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Liu K, Li Z, Li Q, Wang S, Curtiss R, Shi H. Salmonella typhimurium Vaccine Candidate Delivering Infectious Bronchitis Virus S1 Protein to Induce Protection. Biomolecules 2024; 14:133. [PMID: 38275762 PMCID: PMC10813627 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious viral disease of chickens which causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. An effective vaccine against IB is urgently needed to provide both biosafety and high-efficiency immune protection. In this study, the S1 protein of the infectious bronchitis virus was delivered by a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vector to form the vaccine candidate χ11246(pYA4545-S1). S. typhimurium χ11246 carried a sifA- mutation with regulated delayed systems, striking a balance between host safety and immunogenicity. Here, we demonstrated that S1 protein is highly expressed in HD11 cells. Immunization with χ11246(pYA4545-S1) induced the production of antibody and cytokine, leading to an effective immune response against IB. Oral immunization with χ11246(pYA4545-S1) provided 72%, 56%, and 56% protection in the lacrimal gland, trachea, and cloaca against infectious bronchitis virus infection, respectively. Furthermore, it significantly reduced histopathological lesions in chickens. Together, this study provides a new idea for the prevention of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.W.)
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.W.)
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (K.L.); (Z.L.); (Q.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou 225009, China
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Jasemi SV, Khazaei H, Morovati MR, Joshi T, Aneva IY, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Phytochemicals as treatment for allergic asthma: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155149. [PMID: 37890444 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system's reaction to allergens, inflammation and narrowing of the airways, and the production of more than normal mucus. One of the main reasons is an increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs that leads to the appearance of symptoms of asthma, including inflammation and shortness of breath. On the other hand, it has been proven that phytochemicals with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can be useful in improving allergic asthma. PURPOSE Common chemical treatments for allergic asthma include corticosteroids, which have many side effects and temporarily relieve symptoms but are not a cure. Therefore, taking the help of natural compounds to improve the quality of life of asthmatic patients can be a valuable issue that has been evaluated in the present review. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane) with the keywords: allergic asthma, phytochemical, plant, and herb were evaluated. The primary result was 5307 articles. Non-English, repetitive, and review articles were deleted from the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Finally, after carefully reading the articles, 102 were included in the study (2006-2022). The results of this review state that phytochemicals suppress the inflammatory pathways via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines production/secretion, genes, and proteins involved in the inflammation process, reducing oxidative stress indicators and symptoms of allergic asthma, such as cough and mucus production in the lungs. CONCLUSION With their antioxidant effects, this study concluded that phytochemicals suppress cytokines and other inflammatory indicators and thus can be considered an adjunctive treatment for improving allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Vahid Jasemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Hosna Khazaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Morovati
- Persian Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhimtal, Kumaun University (Nainital), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ina Yosifova Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Xu YQ, Gou Y, Yuan JJ, Zhu YX, Ma XM, Chen C, Huang XX, Yang ZX, Zhou YM. Peripheral Blood Inflammatory Cytokine Factors Expressions are Associated with Response to Acupuncture Therapy in Postpartum Depression Patients. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5189-5203. [PMID: 38026248 PMCID: PMC10655746 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s436907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidences demonstrate that immune dysregulation can result in depression, and it is reported that persistent inflammatory response is related to the unresponsiveness of antidepressant treatment. Purpose This study aimed to explore the reason why some responded but some not responded to acupuncture in treating postpartum depression (PPD), and whether it related to the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Patients and Methods Women diagnosed with PPD were recruited in to accept 8-week acupuncture. All subjects were assessed the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17) at baseline, week 1, week 2, week 4 and week 8 during the treatment. A panel of 9 cytokines was measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Results Of the 121 participants, 96 completed the 8-week assessment and 46 completed the blood sample collection. HDRS17 scores of 96 subjects showed significant statistical reduction since the first week (P = 0.002) and reached to 5.31 (P < 0.000) at the end of therapy. And we divided the 46 subjects into responders and non-responders according to the response rate of HDRS17 scores. Responders and non-responders did not differ significantly between-group in changes in the 9 cytokines. In responders, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ levels were statistically lower (P = 0.006; P = 0.033; P = 0.024), while TGF-β1 was statistically higher after 8 weeks treatment (P < 0.000). In non-responders, the levels of IL-5, TNF-α and TGF-β1 were statistically higher (P = 0.018; P < 0.000; P < 0.000), while IFN-γ was statistically lower (P = 0.005). Conclusion Acupuncture could alleviate depressive symptoms of patients with PPD and might through adjusting peripheral inflammatory response by up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines and down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Xu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - YanHua Gou
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Yuan
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Xian Zhu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ma
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Xian Huang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo-Xin Yang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhou
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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Ford SL, Buus TB, Nastasi C, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM, Ødum N, Woetmann A. In vitro differentiated human CD4 + T cells produce hepatocyte growth factor. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1210836. [PMID: 37520551 PMCID: PMC10374024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1210836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into effector T cells is a dynamic process in which the cells are polarized into T helper (Th) subsets. The subsets largely consist of four fundamental categories: Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells. We show that human memory CD4+ T cells can produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine which can affect several tissue types through signaling by its receptor, c-Met. In vitro differentiation of T cells into Th-like subsets revealed that HGF producing T cells increase under Th1 conditions. Enrichment of HGF producing cells was possible by targeting cells with surface CD30 expression, a marker discovered through single-cell RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K or mTOR was found to inhibit HGF mRNA and protein, while an Akt inhibitor was found to increase these levels. The findings suggest that HGF producing T cells could play a role in disease where Th1 are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Lavondua Ford
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terkild Brink Buus
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)), Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten Geisler
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ghiboub M, Bell M, Sinkeviciute D, Prinjha RK, de Winther MPJ, Harker NR, Tough DF, de Jonge WJ. The Epigenetic Reader Protein SP140 Regulates Dendritic Cell Activation, Maturation and Tolerogenic Potential. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4228-4245. [PMID: 37232738 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SP140 is an epigenetic reader protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. GWAS studies have shown an association between SP140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diverse autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, suggesting a possible pathogenic role for SP140 in immune-mediated diseases. We previously demonstrated that treatment of human macrophages with the novel selective inhibitor of the SP140 protein (GSK761) reduced the expression of endotoxin-induced cytokines, implicating a role of SP140 in the function of inflammatory macrophages. In this study, we investigated the effects of GSK761 on in vitro human dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation, assessing the expression of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules and their capacity to stimulate T-cell activation and induce phenotypic changes. In DCs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced an increase in SP140 expression and its recruitment to transcription start sites (TSS) of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. Moreover, LPS-induced cytokines such as TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β were reduced in GSK761- or SP140 siRNA- treated DCs. Although GSK761 did not significantly affect the expression of surface markers that define the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into immature DCs (iDCs), subsequent maturation of iDCs to mature DCs was significantly inhibited. GSK761 strongly reduced expression of the maturation marker CD83, the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and the lipid-antigen presentation molecule CD1b. Finally, when the ability of DCs to stimulate recall T-cell responses by vaccine-specific T cells was assessed, T cells stimulated by GSK761-treated DCs showed reduced TBX21 and RORA expression and increased FOXP3 expression, indicating a preferential generation of regulatory T cells. Overall, this study suggests that SP140 inhibition enhances the tolerogenic properties of DCs, supporting the rationale of targeting SP140 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases where DC-mediated inflammatory responses contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Matthew Bell
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Dovile Sinkeviciute
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola R Harker
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David F Tough
