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Singh AA, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88281-88312. [PMID: 37440135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O3 exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge. Chronic exposure to O3 significantly accelerates the direction of carbon flows toward secondary metabolic pathways, resulting in a resource shift in favor of the synthesis of secondary products. Furthermore, since different cellular compartments have different levels of ROS sensitivity and metabolite sets, intracellular compartmentation of secondary antioxidative metabolites may play a role in O3-induced ROS detoxification. Plants' responses to resource partitioning often result in a trade-off between growth and defense under O3 stress. These metabolic adjustments help the plants to cope with the stress as well as for achieving new homeostasis. In this review, we discuss secondary metabolic pathways in response to O3 in plant species including crops, trees, and medicinal plants; and how the presence of this stressor affects their role as ROS scavengers and structural defense. Furthermore, we discussed how O3 affects key physiological traits in plants, foliar chemistry, and volatile emission, which affects plant-plant competition (allelopathy), and plant-insect interactions, along with an emphasis on soil dynamics, which affect the composition of soil communities via changing root exudation, litter decomposition, and other related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, -226007, Lucknow, India
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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2
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Luo G, Najafi J, Correia PMP, Trinh MDL, Chapman EA, Østerberg JT, Thomsen HC, Pedas PR, Larson S, Gao C, Poland J, Knudsen S, DeHaan L, Palmgren M. Accelerated Domestication of New Crops: Yield is Key. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1624-1640. [PMID: 35583202 PMCID: PMC9680862 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture in the future will depend on crops that are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses, require minimal input of water and nutrients and can be cultivated with a minimal carbon footprint. Wild plants that fulfill these requirements abound in nature but are typically low yielding. Thus, replacing current high-yielding crops with less productive but resilient species will require the intractable trade-off of increasing land area under cultivation to produce the same yield. Cultivating more land reduces natural resources, reduces biodiversity and increases our carbon footprint. Sustainable intensification can be achieved by increasing the yield of underutilized or wild plant species that are already resilient, but achieving this goal by conventional breeding programs may be a long-term prospect. De novo domestication of orphan or crop wild relatives using mutagenesis is an alternative and fast approach to achieve resilient crops with high yields. With new precise molecular techniques, it should be possible to reach economically sustainable yields in a much shorter period of time than ever before in the history of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pai Rosager Pedas
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, Copenhagen V DK-1799, Denmark
| | - Steve Larson
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA), USDA–ARS Forage & Range Research Lab, Utah State University Logan, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Caixia Gao
- Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jesse Poland
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Søren Knudsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, Copenhagen V DK-1799, Denmark
| | - Lee DeHaan
- The Land Institute, Salina, KS 67401, USA
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3
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Mo Z, Duan L, Pu Y, Tian Z, Ke Y, Luo W, Pi K, Huang Y, Nie Q, Liu R. Proteomics and Co-expression Network Analysis Reveal the Importance of Hub Proteins and Metabolic Pathways in Nicotine Synthesis and Accumulation in Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860455. [PMID: 35574122 PMCID: PMC9096834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a unique alkaloid present in tobacco that is widely used in cigarettes and in the agricultural, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the research on nicotine is mostly limited to its synthesis pathways, and only a few studies have explored the effects of other metabolic pathways on nicotine precursors. Regulating the nicotine content in tobacco can greatly promoting the application of nicotine in other fields. In this study, we performed global data-independent acquisition proteomics analysis of four tobacco varieties. Of the four varieties, one had high nicotine content and three had a low nicotine content. A total of 31,259 distinct peptides and 6,018 proteins across two samples were identified. A total of 45 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) co-existed in the three comparison groups and were mainly involved in the transport and metallic processes of the substances. Most DEPs were enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metals, glutathione metabolism, carbon metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. In addition, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified an expression module closely related to the nicotine content (Brown, r = 0.74, P = 0.006). Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that the module proteins were mainly involved in the synthesis and metabolism of nicotine precursors such as arginine, ornithine aspartate, proline, and glutathione. The increased levels of these precursors lead to the synthesis and accumulation of nicotine in plants. More importantly, these proteins regulate nicotine synthesis by affecting the formation of putrescine, which is the core intermediate product in nicotine anabolism. Our results provide a reference for tobacco variety selection with a suitable nicotine content and regulation of the nicotine content. Additionally, the results highlight the importance of other precursor metabolism in nicotine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Mo
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Lili Duan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Zonglin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuzhou Ke
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kai Pi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiong Nie
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Renxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Quality in Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Tag you're it: Application of stable isotope labeling and LC-MS to identify the precursors of specialized metabolites in plants. Methods Enzymol 2022; 676:279-303. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Niu L, Li H, Song Z, Dong B, Cao H, Liu T, Du T, Yang W, Amin R, Wang L, Yang Q, Meng D, Fu Y. The functional analysis of ABCG transporters in the adaptation of pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan) to abiotic stresses. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10688. [PMID: 33552725 PMCID: PMC7821757 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a class of proteins found in living organisms that mediate transmembrane transport by hydrolyzing ATP. They play a vital role in the physiological processes of growth and development in plants. The most numerous sub-type transporter in the ABC transporter family is the ABCG group and which have the most complex function in a plant’s response to abiotic stresses. Our study focused on the effect of ABCG transporters in the adaptation of the pigeon pea to adverse environments (such as drought, salt, temperature, etc.). We conducted a functional analysis of ABCG transporters in the pigeon pea and their role in response to abiotic stresses. A total of 51 ABCG genes (CcABCGs) were identified, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. We also identified the physicochemical properties of the encoded proteins, predicted their subcellular localization, and identified of the conserved domains. Expression analysis showed that ABCG genes have different expression profiles with tissues and abiotic stresses. Our results showed that CcABCG28 was up-regulated at low temperatures, and CcABCG7 was up-regulated with drought and aluminum stress. The initial results revealed that ABCG transporters are more effective in the abiotic stress resistance of pigeon peas, which improves our understanding of their application in abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Li
