1
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Goh KGK, Desai D, Thapa R, Prince D, Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Ulett GC. An opportunistic pathogen under stress: how Group B Streptococcus responds to cytotoxic reactive species and conditions of metal ion imbalance to survive. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae009. [PMID: 38678005 PMCID: PMC11098048 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS; also known as Streptococcus agalactiae) is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, and skin and soft tissue infections in neonates and healthy or immunocompromised adults. GBS is well-adapted to survive in humans due to a plethora of virulence mechanisms that afford responses to support bacterial survival in dynamic host environments. These mechanisms and responses include counteraction of cell death from exposure to excess metal ions that can cause mismetallation and cytotoxicity, and strategies to combat molecules such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are generated as part of innate host defence. Cytotoxicity from reactive molecules can stem from damage to proteins, DNA, and membrane lipids, potentially leading to bacterial cell death inside phagocytic cells or within extracellular spaces within the host. Deciphering the ways in which GBS responds to the stress of cytotoxic reactive molecules within the host will benefit the development of novel therapeutic and preventative strategies to manage the burden of GBS disease. This review summarizes knowledge of GBS carriage in humans and the mechanisms used by the bacteria to circumvent killing by these important elements of host immune defence: oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and stress from metal ion intoxication/mismetallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin G K Goh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Devika Desai
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ruby Thapa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Darren Prince
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dhruba Acharya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
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2
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Wu X, Zhang T, Mao M, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Xu P. A methodological exploration of distinguishing hair quality based on hair proteomics. Proteome Sci 2024; 22:5. [PMID: 38693542 PMCID: PMC11064416 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-024-00229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair is an advantageous biological sample due to its recordable, collectable, and storable nature. Hair's primary components are keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Owing to its abundance of cystine, keratin possesses impressive mechanical strength and chemical stability, formed by creating disulfide bonds as crosslinks within the protein peptide chain. Furthermore, keratin is cross-linked with keratin-associated proteins to create a complex network structure that provides the hair with strength and rigidity. Protein extraction serves as the foundation for hair analysis research. Bleaching hair causes damage to the structure between keratin and keratin-associated proteins, resulting in texture issues and hair breakage. This article outlines various physical treatment methods and lysate analysis that enhance the efficiency of hair protein extraction. The PLEE method achieves a three-fold increase in hair protein extraction efficiency when using a lysis solution containing SDS and combining high temperatures with intense shaking, compared to previous methods found in literature. We utilized the PLEE method to extract hair from both normal and damaged groups. Normal samples identified 156-157 proteins, including 51 keratin and keratin-associated proteins. The damaged group consisted of 155-158 identified proteins, of which 48-50 were keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Bleaching did not cause any notable difference in the protein identification of hair. However, it did reduce coverage of keratin and keratin-associated proteins significantly. Our hair protein extraction method provides extensive coverage of the hair proteome. Our findings indicate that bleaching damage results in subpar hair quality due to reduced coverage of protein primary sequences in keratin and keratin-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mingsong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
| | - Zhenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- School of Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Research Unit of Proteomics & Research and Development of New Drug, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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3
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Krishnamurthy K, Stillman IE, Hecht JL, Vyas M. Defining the Nature and Clinicopathologic Significance of Mallory-Denk-like Inclusions in Ovarian Fibromas: A Potential Degenerative Phenomenon Associated With Torsion. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2024; 43:290-295. [PMID: 37562060 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Mallory-Denk bodies (MBD), described in alcoholic hepatitis, are composed of intermediate filaments admixed with other proteins. These cytoplasmic inclusions are irregularly shaped and eosinophilic as seen under the light microscope. MBD-like inclusions have rarely been described outside the hepatobiliary tree. Though rare, intracytoplasmic inclusions have been reported in ovarian fibromas. This study evaluates a series of torsed ovarian fibromas with intracytoplasmic inclusions resembling MDBs. Forty-three ovarian fibromas were retrieved from the pathology archives. The H&E slides were evaluated for the presence of MBD-like inclusions and histologic evidence of torsion. The cases with histologic features of torsion were included in the study group while the nontorsed fibromas formed the control group. Among the 15 cases of fibromas with torsion, MBD-like intracytoplasmic inclusions were seen in 5 cases, predominantly in the interface between necrotic areas and viable stroma. None of the cases from the control group showed any inclusions. There was no significant difference in the size of the fibroma or patient demographics between cases with and without inclusions. The inclusions were positive for cytokeratin and ubiquitin while being negative for per acidic Schiff and periodic acid-Schiff with diastase reaction, in the 3 cases selected for immunohistochemistry and special stains. Electron microscopy of the index case revealed a predominance of type 3 Mallory hyaline. This is the first report describing MDB-like inclusions in ovarian fibromas. These MDB-like inclusions appear to be limited to a fraction of ovarian fibromas that underwent torsion, suggesting that these inclusions likely result from subacute hypoxic damage to the cells.
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4
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Kong D, Qian Y, Yu B, Hu Z, Cheng C, Wang Y, Fang Z, Yu J, Xiang S, Cao L, He Y. Interaction of human dendritic cell receptor DEC205/CD205 with keratins. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105699. [PMID: 38301891 PMCID: PMC10914487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
DEC205 (CD205) is one of the major endocytic receptors on dendritic cells and has been widely used as a receptor target in immune therapies. It has been shown that DEC205 can recognize dead cells through keratins in a pH-dependent manner. However, the mechanism underlying the interaction between DEC205 and keratins remains unclear. Here we determine the crystal structures of an N-terminal fragment of human DEC205 (CysR∼CTLD3). The structural data show that DEC205 shares similar overall features with the other mannose receptor family members such as the mannose receptor and Endo180, but the individual domains of DEC205 in the crystal structure exhibit distinct structural features that may lead to specific ligand binding properties of the molecule. Among them, CTLD3 of DEC205 adopts a unique fold of CTLD, which may correlate with the binding of keratins. Furthermore, we examine the interaction of DEC205 with keratins by mutagenesis and biochemical assays based on the structural information and identify an XGGGX motif on keratins that can be recognized by DEC205, thereby providing insights into the interaction between DEC205 and keratins. Overall, these findings not only improve the understanding of the diverse ligand specificities of the mannose receptor family members at the molecular level but may also give clues for the interactions of keratins with their binding partners in the corresponding pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhenzheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Song Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Longxing Cao
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongning He
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Cancer Systems Regulation and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Cohen E, Johnson CN, Wasikowski R, Billi AC, Tsoi LC, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE, Coulombe PA. Significance of stress keratin expression in normal and diseased epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:108805. [PMID: 38299111 PMCID: PMC10828818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A group of keratin intermediate filament genes, the type II KRT6A-C and type I KRT16 and KRT17, are deemed stress responsive as they are induced in keratinocytes of surface epithelia in response to environmental stressors, in skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis) and in carcinomas. Monitoring stress keratins is widely used to identify keratinocytes in an activated state. Here, we analyze single-cell transcriptomic data from healthy and diseased human skin to explore the properties of stress keratins. Relative to keratins occurring in healthy skin, stress-induced keratins are expressed at lower levels and show lesser type I-type II pairwise regulation. Stress keratins do not "replace" the keratins expressed during normal differentiation nor reflect cellular proliferation. Instead, stress keratins are consistently co-regulated with genes with roles in differentiation, inflammation, and/or activation of innate immunity at the single-cell level. These findings provide a roadmap toward explaining the broad diversity and contextual regulation of keratins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Craig N. Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allison C. Billi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pierre A. Coulombe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Pavlakou P, Gakiopoulou H, Djudjaj S, Palamaris K, Trivyza MS, Stylianou K, Goumenos DS, Papachristou E, Papasotiriou M. Keratin Expression in Podocytopathies, ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and IgA Nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1805. [PMID: 38339083 PMCID: PMC10855225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratins are the main components of the cell cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells under stressful stimuli react by modifying their keratin expression pattern. Glomerular diseases are pathological conditions that may lead to loss of kidney function if not timely diagnosed and treated properly. This study aims to examine glomerular and tubular keratin expression in podocytopathies, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and IgA nephropathy and how this expression correlates to clinical outcomes. We included 45 patients with podocytopathies (minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis), ANCA-associated vasculitis, and IgA nephropathy, with or without crescentic lesions, and healthy controls. All tissues were assessed by photon microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Biopsy sections were examined for keratins 7, 8, 18, and 19 expression in the glomerular and tubulointerstitial areas separately. Moreover, we examined how keratin expression was correlated with long-term kidney function outcomes. All four studied keratins had significantly increased glomerular expression in patients with ANCA vasculitis compared to controls and MCD patients. Tubular expression of keratins 7, 8, and 19 was related to kidney outcome in all groups. Patients with crescents had higher expression of all keratins in both glomeruli and tubulointerstitium. The presence of tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, mesangial hyperplasia, and interstitial inflammation did not affect keratin expression. Keratins, an abundant component of renal epithelial cells, have the potential to be featured as a biomarker for kidney function prognosis in patients with glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Pavlakou
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (M.S.T.); (D.S.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Harikleia Gakiopoulou
- 1st Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 34400 Athens, Greece
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH University of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kostas Palamaris
- 1st Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 34400 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stella Trivyza
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (M.S.T.); (D.S.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Kostas Stylianou
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios S. Goumenos
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (M.S.T.); (D.S.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Evangelos Papachristou
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (M.S.T.); (D.S.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Marios Papasotiriou
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, University Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (P.P.); (M.S.T.); (D.S.G.); (E.P.)