- Immunology Research Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Lin Z, Huang J, Xie S, Zheng Z, Tang K, Li S, Chen R. The Association Between Insulin Use and Asthma: An Epidemiological Observational Analysis and Mendelian Randomization Study. Lung 2023; 201:189-199. [PMID: 36971839 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-023-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a common respiratory disease caused by genetic and environmental factors, but the contribution of insulin use to the risk of asthma remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between insulin use and asthma in a large population-based cohort, and further explore their causal relationship by Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS An epidemiological study including 85,887 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2018 was performed to evaluate the association between insulin use and asthma. Based on the inverse-variance weighted approach, MR analysis were conducted to estimate the causal effect of insulin use on asthma from the UKB and FinnGen datasets, respectively. RESULTS In the NHANES cohort, we found that insulin use was associated with an increased risk of asthma [odd ratio (OR) 1.38; 95% CI 1.16-1.64; p < 0.001]. For the MR analysis, we found a causal relationship between insulin use and a higher risk of asthma in both Finn (OR 1.10; p < 0.001) and UK Biobank cohorts (OR 1.18; p < 0.001). Meanwhile, there was no causal association between diabetes and asthma. After multivariable adjustment for diabetes in UKB cohort, the insulin use remained significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR 1.17, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS An association between insulin use and an increased risk of asthma was found via the real-world data from the NHANES. In addition, the current study identified a causal effect and provided a genetic evidence of insulin use and asthma. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association between insulin use and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Nanshan School of Medical, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuojia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Nanshan School of Medical, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Kailun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Medical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruchong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lee CY, Chooi WH, Ng S, Chew SY. Modulating neuroinflammation through molecular, cellular and biomaterial-based approaches to treat spinal cord injury. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10389. [PMID: 36925680 PMCID: PMC10013833 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response that is elicited after spinal cord injury contributes to both tissue damage and reparative processes. The complex and dynamic cellular and molecular changes within the spinal cord microenvironment result in a functional imbalance of immune cells and their modulatory factors. To facilitate wound healing and repair, it is necessary to manipulate the immunological pathways during neuroinflammation to achieve successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, recent advancements and fresh perspectives on the consequences of neuroinflammation after SCI and modulation of the inflammatory responses through the use of molecular-, cellular-, and biomaterial-based therapies to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi‐Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyA*STAR Research EntitiesSingaporeSingapore
| | - Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyA*STAR Research EntitiesSingaporeSingapore
| | - Shi‐Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyA*STAR Research EntitiesSingaporeSingapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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Primorac D, Vrdoljak K, Brlek P, Pavelić E, Molnar V, Matišić V, Erceg Ivkošić I, Parčina M. Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848582. [PMID: 35603211 PMCID: PMC9114812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and translate it to the population of the whole world in record time. Following the infection with the viral antigen, adaptive immune responses are activated mainly by viral particle encounters with the antigen-presenting cells or B cell receptors, which induce further biological interactions to defend the host against the virus. After the infection has been warded off, the immunological memory is developed. The SARS-CoV cellular immunity has been shown to persist even 17 years after the infection, despite the undetectable humoral component. Similar has been demonstrated for the SARS-CoV-2 T cell memory in a shorter period by assessing interferon-gamma levels when heparinized blood is stimulated with the virus-specific peptides. T cells also play an irreplaceable part in a humoral immune reaction as the backbone of a cellular immune response. They both provide the signals for B cell activation and the maturation, competence, and memory of the humoral response. B cell production of IgA was shown to be of significant influence in mediating mucosal immunity as the first part of the defense mechanism and in the development of nasal vaccines. Here, we interpret the recent SARS-CoV-2 available research, which encompasses the significance and the current understanding of adaptive immune activity, and compare it among naive, exposed, and vaccinated blood donors. Our recent data showed that those who recovered from COVID-19 and those who are vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity. Additionally, we analyze the humoral responses in immunocompromised patients and memory mediated by cellular immunity and the impact of clonality in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic regarding breakthrough infections and variants of concern, both B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, Coburg, Germany
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Erceg Ivkošić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Cao W, Birkenbach M, Chen S. Patterns of Inflammatory Cell Infiltration and Expression of STAT6 in the Lungs of Patients With COVID-19: An Autopsy Study. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2022; 30:350-357. [PMID: 35363626 PMCID: PMC9066507 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), lymphocyte infiltration in the lungs and a cytokine storm. In this study we examined inflammatory cell infiltrates and the expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 in the lungs of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Eighteen COVID-19 autopsy cases, 9 non-COVID cases with DAD, and 11 controls without lung diseases were included. Immunostainings for STAT6, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, and broad-spectrum keratins were performed. RESULTS The average age of COVID-19 patients was 64.4±2.1 years. The disease duration was 7 to 53 days. The number of pneumocytes, macrophages or CD3+ T cells was significantly increased in the lungs of patients with COVID-19. Patients' age above 67 years, blood troponin levels >0.2 ng/mL, platelet count >100×109/L, lung macrophages >130/high-power field (HPF), CD3+ T cells >145/HPF, CD8+ T cells <30/HPF, and CD8/CD4 ratio <1 were associated with shorter survival duration after onset of symptoms. In addition, STAT6 staining was much stronger in pneumocytes and lymphocytes in the lungs of patients with COVID-19 than non-COVID DAD patients or controls. CONCLUSION Older age, high blood troponin level and platelet count, more macrophages and fewer CD8+ T cells in the lungs of COVID-19 were associated with poorer outcome. STAT6 expression was increased in pneumocytes and lymphocytes in the lungs of patients with COVID-19, implying a role of STAT6 in cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibiao Cao
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Sonja Chen
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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10
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Temporal Characterization of Microglia-Associated Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Genes in a Neonatal Inflammation-Sensitized Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2479626. [PMID: 35281473 PMCID: PMC8906938 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2479626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) mainly affects preterm and term newborns, leading to a high risk of brain damage. Coexisting infection/inflammation and birth asphyxia are key factors associated with intracerebral increase of proinflammatory cytokines linked to HIE. Microglia are key mediators of inflammation during perinatal brain injury, characterized by their phenotypic plasticity, which may facilitate their participation in both the progression and resolution of injury-induced inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal expression of genes associated with pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat protein (NLRP-3) inflammasome from microglia cells. For this purpose, we used our established neonatal rat model of inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in seven-day-old rats. We assessed gene expression profiles of 11 cytokines and for NLRP-3 using real-time PCR from sorted CD11b/c microglia of brain samples at different time points (3.5 h after LPS injection and 0, 5, 24, 48, and 72 hours post HI) following different treatments: vehicle, E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), vehicle/HI, and LPS/HI. Our results showed that microglia are early key mediators of the inflammatory response and exacerbate the inflammatory response following HI, polarizing into a predominant proinflammatory M1 phenotype in the early hours post HI. The brains only exposed to HI showed a delay in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. We also demonstrated that NLRP-3 plays a role in the inflammatory resolution with a high expression after HI insult. The combination of both, a preinfection/inflammation condition and hypoxia-ischemia, resulted in a higher proinflammatory cytokine storm, highlighting the significant contribution of acute inflammation sensitizing prior to a hypoxic insult on the severity of perinatal brain damage.
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12
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Czaja AJ. Review article: targeting the B cell activation system in autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:902-922. [PMID: 34506662 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The B cell activation system, consisting of B cell activating factor and a proliferation-inducing ligand, may have pathogenic effects in autoimmune hepatitis. AIMS To describe the biological actions of the B cell activation system, indicate its possible role in autoimmune diseases, and evaluate its prospects as a therapeutic target in autoimmune hepatitis METHODS: English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. RESULTS The B cell activating factor is crucial for the maturation and survival of B cells, and it can co-stimulate T cell activation, proliferation, and survival. It can also modulate the immune response by inducing interleukin 10 production by regulatory B cells. A proliferation-inducing ligand modulates and diversifies the antibody response by inducing class-switch recombination in B cells. It can also increase the proliferation, survival, and antigen activation of T cells. These immune stimulatory actions can be modulated by inducing proliferation of regulatory T cells. The B cell activation system has been implicated in diverse autoimmune diseases, and therapeutic blockade is a management strategy now being evaluated in autoimmune hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS The B cell activation system has profound effects on B and T cell function in autoimmune diseases. Blockade therapy is being actively evaluated in autoimmune hepatitis. Clarification of the critical pathogenic components of the B cell activation system will improve the targeting, efficacy, and safety of blockade therapy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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Exploring the Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Implications of Interleukin 2 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2493-2512. [PMID: 32833154 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 is essential for the expansion of regulatory T cells, and low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 has improved the clinical manifestations of diverse autoimmune diseases in preliminary studies. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of interleukin 2 and its receptor, present preliminary experiences with low-dose interleukin 2 in the treatment of diverse autoimmune diseases, and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic intervention in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Interleukin 2 is critical for the thymic selection, peripheral expansion, induction, and survival of regulatory T cells, and it is also a growth factor for activated T cells and natural killer cells. Interleukin 2 activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 after binding with its trimeric receptor on regulatory T cells. Immune suppressor activity is increased; anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 is released; pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma is inhibited; and activation-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is upregulated. Preliminary experiences with cyclic injections of low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 in diverse autoimmune diseases have demonstrated increased numbers of circulating regulatory T cells, preserved regulatory function, improved clinical manifestations, and excellent tolerance. Similar improvements have been recognized in one of two patients with refractory autoimmune hepatitis. In conclusion, interferon 2 has biological actions that favor the immune suppressor functions of regulatory T cells, and low-dose regimens in preliminary studies encourage its rigorous investigation in autoimmune hepatitis.