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Song
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Biying Dong
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyue Liu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Du
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanlong Yang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rohul Amin
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Wang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Meng
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Fu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Forestry Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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6
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Gani U, Vishwakarma RA, Misra P. Membrane transporters: the key drivers of transport of secondary metabolites in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1-18. [PMID: 32959124 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the recent updates in the area of transporters of plant secondary metabolites, including their applied aspects in metabolic engineering of economically important secondary metabolites. Plants have evolved biosynthetic pathways to produce structurally diverse secondary metabolites, which serve distinct functions, including defense against pathogens and herbivory, thereby playing a pivotal role in plant ecological interactions. These compounds often display interesting bioactivities and, therefore, have been used as repositories of natural drugs and phytoceuticals for humans. At an elevated level, plant secondary metabolites could be cytotoxic to the plant cell itself; therefore, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to sequester these compounds to prevent cytotoxicity. Many of these valuable natural compounds and their precursors are biosynthesized and accumulated at diverse subcellular locations, and few are even transported to sink organs via long-distance transport, implying the involvement of compartmentalization via intra- and intercellular transport mechanisms. The transporter proteins belonging to different families of transporters, especially ATP binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) have been implicated in membrane-mediated transport of certain plant secondary metabolites. Despite increasing reports on the characterization of transporter proteins and their genes, our knowledge about the transporters of several medicinally and economically important plant secondary metabolites is still enigmatic. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the whole route of secondary metabolite transportome, in addition to the biosynthetic pathways, will aid in systematic and targeted metabolic engineering of high-value secondary metabolites. The present review embodies a comprehensive update on the progress made in the elucidation of transporters of secondary metabolites in view of basic and applied aspects of their transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Gani
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Prashant Misra
- Plant Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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7
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Nielsen E, Temporiti MEE, Cella R. Improvement of phytochemical production by plant cells and organ culture and by genetic engineering. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1199-1215. [PMID: 31055622 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants display an amazing ability to synthesize a vast array of secondary metabolites that are an inexhaustible source of phytochemicals, bioactive molecules some of which impact the human health. Phytochemicals present in medicinal herbs and spices have long been used as natural remedies against illness. Plant tissue culture represents an alternative to whole plants as a source of phytochemicals. This approach spares agricultural land that can be used for producing food and other raw materials, thus favoring standardized phytochemical production regardless of climatic adversities and political events. Over the past 20 years, different strategies have been developed to increase the synthesis and the extraction of phytochemicals from tissue culture often obtaining remarkable results. Moreover, the availability of genomics and metabolomics tools, along with improved recombinant methods related to the ability to overexpress, silence or disrupt one or more genes of the pathway of interest promise to open new exciting possibilities of metabolic engineering. This review provides a general framework of the cellular and molecular tools developed so far to enhance the yield of phytochemicals. Additionally, some emerging topics such as the culture of cambial meristemoid cells, the selection of plant cell following the expression of genes encoding human target proteins, and the bioextraction of phytochemicals from plant material have been addressed. Altogether, the herein described techniques and results are expected to improve metabolic engineering tools aiming at improving the production of phytochemicals of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Rino Cella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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8
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McCoy RM, Utturkar SM, Crook JW, Thimmapuram J, Widhalm JR. The origin and biosynthesis of the naphthalenoid moiety of juglone in black walnut. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:67. [PMID: 30393541 PMCID: PMC6210188 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the Juglandaceae family produce juglone, a specialized 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) natural product that is responsible for the notorious allelopathic effects of black walnut (Juglans nigra). Despite its documented ecological roles and potential for being developed as a novel natural product-based herbicide, none of the genes involved in synthesizing juglone have been identified. Based on classical labeling studies, we hypothesized that biosynthesis of juglone's naphthalenoid moiety is shared with biochemical steps of the phylloquinone pathway. Here, using comparative transcriptomics in combination with targeted metabolic profiling of 1,4-NQs in various black walnut organs, we provide evidence that phylloquinone pathway genes involved in 1,4-dihydroxynaphthoic acid (DHNA) formation are expressed in roots for synthesis of a compound other than phylloquinone. Feeding experiments using axenic black walnut root cultures revealed that stable isotopically labeled l-glutamate incorporates into juglone resulting in the same mass shift as that expected for labeling of the quinone ring in phylloquinone. Taken together, these results indicate that in planta, an intermediate from the phylloquinone pathway provides the naphthalenoid moiety of juglone. Moreover, this work shows that juglone can be de novo synthesized in roots without the contribution of immediate precursors translocated from aerial tissues. The present study illuminates all genes involved in synthesizing the juglone naphthoquinone ring and provides RNA-sequencing datasets that can be used with functional screening studies to elucidate the remaining juglone pathway genes. Translation of the generated knowledge is expected to inform future metabolic engineering strategies for harnessing juglone as a novel natural product-based herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. McCoy