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7
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Malallah OS, Coleman L, Nasereddin SM, Lockhat M, Chen T, Jones SA. Systematic review and QSPR analysis of chemical penetration through the nail to inform onychomycosis candidate selection. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103844. [PMID: 38000719 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Recalcitrant nail plate infections can be life-long problems because localizing antifungal agents into infected tissues is problematic. In this systematic review, guided by the SPIDER method, we extracted chemical nail permeation data for 38 compounds from 16 articles, and analyzed the data using quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs). Our analysis demonstrated that low-molecular weight was essential for effective nail penetration, with <120 g/mol being preferred. Interestingly, chemical polarity had little effect on nail penetration; therefore, small polar molecules, which effectively penetrate the nail, but not the skin, should be set as the most desirable target chemical property in new post-screen onychomycosis candidate selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah S Malallah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Lucy Coleman
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sara M Nasereddin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; College of Pharmacy, Amman Arab University, Mubis, Amman 11953, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Lockhat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Stuart A Jones
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; Centre for Pharmaceutical Medicine Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, SE1 9NH, UK.
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8
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Pondeljak N, Lugović-Mihić L, Tomić L, Parać E, Pedić L, Lazić-Mosler E. Key Factors in the Complex and Coordinated Network of Skin Keratinization: Their Significance and Involvement in Common Skin Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:236. [PMID: 38203406 PMCID: PMC10779394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermis serves many vital roles, including protecting the body from external influences and healing eventual injuries. It is maintained by an incredibly complex and perfectly coordinated keratinization process. In this process, desquamation is essential for the differentiation of epidermal basal progenitor cells into enucleated corneocytes, which subsequently desquamate through programmed death. Numerous factors control keratinocyte differentiation: epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α, keratinocyte growth factor, interleukins IL-1-β and IL-6, elevated vitamin A levels, and changes in Ca2+ concentration. The backbone of the keratinocyte transformation process from mitotically active basal cells into fully differentiated, enucleated corneocytes is the expression of specific proteins and the creation of a Ca2+ and pH gradient at precise locations within the epidermis. Skin keratinization disorders (histologically characterized predominantly by dyskeratosis, parakeratosis, and hyperkeratosis) may be categorized into three groups: defects in the α-helical rod pattern, defects outside the α-helical rod domain, and disorders of keratin-associated proteins. Understanding the process of keratinization is essential for the pathogenesis of many dermatological diseases because improper desquamation and epidermopoiesis/keratinization (due to genetic mutations of factors or due to immune pathological processes) can lead to various conditions (ichthyoses, palmoplantar keratodermas, psoriasis, pityriasis rubra pilaris, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, and others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Pondeljak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Liborija Lugović-Mihić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lucija Tomić
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ena Parać
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Lovre Pedić
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Elvira Lazić-Mosler
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, General Hospital, 44000 Sisak, Croatia; (N.P.); (L.T.); (E.L.-M.)
- School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Li P, Rietscher K, Jopp H, Magin TM, Omary MB. Posttranslational modifications of keratins and their associated proteins as therapeutic targets in keratin diseases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102264. [PMID: 37925932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The keratin cytoskeleton protects epithelia against mechanical, nonmechanical, and physical stresses, and participates in multiple signaling pathways that regulate cell integrity and resilience. Keratin gene mutations cause multiple rare monoallelic epithelial diseases termed keratinopathies, including the skin diseases Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS) and Pachyonychia Congenita (PC), with limited available therapies. The disease-related keratin mutations trigger posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in keratins and their associated proteins that can aggravate the disease. Recent findings of drug high-throughput screening have led to the identification of compounds that may be repurposed, since they are used for other human diseases, to treat keratinopathies. These drugs target unique PTM pathways and sites, including phosphorylation and acetylation of keratins and their associated proteins, and have shed insights into keratin regulation and interactions. They also offer the prospect of testing the use of drug mixtures, with the long view of possible beneficial human use coupled with increased efficacy and lower side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Katrin Rietscher
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henriette Jopp
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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10
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Gu M, Chen R, Sun Y, Wu Y, Li Q, Qiao Y, Wang X, Zhang Q, Kong L, Li S, Wang Z. Multi-omics analysis of functional substances and expression verification in cashmere fineness. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:720. [PMID: 38017403 PMCID: PMC10685610 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous factors influence the growth and development of cashmere. Existing research on cashmere has predominantly emphasized a single omics level. Integrating multi-omics analyses can offer a more comprehensive understanding by encompassing the entire spectrum. This study more accurately and comprehensively identified the key factors influencing cashmere fineness using multi-omics analysis. METHODS This study used skin tissues of coarse cashmere type (CT_LCG) and fine cashmere type Liaoning cashmere goats (FT_LCG) for the analysis. This study employed an integrated approach involving transcriptomics, translatomics, proteomics, and metabolomics to identify substances associated with cashmere fineness. The findings were validated using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) techniques. RESULTS The GO functional enrichment analysis identified three common terms: multicellular organismal process, immune system process, and extracellular region. Furthermore, the KEGG enrichment analysis uncovered the involvement of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway. Protein expression trends were verified using PRM technology. The expression trends of KRT79, as confirmed by PRM, were consistent with those observed in TMT proteomics and exhibited a positive regulatory effect on cashmere fineness. Metabolite expression trends were confirmed using MRM technology. The expression trends of 9 out of 15 validated metabolites were in agreement with those identified in the non-targeted metabolomics analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study employed multi-omics analysis to identify key regulators of cashmere fineness, including PLA2G12A, KRT79, and prostaglandin B2. The findings of this study offer valuable data and establish a theoretical foundation for conducting comprehensive investigations into the molecular regulatory mechanisms and functional aspects of cashmere fineness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ming Gu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yinggang Sun
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yanzhi Wu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lingchao Kong
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shuaitong Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zeying Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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11
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McLaughlin AJ, Kaniski AI, Matti DI, Monear NC, Tischler JL, Xhabija B. Fluorene-9-bisphenol affects the terminal differentiation of mouse embryonic bodies. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100133. [PMID: 37964943 PMCID: PMC10641737 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BHPF) has recently attracted interest as it is increasingly used in industrial settings as a substitute for Bisphenol A (BPA). However, the effects of BHPF exposure on embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation remain poorly understood. This study investigates the impacts of BHPF on mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and embryonic bodies (EBs). Our results reveal that BHPF exposure leads to a morphological shift in mESCs, reducing the percentage of dome-shaped colonies and indicating loss of self-renewal and pluripotency. BHPF exposure also appeared to affect the early stages of EB formation and their growth dynamics, with a reduction in EB numbers and an increase in their size. Subsequent gene expression analysis revealed that BHPF exposure led to increased expression of the inflammatory gene Il6, indicating a potential stress response. Furthermore, BHPF affected the terminal differentiation pathway, modulating the expression of 16 genes associated with distinct cell types, including lymphatic endothelium, keratinocyte epithelium, pancreatic beta cells, macrophages, monocytes, T-cells, neurons, retinal ganglion cells, nephrons proximal tubule cells, and cardiomyocytes. These findings offer insights into the impact of BHPF on ESC biology and suggest potential implications for developmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Future work should focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of BHPF-mediated effects on stem cell function. This may offer new perspectives for understanding the health impacts of environmental exposure to BHPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J. McLaughlin
- College of Arts Sciences and Letters, Department of Natural Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | - Anthony I. Kaniski
- College of Arts Sciences and Letters, Department of Natural Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | - Darena I. Matti
- College of Arts Sciences and Letters, Department of Natural Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
| | - Nicodemus C. Monear
- College of Arts Sciences, Department of Natural Science, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, United States
| | - Jessica L. Tischler
- College of Arts Sciences, Department of Natural Science, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, United States
| | - Besa Xhabija
- College of Arts Sciences and Letters, Department of Natural Science, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, United States
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12
