical and non-canonical inflammasome-mediated classic GSDMD cleavage, GSDMD-NT migration to cell membrane, GSDMD-NT oligomerization, and pore forming have been well recognized, a few unique features of GSDMD in specific condition beyond its classic function, including non-lytic function of GSDMD, the modification and regulating mechanism of GSDMD signaling have also come to great attention and played a crucial role in biological processes and diseases. In the current review, we emphasized the GSDMD protein expression, stabilization, modification, activation, pore formation, and repair during pyroptosis, especially the regulation and modification of GSDMD signaling, such as GSDMD complex in polyubiquitination and non-pyroptosis release of IL-1β, ADP-riboxanation, NINJ1 in pore forming, GSDMD binding protein TRIM21, GSDMD succination, and Regulator-Rag-mTOR-ROS regulation of GSDMD. We also discussed the novel therapeutic strategies of targeting GSDMD and summarized recently identified inhibitors with great prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Translational Medicine Institute of Brain Disorders, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Senlin Ji
- Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Translational Medicine Institute of Brain Disorders, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ling Jiang
- Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Translational Medicine Institute of Brain Disorders, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Translational Medicine Institute of Brain Disorders, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Xu, ; Cun-Jin Zhang, ;
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Translational Medicine Institute of Brain Disorders, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Xu, ; Cun-Jin Zhang, ;
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Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122923. [PMID: 35740589 PMCID: PMC9221178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the class of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are involved in recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inducing immune response. During the past decade, a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR agonists has immerged in cancer research and some of these agents have performed exceptionally well in clinical trials. Based on evidence from scientific studies, we draw attention to several microbial based TLR agonists and discuss their relevance in various cancer and explore various microbial based TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. Since the first discovery of the Toll receptor by the team of J. Hoffmann in 1996, in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. TLR stimulation leads to NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. The expression of TLRs has also been observed in many tumors, and their stimulation results in tumor progression or regression, depending on the TLR and tumor type. The anti-tumoral effects can result from the activation of anti-tumoral immune responses and/or the direct induction of tumor cell death. The pro-tumoral effects may be due to inducing tumor cell survival and proliferation or by acting on suppressive or inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, the activation of various TLRs by microbes in different types of tumors, and, finally, the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
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Rios-Barros LV, Silva-Moreira AL, Horta MF, Gontijo NF, Castro-Gomes T. How to get away with murder: The multiple strategies employed by pathogenic protozoa to avoid complement killing. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:27-38. [PMID: 35709630 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa are eukaryotic unicellular organisms that depend on a variety of living organisms and can develop intra- and extracellularly inside their hosts. In humans, these parasites cause diseases with a significant impact on public health, such as malaria, toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and amebiasis. The ability of a parasite in establishing a successful infection depends on a series of intricate evolutionarily selected adaptations, which include the development of molecular and cellular strategies to evade the host immune system effector mechanisms. The complement system is one of the main effector mechanisms and the first humoral shield of hosts innate immunity against pathogens. For unicellular pathogens, such as protozoa, bacteria and fungi, the activation of the complement system may culminate in the elimination of the invader mainly via 1- the formation of a pore that depolarizes the plasma membrane of the parasite, causing cell lysis; 2- opsonization and killing by phagocytes; 3- increasing vascular permeability while also recruiting neutrophils to the site of activation. Numerous strategies to avoid complement activation have been reported for parasitic protozoa, such as 1- sequestration of complement system regulatory proteins produced by the host, 2- expression of complement system regulatory proteins, 3- proteolytic cleavage of different complement effector molecules, 4- formation of a physical glycolipid barrier that prevents deposition of complement molecules on the plasma membrane, and 5- removal, by endocytosis, of complement molecules bound to plasma membrane. In this review, we revisit the different strategies of blocking various stages of complement activation described for the main species of parasitic protozoa, present the most recent discoveries in the field and discuss new perspectives on yet neglected strategies and possible new evasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Valeria Rios-Barros
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Anna Luiza Silva-Moreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fatima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Jiang K, Nie H, Yin Z, Yan X, Li Q. Apextrin from Ruditapes philippinarum functions as pattern recognition receptor and modulates NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:33-44. [PMID: 35697169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Apextrin belongs to ApeC-containing proteins (ACPs) and features a signal-peptide, an N-terminal membrane attack complex component/perforin (MACPF) domain, and a C-terminal ApeC domain. Recently, apextrin-like proteins were identified as pattern recognition receptor (PRR), which recognize the bacterial cell wall component and participate in innate immunity. Here, an apextrin (Rpape) was identified and characterized in Ruditapes philippinarum. Our results showed that Rpape mRNA was significantly induced under bacterial challenges. The Rpape recombinant protein exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and bound with Vibrio anguillarum, S. aureus and B. subtilis. We found Rpape protein positively activated the NF-κB signaling cascade and increased the activity of Nitric oxide (NO). This study revealed the immunity role of apextrin in R. philippinarum and provided a reference for further study on the role of apextrin in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyin Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongtao Nie
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China.