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Sagar M. Utturkar
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joseph W. Crook
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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9
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Li W, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang F, Liu C, Du Y, Gao X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hou Z, Zhou H, Sheng X, Wang G, Guo Y. Intergrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses unveil nutrient remobilization events in leaf senescence of tobacco. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12126. [PMID: 28935979 PMCID: PMC5608745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence in plants is a coordinated process that involves remobilization of nutrients from senescing leaves to sink tissues. The molecular events associated with nutrient remobilization are however not well understood. In this study the tobacco system with a source-sink relationship between different leaf positions was used in analyzing the spatiotemporal changes of 76 metabolites from leaves at 3 different stalk positions and 8 developmental stages. The metabolomic data was then compared with RNA-seq data from the same samples to analyze the activities of the metabolic pathways that are important for nutrient remobilization. Integrative analyses on metabolites accumulation and expression changes of enzyme-encoding genes in corresponding metabolic pathways indicated a significant up-regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related metabolism of sugars, amino acids and fatty acids, suggesting the importance of energy metabolism during leaf senescence. Other changes of the metabolism during tobacco leaf senescence include increased activities of the GS/GOGAT cycle which is responsible for nitrogen recycling, and increased accumulation of nicotine. The results also suggested that a number of compounds seemed to be transported from senescing leaves at lower positions to sink leaves at upper positions. Some of these metabolites could play a role in nutrient remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Fengxia Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Yongmei Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Zenglin Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Zhihui Hou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Xiaofei Sheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yongfeng Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China.
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10
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Khan S, ur Rahman L. Pathway Modulation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Through Metabolic Engineering Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Ullrich SF, Averesch NJH, Castellanos L, Choi YH, Rothauer A, Kayser O. Discrimination of wild types and hybrids of Duboisia myoporoides and Duboisia leichhardtii at different growth stages using 1H NMR-based metabolite profiling and tropane alkaloids-targeted HPLC-MS analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 131:44-56. [PMID: 27567452 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Duboisia species, which belong to the family of Solanaceae, are commercially cultivated in large scale, as they are main source of the pharmaceutically-used active compound scopolamine. In this study, 1H NMR-based metabolite profiling linking primary with secondary metabolism and additional quantification via HPCL-MS with special focus on the tropane alkaloids were applied to compare leaf and root extracts of three wild types and two hybrids of Duboisia myoporoides and D. leichhardtii at different developmental stages grown under controlled conditions in climate chambers and under agricultural field plantation. Based on the leaf extracts, a clear distinction between the Duboisia hybrids and the wild types Duboisia myoporoides and D. leichhardtii using principal component analysis of 1H NMR data was observed. The average content in scopolamine in the hybrids of Duboisia cultivated in climate chambers increased significantly from month 3-6 after potting of the rooted cuttings, however not so for the examined wild types. The Duboisia hybrids grown in climate chambers showed higher growth and contained more sugars and amino acids than Duboisia hybrids grown in the field, which in contrast showed an enhanced flux towards tropane alkaloids as well as flavonoids. For a more detailed analysis of tropane alkaloids, an appropriate HPLC-MS method was developed and validated. The measurements revealed large differences in the alkaloid pattern within the different genotypes under investigation, especially regarding the last enzymatic step, the conversion from hyoscamine to scopolamine by the hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase. Scopolamine was found in highest concentrations in Duboisia hybrids (20.04 ± 4.05 and 17.82 ± 3.52 mg/g dry wt) followed by Duboisia myoporoides (12.71 ± 2.55 mg/g dry wt), both showing a high selectivity for scopolamine in contrast to Duboisia leichhardtii (3.38 ± 0.59 and 5.09 ± 1.24 mg/g dry wt) with hyoscyamine being the predominant alkaloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Friederike Ullrich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH und Co. KG, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany; Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nils J H Averesch
- Centre for Microbial Electrochemical Systems (CEMES), University of Queensland, Gehrmann Laboratories Building (60), Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Leonardo Castellanos
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Rothauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH und Co. KG, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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12
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Jones JA, Koffas MAG. Optimizing Metabolic Pathways for the Improved Production of Natural Products. Methods Enzymol 2016; 575:179-93. [PMID: 27417929 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering strives to develop microbial strains that are capable of high-titer production of a variety of industrially significant pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, commodity, and high-value compounds. Despite extensive success with many proof-of-concept systems there is still the need for optimization to achieve industrially relevant titers, yields, and productivities. The field of metabolic pathway optimization and balancing has formed to address this need using a scientific and systematic approach. In this chapter, we aim to outline various pathway optimization and system balancing strategies while giving insights and tips into the systems and procedures that have demonstrated recent success in the peer-reviewed literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jones
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - M A G Koffas
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States.