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Li P, Qi J, Zhong Y, Ding A, Xiao H. Proteomic profiling reveals KRT6C as a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9: New insights into re-classifying epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) and a milder form of pachyonychia congenita (PC-K6c) as a group of genetic cutaneous disorders. J Proteomics 2023; 287:104971. [PMID: 37467889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK), a highly penetrant autosomal dominant genodermatosis, is characterized by diffuse keratoses on palmplantar epidermis. The keratin 9 gene (KRT9) is responsible for EPPK. To date, phenotypic therapy is the primary treatment for EPPK. Because KRT9 pairs with a type II keratin-binding partner to function in epidermis, identifying the interaction partner is an essential first step in revealing EPPK pathogenesis and its fundamental treatment. In this study, we proved that keratin 6C (KRT6C) is a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9. In silico model for KRT6C/KRT9 shows a typical coiled-coil structure in their 2B domains. Proteomics analysis shows that KRT6C/KRT9 pair is in a densely connected protein-protein interaction network, where proteins participate jointly in regulating cytoskeleton organization and keratinization. This study shows that co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectroscopy and proteomics analysis provide a sensitive approach, which compensates for inevitable inadequacies of anti-keratin 6C antibody and helps discover the probable hereterodimer partner KRT6C for KRT9. The acknowledgement of KRT6C/KRT9 pairwise relationship may help re-classify EPPK and PC-K6c (a milder form of pachyonychia congenita, caused by KRT6C) as a group of hereditary defects at a molecular-based level, and lay foundation for deciphering the keratin network contributing to EPPK and PC-K6c. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: What is already known about this topic? KRT9 and KRT6C are disease-causing factors for epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma (EPPK) and a milder form of pachyonychia congenita (PC-K6c), respectively. EPPK and PC-K6c have some symptom similarities. Keratins are the major structural proteins in epithelial cells. Each of the type I keratin is matched by a particular type II keratin to assemble a coiled-coil heterodimer. The hereterodimer partner for KRT9 is unknown. What does this study add? We discovered and proved that KRT6C is a probable hereterodimer partner for KRT9 in palmplantar epidermis in a native endogenous environment by using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectroscopy and proteomics analysis, etc. The proteomics analysis shows that KRT6C/KRT9 keratin pair is in a densely connected protein-protein interaction network, where proteins participate jointly in regulating intermediate filament-based cytoskeleton organization and keratinization processes. What are the implications of this work? The new understanding of probable KRT6C/KRT9 pairwise correlation may help re-classify the genetic cutaneous disorders EPPK and PC-K6c as a group of hereditary defects at a molecular-based level, and lay foundation for pathogenic mechanism research in EPPK and PC-K6c. The densely related network components derived from the proteomic data using Metascape in the study and pairwise regulation fashion of specific keratin pairs should attract more attention in the further explorations when investigators concern the physiological functions of keratins and the pathogenesis of related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, China NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Qi
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aoli Ding
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhang C, Yu N, Qin Q, Wu X, Gu Y, Liu T, Zhang Q, Liu X, Chen M, Wang K. Keratin8 Deficiency Aggravates Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage Under Acute Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:1. [PMID: 37656477 PMCID: PMC10479409 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Keratin 8/18 (KRT8/18), paired members of the intermediate filament family, have shown vital functions in regulating physiological activities more than supporting the mechanic strength for cells and organelles. However, the KRT8/18 presence in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and functions on neuroprotection in a mouse model of acute ocular hypertension (AOH) are unknown and worthy of exploration. Methods We identified the existence of KRT8/18 in normal human and mouse retinas and primary RGCs. KRT8/18 levels were detected after AOH modeling. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) system was intravitreally used for selective KRT8 knockdown in RGCs. The histological changes, the loss and dysfunction of RGCs, and the gliosis in retinas were detected. The markers of cell apoptosis and MAPK pathways were investigated. Results KRT8/18 existed in all retinal layers and was highly expressed in RGCs, and they increased after AOH induction. The KRT8 knockdown in RGCs caused no histopathological changes and RGC loss in retinas without AOH modeling. However, after the KRT8 deficiency, AOH significantly promoted the loss of whole retina and inner retina thickness, the reduction, apoptosis, and dysfunction of RGCs, and the glial activation. Besides, downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated cleaved-Caspase 3 were found in the AOH retinas with KRT8 knockdown, which may be caused by the increased phosphorylation level of MAPK pathways (JNK, p38, and ERK). Conclusions The KRT8 deficiency promoted RGC apoptosis and neurodegeneration by abnormal activation of MAPK pathways in AOH retinas. Targeting KRT8 may serve as a novel treatment for saving RCGs from glaucomatous injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshou Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naiji Yu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyu Qin
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingdi Wu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Tenhami M, Polari L, Kujari H, Löyttyniemi E, Toivola DM, Voutilainen M. Keratin 7 expression in different anatomical parts of colonic epithelium in inflammatory bowel diseases and its prognostic value: a 3-year follow-up study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11979. [PMID: 37488244 PMCID: PMC10366087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) may be challenging and their clinical course, characterized by relapses and spontaneous or drug-induced remissions, is difficult to predict. Novel prognostic biomarkers are needed. Keratin 7 (K7) is a cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein which is not normally expressed in the colonic epithelium. It was recently shown that K7 expression in the colonic epithelium is associated with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, the two main subtypes of IBD. Here we investigated IBD associated K7 neo-expression in different regions of colon and terminal ileum. The correlation of the K7 expression with the inflammatory activity of the epithelium was analyzed in each region. The prognostic value of K7 was estimated by comparing the clinical disease activity after 3 years with the K7 expression at the time of enrollment. Our data shows that the level of K7 expression in inflamed epithelium varies depending on the anatomical region and it is the most pronounced in ascending and descending colon, but it did not predict the severity of IBD for the following 3 years. These results warrant future studies focusing on the biological role of K7 in colon and its utilization as potential IBD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Tenhami
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, P.O. Box 52, 20521, Turku, Finland.
| | - Lauri Polari
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFlames Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Harry Kujari
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Diana M Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFlames Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Voutilainen
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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15
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Sun J, Li P, Gui H, Rittié L, Lombard DB, Rietscher K, Magin TM, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. Deacetylation via SIRT2 prevents keratin-mutation-associated injury and keratin aggregation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166314. [PMID: 37485877 PMCID: PMC10443796 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin (K) and other intermediate filament (IF) protein mutations at conserved arginines disrupt keratin filaments into aggregates and cause human epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS; K14-R125C) or predispose to mouse liver injury (K18-R90C). The challenge for more than 70 IF-associated diseases is the lack of clinically utilized IF-targeted therapies. We used high-throughput drug screening to identify compounds that normalized mutation-triggered keratin filament disruption. Parthenolide, a plant sesquiterpene lactone, dramatically reversed keratin filament disruption and protected cells and mice expressing K18-R90C from apoptosis. K18-R90C became hyperacetylated compared with K18-WT and treatment with parthenolide normalized K18 acetylation. Parthenolide upregulated the NAD-dependent SIRT2, and increased SIRT2-keratin association. SIRT2 knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition blocked the parthenolide effect, while site-specific Lys-to-Arg mutation of keratin acetylation sites normalized K18-R90C filaments. Treatment of K18-R90C-expressing cells and mice with nicotinamide mononucleotide had a parthenolide-like protective effect. In 2 human K18 variants that associate with human fatal drug-induced liver injury, parthenolide protected K18-D89H- but not K8-K393R-induced filament disruption and cell death. Importantly, parthenolide normalized K14-R125C-mediated filament disruption in keratinocytes and inhibited dispase-triggered keratinocyte sheet fragmentation and Fas-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, keratin acetylation may provide a novel therapeutic target for some keratin-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Sun
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pei Li
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Honglian Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Laure Rittié
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David B. Lombard
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrin Rietscher
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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16
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Zhang T, Yao H, Wang H, Sui T. Development of Woolly Hair and Hairlessness in a CRISPR-Engineered Mutant Mouse Model with KRT71 Mutations. Cells 2023; 12:1781. [PMID: 37443815 PMCID: PMC10341341 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotrichosis simplex (HS) and woolly hair (WH) are rare and monogenic disorders of hair loss. HS, characterized by a diffuse loss of hair, usually begins in early childhood and progresses into adulthood. WH displays strong coiled hair involving a localized area of the scalp or covering the entire side. Mutations in the keratin K71(KRT71) gene have been reported to underlie HS and WH. Here, we report the generation of a mouse model of HS and WH by the co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA, targeting exon6 into mouse zygotes. The Krt71-knockout (KO) mice displayed the typical phenotypes, including Krt71 protein expression deletion and curly hair in their full body. Moreover, we found that mice in 3-5 weeks showed a new phenomenon of the complete shedding of hair, which was similar to nude mice. However, we discovered that the mice exhibited no immune deficiency, which was a typical feature of nude mice. To our knowledge, this novel mouse model generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 system mimicked woolly hair and could be valuable for hair disorder studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tingting Sui
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (T.Z.); (H.Y.); (H.W.)