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Mirzaei R, Zamani F, Hajibaba M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Noroozbeygi M, Gorgani M, Hosseini-Fard SR, Jalalifar S, Ajdarkosh H, Abedi SH, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. The pathogenic, therapeutic and diagnostic role of exosomal microRNA in the autoimmune diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577640. [PMID: 34224949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a nano-vesicle surrounded by a bilipid layer that can release from almost all cells and could be detected in tissues and biological liquids. These vesicles contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (including DNA, mRNA, and miRNA) inside and on the exosomes' surface constitute their content. Exosomes can transfer their cargo into the recipient cell, which can modify recipient cells' biological activities. Recently it has been deciphering that the miRNA pattern of exosomes reveals the cellular pathophysiological situation and modifies various biological processes. Increasing data regarding exosomes highlights that the exosomes and their cargo, especially miRNAs, are implicated in the pathophysiology of various disorders, such as autoimmune disease. The current evidence on the deciphering of mechanisms in which exosomal miRNAs contributed to autoimmunity was indicated that exosomal miRNA might hold information that can reprogram the function of many of the immune cells involved in autoimmune diseases' pathogenesis. In the present study, we summarized the pathogenic role of exosomal miRNAs in several autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis (MG), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's Syndrome (SS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), vitiligo, and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Moreover, in this work, we present evidence of the potential role of exosomal miRNAs as therapeutic and diagnostic agents in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Hajibaba
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mina Noroozbeygi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Melika Gorgani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassnan Abedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rohani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Annamalay AA, Abbott S, Khoo SK, Hibbert J, Bizzintino J, Zhang G, Laing I, Currie A, Le Souëf PN, Green RJ. The impact of cytokine levels in young South African children with and without HIV-associated acute lower respiratory infections. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3647-3655. [PMID: 33314189 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Altered host immune responses are considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). The existing literature on cytokine responses in ALRI is largely focussed on adults from developed countries and there are few reports describing the role of cytokines in childhood ALRI, particularly in African or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations. To measure systemic cytokine levels in blood plasma from young South African children with and without ALRI and with and without HIV to determine associations between cytokine responses and disease status and respiratory viral identification. Blood plasma samples were collected from 106 hospitalized ALRI cases and 54 non-ALRI controls less than 2 years of age. HIV status was determined. Blood plasma concentrations of 19 cytokines, 7 chemokines, and 4 growth factors (epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-basic, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial) were measured using The Human Cytokine 30-Plex Panel. Common respiratory viruses were identified by PCR. Mean cytokine concentrations for G-CSF, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, and MCP-1 were significantly higher in ALRI cases than in nonrespiratory controls. Within the ALRI cases, several cytokines were higher in children with a virus compared with children without a virus. Mean cytokine concentrations for IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor-α, and MIP-1α were significantly lower in HIV-infected cases than in HIV-uninfected cases, while IP-10 and monokine induced by interferon-γ were significantly higher in HIV-infected cases than in HIV-uninfected cases. Certain cytokines are likely to play an important role in the host immune response to ALRI. HIV-infected children have impaired inflammatory responses to respiratory infections compared with HIV-uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Annamalay
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Salome Abbott
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Julie Hibbert
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ingrid Laing
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- Division of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robin J Green
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Chen Q, Ren R, Zhang Q, Wu J, Zhang Y, Xue M, Yin D, Yang Y. Coptis chinensis Franch polysaccharides provide a dynamically regulation on intestinal microenvironment, based on the intestinal flora and mucosal immunity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113542. [PMID: 33152428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Coptis chinensis Franch is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbs in China and was firstly recorded in "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica" in the Han Dynasty. The medical records in past thousands years have fully confirmed the clinical efficacies of Coptis chinensis Franch against intestinal diseases. The polysaccharides in herbal medicines can be digested by the flora and uptaken by the Peyer's patches (PPs) in intestine. It can be reasonably presumed that the polysaccharides in Coptis chinensis Franch (CCP) should be one of the critical element in the regulation of intestinal microenvironment. AIM OF THE STUDY This study intended to explore the dynamic regulation of CCP on intestinal microenvironment from the perspective of the intestinal mucosal immunity and the intestinal flora, in order to provide a new research perspective for the pharmacological mechanism of Coptis chinensis Franch. MATERIALS AND METHODS The absorption and distribution of CCP in intestinal tissues were observed after the perfusion of FITC labeled CCP. The influences of CCP on intestinal flora were evaluated by the 16sRNA gene illumina-miseq sequencing after gavage. The regulations of CCP on intestinal mucosal immunity were evaluated by the immunohistochemical analysis of the interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-17 (IL-17) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) secretion in PPs and intestinal epithelial tissue. RESULTS With the self-aggregation into particles morphology, CCP can be up-taken by PPs and promote the IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β secretion in PPs in a dose-dependent manner. The CCP can also be utilized by the intestinal flora and dynamically regulate the diversity, composition and distribution of the intestinal flora. The temporal regulations of CCP on IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β secretions in intestinal epithelial tissues are consistent with the variation tendency of intestinal flora. CONCLUSION CCP can provide effective, dynamical and dose-dependent regulations on intestinal microenvironment, not only the intestinal flora but also the PPs and intestinal epithelium related immune response. These may be involved in the multiple biological activities of Coptis chinensis Franch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Rongrong Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Mingsong Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230012, PR China.
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17
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Ejike UC, Chan CJ, Okechukwu PN, Lim RLH. New advances and potentials of fungal immunomodulatory proteins for therapeutic purposes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1172-1190. [PMID: 32854547 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are fascinating small and heat-stable bioactive proteins in a distinct protein family due to similarities in their structures and sequences. They are found in fungi, including the fruiting bodies producing fungi comprised of culinary and medicinal mushrooms. Structurally, most FIPs exist as homodimers; each subunit consisting of an N-terminal α-helix dimerization and a C-terminal fibronectin III domain. Increasing numbers of identified FIPs from either different or same fungal species clearly indicates the growing research interests into its medicinal properties which include immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, and anticancer. Most FIPs increased IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, potentially exerting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting overproduction of T helper-2 (Th2) cytokines common in an allergy reaction. Recently, FIP from Ganoderma microsporum (FIP-gmi) was shown to promote neurite outgrowth for potential therapeutic applications in neuro-disorders. This review discussed FIPs' structural and protein characteristics, their recombinant protein production for functional studies, and the recent advances in their development and applications as pharmaceutics and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chong Joo Chan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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18
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Assar S, Nosratabadi R, Khorramdel Azad H, Masoumi J, Mohamadi M, Hassanshahi G. A Review of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:1007-1026. [PMID: 32746743 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1797778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Past researches indicate that some types of antibiotics, apart from their antimicrobial effects, have some other important effects which indirectly are exerted by modulating and regulating the immune system's mediators. Among the compounds with antimicrobial effects, fluoroquinolones (FQs) are known as synthetic antibiotics, which exhibit the property of decomposing of DNA and prevent bacterial growth by inactivating the enzymes involved in DNA twisting, including topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and IV. Interestingly, immune responses are indirectly modulated by FQs through suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and super-inducing IL-2, which tend to increase both the growth and activity of T and B lymphocytes. In addition, they affect the development of immune responses by influencing of expression of other cytokines and mediators. This study aims to review past research on the immunomodulatory effects of FQs on the expression of cytokines, especially IL-2 and to discuss controversial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Assar
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Nosratabadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdel Azad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahshad Mohamadi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Hassanshahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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19
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Gao X, Liu L, Min X, Jia S, Zhao M. Non-Coding RNAs in CD4 + T Cells: New Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568. [PMID: 32308657 PMCID: PMC7145980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are indispensable for CD4+ T cell differentiation and functions. By directly or indirectly regulating immune gene expression, ncRNAs give flexible instructions to guide the biological processes of CD4+ T cells and play a vital role in maintaining immune homeostasis. However, the dysfunction of ncRNAs alters the gene expression profiles, disturbs the normal biological processes of CD4+ T cells, and leads to the functional changes of CD4+ T cells, which is an underlying cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the roles of ncRNAs in CD4+ T cell functions and differentiation, as well as their potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Gao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Min
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sujie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Ali S, Majid S, Niamat Ali M, Taing S. Evaluation of T cell cytokines and their role in recurrent miscarriage. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106347. [PMID: 32143004 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is defined as two or more consecutive pregnancy losses that affect approximately 5% of conceived women worldwide. RM is a multi-factorial reproductive problem and has been associated with parental chromosomal abnormalities, embryonic chromosomal rearrangements, uterine anomalies, autoimmune disorders, endocrine dysfunction, thrombophilia, life style factors, and maternal infections. However, the exact cause is still undecided in remaining 50% of cases. Immunological rejection of the embryo due to exacerbated maternal immune reaction against paternal embryonic antigens has been set forth as one of the significant reason for RM. The accurate means that shield the embryo during normal pregnancy from the attack of maternal immune network and dismissal are inadequately implicit. However, it is suggested that the genetically irreconcilable embryo escapes maternal immune rejection due to communication among many vital cytokines exuded at maternal-embryonic interface both by maternal and embryonic cells. Previous investigations suggested the Th1/Th2 dominance in altered immunity of RM patients, according to which the allogenic embryo flees maternal T cell reaction by inclining the Th0 differentiation toward Th2 pathway resulting into diminished pro-inflammatory Th1 immunity. However, recently pro-inflammatory Th17 cells and immunoregulatory Treg cells have been discovered as essential immune players in RM besides Th1/Th2 components. Cytokines are believed to develop a complicated regulatory network so as to establish a state of homeostasis between the semi-allogenic embryo and the maternal immune system. However, an adverse imbalance among cytokines at maternal-embryonic interface perhaps due to their gene polymorphisms may render immunoregulatory means not enough to re-establish homeostasis and thus may collapse pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, 190006 Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Md Niamat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, 190006 Srinagar, J&K, India.