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13
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Abstract
The sarpagine-related macroline and ajmaline alkaloids share a common biosynthetic origin, and bear important structural similarities, as expected. These indole alkaloids are widely dispersed in 25 plant genera, principally in the family Apocynaceae. Very diverse and interesting biological properties have been reported for this group of natural products. Isolation of new sarpagine-related alkaloids and the asymmetric synthesis of these structurally complex molecules are of paramount importance to the synthetic and medicinal chemists. A total of 115 newly isolated sarpagine-related macroline and ajmaline alkaloids, along with their physicochemical properties have been included in this chapter. A general and efficient strategy for the synthesis of these monomeric alkaloids, as well as bisindoles, has been presented, which involves application of the asymmetric Pictet-Spengler reaction (>98% ee) as a key step because of the ease of scale up of the tetracyclic template. Also included in this chapter are the syntheses of the sarpagine-related alkaloids, published since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas A. Namjoshi
- RTI International, Center for Drug Design and Discovery, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James M. Cook
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Chemistry Department, 3210 E. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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14
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Nejat N, Valdiani A, Cahill D, Tan YH, Maziah M, Abiri R. Ornamental exterior versus therapeutic interior of Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): the two faces of a versatile herb. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:982412. [PMID: 25667940 PMCID: PMC4312627 DOI: 10.1155/2015/982412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catharanthus roseus (L.) known as Madagascar periwinkle (MP) is a legendary medicinal plant mostly because of possessing two invaluable antitumor terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), vincristine and vinblastine. The plant has also high aesthetic value as an evergreen ornamental that yields prolific blooms of splendid colors. The plant possesses yet another unique characteristic as an amiable experimental host for the maintenance of the smallest bacteria found on earth, the phytoplasmas and spiroplasmas, and serves as a model for their study. Botanical information with respect to synonyms, vernacular names, cultivars, floral morphology, and reproduction adds to understanding of the plant while the geography and ecology of periwinkle illustrate the organism's ubiquity. Good agronomic practices ensure generous propagation of healthy plants that serve as a source of bioactive compounds and multitudinous horticultural applications. The correlation between genetic diversity, variants, and TIA production exists. MP is afflicted with a whole range of diseases that have to be properly managed. The ethnobotanical significance of MP is exemplified by its international usage as a traditional remedy for abundant ailments and not only for cancer. TIAs are present only in micro quantities in the plant and are highly poisonous per se rendering a challenge for researchers to increase yield and reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Nejat
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Valdiani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - David Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Yee-How Tan
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Mahmood Maziah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Rambod Abiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
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15
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Shitan N, Minami S, Morita M, Hayashida M, Ito S, Takanashi K, Omote H, Moriyama Y, Sugiyama A, Goossens A, Moriyasu M, Yazaki K. Involvement of the leaf-specific multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter Nt-JAT2 in vacuolar sequestration of nicotine in Nicotiana tabacum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108789. [PMID: 25268729 PMCID: PMC4182609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids play a key role in higher plant defense against pathogens and herbivores. Following its biosynthesis in root tissues, nicotine, the major alkaloid of Nicotiana species, is translocated via xylem transport toward the accumulation sites, leaf vacuoles. Our transcriptome analysis of methyl jasmonate-treated tobacco BY-2 cells identified several multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter genes. In this study, we characterized a MATE gene, Nicotiana tabacum jasmonate-inducible alkaloid transporter 2 (Nt-JAT2), which encodes a protein that has 32% amino acid identity with Nt-JAT1. Nt-JAT2 mRNA is expressed at a very low steady state level in whole plants, but is rapidly upregulated by methyl jasmonate treatment in a leaf-specific manner. To characterize the function of Nt-JAT2, yeast cells were used as the host organism in a cellular transport assay. Nt-JAT2 was localized at the plasma membrane in yeast cells. When incubated in nicotine-containing medium, the nicotine content in Nt-JAT2-expressing cells was significantly lower than in control yeast. Nt-JAT2-expressing cells also showed lower content of other alkaloids like anabasine and anatabine, but not of flavonoids, suggesting that Nt-JAT2 transports various alkaloids including nicotine. Fluorescence assays in BY-2 cells showed that Nt-JAT2-GFP was localized to the tonoplast. These findings indicate that Nt-JAT2 is involved in nicotine sequestration in leaf vacuoles following the translocation of nicotine from root tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shota Minami
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minaho Hayashida
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Takanashi
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Omote
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Masataka Moriyasu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Yang CQ, Fang X, Wu XM, Mao YB, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Transcriptional regulation of plant secondary metabolism. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:703-12. [PMID: 22947222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites play critical roles in plant-environment interactions. They are synthesized in different organs or tissues at particular developmental stages, and in response to various environmental stimuli, both biotic and abiotic. Accordingly, corresponding genes are regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple transcription factors. Several families of transcription factors have been identified to participate in controlling the biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. These regulators integrate internal (often developmental) and external signals, bind to corresponding cis-elements--which are often in the promoter regions--to activate or repress the expression of enzyme-coding genes, and some of them interact with other transcription factors to form a complex. In this review, we summarize recent research in these areas, with an emphasis on newly-identified transcription factors and their functions in metabolism regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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17