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17
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Nachimuthu S, Kathirvel P. Degradation of tannery hide raw trimming hairs using keratinolytic bacteria isolated from tannery effluent-contaminated soil. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:235. [PMID: 37179267 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of keratinous wastes produced by several leather industries is evolving into a global problem. Around 1 billion tonnes of keratin waste are released into the environment each year. In the breakdown of tannery waste, certain enzymes, such as keratinases produced from microorganisms, might be a better substitute for synthetic enzymes. Keratinase enzymes are able to hydrolyze gelatin, casein, bovine serum albumin and insoluble protein present in wool, feather. Therefore, in this study, bacterial strains from tannery effluent-contaminated soil and bovine tannery hide were isolated and assessed for their ability to produce the keratinolytic enzyme. Among the six isolates, the strain NS1P showed the highest keratinase activity (298 U/ml) and was identified as Comamonas testosterone through biochemical and molecular characterization. Several bioprocess parameters such as pH, temperature, inoculum size, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources were optimized in order to maximize crude enzyme production. The optimized media were used for inoculum preparation and subsequent biodegradation of hide hairs. The degradation efficacy of the keratinase enzyme produced by Comamonas testosterone was examined by degrading bovine tannery hide hairs, and it was found to be 73.6% after 30 days. The morphology of the deteriorated hair was examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), which revealed significant degradation. Thus, our research work has led to the conclusion that Comamonas testosterone may be a promising keratinolytic strain for the biodegradation of tannery bovine hide hair waste and the industrial production of keratinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Nachimuthu
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preethi Kathirvel
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Pan L, E T, Xu C, Fan X, Xia J, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhao J, Bao N, Zhao Y, Sun H, Qin G, Farouk MH. The apoptotic effects of soybean agglutinin were induced through three different signal pathways by down-regulating cytoskeleton proteins in IPEC-J2 cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5753. [PMID: 37031286 PMCID: PMC10082828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin (SBA) is a main anti-nutritional factor in soybean. SBA exhibits its anti-nutritional functions by binding to intestinal epithelial cells. Keratin8 (KRT8), Keratin18 (KRT18) and Actin (ACTA) are the representative SBA-specific binding proteins. Such cytoskeletal proteins act a crucial role in different cell activities. However, limited reports reveal what the signal transduction pathway of apoptosis caused by SBA when binding to KRT8, KRT18 and ACTA. We aimed to evaluate the effects of SBA on cell apoptosis and the expression of the cytoskeletal protein (KRT8, KRT18 and ACTA), reveal the roles of these cytoskeletal proteins or their combinations on SBA-induced cell apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cell line, evaluate the influences of SBA on the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum stress and death receptor-mediated apoptosis signal pathway and to show the roles of KRT8, KRT18 and ACTA in different apoptosis signal pathways induced by SBA. The results showed that SBA induced the IPEC-J2 cell apoptosis and decreased the mRNA expression of KRT8, KRT18 and ACTA (p < 0.05). The degree of effect of three cytoskeleton proteins on cell apoptosis was ACTA > KRT8 > KRT18. The roles of these three cytoskeletal proteins on IPEC-J2 apoptotic rates had a certain accumulation effect. SBA up-regulated mitochondrial fission variant protein (FIS1) and fusion protein (Mfn2) promoted CytC and AIF in mitochondria to enter the cytoplasm, activated caspase-9 and caspase-3, damaged or declined mitochondrial function and reduced ATP synthesis (p < 0.05). Also, SBA up-regulated the expression of GRP78, XBP-1, eIF2α, p-eIF2α and CHOP (p < 0.05), down-regulated the expression level of ASK1 protein (p < 0.05). SBA led to the recruitment of FADD to the cytoplasmic membrane and increased the expression of FasL, resulting in caspase-8 processing. SBA up-regulated the expression level of Bax protein and decreased cytosolic Bcl-2 and Bid (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between the gene expression of cytoskeleton proteins and apoptosis, as well as the expression of key proteins of apoptosis-related signal transduction pathways. In conclusion, SBA induced the activation of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the death receptor-mediated apoptosis signal pathway and the crosstalk between them. The effect of SBA on these three pathways was mainly exhibited via down-regulation of the mRNA expression of the three cytoskeletal expressions. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism and signaling pathway of SBA that lead to apoptosis from the perspective of cell biology and molecular biology and provides a new perspective on the toxicity mechanism of other food-derived anti-nutrients, medical gastrointestinal health and related cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao E
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiapu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
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19
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Kim D, Choi I, Ha SK, Gonzalez FJ. Keratin 79 is a PPARA target that is highly expressed by liver damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 650:132-136. [PMID: 36796223 PMCID: PMC10681120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are key structural proteins found in skin and other epithelial tissues. Keratins also protect epithelial cells from damage or stress. Fifty-four human keratins were identified and classified into two families, type I and type II. Accumulating studies showed that keratin expression is highly tissue-specific and used as a diagnostic marker for human diseases. Notably, keratin 79 (KRT79) is type II cytokeratin that was identified as regulator of hair canal morphogenesis and regeneration in skin, but its role in liver remains unclear. KRT79 is undetectable in normal mouse but its expression is significantly increased by the PPARA agonist WY-14643 and fenofibrate, and completely abolished in Ppara-null mice. The Krt79 gene has functional PPARA binding element between exon 1 and exon 2. Hepatic Krt79 is regulated by HNF4A and HER2. Moreover, hepatic KRT79 is also significantly elevated by fasting- and high-fat diet-induced stress, and these increases are completely abolished in Ppara-null mice. These findings suggest that hepatic KRT79 is controlled by PPARA and is highly associated with liver damage. Thus, KRT79 may be considered as a diagnostic marker for human liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inwook Choi
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Keun Ha
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ingle DN, Perez E, Porter ME, Marshall CD. Feeding without teeth: the material properties of rhamphothecae from two species of durophagous sea turtles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221424. [PMID: 37090964 PMCID: PMC10113817 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The feeding apparatus of sea turtles comprises cornified keratinous rhamphothecae overlaying a bony rostrum. Although keratin is less stiff than the enamel of toothed animals, certain species of sea turtles are capable of withstanding large forces when feeding on hard prey. We aimed to quantify the mineral density, water content and compressive mechanical properties of rhamphothecae from two durophagous species: loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles. Since loggerheads theoretically produce the greater bite forces of these two species, we predicted that keratin from their rhamphothecae would have a greater mineral density and be stiffer, stronger and tougher compared with Kemp's ridley sea turtles. We found that total water weight of hydrated specimens (20%) was consistent between species. Rhamphotheca mineral density ranged between 0 and 0.069 g cm-3; loggerheads had significantly greater mineral density compared with Kemp's ridleys, for which several specimens had no mineral detected. Despite the greater mineral density in loggerheads, we found no significant difference in Young's modulus, yield strength or toughness between these species. In addition to mineral density, our findings suggest that other material components, such as sulfur, may be influencing the material properties of keratin from sea turtle rhamphothecae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Ingle
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
- Gulf Center for Sea Turtle Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eliza Perez
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Marianne E. Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Christopher D. Marshall
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
- Gulf Center for Sea Turtle Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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21
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Rising A, Harrington MJ. Biological Materials Processing: Time-Tested Tricks for Sustainable Fiber Fabrication. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2155-2199. [PMID: 36508546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve the sustainability of the materials we produce and use. Here, we explore what humans can learn from nature about how to sustainably fabricate polymeric fibers with excellent material properties by reviewing the physical and chemical aspects of materials processing distilled from diverse model systems, including spider silk, mussel byssus, velvet worm slime, hagfish slime, and mistletoe viscin. We identify common and divergent strategies, highlighting the potential for bioinspired design and technology transfer. Despite the diversity of the biopolymeric fibers surveyed, we identify several common strategies across multiple systems, including: (1) use of stimuli-responsive biomolecular building blocks, (2) use of concentrated fluid precursor phases (e.g., coacervates and liquid crystals) stored under controlled chemical conditions, and (3) use of chemical (pH, salt concentration, redox chemistry) and physical (mechanical shear, extensional flow) stimuli to trigger the transition from fluid precursor to solid material. Importantly, because these materials largely form and function outside of the body of the organisms, these principles can more easily be transferred for bioinspired design in synthetic systems. We end the review by discussing ongoing efforts and challenges to mimic biological model systems, with a particular focus on artificial spider silks and mussel-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rising
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
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22
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Ansai O, Miyauchi T, Hayashi R, Katsumi T, Nishiguchi T, Hasegawa A, Shinkuma S, Natsuga K, Nomura T, Shimomura Y, Abe R. Interleukin-18 as a severity marker and novel potential therapeutic target for epidermolytic ichthyosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:199-210. [PMID: 36656063 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI) is a major form of nonsyndromic inherited ichthyosis, characterized by erythroderma, marked hyperkeratosis and scale, bulla and erosion at birth, associated with KRT1/KRT10 mutations. The cytokine and chemokine profiles in EI are poorly understood, and specific treatment options have not been established. AIM To explore novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in patients with EI. METHODS We analysed cytokine levels in serum and skin samples from 10 patients with inherited ichthyosis, including seven patients with EI. Wild-type and mutant KRT1 constructs were established and transfected into HaCaT cells, an immortalized keratinocyte cell line, for in vitro immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry analyses. RESULTS Multiplex cytokine/chemokine analysis revealed that 10 cytokines/chemokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-17A, IL-16, IL-18, IL-1 receptor-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-α2, basic fibroblast growth factor and monocyte chemotactic protein-3] were significantly increased in patients with EI. Furthermore, IL-18 levels were significantly higher in patients with EI [n = 7; 2714.1 (1438.0) pg mL-1] than in healthy controls [n = 11; 218.4 (28.4) pg mL-1, P < 0.01]. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that IL-18 expression was elevated in skin samples from patients with EI. Serum IL-18 levels correlated with the severity of ichthyosis, as measured by the Ichthyosis Scoring System. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that mature IL-18 levels were increased in the supernatant of mutant KRT1 expressing HaCaT cells. Additionally, these cells showed NLRP3 aggregation in the cytoplasm and ASC clustered around mutant keratin aggregations. These findings suggest that mutant keratin might promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream caspase-1-mediated IL-18 release in keratinocytes from patients with EI. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that serum IL-18 is a severity marker released from the skin of patients with EI. Blockade of IL-18 may be a useful novel therapeutic option for patients with EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ansai
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshinari Miyauchi
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsumi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishiguchi
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akito Hasegawa
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinkuma
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Ken Natsuga
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Yenmiş M, Ayaz D. The Story of the Finest Armor: Developmental Aspects of Reptile Skin. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:jdb11010005. [PMID: 36810457 PMCID: PMC9944452 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The reptile skin is a barrier against water loss and pathogens and an armor for mechanical damages. The integument of reptiles consists of two main layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis, the hard cover of the body which has an armor-like role, varies among extant reptiles in terms of structural aspects such as thickness, hardness or the kinds of appendages it constitutes. The reptile epithelial cells of the epidermis (keratinocytes) are composed of two main proteins: intermediate filament keratins (IFKs) and corneous beta proteins (CBPs). The outer horny layer of the epidermis, stratum corneum, is constituted of keratinocytes by means of terminal differentiation or cornification which is a result of the protein interactions where CBPs associate with and coat the initial scaffold of IFKs. Reptiles were able to colonize the terrestrial environment due to the changes in these epidermal structures, which led to various cornified epidermal appendages such as scales and scutes, a beak, claws or setae. Developmental and structural aspects of the epidermal CBPs as well as their shared chromosomal locus (EDC) indicate an ancestral origin that gave rise to the finest armor of reptilians.