| | - Zhihui Yin
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, 116023 Dalian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Innate Immune Response to Dengue Virus: Toll-like Receptors and Antiviral Response. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050992. [PMID: 35632732 PMCID: PMC9147118 DOI: 10.3390/v14050992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV1-4). The clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and/or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). Viral and host factors are related to the clinical outcome of dengue, although the disease pathogenesis remains uncertain. The innate antiviral response to DENV is implemented by a variety of immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Blood monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and tissue macrophages are the main target cells of DENV infection. These cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Pathogen recognition is a critical step in eliciting the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for the innate recognition of pathogens and represent an essential component of the innate and adaptive immune response. Ten different TLRs are described in humans, which are expressed in many different immune cells. The engagement of TLRs with viral PAMPs triggers downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, interferons (IFNs) and other molecules essential for the prevention of viral replication. Here, we summarize the crucial TLRs’ roles in the antiviral innate immune response to DENV and their association with viral pathogenesis.
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Rumienczyk I, Kulecka M, Statkiewicz M, Ostrowski J, Mikula M. Oncology Drug Repurposing for Sepsis Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040921. [PMID: 35453671 PMCID: PMC9030585 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis involves life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Despite three decades of efforts and multiple clinical trials, no treatment, except antibiotics and supportive care, has been approved for this devastating syndrome. Simultaneously, numerous preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of oncology-indicated drugs in ameliorating sepsis. Here we focus on cataloging these efforts with both oncology-approved and under-development drugs that have been repositioned to treat bacterial-induced sepsis models. In this context, we also envision the exciting prospect for further standard and oncology drug combination testing that could ultimately improve clinical outcomes in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rumienczyk
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Statkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (I.R.); (M.K.); (M.S.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-546-26-55
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Meng Y, Dai W, Lin Z, Zhang W, Dong Y. Expression and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein-S6 involved in antibacterial responses in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104331. [PMID: 34883108 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), structurally conserved molecules, play crucial roles in the innate immunity of invertebrate. However, few studies have been taken to explore their potential functions. In this study, a novel PGRP from the razor clam Sinonovacula constrict designated as ScPGRP-S6 was identified and characterized. The open reading frame (ORF) of ScPGRP-S6 was 666 bp in length, encoding a protein of 221 amino acid with a signal peptide (1-30) and a typical PGRP domain (39-187). The sequence alignment combined with phylogenetic analysis collectively confirmed that ScPGRP-S6 was a novel member belonging to PGRP-S family. The mRNA transcript of ScPGRP-S6 in the hepatopancreases was significantly up-regulated after peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation, while it was moderately up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The result of immunofluorescence detection demonstrated that the positive signal enhanced obviously after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. Notably, the recombinant protein of ScPGRP-S6 (designed as rScPGRP-S6) exhibited high agglutination activity towards V. parahaemolyticus but weak to Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, rScPGRP-S6 showed strong amidase and antibacterial activity in the presence of Zn2+. Collectively, our results manifested that ScPGRP-S6 could act as a scavenger in the innate immune response of S. constricta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Meng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, PR China
| | - Wenfang Dai
- Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, PR China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315010, PR China
| | - Yinghui Dong
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, PR China.
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