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Cai Z, Kastell A, Knorr D, Smetanska I. Exudation: an expanding technique for continuous production and release of secondary metabolites from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:461-477. [PMID: 21987121 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses methods of obtaining secondary metabolites from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures and their exudates, particularly the physiological mechanisms of secondary metabolites release and trafficking. The efficiency for product recovery of metabolites can be increased by various methods, based on the principle of continuous product release into the cultivation medium. The most common methods for metabolite recovery are elicitation, influencing membrane permeability, and in situ product removal. The biosynthetic pathways can be influenced by cultivation conditions, transformation, or application of elicitors. The membrane permeability can be altered through the application of chemical or physical treatments. Product removal can be greatly increased through a two-phase system and the introduction of absorbents into the cultivation medium. In this review, we describe some improved approaches that have proven useful in these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cai
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Food Chemistry, Berlin University of Technology, Königin-Luise Str. 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Wong JH, Namasivayam P, Abdullah MP. The PAL2 promoter activities in relation to structural development and adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2012; 235:267-277. [PMID: 21874349 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays a major role in plant growth, development and adaptation. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the enzyme is encoded by four genes, namely PAL1, PAL2, PAL3, and PAL4 with PAL1 and PAL2 being closely related phylogenetically and functionally. PAL1 promoter activities are associated with plant development and are inducible by various stress agents. However, PAL2 promoter activities have not been functionally analysed. Here, we show that the PAL2 promoter activities are associated with the structural development of a plant and its organs. This function was inducible in an organ-specific manner by the avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (JL1065). The PAL2 promoter was active throughout the course of the plant development particularly in the root, rosette leaf, and inflorescence stem that provide the plant with structural support. In aerial organs, the levels of PAL2 promoter activities were negatively correlated with relative positions of the organs to the rosette leaves. The promoter was inducible in the root following an inoculation by JL1065 in the leaf suggesting PAL2 to be part of an induced defence system. Our results demonstrate how the PAL2 promoter activities are being coordinated and synchronised for the structural development of the plant and its organs based on the developmental programme. Under certain stress conditions the activity may be induced in favour of certain organs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme Assays
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/genetics
- Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/metabolism
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/metabolism
- Plant Immunity
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/growth & development
- Plant Roots/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/enzymology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Pseudomonas syringae/pathogenicity
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Physiological
- Transcriptional Activation
- Water/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeh Haur Wong
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Lewis RS, Bowen SW, Keogh MR, Dewey RE. Three nicotine demethylase genes mediate nornicotine biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum L.: functional characterization of the CYP82E10 gene. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:1988-98. [PMID: 20977974 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In most tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants, nornicotine is a relatively minor alkaloid, comprising about 2-5% of the total pyridine alkaloid pool in the mature leaf. Changes in gene expression at an unstable locus, however, can give rise to plants that produce high levels of nornicotine, specifically during leaf senescence and curing. Minimizing the nornicotine content in tobacco is highly desirable, because this compound serves as the direct precursor in the synthesis of N'-nitrosonornicotine, a potent carcinogen in laboratory animals. Nornicotine is likely produced almost entirely via the N-demethylation of nicotine, in a process called nicotine conversion that is catalyzed by the enzyme nicotine N-demethylase (NND). Previous studies have identified CYP82E4 as the specific NND gene responsible for the unstable conversion phenomenon, and CYP82E5v2 as a putative minor NND gene. Here, by discovery and characterization of CYP82E10, a tobacco NND gene, is reported. PCR amplification studies showed that CYP82E10 originated from the N. sylvestris ancestral parent of modern tobacco. Using a chemical mutagenesis strategy, knockout mutations were induced and identified in all three tobacco NND genes. By generating a series of mutant NND genotypes, the relative contribution of each NND gene toward the nornicotine content of the plant was assessed. Plants possessing knockout mutations in all three genes displayed nornicotine phenotypes that were much lower (∼0.5% of total alkaloid content) than that found in conventional tobacco cultivars. The introduction of these mutations into commercial breeding lines promises to be a viable strategy for reducing the levels of one of the best characterized animal carcinogens found in tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey S Lewis
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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20
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An extensive case study of hairy-root cultures for enhanced secondary-metabolite production through metabolic-pathway engineering. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 56:161-72. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Yang L, Stöckigt J. Trends for diverse production strategies of plant medicinal alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1469-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c005378c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Shitan N, Morita M, Yazaki K. Identification of a nicotine transporter in leaf vacuoles of Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:530-532. [PMID: 19816142 PMCID: PMC2688303 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.6.8588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are, in some plant species, transported from the source organ after their biosynthesis and moved to sink organs via long distance transport. One representative is nicotine, which is biosynthesized in roots, then translocated to the leaves, and finally accumulated in the leaf vacuoles in Nicotiana species. Although the nicotine translocation was identified more than 10 years ago, no transport protein has been characterized concerning the inter-organ movement of this alkaloid. We characterized a novel multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE)-type transporter, Nt-JAT1 (Nicotiana tabacum jasmonate-inducible alkaloid transporter 1). Nt-JAT1 was co-regulated with biosynthetic genes following methyl jasmonate treatment. This MATE gene was expressed in the leaves, stems, and roots in tobacco plants. Biochemical analyses suggested that Nt-JAT1 transported nicotine. The location of Nt-JAT1 was shown to be the tonoplast. These data suggested that Nt-JAT1 plays an important role in the nicotine translocation by acting as a transporter responsible for the unloading of nicotine in the aerial parts of the plant and its deposition in the vacuoles (Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a vacuolar transporter for alkaloids in plant. A possible application of this transporter for the production of valuable alkaloids is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Japan