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24
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Identification and Characterization of Circular RNAs (circRNAs) Using RNA-Seq in Two Breeds of Cashmere Goats. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020331. [PMID: 36833256 PMCID: PMC9956322 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA generated from back-splicing the reactions of linear RNA. It plays an important role in various cellular and biological processes. However, there are few studies about the regulatory effect of circRNAs on cashmere fiber traits in cashmere goats. In this study, the expression profiles of circRNAs in skin tissue were compared between Liaoning cashmere (LC) goats and Ziwuling black (ZB) goats, with a significant difference in cashmere fiber yield, cashmere fiber diameter, and cashmere fiber color, using RNA-seq. A total of 11,613 circRNAs were expressed in the caprine skin tissue, and their type, chromosomal distribution, and length distribution were characterized. A total of 115 up-regulated circRNAs and 146 down-regulated circRNAs in LC goats were screened compared to ZB goats. The authenticity of 10 differentially expressed circRNAs was validated by detecting their expression levels and the head-to-tail splice junction using RT-PCR and DNA sequencing, respectively. The parent genes of differentially expressed circRNA were mainly enriched in some Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways related to cashmere fiber traits, such as the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, which is involved in the regulation of cell promotion, stem cell proliferation, Wnt signaling pathway regulation, epithelial morphogenesis, MAPK signaling pathway, and cell adhesion molecules pathway. Eight differentially expressed circRNAs were further selected to construct a circRNA-miRNA network, and some miRNAs that were previously reported as related to fiber traits were found in the network. This study provides a deep understanding of the roles of circRNAs in the regulation of cashmere fiber traits in cashmere goats and the involvement of differential splicing in phenotypic expression according to breed and region.
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25
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Epithelial plasticity enhances regeneration of committed taste receptor cells following nerve injury. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:171-182. [PMID: 36631663 PMCID: PMC9833027 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptor cells are taste bud epithelial cells that are dependent upon the innervating nerve for continuous renewal and are maintained by resident tissue stem/progenitor cells. Transection of the innervating nerve causes degeneration of taste buds and taste receptor cells. However, a subset of the taste receptor cells is maintained without nerve contact after glossopharyngeal nerve transection in the circumvallate papilla in adult mice. Here, we revealed that injury caused by glossopharyngeal nerve transection triggers the remaining differentiated K8-positive taste receptor cells to dedifferentiate and acquire transient progenitor cell-like states during regeneration. Dedifferentiated taste receptor cells proliferate, express progenitor cell markers (K14, Sox2, PCNA) and form organoids in vitro. These data indicate that differentiated taste receptor cells can enter the cell cycle, acquire stemness, and participate in taste bud regeneration. We propose that dedifferentiated taste receptor cells in combination with stem/progenitor cells enhance the regeneration of taste buds following nerve injury.
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26
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Li P, Maitra D, Kuo N, Kwan R, Song Y, Tang W, Chen L, Xie Q, Liu L, Omary MB. PP2 protects from keratin mutation-associated liver injury and filament disruption via SRC kinase inhibition in male but not female mice. Hepatology 2023; 77:144-158. [PMID: 35586977 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocyte keratin polypeptides 8/18 (K8/K18) are unique among intermediate filaments proteins (IFs) in that their mutation predisposes to, rather than causes, human disease. Mice that overexpress human K18 R90C manifest disrupted hepatocyte keratin filaments with hyperphosphorylated keratins and predisposition to Fas-induced liver injury. We hypothesized that high-throughput screening will identify compounds that protect the liver from mutation-triggered predisposition to injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using A549 cells transduced with a lentivirus K18 construct and high-throughput screening, we identified the SRC-family tyrosine kinases inhibitor, PP2, as a compound that reverses keratin filament disruption and protects from apoptotic cell death caused by K18 R90C mutation at this highly conserved arginine. PP2 also ameliorated Fas-induced apoptosis and liver injury in male but not female K18 R90C mice. The PP2 male selectivity is due to its lower turnover in male versus female livers. Knockdown of SRC but not another kinase target of PP2, protein tyrosine kinase 6, in A549 cells abrogated the hepatoprotective effect of PP2. Phosphoproteomic analysis and validation showed that the protective effect of PP2 associates with Ser/Thr but not Tyr keratin hypophosphorylation, and differs from the sex-independent effect of the Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor PKC412. Inhibition of RAF kinase, a downstream target of SRC, by vemurafenib had a similar protective effect to PP2 in A549 cells and male K18 R90C mice. CONCLUSIONS PP2 protects, in a male-selective manner, keratin mutation-induced mouse liver injury by inhibiting SRC-triggered downstream Ser/Thr phosphorylation of K8/K18, which is phenocopied by RAF kinase inhibitor vemurafenib. The PP2/vemurafenib-associated findings, and their unique mechanisms of action, further support the potential role of select kinase inhibition as therapeutic opportunities for keratin and other IF-associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
- Early-Stage Method Development & Characterization Unit , Bristol Myers Squibb , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ning Kuo
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Raymond Kwan
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Hepatology Unit and Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - M Bishr Omary
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey , USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology & Medicine , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , USA
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Takan I, Karakülah G, Louka A, Pavlopoulou A. "In the light of evolution:" keratins as exceptional tumor biomarkers. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15099. [PMID: 36949761 PMCID: PMC10026720 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins (KRTs) are the intermediate filament-forming proteins of epithelial cells, classified, according to their physicochemical properties, into "soft" and "hard" keratins. They have a key role in several aspects of cancer pathophysiology, including cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and several members of the KRT family serve as diagnostic or prognostic markers. The human genome contains both, functional KRT genes and non-functional KRT pseudogenes, arranged in two uninterrupted clusters on chromosomes 12 and 17. This characteristic renders KRTs ideal for evolutionary studies. Herein, comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of KRT homologous proteins in the genomes of major taxonomic divisions were performed, so as to fill a gap in knowledge regarding the functional implications of keratins in cancer biology among tumor-bearing species. The differential expression profiles of KRTs in diverse types of cancers were investigated by analyzing high-throughput data, as well. Several KRT genes, including the phylogenetically conserved ones, were found to be deregulated across several cancer types and to participate in a common protein-protein interaction network. This indicates that, at least in cancer-bearing species, these genes might have been under similar evolutionary pressure, perhaps to support the same important function(s). In addition, semantic relations between KRTs and cancer were detected through extensive text mining. Therefore, by applying an integrative in silico pipeline, the evolutionary history of KRTs was reconstructed in the context of cancer, and the potential of using non-mammalian species as model organisms in functional studies on human cancer-associated KRT genes was uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Işıl Takan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Karakülah
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aikaterini Louka
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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Sardo AVN, Andrade MF, Figueiredo A, Rosin FCP, Corrêa L, Zezell DM. Does Photobiomodulation Affects CK10 and CK14 in Oral Mucositis Radioinduced Repair? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415611. [PMID: 36555260 PMCID: PMC9779304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of action of photobiomodulation (PBM) in oral mucositis (OM) are not completely elucidated. To enlighten the role of PBM in the evolution of epithelial maturity in OM ulcers, the present study evaluated the effect of PBM with red (λ) wavelength of 660 nanometers (nm) and infrared of 780 nm in radio-induced OM wounds on the tongue of rats, eight and twenty days after irradiation with single dose of 20 Gy. The percentage area corresponding to positive staining for cytokeratin 10 (CK10) and 14 (CK14) proteins was evaluated in the epithelial area of the lesions, using an immunohistochemical technique (IHC), 8 and 20 days after the induction of lesions, and compared with an untreated control group. CK10 was significantly more expressed in the group treated with 660 nm PBM. CK14 did not show quantitative differences between the groups evaluated. However, whereas in the groups treated with PBM, CK14 was already restricted to the basal layer of the epithelium, as expected in healthy epithelia, in control group it was also expressed in upper layers of the epithelium. In this work, PBM was able to improve epithelial maturity of the repaired OM wound, especially in the 660 nm group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Venzon Naia Sardo
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucelares IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Franco Andrade
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucelares IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Anaeliza Figueiredo
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Maria Zezell
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucelares IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo CEP 05508-000, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Immunohistochemical Changes in the Testicular Excurrent Duct System of Healthy, Male Japanese Quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) Observed at 4, 6-7, 12, and 52 Weeks of Age. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214028. [PMID: 36430504 PMCID: PMC9694578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunolocalization of the cytoskeletal and the extracellular matrix proteins was investigated in the testicular excurrent duct system of healthy Japanese quail at 4, 6−7, 12 and 52 weeks of age. TdT dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to assess apoptotic cell formation. The epithelia of the testicular excurrent duct system in birds of all age groups displayed various immunolabeling intensities and localization of cytokeratin 5 and beta-tubulin, while α-SMA was observed in epithelia only of 4-week-old birds. In all age groups, vimentin immunostaining was observed in the rete testes and efferent ductular epithelia, but not in the epididymal duct unit. The periductal smooth muscle cells of the excurrent duct system displayed variably intense immunopositivity with cytokeratin 5, desmin, fibronectin, α-SMA, and beta-tubulin. Furthermore, beta-tubulin and vimentin immunolabeled endothelial cells and fibroblasts with various intensities, while fibronectin immunostained extracellular matrices surrounding these cells. TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells were observed in the rete testes and efferent ductular epithelia, with increased frequency (p < 0.001) in 52-week-old birds. The study serves as a baseline normal for this region in healthy birds at 4, 6−7, 12, and 52 weeks of age, for comparison in future similar immunohistochemical studies involving environmental toxins affecting this region.