| | - Shahnaz Taing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College Associated Lalla Ded Hospital, Srinagar, J&K, India
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21
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Ferreira SS, Oliveira MA, Tsujita M, Nunes FPB, Casagrande FB, Gomes E, Russo M, Tavares de Lima W, Martins JO. Insulin Modulates the Immune Cell Phenotype in Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation and Increases Pulmonary Resistance in Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32117245 PMCID: PMC7026190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reports have shown that the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients previously diagnosed with asthma decreases asthmatic symptoms, whereas insulin aggravates asthma. The present study evaluated the modulatory effect of insulin on the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effects of relative insulin deficiency, an experimental model of diabetes was induced by a single dose of alloxan (50 mg/kg, i.v.). After 10 days, the mice were sensitized with ovalbumin [OVA, 20 μg and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. A booster immunization was performed 6 days after the first sensitization [20 μg of OVA and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. The OVA challenge (1 mg/mL) was performed by daily nebulization for 7 days. Diabetic animals were treated with multiple doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) before each challenge with OVA. The following parameters were measured 24 h after the last challenge: (a) the levels of p38 MAP kinase, ERK 1/2 MAP kinases, JNK, STAT 3, and STAT 6 in lung homogenates; (b) the serum profiles of immunoglobulins IgE and IgG1; (c) the concentrations of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, VEGF, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) in lung homogenates; (d) cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); (e) the profiles of immune cells in the bone marrow, lung, thymus, and spleen; and (f) pulmonary mechanics using invasive (FlexiVent) and non-invasive (BUXCO) methods. Results: Compared to non-diabetic OVA-challenged mice, OVA-challenged diabetic animals showed decreases in ERK 1 (2-fold), ERK 2 (7-fold), JNK (phosphor-54) (3-fold), JNK/SAPK (9-fold), STAT3 (4-fold), the levels of immunoglobulins, including IgE (1-fold) and IgG1 (3-fold), cytokines, including Th2 profile cytokines such as IL-4 (2-fold), IL-5 (2-fold), IL-13 (4-fold), TNF-α (2-fold), VEGF (2-fold), and TGF-β (2-fold), inflammatory infiltrates (14-fold), T cells, NK cells, B cells and eosinophils in the bone marrow, lung, thymus and spleen, and airway hyperreactivity. STAT6 was absent, and no eosinophilia was observed in BALF. Insulin treatment restored all parameters. Conclusion: The data suggested that insulin modulates immune cell phenotypes and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Tsujita
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P B Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Casagrande
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wothan Tavares de Lima
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Jiang J, Yan L, Shi Z, Wang L, Shan L, Efferth T. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of total flavonoids of Qu Zhi Ke (peel of Citrus changshan-huyou) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via modulation of NF-κB and MAPKs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:153082. [PMID: 31541796 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus flavonoids, consisting of naringin, narirutin, neohesperidine, etc., have therapeutic activities for the treatment of lipometabolic disorders. The peel of Citrus changshan-huyou (Qu Zhi Ke, QZK) is a new source of flavonoids, but attracted little attention so far. HYPOTHESIS QZK should possess therapeutic effects against lipometabolic disorders due to the flavonoids it contains. STUDY DESIGN In this study, we extracted and purified the flavonoids of QZK (TFCH) and established an obesity-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model of rats. TFCH was given orally for 8 weeks, and its anti-NAFLD effects and potential mechanism were evaluated. METHODS The flavonoid chemoprofile of TFCH was determined by using HPLC. High-fat diet was employed to induce NAFLD model in rats, and six groups were set up: negative control group, reference treatment group, model group, low-dose TFCH (25 mg/kg), intermediate-dose TFCH (50 mg/kg), and high-dose TFCH (100 mg/kg). Serum and liver levels of inflammatory cytokines and NAFLD markers were measured biochemically. The relative mRNA expressions of liver T-bet, GATA3, and TNF-α were tested by real time PCR (qPCR) analysis. The protein expression of p38 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB, ERK1/2, and p38 in liver were tested by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The histopathological observation showed that TFCH attenuated hepatic lesions with significantly decreased NAFLD activity scores. The biochemical data showed that TFCH significantly suppressed both systemic and intrahepatic inflammation by inhibiting IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and the qPCR analysis revealed a Th1/Th2 related anti-inflammatory mechanism of TFCH. Western blot results clarified that TFCH exerted hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of phosphorylated NF-κB and MAPKs, indicating a mechanism associated with NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. CONCLUSION QZK is a new source of Citrus flavonoids for therapeutic use, and TFCH is a promising representative of Citrus flavonoids for anti-NAFLD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Circulatory Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang You-du Biotech Limited Company, Quzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Citrus changshan-huyou Research Institute of Changshan City, Quzhou, China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Fatehi R. Assessment of the genes and molecular mechanisms of B cells activation through systems biology approaches. Hum Antibodies 2019; 28:83-87. [PMID: 31524152 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two classes of T helper lymphocytes, Th1 and Th2, have different roles in B cell activation based on specific cytokines. To understand the difference of molecular mechanisms of B cell activation, the microarray dataset of B cells co-cultured with type 1 and 2 T helper, Be1 and Be2, were investigated. After quality assessment, using the GEO2R tool, the GSE84948 dataset was re-analyzed. Genes with adjusted p-value ⩽ 0.05 were assumed as differentially expressed (DE). The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using CluePedia plugin of Cytoscape, and analyzed by NetworkAnalyzer tool and MCODE plugin. Using ClueGO plugin of Cytoscape software, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed. The comparison of Be1 and Be2 cells with naive B cells revealed 8742 and 8748 DE genes, respectively. The topology analysis of PPI networks predicted central genes. Among these, Jak3, Actrt3, and Pik3cb genes were determined as crucial genes in Be1 network. Prkx, Smarca4, and Jak2 genes were defined as critical genes in Be2 PPI network. GO analysis with PPI networks genes resulted in the promotion of immune system activation. In conclusion, we explored holistic methods for molecular assay of the difference between B cell activation mechanisms with Th1 and Th2.
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França FL, Honorio-França AC, Honorio MS, Silva FHD, Fujimori M, França EL, Araújo FGDS. Dental implant surfaces treated with phosphoric acid can modulate cytokine production by blood MN cells. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e040. [PMID: 31508724 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study characterizes dental implant surfaces treated with phosphoric acid to assess the effects of acid treatment on blood cells and correlate them with cytokine levels. The implant surfaces examined were divided into untreated metal surface (US; n = 50), metal surface treated with phosphoric acid (ATS; n = 50) and cement surface (CS; n = 50) groups. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rheometry. The implants were incubated with human blood mononuclear cells for 24 h, with surface rinsing in the ATS treatment. Cell viability was determined by colorimetric methods and cytokines in the culture supernatant were quantified using flow cytometry. In the ATS group, the surface porosity and contact surface were increased and plaques were observed on the surface. The blood flow and viscosity curves were similar among the treatments, and the high cell viability rates indicate the biocompatibility of the materials used. An increase in the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α was observed in the ATS and CS groups. There were positive correlations between IL-10 and IL-2 levels and between IL-10 and IL-4 levels in the culture supernatant of the ATS group. The results suggest that implant surface treatment with phosphoric acid activates the production of inflammatory cytokines. The increased cytokine levels can modulate the immune response, thereby improving biofunctional processes and promoting the success of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Luzía França
- Program of Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Silva Honorio
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Helen da Silva
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Mahmi Fujimori
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luzía França
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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Lin YC, Chen YC, Hsiao HP, Kuo CH, Chen BH, Chen YT, Wang SL, Tsai ML, Hung CH. The effects of acarbose on chemokine and cytokine production in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:179-187. [PMID: 30827017 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-019-00101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chronic inflammation induced by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines is postulated to be involved in insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Acarbose, the α-glucosidase inhibitor, is an oral antidiabetic drug for T2DM. Acarbose suppresses inflammatory cytokine production in patients with T2DM, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and the exact mechanisms of acarbose in human monocytic THP-1 cells. METHODS THP-1 cells were pretreated with acarbose and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of Th1-related chemokines, including interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Th2-related chemokine macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular signaling pathways were explored by Western blot analysis and using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS Acarbose suppressed the levels of IP-10, MCP-1, MDC, and TNF-α and downregulated phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear factor-kappa B-p65 (NF-κB-p65) in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Acarbose suppressed LPS-induced acetylation of histones H3 (H3) and H4 in the IP-10 and MCP-1 promoter regions. These findings revealed the suppressive effects of acarbose on IP-10, MCP-1, MDC, and TNF-α production in THP-1 cells via, at least partially, the p38, JNK, ERK, and NF-κB-p65 pathways, as well as through epigenetic regulation via histone H3 and H4 acetylation. CONCLUSION Our study points to the therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, No.482, Shanming Road, Siaogang District, Kaohsiung City, 812, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Pin Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hung Kuo
- Ta-Kuo Clinic, No.69, Ziqiang 2nd Road, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung City, 144, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, No.68, Jhonghua 3rd Road, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung City, 145, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ling Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, No.482, Shanming Road, Siaogang District, Kaohsiung City, 812, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Lee BC, Kim JJ, Lee JY, Kang I, Shin N, Lee SE, Choi SW, Cho JY, Kim HS, Kang KS. Disease-specific primed human adult stem cells effectively ameliorate experimental atopic dermatitis in mice. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:3608-3621. [PMID: 31281501 PMCID: PMC6587175 DOI: 10.7150/thno.32945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) hold considerable promise as an alternative therapeutic reagent for allergic disorders including atopic dermatitis (AD), the strategy for enhancing hMSC-based therapy remains challenging. We sought to investigate whether preconditioning with mast cell (MC) granules could enhance the therapeutic efficiency of human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) against AD. Methods: AD was experimentally induced in NC/Nga mice by repeated applications of 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dermatophagoides farinae (Df) extract, and preconditioned hUCB-MSCs were subcutaneously injected. The therapeutic effect was determined by gross examination and additional ex vivo experiments performed using blood and skin samples to determine the resolution of allergic inflammation. To explore the underlying mechanisms, several co-culture assays with primary isolated immune cells and wound closure assays were conducted. Results: Pretreatment of MC granules enhanced the therapeutic effects of hUCB-MSCs by attenuating the symptoms of AD in an experimental animal model. MC granule-primed cells suppressed the activation of major disease-inducing cells, MCs and B lymphocytes more efficiently than naïve cells both in vitro and in vivo. Histamine-mediated upregulation of the COX-2 signaling pathway was shown to play a crucial role in suppression of the allergic immune response by MC-pretreated hUCB-MSCs. Moreover, MC pretreatment improved the wound healing ability of hUCB-MSCs. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that pre-exposure to MC granules improved the therapeutic effect of hUCB-MSCs on experimental AD by resolving the allergic immune reaction and accelerating the tissue regeneration process more efficiently than naïve cells, suggesting a potential enhancement strategy for stem cell-based therapy.