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23
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Morita M, Shitan N, Sawada K, Van Montagu MCE, Inzé D, Rischer H, Goossens A, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Moriyama Y, Yazaki K. Vacuolar transport of nicotine is mediated by a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter in Nicotiana tabacum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:2447-52. [PMID: 19168636 PMCID: PMC2650162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812512106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids play a key role in plant defense mechanisms against pathogens and herbivores, but the plants themselves need to cope with their toxicity as well. The major alkaloid of the Nicotiana species, nicotine, is translocated via xylem transport from the root tissues where it is biosynthesized to the accumulation sites, the vacuoles of leaves. To unravel the molecular mechanisms behind this membrane transport, we characterized one transporter, the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) jasmonate-inducible alkaloid transporter 1 (Nt-JAT1), whose expression was coregulated with that of nicotine biosynthetic genes in methyl jasmonate-treated tobacco cells. Nt-JAT1, belonging to the family of multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporters, was expressed in roots, stems, and leaves, and localized in the tonoplast of leaf cells. When produced in yeast cells, Nt-JAT1 occurred mainly in the plasma membrane and showed nicotine efflux activity. Biochemical analysis with proteoliposomes reconstituted with purified Nt-JAT1 and bacterial F(0)F(1)-ATPase revealed that Nt-JAT1 functioned as a proton antiporter and recognized endogenous tobacco alkaloids, such as nicotine and anabasine, and other alkaloids, such as hyoscyamine and berberine, but not flavonoids. These findings strongly suggest that Nt-JAT1 plays an important role in the nicotine translocation by acting as a secondary transporter responsible for unloading of alkaloids in the aerial parts and deposition in the vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Morita
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Shitan
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sawada
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Marc C. E. Van Montagu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; and
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; and
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium; and
| | | | - Yoshinori Moriyama
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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24
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Freydank AC, Brandt W, Dräger B. Protein structure modeling indicates hexahistidine-tag interference with enzyme activity. Proteins 2008; 72:173-83. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.21905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Engineering Formation of Medicinal Compounds in Cell Cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1755-0408(07)01011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Stöckigt J, Panjikar S. Structural biology in plant natural product biosynthesis--architecture of enzymes from monoterpenoid indole and tropane alkaloid biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:1382-400. [PMID: 18033585 DOI: 10.1039/b711935f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several cDNAs of enzymes catalyzing biosynthetic pathways of plant-derived alkaloids have recently been heterologously expressed, and the production of appropriate enzymes from ajmaline and tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in bacteria allows their crystallization. This review describes the architecture of these enzymes with and without their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Stöckigt
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Gómez-Galera S, Pelacho AM, Gené A, Capell T, Christou P. The genetic manipulation of medicinal and aromatic plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1689-715. [PMID: 17609957 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and aromatic plants have always been intimately linked with human health and culture. Plant-derived medicines constitute a substantial component of present day human healthcare systems in industrialized as well as developing countries. They are products of plant secondary metabolism and are involved in many other aspects of a plant's interaction with its immediate environment. The genetic manipulation of plants together with the establishment of in vitro plant regeneration systems facilitates efforts to engineer secondary product metabolic pathways. Advances in the cloning of genes involved in relevant pathways, the development of high throughput screening systems for chemical and biological activity, genomics tools and resources, and the recognition of a higher order of regulation of secondary plant metabolism operating at the whole plant level facilitate strategies for the effective manipulation of secondary products in plants. Here, we discuss advances in engineering metabolic pathways for specific classes of compounds in medicinal and aromatic plants and we identify remaining constraints and future prospects in the field. In particular we focus on indole, tropane, nicotine, isoquinoline alcaloids, monoterpenoids such as menthol and related compounds, diterpenoids such as taxol, sequiterpenoids such as artemisinin and aromatic amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gómez-Galera
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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28
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Geissler R, Brandt W, Ziegler J. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis reveal the benzylisoquinoline binding site of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase salutaridine reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:1493-503. [PMID: 17337529 PMCID: PMC1851842 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.095166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the NADPH-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) salutaridine reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.248) implicated in morphine biosynthesis was cloned from Papaver somniferum. In this report, a homology model of the Papaver bracteatum homolog was created based on the x-ray structure of human carbonyl reductase 1. The model shows the typical alpha/beta-folding pattern of SDRs, including the four additional helices alphaF'-1 to alphaF'-4 assumed to prevent the dimerization of the monomeric short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases. Site-directed mutagenesis of asparagine-152, serine-180, tyrosine-236, and lysine-240 resulted in enzyme variants with strongly reduced performance or inactive enzymes, showing the involvement of these residues in the proton transfer system for the reduction of salutaridine. The strong preference for NADPH over NADH could be abolished by replacement of arginine residues 44 and 48 by glutamic acid, confirming the interaction between the arginines and the 2'-phosphate group. Docking of salutaridine into the active site revealed nine amino acids presumably responsible for the high substrate specificity of salutaridine reductase. Some of these residues are arranged in the right position by an additional alphaE' helix, which is not present in SDRs analyzed so far. Enzyme kinetic data from mutagenic replacement emphasize the critical role of these residues in salutaridine binding and provide the first data on the molecular interaction of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids with enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Geissler