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30
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Wang L, Zhou S, Liu G, Lyu T, Shi L, Dong Y, He S, Zhang H. The Mechanisms of Fur Development and Color Formation in American Mink Revealed Using Comparative Transcriptomics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223088. [PMID: 36428316 PMCID: PMC9686883 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
American mink fur is an important economic product, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its color formation and fur development remain unclear. We used RNA-seq to analyze the skin transcriptomes of young and adult mink with two different hair colors. The mink comprised black adults (AB), white adults (AW), black juveniles (TB), and white juveniles (TW) (three each). Through pair comparison and cross-screening among different subgroups, we found that 13 KRTAP genes and five signaling pathways (the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (cfa04630), signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells (cfa04550), ECM-receptor interaction (cfa04512), focal adhesion (cfa04510), and the Ras signaling pathway (cfa04014)) were related to mink fur development. We also found that members of a tyrosinase family (TYR, TYRP1, and TYRP2) are involved in mink hair color formation. The expression levels of TYR were higher in young black mink than in young white mink, but this phenomenon was not observed in adult mink. Our study found significant differences in adult and juvenile mink skin transcriptomes, which may shed light on the mechanisms of mink fur development. At the same time, the skin transcriptomes of black and white mink also showed differences, with the results varying by age, suggesting that the genes regulating hair color are active in early development rather than in adulthood. The results of this study provide molecular support in breeding for mink coat color and improving fur quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shengyang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Guangshuai Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Tianshu Lyu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lupeng Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Yuehuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shangbin He
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
- Correspondence:
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31
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Stenvall CGA, Nyström JH, Butler-Hallissey C, Jansson T, Heikkilä TRH, Adam SA, Foisner R, Goldman RD, Ridge KM, Toivola DM. Cytoplasmic keratins couple with and maintain nuclear envelope integrity in colonic epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar121. [PMID: 36001365 PMCID: PMC9634972 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments convey mechanical stability and protection against stress to epithelial cells. Keratins are essential for colon health, as seen in keratin 8 knockout (K8-/-) mice exhibiting a colitis phenotype. We hypothesized that keratins support the nuclear envelope and lamina in colonocytes. K8-/- colonocytes in vivo exhibit significantly decreased levels of lamins A/C, B1, and B2 in a colon-specific and cell-intrinsic manner. CRISPR/Cas9- or siRNA-mediated K8 knockdown in Caco-2 cells similarly decreased lamin levels, which recovered after reexpression of K8 following siRNA treatment. Nuclear area was not decreased, and roundness was only marginally increased in cells without K8. Down-regulation of K8 in adult K8flox/flox;Villin-CreERt2 mice following tamoxifen administration significantly decreased lamin levels at day 4 when K8 levels had reduced to 40%. K8 loss also led to reduced levels of plectin, LINC complex, and lamin-associated proteins. While keratins were not seen in the nucleoplasm without or with leptomycin B treatment, keratins were found intimately located at the nuclear envelope and complexed with SUN2 and lamin A. Furthermore, K8 loss in Caco-2 cells compromised nuclear membrane integrity basally and after shear stress. In conclusion, colonocyte K8 helps maintain nuclear envelope and lamina composition and contributes to nuclear integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel H. Nyström
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Ciarán Butler-Hallissey
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, and Åbo Akademi University, and,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, NeuroCyto, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Theresia Jansson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | - Taina R. H. Heikkilä
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University
| | | | - Roland Foisner
- Max Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter Campus, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karen M. Ridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Diana M. Toivola
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland,*Address correspondence to: Diana M. Toivola ()
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32
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Lycopene protects against Bisphenol A induced toxicity on the submandibular salivary glands via the upregulation of PPAR-γ and modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Pranke IM, Chevalier B, Premchandar A, Baatallah N, Tomaszewski KF, Bitam S, Tondelier D, Golec A, Stolk J, Lukacs GL, Hiemstra PS, Dadlez M, Lomas DA, Irving JA, Delaunay-Moisan A, van Anken E, Hinzpeter A, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Edelman A. Keratin 8 is a scaffolding and regulatory protein of ERAD complexes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:503. [PMID: 36045259 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Early recognition and enhanced degradation of misfolded proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control and ER-associated degradation (ERAD) cause defective protein secretion and membrane targeting, as exemplified for Z-alpha-1-antitrypsin (Z-A1AT), responsible for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) and F508del-CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF). Prompted by our previous observation that decreasing Keratin 8 (K8) expression increased trafficking of F508del-CFTR to the plasma membrane, we investigated whether K8 impacts trafficking of soluble misfolded Z-A1AT protein. The subsequent goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the K8-dependent regulation of protein trafficking, focusing on the ERAD pathway. The results show that diminishing K8 concentration in HeLa cells enhances secretion of both Z-A1AT and wild-type (WT) A1AT with a 13-fold and fourfold increase, respectively. K8 down-regulation triggers ER failure and cellular apoptosis when ER stress is jointly elicited by conditional expression of the µs heavy chains, as previously shown for Hrd1 knock-out. Simultaneous K8 silencing and Hrd1 knock-out did not show any synergistic effect, consistent with K8 acting in the Hrd1-governed ERAD step. Fractionation and co-immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that K8 is recruited to ERAD complexes containing Derlin2, Sel1 and Hrd1 proteins upon expression of Z/WT-A1AT and F508del-CFTR. Treatment of the cells with c407, a small molecule inhibiting K8 interaction, decreases K8 and Derlin2 recruitment to high-order ERAD complexes. This was associated with increased Z-A1AT secretion in both HeLa and Z-homozygous A1ATD patients' respiratory cells. Overall, we provide evidence that K8 acts as an ERAD modulator. It may play a scaffolding protein role for early-stage ERAD complexes, regulating Hrd1-governed retrotranslocation initiation/ubiquitination processes. Targeting K8-containing ERAD complexes is an attractive strategy for the pharmacotherapy of A1ATD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Maria Pranke
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Benoit Chevalier
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Aiswarya Premchandar
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nesrine Baatallah
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Kamil F Tomaszewski
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sara Bitam
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Tondelier
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Anita Golec
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gergely L Lukacs
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David A Lomas
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - James A Irving
- UCL Respiratory and the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Agnes Delaunay-Moisan
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre Hinzpeter
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France.,Cystic Fibrosis Center, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aleksander Edelman
- Inserm, U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 160 rue de Vaugirard, 75015, Paris, France.