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Lis M, Barycza B, Sysak A, Pawlak A, Suszko-Pawłowska A, Szczypka M, Wawrzeńczyk C, Obmińska-Mrukowicz B. Modulating effect of a new ester, 28- O-phosphatidylbetulin (DAPB), obtained from hen egg yolk lecithin and betulin on lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune response in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:231-241. [PMID: 31056969 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1578972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Context: Leaf extracts of plants of the genus Betula have traditionally been used as diuretic, anti-rheumatic and diaphoretic preparations. One of the main active ingredients of Betula bark is betulin, lupane-type triterpene alcohol, with multiple biological activities. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of a newly synthesized ester of betulin: 28-O-phosphatidylbetulin [28-O-(1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-betulin, DAPB] in comparison with betulin in mice. Materials and methods: Cytotoxic activity of DAPB or betulin was tested against non-cancer (D10.G4.1 and J774E.1) and cancer (GL-1; CL-1 and Jurkat) cell lines. The in vivo part assessed total lymphocyte count, weight ratio and subsets of lymphocytes in the lymphatic organs, and humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Results: In vitro assay showed that DAPB, contrary to betulin, had no antiproliferative activity. Exposure to four doses of DAPB increased the absolute count of immature CD4+CD8+ thymic cells as well as the percentage and absolute count of mature CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes. DAPB enhanced the percentage or absolute count of CD3+ cells in spleen and lymph nodes with corresponding decrease in the percentage and/or absolute count of CD19+ cells. Both DAPB and betulin enhanced the percentage and absolute count of CD8+ lymphocytes in lymph nodes. In SRBC-immunized mice, betulin contrary to DAPB enhanced the number of splenocytes producing anti-SRBC antibodies (PFC). Both DAPB and betulin increased the level of total (IgM + IgG) and IgG titers. Conclusion: Despite the lack of cytotoxic activity, DAPB shows valuable immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Lis
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Barbara Barycza
- b Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Angelika Sysak
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suszko-Pawłowska
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marianna Szczypka
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Czesław Wawrzeńczyk
- c Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Bożena Obmińska-Mrukowicz
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław , Poland
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Kim J, Hajam IA, Lee JH. Human antigen presenting cells stimulated with Salmonella delivered influenza antigens induce cytokine production and proliferation of human CD4 + T cells in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2019; 470:20-26. [PMID: 31028753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether the human antigen presenting cells (APCs) can process and present Salmonella expressing H7N9 hemagglutinin (Sal-HA), neuraminidase (Sal-NA) or M2 ectodomain (Sal-M2e) to T cells and subsequently activate CD4+ T cell responses in vitro. In this study, APCs generated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first treated with mitomycin-C, followed by stimulation with Sal-HA, Sal-M2e, Sal-NA or Salmonella alone for 24 h. Subsequently, stimulated APCs were coincubated with untreated PBMCs (1:10) of the same individual for 24 or 72 h and then analysed for cytokine induction and T cell proliferations by qRT-PCR assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Our results demonstrated that APCs stimulated with Sal-HA, Sal-M2e or Sal-NA induced significantly (p < .05) higher CD3+CD4+ T cell proliferations compared to the APCs treated with Salmonella alone. Our data further revealved that APCs treated with Sal-HA induced significantly (p < .05) higher CD3+CD4+ T cell responses compared to the APCs treated with either Sal-M2e or Sal-NA, which both induced almost comparable levels. The T cell proliferation responses were further measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay and the results showed that Sal-HA and Sal-M2e stimulated APCs induced significantly (p < .05) higher proliferations in T cells compared to the APCs stimulated with either Sal-NA or Salmonella alone. With respect to cytokine inductions, APCs treated with either Sal-HA or Sal-M2e induced significantly (p < .05) higher mRNA transcription levels of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-23), Th1 (IFN-γ), Th17 (IL-17 and IL-21) and Th2 (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines in T cells compared to Sal-NA or Salmonella alone treated APCs. In conclusion, we show that Salmonella system can efficiently deliver vaccine antigens to APCs and is, thus, capable to elicit heterologous antigen-specific adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Ankylosing spondylitis: analysis of gene-gene interactions between IL-12β, JAK2, and STAT3 in Han Chinese and Algerian cohorts. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:65-74. [PMID: 31114439 PMCID: PMC6526582 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.84019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Association studies have recently identified the importance of new genetic variants for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in several populations. Our aim was to confirm associations of variants within genes involved in the IL-23 signalling pathway with AS in two ethnically different populations: Han Chinese and Algerian. Material and methods Two case-control studies were performed in separate cohorts: Han Chinese (430 AS patients and 580 controls) and Algerian (130 AS patients and 120 controls). We genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs3212227 (or +1188A/C) and rs6887695 in IL-12β, rs7857730 in JAK2, and rs2293152 in STAT3, using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Gene-gene interaction analyses were also tested by logistic regression and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR). Results Statistical analysis revealed a difference in allele frequencies between AS patients and controls for rs321222 in the IL-12β gene in both the Han Chinese (p = 0.005) and the Algerian (p = 0.031) cohorts. Two other associations were reported with JAK2 rs7857730 in the Han Chinese (allelic p = 0.014) cohort and STAT3 rs2293152 in the Algerian (allelic p = 0.006) cohort. Moreover, logistic regression analyses showed a number of significant combinations within the two populations, and the gene-gene epistasis effects in AS were also confirmed by MDR. Conclusions Our findings have confirmed the association between genes in IL-23 signalling pathway and the pathogenesis of AS. This association was particularly novel in both Han Chinese and Algerian populations with the 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR) variant rs3212227 (or +1188A/C) of IL-12β. The gene-gene interaction models in this pathway may thus increase the risk of AS in these populations.
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Tandon A, Pathak M, Harioudh MK, Ahmad S, Sayeed M, Afshan T, Siddiqi MI, Mitra K, Bhattacharya SM, Ghosh JK. A TLR4-derived non-cytotoxic, self-assembling peptide functions as a vaccine adjuvant in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19874-19885. [PMID: 30385503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is devised/formulated to stimulate specific and prolonged immune responses for long-term protection against infection or disease. A vaccine component, namely adjuvant, enhances antigen recognition by the host immune system and thereby stimulates its cellular and adaptive responses. Especially synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists having self-assembling properties are considered as good candidates for adjuvant development. Here, a human TLR4-derived 20-residue peptide (TR-433), present in the dimerization interface of the TLR4-myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD2) complex, displayed self-assembly and adopted a nanostructure. Both in vitro studies and in vivo experiments in mice indicated that TR-433 is nontoxic. TR-433 induced pro-inflammatory responses in THP-1 monocytes and HEK293T cells that were transiently transfected with TLR4/CD14/MD2 and also in BALB/c mice. In light of the self-assembly and pro-inflammatory properties of TR-433, we immunized with a mixture of TR-433 and either ovalbumin or filarial antigen trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP). A significant amount of IgG titers was produced, suggesting adjuvanting capability of TR-433 that was comparable with that of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and appreciably higher than that of alum. We found that TR-433 preferentially activates type 1 helper T cell (Th1) response rather than type 2 helper T cell (Th2) response. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of a short TLR4-derived peptide that possesses both self-assembling and pro-inflammatory properties and has significant efficacy as an adjuvant, capable of activating cellular responses in mice. These results indicate that TR-433 possesses significant potential for development as a new adjuvant in therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohd Sayeed
- From the Molecular and Structural Biology Division
| | | | - M I Siddiqi
- From the Molecular and Structural Biology Division
| | - Kalyan Mitra
- Electron Microscopy Unit, SAIF Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road Lucknow-226 031, India
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Neuroimmunomodulation in Major Depressive Disorder: Focus on Caspase 1, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Interferon-Gamma. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4288-4305. [PMID: 30306457 PMCID: PMC6505498 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, and its incidence is expected to increase. Despite tremendous efforts to understand its underlying biological mechanisms, MDD pathophysiology remains elusive and pharmacotherapy outcomes are still far from ideal. Low-grade chronic inflammation seems to play a key role in mediating the interface between psychological stress, depressive symptomatology, altered intestinal microbiology, and MDD onset. We review the available pre-clinical and clinical evidence of an involvement of pro-inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis, treatment, and remission of MDD. We focus on caspase 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interferon gamma, three inflammatory systems dysregulated in MDD. Treatment strategies aiming at targeting such pathways alone or in combination with classical therapies could prove valuable in MDD. Further studies are needed to assess the safety and efficacy of immune modulation in MDD and other psychiatric disorders with neuroinflammatory components.