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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29
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Facchini PJ. Regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 63:1-44. [PMID: 17133713 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(06)63001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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30
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Galan MC, McCoy E, O'Connor SE. Chemoselective derivatization of alkaloids in periwinkle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3249-51. [PMID: 17668090 DOI: 10.1039/b708919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The terpene indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway can utilize a secologanin substrate analog containing a handle for functionalization, and the resulting non-natural alkaloids can be chemoselectively derivatized in crude extracts of plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Galan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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31
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Fujii N, Inui T, Iwasa K, Morishige T, Sato F. Knockdown of berberine bridge enzyme by RNAi accumulates (S)-reticuline and activates a silent pathway in cultured California poppy cells. Transgenic Res 2006; 16:363-75. [PMID: 17103244 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Reticuline is a key compound in the biosynthetic pathway for isoquinoline alkaloids in plants, which include morphine, codeine and berberine. We established cultured California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) cells, in which berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) was knocked down by RNA interference, to accumulate the important key intermediate reticuline. Both BBE mRNA accumulation and enzyme activity were effectively suppressed in transgenic cells. In these transgenic cells, end-products of isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, such as sanguinarine, were considerably reduced and reticuline was accumulated at a maximum level of 310 mug/g-fresh weight. In addition, 1 g-fresh weight of these cells secreted significant amounts of reticuline into the medium, with a maximum level of 6 mg/20 mL culture medium. These cells also produced a methylated derivative of reticuline, laudanine, which could scarcely be detected in control cells. We discuss the potential application of RNAi technology in metabolic modification and the flexibility of plant secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Fujii
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Totipotency, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Dembitsky VM. Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 6. Biologically active marine and terrestrial alkaloid glycosides. Lipids 2006; 40:1081-105. [PMID: 16459921 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents 209 alkaloid glycosides isolated and identified from plants, microorganisms, and marine invertebrates that demonstrate different biological activities. They are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and/or pharmaceutical industries. These biologically active glycosides have good potential for future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antioxidants, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. These glycosidic compounds have been subdivided into several groups, including: acridone; aporphine; benzoxazinoid; ergot; indole; enediyne alkaloidal antibiotics; glycosidic lupine alkaloids; piperidine, pyridine, pyrrolidine, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid glycosides; glycosidic quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids; steroidal glycoalkaloids; and miscellaneous alkaloid glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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O'Connor SE, Maresh JJ. Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2006; 23:532-47. [PMID: 16874388 DOI: 10.1039/b512615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 18-592, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
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Pasquali G, Porto DD, Fett-Neto AG. Metabolic engineering of cell cultures versus whole plant complexity in production of bioactive monoterpene indole alkaloids: Recent progress related to old dilemma. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:287-96. [PMID: 16716935 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) are a large class of plant alkaloids with significant pharmacological interest. The sustained production of MIAs at high yields is an important goal in biotechnology. Intensive effort has been expended toward the isolation, cloning, characterization and transgenic modulation of genes involved in MIA biosynthesis and in the control of the expression of these biosynthesis-related genes. At the same time, considerable progress has been made in the detailed description of the subcellular-, cellular-, tissue- and organ-specific expressions of portions of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of MIAs, revealing a complex picture of the transport of biosynthetic intermediates among membrane compartments, cells and tissues. The identification of the particular environmental and ontogenetic requirements for maximum alkaloid yield in MIA-producing plants has been useful in improving the supply of bioactive molecules. The search for new bioactive MIAs, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, is continuously increasing the arsenal for therapeutic, industrially and agriculturally useful molecules. In this review we focus on recent progress in the production of MIAs in transgenic cell cultures and organs (with emphasis on Catharanthus roseus and Rauvolfia serpentina alkaloids), advances in the understanding of in planta spatial-temporal expression of MIA metabolic pathways, and on the identification of factors capable of modulating bioactive alkaloid accumulation in nontransgenic differentiated cultures and plants (with emphasis on new MIAs from Psychotria species). The combined use of metabolic engineering and physiological modulation in transgenic and wild-type plants, although not fully exploited to date, is likely to provide the sustainable and rational supply of bioactive MIAs needed for human well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Pasquali
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Pr. 43.431, P.O. Box 15.005, CEP 91.501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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O'Connor SE, McCoy E. Terpene Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis. RECENT ADVANCES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(06)80035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yazaki K. ABC transporters involved in the transport of plant secondary metabolites. FEBS Lett 2005; 580:1183-91. [PMID: 16364309 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, quinones and many further compounds having combined structures of those groups. Physiological roles of those metabolites for plants are still under investigation, but they play, at least in part, important functions as protectants for plant bodies against herbivores and pathogens, as well as from physical stresses like ultraviolet light and heat. In order to accomplish these functions, biosyntheses and accumulation of secondary metabolites are highly regulated in a temporal and spatial manner in plant organs, where they can appropriately accumulate. In this mini-review, I introduce the mechanism of accumulation and membrane transport of these metabolites, in particular, focusing on ATP-binding cassette transporters involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