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Sarma A. Biological importance and pharmaceutical significance of keratin: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:395-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mohamad J, Sarig O, Beattie P, Malovitski K, Assaf S, O'Toole E, Schwartz J, Evans H, Samuelov L, Sprecher E. A unique skin phenotype resulting from a large heterozygous deletion spanning six keratin genes. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:773-777. [PMID: 35822506 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic spectrum of genodermatoses is continuously expanding. Three siblings were referred because of a highly unusual phenotype comprising alopecia, dystrophic nails, palmoplantar keratoderma, and trauma-induced skin blistering. Whole exome sequencing analysis identified a heterozygous large genomic alteration of ~116,0000 bp resulting in the deletion of the KRT9, KRT14, KRT15, KRT16, KRT19 genes as well as part of KRT17. This genomic change leads to the generation of a truncated KRT17 protein composed of the first 3 exons of the gene and part of intron 3. The three patients were found to carry the heterozygous genomic deletion while their healthy parents did not, indicative of germline mosaicism. The genomic alteration was found to result in reduced KRT17 expression in patient skin. More importantly, the abnormal truncated KRT17 was found to exert a deleterious effect on keratinocyte cytoskeleton formation, leading to keratin aggregation. Co-expression of wildtype and truncated KRT17 proteins also caused keratin aggregation, demonstrating that the deletion exerts a dominant negative effect. In conclusion, we are reporting on a novel clinical phenotype that was found to result from germline mosaicism for a large genomic deletion spanning 6 keratin genes, thus expanding the spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with keratin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan Mohamad
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paula Beattie
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kiril Malovitski
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sari Assaf
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Edel O'Toole
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Dermatology, The Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Holly Evans
- Pachyonychia Congenita Project, Holladay, Utah, USA
| | - Liat Samuelov
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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36
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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37
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Zhang D, Mohammed H, Ye Z, Rhodes MA, Thongda W, Zhao H, Jescovitch LN, Fuller SA, Davis DA, Peatman E. Transcriptomic profiles of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) gill following infection by the ectoparasite Amyloodiniumocellatum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:171-179. [PMID: 35569776 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum is an important pathogenic parasite infecting cultured marine and brackish water fishes worldwide. This includes cultured Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus), which is one of the most desirable marine food fish with high economic value in the USA. A. ocellatum infects fish gills and causes tissue damage, increased respiratory rate, reduced appetite, and mortality, especially in closed aquaculture systems. This study mimicked the natural infection of A. ocellatum in cultured pompano and conducted a transcriptomic comparison of gene expression in the gills of control and A. ocellatum infected fish to explore the molecular mechanisms of infection. RNA-seq data revealed 604 differentially expressed genes in the infected fish gills. The immunoglobulin genes (including IgM/T) augmentation and IL1 inflammation suppression were detected after infection. Genes involved in reactive oxygen species mediating parasite killing were also highly induced. However, excessive oxidants have been linked to oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis. Correspondingly, widespread down-regulation of collagen genes and growth factor deprivation indicated impaired tissue repair, and meanwhile the key executor of apoptosis, caspase-3 was highly expressed (25.02-fold) in infected fish. The infection also influenced the respiratory gas sensing and transport genes and established hypoxic conditions in the gill tissue. Additionally, food intake and lipid metabolism were also affected. Our work provides the transcriptome sequencing of Florida pompano and provides key insights into the acute pathogenesis of A. ocellatum. This information can be utilized for designing optimal disease surveillance strategies, future selection for host resistance, and development of novel therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China; School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Haitham Mohammed
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA; Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Zhi Ye
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Melanie A Rhodes
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Honggang Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lauren N Jescovitch
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - S Adam Fuller
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Harry K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, 2955 Highway 130 East, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - D Allen Davis
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Tahoun M, Engeser M, Namasivayam V, Sander PM, Müller CE. Chemistry and Analysis of Organic Compounds in Dinosaurs. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:670. [PMID: 35625398 PMCID: PMC9138232 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of organic compounds detected in non-avian dinosaur fossils to date. This was enabled by the development of sensitive analytical techniques. Non-destructive methods and procedures restricted to the sample surface, e.g., light and electron microscopy, infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, as well as more invasive approaches including liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and immunological methods were employed. Organic compounds detected in samples of dinosaur fossils include pigments (heme, biliverdin, protoporphyrin IX, melanin), and proteins, such as collagens and keratins. The origin and nature of the observed protein signals is, however, in some cases, controversially discussed. Molecular taphonomy approaches can support the development of suitable analytical methods to confirm reported findings and to identify further organic compounds in dinosaur and other fossils in the future. The chemical properties of the various organic compounds detected in dinosaurs, and the techniques utilized for the identification and analysis of each of the compounds will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Tahoun
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (M.T.); (V.N.)
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (M.T.); (V.N.)
| | - Paul Martin Sander
- Institute of Geosciences, Section Paleontology, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; (M.T.); (V.N.)
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Zhang J, Su C, Kong XL, Gong JS, Liu YL, Li H, Qin J, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Directed evolution driving the generation of an efficient keratinase variant to facilitate the feather degradation. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:38. [PMID: 38647843 PMCID: PMC10992214 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases can specifically degrade keratins, which widely exist in hair, horns, claws and human skin. There is a great interest in developing keratinase to manage keratin waste generated by the poultry industry and reusing keratin products in agriculture, medical treatment and feed industries. Degradation of keratin waste by keratinase is more environmentally friendly and more sustainable compared with chemical and physical methods. However, the wild-type keratinase-producing strains usually cannot meet the requirements of industrial production, and some are pathogenic, limiting their development and utilization. The main purpose of this study is to improve the catalytic performance of keratinase via directed evolution technology for the degradation of feathers. We first constructed a mutant library through error-prone PCR and screened variants with enhanced enzyme activity. The keratinase activity was further improved through fermentation conditions optimization and fed-batch strategies in a 7-L bioreactor. As a result, nine mutants with enhanced activity were identified and the highest enzyme activity was improved from 1150 to 8448 U/mL finally. The mutant achieved efficient biodegradation of feathers, increasing the degradation rate from 49 to 88%. Moreover, a large number of amino acids and soluble peptides were obtained as degradation products, which were excellent protein resources to feed. Therefore, the study provided a keratinase mutant with application potential in the management of feather waste and preparation of protein feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Hong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Lihu Avenue No. 1800, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Hayashi RG, Borghesi J, Mario LC, Rabelo ACS, de Almeida da Anunciação AR, Lima MF, Miglino MA, de Oliveira Favaron P, Carreira ACO. Immunophenotyping of progenitor cells from articular cartilage of New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Tissue Cell 2022; 75:101742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Barnum CE, Shetye SS, Fazelinia H, Garcia BA, Fang S, Alzamora M, Li H, Brown LM, Tang C, Myers K, Wapner R, Soslowsky LJ, Vink JY. The Non-pregnant and Pregnant Human Cervix: a Systematic Proteomic Analysis. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:1542-1559. [PMID: 35266109 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate timing of cervical remodeling (CR) is key to normal term parturition. To date, mechanisms behind normal and abnormal (premature or delayed) CR remain unclear. Recent studies show regional differences exist in human cervical tissue structure. While the entire cervix contains extracellular matrix (ECM), the internal os is highly cellular containing 50-60% cervical smooth muscle (CSM). The external os contains 10-20% CSM. Previously, we reported ECM rigidity and different ECM proteins influence CSM cell function, highlighting the importance of understanding not only how cervical cells orchestrate cervical ECM remodeling in pregnancy, but also how changes in specific ECM proteins can influence resident cellular function. To understand this dynamic process, we utilized a systematic proteomic approach to understand which soluble ECM and cellular proteins exist in the different regions of the human cervix and how the proteomic profiles change from the non-pregnant (NP) to the pregnant (PG) state. We found the human cervix proteome contains at least 4548 proteins and establish the types and relative abundance of cellular and soluble matrisome proteins found in the NP and PG human cervix. Further, we report the relative abundance of proteins involved with elastic fiber formation and ECM organization/degradation were significantly increased while proteins involved in RNA polymerase I/promoter opening, DNA methylation, senescence, immune system, and compliment activation were decreased in the PG compared to NP cervix. These findings establish an initial platform from which we can further comprehend how changes in the human cervix proteome results in normal and abnormal CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Barnum
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuyang Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Alzamora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis M Brown
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuanning Tang
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristin Myers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joy Y Vink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Preterm Birth Prevention Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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42
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Utility of Keratins as Biomarkers for Human Oral Precancer and Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030343. [PMID: 35330094 PMCID: PMC8950203 DOI: 10.3390/life12030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human oral cancer is the single largest group of malignancies in the Indian subcontinent and the sixth largest group of malignancies worldwide. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are the most common epithelial malignancy of the oral cavity, constituting over 90% of oral cancers. About 90% of OSCCs arise from pre-existing, potentially malignant lesions. According to WHO, OSCC has a 5-year survival rate of 45–60%. Late diagnosis, recurrence, and regional or lymph nodal metastases could be the main causes of the high mortality rates. Biomarkers may help categorize and predict premalignant lesions as high risk of developing malignancy, local recurrence, and lymph nodal metastasis. However, at present, there is a dearth of such markers, and this is an area of ongoing research. Keratins (K) or cytokeratins are a group of intermediate filament proteins that show paired and differentiation dependent expression. Our laboratory and others have shown consistent alterations in the expression patterns of keratins in both oral precancerous lesions and tumors. The correlation of these changes with clinicopathological parameters has also been demonstrated. Furthermore, the functional significance of aberrant keratins 8/18 expression in the malignant transformation and progression of oral tumors has also been documented. This article reviews the literature that emphasizes the value of keratins as biomarkers for the prognostication of human oral precancers and cancers.