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Hajam IA, Kim J, Lee JH. Oral immunization with a novel attenuated Salmonella Gallinarum encoding infectious bronchitis virus spike protein induces protective immune responses against fowl typhoid and infectious bronchitis in chickens. Vet Res 2018; 49:91. [PMID: 30208963 PMCID: PMC6134591 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and infectious bronchitis (IB) are two economically important avian diseases that affect poultry industry worldwide. Herein, we exploited a live attenuated SG mutant, JOL967, to deliver spike (S) protein 1 of IB virus (V) to elicit protective immunity against both FT and IB in chickens. The codon optimized S1 nucleotide sequence was cloned in-frame into a prokaryotic constitutive expression vector, pJHL65. Subsequently, empty pJHL65 or recombinant pJHL65-S1 plasmid was electroporated into JOL967 and the resultant clones were designated as JOL2068 and JOL2077, respectively. Our results demonstrated that the chickens vaccinated once orally with JOL2077 elicited significantly (p < 0.05) higher IBV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity compared to JOL2068 and PBS control groups. Consequently, on challenge with the virulent IBV strain at 28th day post-vaccination, JOL2077 vaccinated birds displayed significantly (p < 0.05) lower inflammatory lesions in virus-targeted tissues compared to control groups. Furthermore, 33.3% (2 of 6) of birds vaccinated with JOL2077 vaccine had shown virus recovery from tracheal tissues compared to 100% (6 of 6) recovery obtained in both the control groups. Against wild-type SG lethal challenge, both JOL2077 and JOL2068 vaccinated groups exhibited only 10% mortality compared to 80% mortality observed in PBS control group. In conclusion, we show that JOL2077 can induce efficient IBV- and carrier-specific protective immunity and can act as a bivalent vaccine against FT and IB. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential of JOL2077 vaccine in broiler and young layer birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Kooijman S, Brummelman J, van Els CACM, Marino F, Heck AJR, van Riet E, Metz B, Kersten GFA, Pennings JLA, Meiring HD. Vaccine antigens modulate the innate response of monocytes to Al(OH)3. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197885. [PMID: 29813132 PMCID: PMC5973561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants have widely been used in human vaccines since 1926. In the absence of antigens, aluminum-based adjuvants can initiate the inflammatory preparedness of innate cells, yet the impact of antigens on this response has not been investigated so far. In this study, we address the modulating effect of vaccine antigens on the monocyte-derived innate response by comparing processes initiated by Al(OH)3 and by Infanrix, an Al(OH)3-adjuvanted trivalent combination vaccine (DTaP), containing diphtheria toxoid (D), tetanus toxoid (T) and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine antigens. A systems-wide analysis of stimulated monocytes was performed in which full proteome analysis was combined with targeted transcriptome analysis and cytokine analysis. This comprehensive study revealed four major differences in the monocyte response, between plain Al(OH)3 and DTaP stimulation conditions: (I) DTaP increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas Al(OH)3 did not; (II) Al(OH)3 increased the gene expression of IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-17a in contrast to the limited induction or even downregulation by DTaP; (III) increased expression of type I interferons-induced proteins was not observed upon DTaP stimulation, but was observed upon Al(OH)3 stimulation; (IV) opposing regulation of protein localization pathways was observed for Al(OH)3 and DTaP stimulation, related to the induction of exocytosis by Al(OH)3 alone. This study highlights that vaccine antigens can antagonize Al(OH)3-induced programming of the innate immune responses at the monocyte level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Kooijman
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Marino
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gideon F. A. Kersten
- Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Ashford KB, Chavan N, Ebersole JL, Wiggins AT, Sharma S, McCubbin A, Barnett J, O'Brien J. Patterns of Systemic and Cervicovaginal Fluid Inflammatory Cytokines throughout Pregnancy. Am J Perinatol 2018; 35:455-462. [PMID: 29132178 PMCID: PMC6748037 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study describes the normal variations in serum and cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) cytokine levels throughout pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This multicenter, prospective study examined trimester-specific maternal serum and CVF cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein [CRP]). A two-factor linear mixed modeling approach compared cytokine distribution, while pairwise comparisons evaluated differences over time. RESULTS Trimester-specific serum cytokine data were available for 288, 243, and 221 patients, whereas CVF cytokine data were available for 273, 229, and 198 patients. CVF had significantly higher concentrations of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (p < 0.001), irrespective of the trimester. At all time points, IL-10 and CRP concentrations were higher in serum than CVF (p < 0.001). Serum IL-10 increased significantly throughout pregnancy (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Differences in cytokine distribution across different biological fluids are evident throughout pregnancy. These findings provide a framework for examining patterns of changes in cytokines throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B Ashford
- Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Niraj Chavan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Amanda T Wiggins
- Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Savita Sharma
- Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Andrea McCubbin
- Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Janine Barnett
- Perinatal Research and Wellness Center, University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John O'Brien
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
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Hines IN, Kremer M, Moore SM, Wheeler MD. Impaired T cell-mediated hepatitis in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-deficient mice. Biol Res 2018; 51:5. [PMID: 29448959 PMCID: PMC5815252 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a regulator of enzymes involved in β oxidation, has been reported to influence lymphocyte activation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PPARα plays a role in T cell-mediated hepatitis induced by Concanavalin A (ConA). METHODS Wild type (wt) or PPARα-deficient (PPARα-/-) mice were treated with ConA (15 mg/kg) by intravenous injection 0, 10 or 24 h prior to sacrifice and serum and tissue collection for analysis of tissue injury, cytokine response, T cell activation and characterization. RESULTS Ten and 24 h following ConA administration, wt mice had significant liver injury as demonstrated by serum transaminase levels, inflammatory cell infiltrate, hepatocyte apoptosis, and expression of several cytokines including interleukin 4 (IL4) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast, PPARα-/- mice were protected from ConA-induced liver injury with significant reductions in serum enzyme release, greatly reduced inflammatory cell infiltrate, hepatocellular apoptosis, and IFNγ expression, despite having similar levels of hepatic T cell activation and IL4 expression. This resistance to liver injury was correlated with reduced numbers of hepatic natural killer T (NKT) cells and their in vivo responsiveness to alpha-galactosylceramide. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of either wt or PPARα-/- splenocytes reconstituted ConA liver injury and cytokine production in lymphocyte-deficient, severe combined immunodeficient mice implicating PPARα within the liver, possibly through support of IL15 expression and/or suppression of IL12 production and not the lymphocyte as the key regulator of T cell activity and ConA-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that PPARα within the liver plays an important role in ConA-mediated liver injury through regulation of NKT cell recruitment and/or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian N. Hines
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 4165F, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Michael Kremer
- Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Sherri M. Moore
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 4165F, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
| | - Michael D. Wheeler
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Health Sciences Bldg. Room 4165F, Greenville, NC 27834 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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Emmanouil M, Tseveleki V, Triantafyllakou I, Nteli A, Tselios T, Probert L. A Cyclic Altered Peptide Analogue Based on Myelin Basic Protein 87-99 Provides Lasting Prophylactic and Therapeutic Protection Against Acute Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020304. [PMID: 29385090 PMCID: PMC6017753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, amide-linked cyclic peptide analogues of the 87-99 myelin basic protein (MBP) epitope, a candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis (MS), are tested for therapeutic efficacy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Cyclic altered peptide analogues of MBP87-99 with substitutions at positions 91 and/or 96 were tested for protective effects when administered using prophylactic or early therapeutic protocols in MBP72-85-induced EAE in Lewis rats. The Lys91 and Pro96 of MBP87-99 are crucial T-cell receptor (TCR) anchors and participate in the formation of trimolecular complex between the TCR-antigen (peptide)-MHC (major histocompability complex) for the stimulation of encephalitogenic T cells that are necessary for EAE induction and are implicated in MS. The cyclic peptides were synthesized using Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) applied on the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarboxyl/tert-butyl Fmoc/tBu methodology and combined with the 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (CLTR-Cl). Cyclo(91-99)[Ala96]MBP87-99, cyclo(87-99)[Ala91,96]MBP87-99 and cyclo(87-99)[Arg91, Ala96]MBP87-99, but not wild-type linear MBP87-99, strongly inhibited MBP72-85-induced EAE in Lewis rats when administered using prophylactic and early therapeutic vaccination protocols. In particular, cyclo(87-99)[Arg91, Ala96]MBP87-99 was highly effective in preventing the onset and development of clinical symptoms and spinal cord pathology and providing lasting protection against EAE induction.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Myelin Basic Protein/chemical synthesis
- Myelin Basic Protein/chemistry
- Myelin Basic Protein/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Emmanouil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vivian Tseveleki
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Agathi Nteli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave., 11521 Athens, Greece.
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Leaf saponins of Quillaja brasiliensis enhance long-term specific immune responses and promote dose-sparing effect in BVDV experimental vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 36:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Analysis of Spleen-Induced Fimbria Production in Recombinant Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Strains. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01189-17. [PMID: 28830946 PMCID: PMC5565968 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01189-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genome encodes 13 fimbrial operons. Most of the fimbriae encoded by these operons are not produced under laboratory conditions but are likely to be synthesized in vivo. We used an in vivo expression technology (IVET) strategy to identify four fimbrial operons, agf, saf, sti, and stc that are expressed in the spleen. When any three of these operons were deleted, the strain retained wild-type virulence. However, when all four operons were deleted, the resulting strain was completely attenuated, indicating that these four fimbriae play functionally redundant roles critical for virulence. In mice, oral doses of as low as 1 × 105 CFU of the strain with four fimbrial operons deleted provided 100% protection against challenge with 1 × 109 CFU of wild-type S. Typhimurium. We also examined the possible effect of these fimbriae on the ability of a Salmonella vaccine strain to deliver a guest antigen. We modified one of our established attenuated vaccine strains, χ9088, to delete three fimbrial operons while the fourth operon was constitutively expressed. Each derivative was modified to express the Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen PspA. Strains that constitutively expressed saf or stc elicited a strong Th1 response with significantly greater levels of anti-PspA serum IgG and greater protective efficacy than strains carrying saf or stc deletions. The isogenic strain in which all four operons were deleted generated the lowest anti-PspA levels and did not protect against challenge with virulent S. pneumoniae. Our results indicate that these fimbriae play important roles, as yet not understood, in Salmonella virulence and immunogenicity. Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne infection in the United States. S. Typhimurium is capable of producing up to 13 distinct surface structures called fimbriae that presumably mediate its adherence to surfaces. The roles of most of these fimbriae in disease are unknown. Identifying fimbriae produced during infection will provide important insights into how these bacterial structures contribute to disease and potentially induce protective immunity to Salmonella infection. We identified four fimbriae that are produced during infection. Deletion of all four of these fimbriae results in a significant reduction in virulence. We explored ways in which the expression of these fimbriae may be exploited for use in recombinant Salmonella vaccine strains and found that production of Saf and Stc fimbriae are important for generating a strong immune response against a vectored antigen. This work provides new insight into the role of fimbriae in disease and their potential for improving the efficacy of Salmonella-based vaccines.