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Ober D. Seeing double: gene duplication and diversification in plant secondary metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2005; 10:444-9. [PMID: 16054418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplications drive the recruitment of genes for secondary metabolism. Gene copies are gradually modified to create genes with specificities and expression patterns adapted to the needs of the new pathway in which they are involved. Duplicated genes are often in tandem repeats, forming clusters within the plant genome. However, in some cases, clusters of nonhomologous genes have also been identified as forming a functional unit. The selective forces that have caused the establishment of new pathways are far from understood and might have changed repeatedly during evolution owing to the continuously changing environment. Recent data show that the way several classes of secondary compounds are scattered among species is attributable to independent recruitment and the inactivation of biosynthetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich Ober
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Abstract
The membrane transport of plant secondary metabolites is a newly developing research area. Recent progress in genome and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases has revealed that many transporters and channels exist in plant genome. Studies of the genetic sequences that encode these proteins, and of phenotypes caused by the mutation of these sequences, have been used to characterize the membrane transport of plant secondary metabolites. Such studies have clarified that membrane transport is fairly specific and highly regulated for each secondary metabolite. Not only genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites but also genes that are involved in their transport will be important for systematic metabolic engineering aimed at increasing the productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
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Cane KA, Mayer M, Lidgett AJ, Michael AJ, Hamill JD. Molecular analysis of alkaloid metabolism in AABB v. aabb genotype Nicotiana tabacum in response to wounding of aerial tissues and methyl jasmonate treatment of cultured roots. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:305-320. [PMID: 32689133 DOI: 10.1071/fp04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of the wound-inducible alkaloid, nicotine, in roots of the allotetraploid species Nicotiana tabacum L. is strongly influenced by the presence of two non-allelic genes, A and B. Together, these loci affect baseline transcript levels of genes dedicated to secondary metabolism (e.g. PMT and A622) as well as genes with roles in separate areas of primary metabolism (e.g. ODC, ADC, SAMS - polyamines; QPT - pyridine nucleotide cycle). Experiments comparing high alkaloid variety NC 95 (AABB genotype) and near-isogenic low alkaloid N. tabacum variety LAFC 53 (aabb genotype) indicate that together, mutations in the A and B loci diminish, but do not ablate, the propensity of roots to increase transcript levels of genes involved in alkaloid metabolism after damage to aerial tissues or direct treatment with the wound hormone, methyl jasmonate. Accordingly, roots of aabb genotype can increase their nicotine content somewhat in response to these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Cane
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Melinda Mayer
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR2 2AN, UK
| | - Angela J Lidgett
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR2 2AN, UK
| | - John D Hamill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Oksman-Caldentey KM, Inzé D. Plant cell factories in the post-genomic era: new ways to produce designer secondary metabolites. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:433-40. [PMID: 15337493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Ogita S, Uefuji H, Morimoto M, Sano H. Application of RNAi to confirm theobromine as the major intermediate for caffeine biosynthesis in coffee plants with potential for construction of decaffeinated varieties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 54:931-41. [PMID: 15604660 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-0393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The caffeine biosynthetic pathway in coffee plants has been proposed to involve three distinct N -methyltransferases, xanthosine methyltransferase (XMT), 7- N -methylxanthine methyltransferase (MXMT; theobromine synthase), and 3,7-dimethylxanthine methyltransferase (DXMT; caffeine synthase). We previously isolated all corresponding cDNAs designated as CaXMT1 , CaMXMT1 , CaMXMT2 and CaDXMT1 , respectively, and showed that caffeine was indeed synthesized in vitro by the combination of their gene products. In order to regulate caffeine biosynthesis in planta , we suppressed expression of CaMXMT1 by the double stranded RNA interference (RNAi) method. For this purpose, we first established a protocol for efficient somatic embryogenesis of Coffea arabica and C. canephora , and then Agrobacterium -mediated transformation techniques. The RNAi transgenic lines of embryogenic tissues derived from C. arabica and transgenic plantlets of C. canephora demonstrated a clear reduction in transcripts for CaMXMT1 in comparison with the control plants. Transcripts for CaXMT1 and CaDXMT1 were also reduced in the most cases. Both embryonic tissues and plantlets exhibited a concomitant reduction of theobromine and caffeine contents to a range between 30% and 50% of that of the control. These results suggest that the CaMXMT1 -RNAi sequence affected expression of not only CaMXMT1 itself, but also CaXMT1 and CaDXMT1 , and that, since the reduction in theobromine content was proportional to that for caffeine, it is involved in the major synthetic pathway in coffee plants. The results also indicate that the method can be practically applied to produce decaffeinated coffee plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Ogita
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
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Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a growing realization that metabolic pathways must be studied in the context of the whole cell rather than at the single pathway level, and that even the simplest modifications can send ripples throughout the entire system. Attention has therefore shifted away from reductionist, single-gene engineering strategies and towards more complex approaches involving the simultaneous overexpression and/or suppression of multiple genes. The use of regulatory factors to control the abundance or activity of several enzymes is also becoming more widespread. In combination with emerging methods to model metabolic pathways, this should facilitate the enhanced production of natural products and the synthesis of novel materials in a predictable and useful manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Capell
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Grafschaft, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
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