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43
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Starr I, Seiffert-Sinha K, Sinha AA, Gokcumen O. Evolutionary context of psoriatic immune skin response. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 9:474-486. [PMID: 35154781 PMCID: PMC8830311 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is vital for protecting the body and perceiving external stimuli in the environment. Ability to adapt between environments is in part based on skin phenotypic plasticity, indicating evolved homeostasis between skin and environment. This homeostasis reflects the greater relationship between the body and the environment, and disruptions in this balance may lead to accumulation of susceptibility factors for autoimmune conditions like psoriasis. In this study, we examined the relationship between rapid, lineage-specific evolution of human skin and formation of psoriatic skin responses at the transcriptome level. We collected skin tissue biopsies from individuals with psoriasis and compared gene expression in psoriatic plaques to non-plaque psoriatic skin. We then compared these data with non-psoriatic skin transcriptome data from multiple primate species. We found 67 genes showing human-specific skin expression that are also differentially regulated in psoriatic skin; these genes are significantly enriched for skin barrier function, immunity and neuronal development. We identified six gene clusters with differential expression in the context of human evolution and psoriasis, suggesting underlying regulatory mechanisms in these loci. Human and psoriasis-specific enrichment of neuroimmune genes shows the importance of the ongoing evolved homeostatic relationship between skin and external environment. These results have implications for both evolutionary medicine and public health, using transcriptomic data to acknowledge the importance of an individual’s surroundings on their overall health. The skin is important for protecting the body from the environment and perceiving external stimuli, creating an evolved balance between skin and the environment. We compare skin gene expression in humans with psoriasis to humans and non-human primates without psoriasis to better understand human-specific evolutionary changes in the skin. Our results suggest important evolutionary links between skin perception, human-specific skin development and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Starr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Seiffert-Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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44
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Sciorio R, Miranian D, Smith GD. Non-invasive oocyte quality assessment. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:274-290. [PMID: 35136962 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte quality is perhaps the most important limiting factor in female fertility; however, the current methods of determining oocyte competence are only marginally capable of predicting a successful pregnancy. We aim to review the predictive value of non-invasive techniques for the assessment of human oocytes and their related cells and biofluids that pertain to their developmental competence. Investigation of the proteome, transcriptome, and hormonal makeup of follicular fluid, as well as cumulus-oocyte complexes are currently underway; however, prospective randomized non-selection-controlled trials of the future are needed before determining their prognostic value. The biological significance of polar body morphology and genetics are still unknown and the subject of debate. The predictive utility of zygotic viscoelasticity for embryo development has been demonstrated, but similar studies performed on oocytes have yet to be conducted. Metabolic profiling of culture media using human oocytes are also limited and may require integration of automated, high-throughput targeted metabolomic assessments in real time with microfluidic platforms. Light exposure to oocytes can be detrimental to subsequent development and utilization of time-lapse imaging and morphometrics of oocytes is wanting. Polarized light, Raman microspectroscopy, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering are a few novel imaging tools that may play a more important role in future oocyte assessment. Ultimately, the integration of chemistry, genomics, microfluidics, microscopy, physics, and other biomedical engineering technologies into the basic studies of oocyte biology, and in testing and perfecting practical solutions of oocyte evaluation, are the future for non-invasive assessment of oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Sciorio
- Edinburgh Assisted Conception Programme, EFREC, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel Miranian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary D Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Urology, and Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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45
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Li P, Qiao G, Lu J, Ji W, Gao C, Qi F. PVT1 is a prognostic marker associated with immune invasion of bladder urothelial carcinoma. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:169-190. [PMID: 34902986 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) is involved in multiple signaling pathways and plays an important regulatory role in a variety of malignant tumors. However, its role in the prognosis and immune invasion of bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA) remains unclear. This study investigated the expression of PVT1 in tumor tissue and its relationship with immune invasion, and determined its prognostic role in patients with BLCA. Patients were identified from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). The enrichment pathway and function of PVT1 were explained by gene ontology (GO) term analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), and the degree of immune cell infiltration was quantified. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were used to analyze the correlation between PVT1 and survival rate. PVT1-high BLCA patients had a lower 10-year disease-specific survival (DSS P < 0.05) and overall survival (OS P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that PVT1 (high vs. low) (P = 0.004) was an independent prognostic factor. A nomogram was used to predict the effect of PVT1 on the prognosis. PVT1 plays an important role in the progression and prognosis of BLCA and can be used as a medium biomarker to predict survival after cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Gangjie Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Wenbin Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
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46
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Panahabadi S, Heindel K, Mueller A, Holdenrieder S, Kipfmueller F. Increased circulating cytokeratin 19 fragment levels in preterm neonates receiving mechanical ventilation are associated with poor outcome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1036-L1043. [PMID: 34585605 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00176.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity are postnatal contributors to chronic lung disease of prematurity, also known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Cyfra 21-1 is a soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19, which belongs to the cytoskeleton stabilizing epithelial intermediate filaments. As a biomarker of structural integrity, Cyfra 21-1 might be associated with airway injury and lung hypoplasia in neonates. Serum Cyfra 21-1 concentrations for 80 preterm and 80 healthy term newborns were measured within 48 h after birth. Preterm infants with the combined endpoint BPD/mortality had significantly higher Cyfra 21-1 levels compared with those without fulfilling BPD/mortality criteria (P = 0.01). Also, severe RDS (>grade III) was associated with higher Cyfra levels (P = 0.01). Total duration of oxygen therapy was more than five times longer in neonates with high Cyfra 21-1 levels (P = 0.01). Infants with higher Cyfra 21-1 values were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation (50% vs. 17.5%). However, the duration of mechanical ventilation was similar between groups. The median Cyfra value was 1.93 ng/mL (IQR: 1.68-2.53 ng/mL) in healthy term neonates and 8.5 ng/mL (IQR: 3.6-16.0 ng/mL) in preterm infants. Using ROC analysis, we calculated a Cyfra cutoff > 8.5 ng/mL to predict BPD/death with an AUC of 0.795 (P = 0.004), a sensitivity of 88.9%, and a specificity of 55%. Mortality was predicted with a cutoff > 17.4 ng/mL (AUC: 0.94; P = 0.001), a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 84%. These findings suggest that Cyfra 21-1 concentration might be useful to predict poor outcome in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Panahabadi
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Heindel
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Mueller
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Holdenrieder
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute for Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Center of the State of Bavaria and the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kipfmueller
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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47
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Korver S, Bowen J, Pearson K, Gonzalez RJ, French N, Park K, Jenkins R, Goldring C. The application of cytokeratin-18 as a biomarker for drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3435-3448. [PMID: 34322741 PMCID: PMC8492595 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent and dangerous adverse effect faced during preclinical and clinical drug therapy. DILI is a leading cause of candidate drug attrition, withdrawal and in clinic, is the primary cause of acute liver failure. Traditional diagnostic markers for DILI include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Yet, these routinely used diagnostic markers have several noteworthy limitations, restricting their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing DILI. Consequently, new biomarkers for DILI need to be identified.A potential biomarker for DILI is cytokeratin-18 (CK18), an intermediate filament protein highly abundant in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Extensively researched in a variety of clinical settings, both full length and cleaved forms of CK18 can diagnose early-stage DILI and provide insight into the mechanism of hepatocellular injury compared to traditionally used diagnostic markers. However, relatively little research has been conducted on CK18 in preclinical models of DILI. In particular, CK18 and its relationship with DILI is yet to be characterised in an in vivo rat model. Such characterization of CK18 and ccCK18 responses may enable their use as translational biomarkers for hepatotoxicity and facilitate management of clinical DILI risk in drug development. The aim of this review is to discuss the application of CK18 as a biomarker for DILI. Specifically, this review will highlight the properties of CK18, summarise clinical research that utilised CK18 to diagnose DILI and examine the current challenges preventing the characterisation of CK18 in an in vivo rat model of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Korver
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Joanne Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Neil French
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rosalind Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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48
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Yu B, Kong D, Cheng C, Xiang D, Cao L, Liu Y, He Y. Assembly and recognition of keratins: A structural perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 128:80-89. [PMID: 34654627 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Keratins are one of the major components of cytoskeletal network and assemble into fibrous structures named intermediate filaments (IFs), which are important for maintaining the mechanical properties of cells and tissues. Over the past decades, evidence has shown that the functions of keratins go beyond providing mechanical support for cells, they interact with multiple cellular components and are widely involved in the pathways of cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and death. However, the structural details of keratins and IFs are largely missing and many questions remain regarding the mechanisms of keratin assembly and recognition. Here we briefly review the current structural models and assembly of keratins as well as the interactions of keratins with the binding partners, which may provide a structural view for understanding the mechanisms of keratins in the biological activities and the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dandan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longxing Cao
- School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongning He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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49
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One-Pot Process: Microwave-Assisted Keratin Extraction and Direct Electrospinning to Obtain Keratin-Based Bioplastic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179597. [PMID: 34502506 PMCID: PMC8431758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry feathers are among the most abundant and polluting keratin-rich waste biomasses. In this work, we developed a one-pot microwave-assisted process for eco-friendly keratin extraction from poultry feathers followed by a direct electrospinning (ES) of the raw extract, without further purification, to obtain keratin-based bioplastics. This microwave-assisted keratin extraction (MAE) was conducted in acetic acid 70% v/v. The effects of extraction time, solvent/feathers ratio, and heating mode (MAE vs. conventional heating) on the extraction yield were investigated. The highest keratin yield (26 ± 1% w/w with respect to initial feathers) was obtained after 5 h of MAE. Waste-derived keratin were blended with gelatin to fabricate keratin-based biodegradable and biocompatible bioplastics via ES, using 3-(Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as a cross-linking agent. A full characterization of their thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, uniaxial tensile tests, and water permeability measurements. Their morphology and protein structure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection-infrared spectroscopy. All these characterizations highlighted that the properties of the keratin-based bioplastics can be modulated by changing keratin and GPTMS concentrations. These bioplastics could be applied in areas such as bio-packaging and filtration/purification membranes.
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50
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Kim S, Lim Y, Lee SY, Yoon HN, Yi H, Jang KH, Ku NO. Keratin 8 mutations in transgenic mice predispose to lung injury. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250167. [PMID: 34342355 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 8 (K8) is the cytoskeletal intermediate filament protein of simple-type epithelia. Mutations in K8 predispose the affected individual and transgenic mouse to liver disease. However, the role of K8 in the lung has not been reported in mutant transgenic mouse models. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of two different transgenic mice expressing K8 Gly62-Cys (Gly62 replaced with Cys) or Ser74-Ala (Ser74 replaced with Ala) to lung injury. The mutant transgenic mice were highly susceptible to two independent acute and chronic lung injuries compared with control mice. Both K8 Gly62-Cys mice and K8 Ser74-Ala mice showed markedly increased mouse lethality (∼74% mutant mice versus ∼34% control mice) and more severe lung damage, with increased inflammation and apoptosis, under L-arginine-mediated acute lung injury. Moreover, the K8 Ser74-Ala mice had more severe lung damage, with extensive hemorrhage and prominent fibrosis, under bleomycin-induced chronic lung injury. Our study provides the first direct evidence that K8 mutations predispose to lung injury in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Younglan Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Han-Na Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hayan Yi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Kwi-Hoon Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Nam-On Ku
- Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Bio-Convergence ISED, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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