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Kakizawa Y, Lee JS, Bell B, Fahmy TM. Precise manipulation of biophysical particle parameters enables control of proinflammatory cytokine production in presence of TLR 3 and 4 ligands. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:136-145. [PMID: 28069499 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The biophysical parameters governing nanoparticle (NP)-cell interactions significantly affect biological responses, particularly in the application of NP-based immunotherapeutics. Modulation of the surface biophysical character of NPs can be achieved via introduction of amino acids, which offer the ability to fine tune a range of biophysical parameters of interest. We employed this approach using monodisperse silica NPs coated with numerous poly(amino acid)s (PAAs). The NPs were incubated with dendritic cells (DCs) in conjunction with TLR ligands and production of IL-1β from DCs and IFNγ from T cells primed by these DCs were measured. These key cytokines can prognosticate the efficacy of the NP platform as a potential vaccine or active cellular immunotherapy carrier. IL-1β production showed a correlation with both NP size and degree of hydrophobicity. High IFNγ secretion from T cells was shown to be correlated with both the hydrophobicity and charge of the NPs used to activate the DCs. Other cytokines were also screened in order to compare the immune responses. The results of this study highlight the importance of nanoparticle biophysical parameters and the selection of TLR ligands to the rational design of nanoparticle-based vaccines and immunotherapies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The manuscript describes a systematic investigation into the effects of biophysical parameters of nanoparticles (NPs) on immune cells. Modulation of the biophysical character of the NP surface can be achieved by introduction of amino acids on monodisperse silica NPs, introducing a range of tunable biophysical parameters of interest, i.e. distinct sizes, different surface charges and varying degrees of surface hydrophobicity. We examine internalization of the NP in dendritic cells (DCs) and measure a myriad of cytokines, including IL-1β and IFNγ, which prognosticate the efficacy of the NPs as a potential vaccine (IL-1β metric) or active cellular immunotherapy carrier (IFNγ metric). Two different TLR ligands (a viral TLR3 ligand and a bacterial TLR4 ligand) were used along with the PAA NPs to compare their costimulatory immunogenicity. We strongly believe that this study will provide crucial information to many readers of Acta Biomaterialia and further drive the use of nanoparticle platforms in modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kakizawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Brendan Bell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Tarek M Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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EssE Promotes Staphylococcus aureus ESS-Dependent Protein Secretion To Modify Host Immune Responses during Infection. J Bacteriol 2016; 199:JB.00527-16. [PMID: 27795322 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00527-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, an invasive pathogen of humans and animals, requires a specialized ESS pathway to secrete proteins (EsxA, EsxB, EsxC, and EsxD) during infection. Expression of ess genes is required for S. aureus establishment of persistent abscess lesions following bloodstream infection; however, the mechanisms whereby effectors of the ESS pathway implement their virulence strategies were heretofore not known. Here, we show that EssE forms a complex with other members of the ESS secretion pathway and its substrates, promoting the secretion of EsxA, EsxB, EsxC, EsxD, and EssD. During bloodstream infection of mice, the S. aureus essE mutant displays defects in host cytokine responses, specifically in the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) (p40/p70) and the suppression of RANTES (CCL5), activators of TH1 T cell responses and immune cell chemotaxis, respectively. Thus, essE-mediated secretion of protein effectors via the ESS pathway may enable S. aureus to manipulate host immune responses by modifying the production of cytokines. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus and other firmicutes evolved a specialized ESS (EsxA/ESAT-6-like secretion system) pathway for the secretion of small subsets of proteins lacking canonical signal peptides. The molecular mechanisms for ESS-dependent secretion and their functional purpose are still unknown. We demonstrate here that S. aureus EssE functions as a membrane assembly platform for elements of the secretion machinery and their substrates. Furthermore, S. aureus EssE-mediated secretion contributes to the production or the suppression of specific cytokines during host infection, thereby modifying immune responses toward this pathogen.
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Batatinha HAP, Lima EA, Teixeira AAS, Souza CO, Biondo LA, Silveira LS, Lira FS, Rosa Neto JC. Association Between Aerobic Exercise and Rosiglitazone Avoided the NAFLD and Liver Inflammation Exacerbated in PPAR-α Knockout Mice. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:1008-1019. [PMID: 27216550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the main liver diseases today, and may progress to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Some studies have shown the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on reversing NAFLD. To verify whether chronic aerobic exercise improves the insulin resistance, liver inflammation, and steatohepatitis caused by a high fat diet (HF) and whether PPARα is involved in these actions. C57BL6 wild type (WT) and PPAR-α knockout (KO) mice were fed with a standard diet (SD) or HF during 12 weeks; the HF mice were trained on a treadmill during the last 8 weeks. Serum glucose and insulin tolerances, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic content of triacylglycerol, cytokines, gene expression, and protein expression were evaluated in all animals. Chronic exposure to HF diet increased triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver, leading to NAFLD, increased aminotransferase in the serum, increased peripheral insulin resistance, and higher adiposity index. Exercise reduced all these parameters in both animal genotypes. The liver lipid accumulation was not associated with inflammation; trained KO mice, however, presented a huge inflammatory response that was probably caused by a decrease in PPAR-γ expression. We conclude that exercise improved the damage caused by a HF independently of PPARα, apparently by a peripheral fatty acid oxidation in the skeletal muscle. We also found that the absence of PPARα together with exercise leads to a decrease in PPAR-γ and a huge inflammatory response. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1008-1019, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A P Batatinha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson A Lima
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A S Teixeira
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila O Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana A Biondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Loreana S Silveira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Univer. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Univer. Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C Rosa Neto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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42
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Gulubova M, Ananiev J, Ignatova M, Halacheva K. Pro-Tumor and Anti-Tumor Functions of IL-17 and of TH17 Cells in Tumor Microenvironment. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/amb-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
The current review reveals the seven subclasses of CD4+ T helper cells, i.e. Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, regulatory T cells and Tfh, the cytokines produced by them and their role in tumor microenvironment. Main attention was paid to IL-17 and Th17 cells. IL-17-producing cells were described, among which were Treg17 cells and Tc17 cells. The transcription factors, engaged in the activation of Th17 cell differentiation were reviewed. It was shown that Th17 cells might possess regulatory functions in tumor microenvironments that directs toward immunosuppression. The reciprocity between Treg and Th17 cells is realized when the production of a large amount of TGF-β in tumors causes Treg cell differentiation, and the addition of IL-6 shifts the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th17 cells. The main pro-tumor role of IL-17 is the promotion of tumor angiogenesis through stimulation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The antitumor functions of IL-17 are associated with enhancement of cytotoxic activity of tumor specific CTL cells and with angiogenesis that provide channels through which immune cells might invade tumor and promote antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Gulubova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Trakian University, 11 Armeiska Str. Bg - 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - J. Ananiev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Trakian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - M. Ignatova
- Medical student at Medical Faculty, Trakian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - K. Halacheva
- Department of Biology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Trakian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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43
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Brunn A, Mihelcic M, Carstov M, Feind L, Wieser EC, Schmidt J, Utermöhlen O, Deckert M. Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Myeloid Differentiation Response Gene 88, and Toll-IL-1 Receptor Domain-Containing Adaptor-Inducing Interferon-γ (TRIF) Selectively Regulate Susceptibility of P0 106-125-Induced Murine Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:42-54. [PMID: 27842213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The functional relevance of the innate immune system has not yet been dissected in P0106-125-induced murine experimental autoimmune neuritis. Therefore, the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, myeloid differentiation response gene 88, and Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-γ (TRIF), factors critically involved in the TLR signaling pathway, was studied in experimental autoimmune neuritis. In the absence of TLR2, TLR4, myeloid differentiation response gene 88, or TRIF, the clinical course was significantly attenuated compared to wild-type mice. This could be attributed to impaired NF-κB activation, as shown by the absence of nuclear translocation of RelA with a decreased expression of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-17A. Remarkably, P0106-125-immunized TLR20/0 mice exhibited a delayed recovery as compared to TLR40/0 mice, which was because of an impaired T helper cell 2 polarization. Immunized TLR20/0 mice were unable to induce OX40 and OX40L by matrix metalloproteinase-2 on splenic dendritic cells. Subsequently, M2 polarization was impaired and macrophages were unable to sufficiently induce T regulatory cells (Tregs). Thus, in the recovery phase, Tregs were significantly increased in TLR40/0 mice as compared to wild-type mice, whereas Tregs in immunized TLR20/0 mice were only slightly increased. Our data highlight the relevance of innate immunity and, especially, the tight interaction between the innate and the adaptive immune system, which should be considered for therapeutic approaches of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mirna Mihelcic
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mariana Carstov
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Feind
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva C Wieser
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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44
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Chen J, Tian X, Mei Z, Wang Y, Yao Y, Zhang S, Li X, Wang H, Zhang J, Xie C. The effect of the TLR9 ligand CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide on the protective immune response to radiation-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Mol Immunol 2016; 80:33-40. [PMID: 27825048 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) is not only reported to protect against airway hyper responsiveness but is also known as a potent vaccine adjuvant for anti-tumor therapy. Little is known about the effect of CpG-ODN in mice with radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF), a common late stage form of tissue damage that occurs after thorax radiotherapy (RT). Here, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of CpG-ODN on the development of RILF. Mice were divided into four groups: (1) RT, single dose of 12Gy to the whole thorax; (2) CpG, only intraperitoneal injection of CpG-ODN for total 5 weeks; (3) RT+CpG, irradiation plus CpG-ODN treatment before and after irradiation for total 5 weeks; and (4) control (CTL): No RT or CpG-ODN treatment. In this study, we found that CpG-ODN treatment attenuated lung fibrosis and collagen deposition by increasing the number of M1 macrophagocytes, levels of Type-2 cytokines and TGF-β. CpG-ODN administration up-regulated the expression of TLR9 and STAT1 phosphorylation and reversed the expression of Type-2 immune response key transcription factor GATA-3. Activation of the JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway further enhanced M1 macrophage differentiation and Type-1 cytokine production. This study reveals the mitigating effect of early exposure to CpG-ODN on lung injury caused by irradiation in mice. The potential mechanism of action may be related to enhancement of Type-1 immunity. In conclusion, CpG-ODN may be a potential therapeutic target to treat RILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Zijie Mei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Yacheng Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, PR China.
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45
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Smith KJ, Skelton H. Arachidonic Acid-Derived Bioactive Lipids: Their Role and the Role for Their Inhibitors in Dermatology. J Cutan Med Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/120347540200600309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: In addition to corticosteroids, there are increasing numbers of anti-inflammatory agents that specifically target bioactive lipids generated from arachidonic acid. Knowledge of the diverse mechanisms of action of these different bioactive lipids holds promise in the therapy of a wide spectrum of cutaneous and systemic disorders. Objective: Therapeutic manipulations of these lipid molecules through inhibition, stimulation, or direct replacement have broad physiologic effects. These therapeutic strategies not only modulate inflammation, pain, and hemostatic parameters, they also play a role in cardiac, respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal function and disease, as well as in angiogenesis and in factors that control cell growth and apoptosis important in carcinogenesis. Conclusion: Newer drug discovery methods, including combinatorial chemistry with molecular modeling, have made it possible to develop inhibitors and analogs with increasing specificity and bioactivity and decreasing toxicity. Although the application of these analogs and inhibitors for cutaneous disease is limited today, either as primary agents or adjuvant therapy, these drugs will have a place in our therapeutic regimes of the future. We present a review of the therapeutic agents now available from manipulation of these bioactive lipids, and their role and future in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J. Smith
- The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, or the Department of Defense
| | - Henry Skelton
- The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, or the Department of Defense
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46
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Jacobson E, Perry JK, Long DS, Vickers MH, O'Sullivan JM. A potential role for genome structure in the translation of mechanical force during immune cell development. Nucleus 2016; 7:462-475. [PMID: 27673560 PMCID: PMC5120600 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2016.1238998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells react to a wide range of environments, both chemical and physical. While the former has been extensively studied, there is growing evidence that physical and in particular mechanical forces also affect immune cell behavior and development. In order to elicit a response that affects immune cell behavior or development, environmental signals must often reach the nucleus. Chemical and mechanical signals can initiate signal transduction pathways, but mechanical forces may also have a more direct route to the nucleus, altering nuclear shape via mechanotransduction. The three-dimensional organization of DNA allows for the possibility that altering nuclear shape directly remodels chromatin, redistributing critical regulatory elements and proteins, and resulting in wide-scale gene expression changes. As such, integrating mechanotransduction and genome architecture into the immunology toolkit will improve our understanding of immune development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie Jacobson
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K. Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David S. Long
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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47
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Nakken B, Bodolay E, Szodoray P. Cytokine Milieu in Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 49:152-62. [PMID: 25274451 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is a unique clinical entity, a potential forerunner of well-established systemic autoimmune/rheumatic diseases. UCTD is characterized by the presence of various clinical symptoms, as well as a diverse repertoire of autoantibodies, resembling systemic autoimmune diseases. Since approximately one third of these patients consequently transform into a full-blown systemic autoimmune/rheumatic disease, it is of major importance to assess pathogenic factors leading to this progression. In view of the fact that the serological and clinical picture of UCTD and systemic autoimmune diseases are very similar, it is assumed that analogous pathogenic factors perpetuate both disease entities. In systemic autoimmune conditions, a quantitative and qualitative impairment of regulatory T cells has been shown previously, and in parallel, a relative dominance of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells has been introduced. Moreover, the imbalance between regulatory and Th17 cells plays a pivotal role in the initiation and propagation of UCTD. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which give raise to a biased T cell homeostasis from the UCTD phase throughout the fully developed systemic autoimmune disease stage. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, and interferon (IFN)-γ were pathologically increased with a parallel reduction of IL-10. We believe that the assessment of Th17/Treg cell ratio, as well as the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines may give a useful diagnostic tool at the early UCTD stage to identify patients with a higher chance of consecutive disease progression toward serious systemic autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the early targeted immunomodulating therapy in these patients may decelerate, or even stop this progression, before the development of serious autoimmune conditions with organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Nakken
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo, Norway, N-0027
| | - Edit Bodolay
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Szodoray
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo, Norway, N-0027.
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48
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Characterisation of the Whole Blood mRNA Transcriptome in Holstein-Friesian and Jersey Calves in Response to Gradual Weaning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159707. [PMID: 27479136 PMCID: PMC4968839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning of dairy calves is an early life husbandry management practice which involves the changeover from a liquid to a solid feed based diet. The objectives of the study were to use RNA-seq technology to examine the effect of (i) breed and (ii) gradual weaning, on the whole blood mRNA transcriptome of artificially reared Holstein-Friesian and Jersey calves. The calves were gradually weaned over 14 days (day (d) -13 to d 0) and mRNA transcription was examined one day before gradual weaning was initiated (d -14), one day after weaning (d 1), and 8 days after weaning (d 8). On d -14, 550 genes were differentially expressed between Holstein-Friesian and Jersey calves, while there were 490 differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified on d 1, and 411 DEG detected eight days after weaning (P < 0.05; FDR < 0.1). No genes were differentially expressed within breed, in response to gradual weaning (P > 0.05). The pathways, gene ontology terms, and biological functions consistently over-represented among the DEG between Holstein-Friesian and Jersey were associated with the immune response and immune cell signalling, specifically chemotaxis. Decreased transcription of several cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulin-like genes, phagocytosis-promoting receptors and g-protein coupled receptors suggests decreased monocyte, natural killer cell, and T lymphocyte, chemotaxis and activation in Jersey compared to Holstein-Friesian calves. Knowledge of breed-specific immune responses could facilitate health management practices better tailored towards specific disease sensitivities of Holstein-Friesian and Jersey calves. Gradual weaning did not compromise the welfare of artificially-reared dairy calves, evidenced by the lack of alterations in the expression of any genes in response to gradual weaning.
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49
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Hyde KJ, Schust DJ. Immunologic challenges of human reproduction: an evolving story. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:499-510. [PMID: 27477190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the implanting human fetus as an allograft prompted a field of research in reproductive immunology that continues to fascinate and perplex scientists. Paternal- or partner-derived alloantigens are present in the maternal host at multiple times during the reproductive process. They begin with exposure to semen, continue through implantation and placentation, and may persist for decades in the form of fetal microchimerism. Changes in maternal immune responses that allow allogenic fertilization and survival of semiallogenic concepti to delivery must be balanced with a continued need to respond appropriately to pathogenic invaders, commensals, cell or tissue damage, and any tendency toward malignant transformation. This complex and sophisticated balancing act is essential for survival of mother, fetus, and the species itself. We will discuss concepts of alloimmune recognition, tolerance, and ignorance as they pertain to mammalian reproduction with a focus on human reproduction, maternal immune modulation, and the very earliest events in the reproductive process, fertilization and implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassie J Hyde
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.
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50
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Leung S, Holbrook A, King B, Lu HT, Evans V, Miyamoto N, Mallari C, Harvey S, Davey D, Ho E, Li WW, Parkinson J, Horuk R, Jaroch S, Berger M, Skuballa W, West C, Pulk R, Phillips G, Bryant J, Subramanyam B, Schaefer C, Salamon H, Lyons E, Schilling D, Seidel H, Kraetzschmar J, Snider M, Perez D. Differential Inhibition of Inducible T Cell Cytokine Secretion by Potent Iron Chelators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:157-67. [PMID: 15799959 DOI: 10.1177/1087057104272394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effector functions and proliferation of T helper (Th) cells are influenced by cytokines in the environment. Th1 cells respond to a synergistic effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) to secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In contrast, Th2 cells respond to interleukin-4 (IL-4) to secrete IL-4, interleukin-13 (IL-13), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). The authors were interested in identifying nonpeptide inhibitors of the Th1 response selective for the IL-12/IL-18-mediated secretion of IFN-γ while leaving the IL-4-mediated Th2 cytokine secretion relatively intact. The authors established a screening protocol using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and identified the hydrazino anthranilate compound 1 as a potent inhibitor of IL-12/IL-18-mediated IFN-γ secretion from CD3+ cells with an IC50 around 200 nM. The inhibitor was specific because it had virtually no effect on IL-4-mediated IL-13 release from the same population of cells. Further work established that compound 1 was a potent intracellular iron chelator that inhibited both IL-12/IL-18- and IL-4-mediated T cell proliferation. Iron chelation affects multiple cellular pathways in T cells. Thus, the IL-12/IL-18-mediated proliferation and IFN-γ secretion are very sensitive to intracellular iron concentration. However, the IL-4-mediated IL-13 secretion does not correlate with proliferation and is partially resistant to potent iron chelation
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