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Crandall CJ, Larson J, Shadyab AH, LeBoff MS, Wactawski-Wende J, Weitlauf JC, Saquib N, Cauley JA, Saquib J, Ensrud KE. Physical function trajectory after wrist or lower arm fracture in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Study. Osteoporos Int 2024; 35:1029-1040. [PMID: 38459975 PMCID: PMC11136816 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-024-07050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Long-term physical functioning trajectories following distal forearm fracture are unknown. We found that women with versus those without distal forearm fracture were more likely to experience a 5-year decline in physical functioning, independent of initial physical functioning level. This association was most evident among women 80 years and older. INTRODUCTION Physical functioning trajectory following lower arm or wrist fracture is not well understood. PURPOSE This study is to evaluate physical functioning trajectory before vs. after lower arm or wrist fracture, stratified by age. METHODS We performed a nested case-control study of prospective data from the Women's Health Initiative Study (n = 2097 cases with lower arm or wrist fracture, 20,970 controls). Self-reported fractures and the physical functioning subscale of the RAND 36-item Short-Form Health Survey were assessed annually. We examined three physical functioning trajectory groups: stable, improving, and declining. RESULTS Mean (SD) number of physical functioning measurements was 5.2 (1.5) for cases and 5.0 (1.4) for controls. Declining physical functioning was observed among 20.4% of cases and 16.0% of controls. Compared to women without lower arm or wrist fracture, women with lower arm or wrist fracture were 33% more likely to experience declining physical functioning (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.33 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19-1.49, reference group stable or improving physical functioning trajectory). Associations varied by age: age ≥ 80 years aOR 1.56 (95% CI 1.29-1.88); age 70-79 years aOR 1.29 (95% CI 1.09-1.52); age < 70 years aOR 1.15 (95% CI 0.86-1.53) (pinteraction = 0.06). Associations between lower arm or wrist fracture and odds of declining physical functioning did not vary by baseline physical functioning or physical activity level. CONCLUSIONS Women with lower arm or wrist fracture, particularly those aged 80 and older, were more likely to experience declines in physical functioning than women without such fractures, independent of baseline physical functioning level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Crandall
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, 1100 Glendon Ave. Suite 850 - Room 858, Los Angeles, 90024, USA.
| | - Joseph Larson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Meryl S LeBoff
- Endocrine, Diabetes and Hypertension Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Julie C Weitlauf
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nazmus Saquib
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, PO Box 777, Bukariyah, AlQassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jane A Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliann Saquib
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, PO Box 777, Bukariyah, AlQassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristine E Ensrud
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Koga HK, Grodstein F, Williams DR, Manson JE, Tindle HA, Shadyab AH, Michael YL, Saquib N, Naughton MJ, Guimond AJ, Kubzansky LD. Longitudinal Associations Between Optimism and Objective Measures of Physical Functioning in Women. JAMA Psychiatry 2024; 81:489-497. [PMID: 38506825 PMCID: PMC10955391 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Importance Identifying factors contributing to sustained physical functioning is critical for the health and well-being of the aging population, especially as physical functioning may precede and predict subsequent health outcomes. Prior work suggests optimism may protect health, but less is known about the association between optimism and objective physical functioning measures as individuals age. Objective To evaluate the longitudinal association between optimism and 3 physical functioning measures. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a prospective cohort study using data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) with participants recruited from 1993 to 1998 and followed up over 6 years. Data analysis was conducted from January 2022 to July 2022. Participants included postmenopausal women older than 65 years recruited from 40 clinical centers in the US. Exposure Optimism was assessed at baseline using the Life Orientation Test-Revised. Main Outcomes and Measures Physical functioning was measured at 4 time points across 6 years by study staff evaluating performance in grip strength, timed walk, and chair stands. Results The final analytic sample included 5930 women (mean [SD] age, 70 [4] years). Linear mixed-effects models controlling for demographics, depression, health status, and health behaviors showed that higher optimism was associated with higher grip strength (β = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.21-0.50) and number of chair stands (β = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.10) but not timed walk at baseline. Higher optimism was also associated with slower rates of decline in timed walk (β = -0.09; 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.04) and number of chair stands (β = 0.01; 95% CI, 0-0.03) but not grip strength over time. Cox proportional hazards models showed that higher optimism was associated with lower hazards of reaching clinically defined thresholds of impairment for all 3 outcomes over 6 years of follow-up. For example, in fully adjusted models, for a 1-SD increase in optimism, hazard ratios for reaching impairment thresholds were 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80-0.92) for grip strength, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.88-1.01) for timed walk, and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85-0.98) for chair stands. Conclusion and Relevance In this cohort study of postmenopausal women, at baseline, higher optimism was associated with higher grip strength and number of chair stands but not with the time it took to walk 6 m. Higher optimism at baseline was also associated with maintaining healthier functioning on 2 of the 3 performance measures over time, including less decline in walking speed and in number of chair stands women could perform over 6 years of follow-up. Given experimental studies suggesting that optimism is modifiable, it may be a promising target for interventions to slow age-related declines in physical functioning. Future work should explore associations of optimism with maintenance of physical functioning in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayami K. Koga
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of African and African American Studies, Department of Sociology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hilary A. Tindle
- Division of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville
| | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Yvonne L. Michael
- Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nazmus Saquib
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Bukairyah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelle J. Naughton
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Anne-Josee Guimond
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mossavar-Rahmani Y. Commentary on the Women's Health Initiative: Over 30 Years of Contribution to Nutrition and Dietetics. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023:S2212-2672(23)01700-8. [PMID: 38048877 PMCID: PMC11144259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Division of Health Behavior Research and Implementation Science, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Bennett SJ, Hunt RP, Breathett K, Eaton CB, Garcia L, Jiménez M, Johns TS, Mouton CP, Nassir R, Nuño T, Urrutia RP, Wactawski-Wende J, Cené CW. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported COVID-19 Exposure Risks, Concerns, and Behaviors Among Diverse Participants in the Women's Health Initiative Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:2294-2303. [PMID: 37267463 PMCID: PMC10692417 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racial and ethnic disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk are well-documented; however, few studies in older adults have examined multiple factors related to COVID-19 exposure, concerns, and behaviors or conducted race- and ethnicity-stratified analyses. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) provides a unique opportunity to address those gaps. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of WHI data from a supplemental survey of 48 492 older adults (mean age 84 years). In multivariable-adjusted modified Poisson regression analyses, we examined predisposing factors and COVID-19 exposure risk, concerns, and behaviors. We hypothesized that women from minoritized racial or ethnic groups, compared to non-Hispanic White women, would be more likely to report: exposure to COVID-19, a family or friend dying from COVID-19, difficulty getting routine medical care or deciding to forego care to avoid COVID-19 exposure, and having concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS Asian women and non-Hispanic Black/African American women had a higher risk of being somewhat/very concerned about risk of getting COVID-19 compared to non-Hispanic White women and each was significantly more likely than non-Hispanic White women to report forgoing medical care to avoid COVID-19 exposure. However, Asian women were 35% less likely than non-Hispanic White women to report difficulty getting routine medical care since March 2020 (adjusted relative risk 0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.57, 0.75). CONCLUSIONS We documented COVID-related racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 exposure risk, concerns, and care-related behaviors that disfavored minoritized racial and ethnic groups, particularly non-Hispanic Black/African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serenity J Bennett
- College of Arts & Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca P Hunt
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Khadijah Breathett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles B Eaton
- Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Monik Jiménez
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tanya S Johns
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Charles P Mouton
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rami Nassir
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tomas Nuño
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel P Urrutia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Crystal W Cené
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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5
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Prentice RL. Diet and Chronic Disease Research in the Women's Health Initiative. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023:S2212-2672(23)01690-8. [PMID: 38000690 PMCID: PMC11109020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) has been a major contributor to diet and chronic disease research among postmenopausal US women over its 30+ year history (1993 to present). The WHI program included full-scale randomized trials of a low-fat dietary pattern high in fruits, vegetables, and grains, and of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, each with designated primary and secondary chronic disease outcomes. The history of these trials will be briefly reviewed here, along with principal findings that included evidence for breast cancer-related benefits for each of the 2 interventions. In recent years, WHI investigators have developed an active research program in nutritional biomarker development and in the application of these biomarkers in WHI cohorts, among various other nutritional epidemiology uses of WHI observational study resources. The intake biomarker work, which primarily relies on blood and urine metabolomics profiles, lends support to the low-fat dietary pattern trial results, and supports chronic disease benefits of higher carbohydrate diets more generally, especially through the fiber component of carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross L Prentice
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Sun Y, Fowke JH, Liang X, Mozhui K, Sen S, Bao W, Liu B, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Shadyab AH, Saquib N, Cheng TYD, Johnson KC. Changes in Dietary Intake of Methionine, Folate/Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 and Survival in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224747. [PMID: 36432434 PMCID: PMC9699275 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous experimental studies showed that limiting methionine in the diet of animals or in cell culture media suppresses mammary cancer cell proliferation or metastasis. However, no previous study has investigated the associations of changes in methionine intake with survival among breast cancer survivors. We aimed to examine the association between changes in dietary intake of methionine, folate/folic acid, and vitamin B12 from before to after diagnosis of breast cancer, and mortality among breast cancer survivors. METHODS We included 1553 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and completed a food frequency questionnaire both before and after breast cancer diagnosis. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence (CIs) of all-cause and breast cancer mortality associated with changes in methionine intake and changes in folate/folic acid and vitamin B12 intake. RESULTS Relative to pre-diagnosis, 28% of women decreased methionine intake by ≥20%, 30% of women increased methionine intake by ≥20%, and 42% of women had a relatively stable methionine intake (±19.9%) following breast cancer diagnosis. During a mean 16.1 years of follow up, there were 772 deaths in total, including 195 deaths from breast cancer. Compared to women with relatively stable methionine intake, women with decreased methionine intake had lower risks of all-cause (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.97) and breast cancer mortality (HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.37-0.91) in fully adjusted models. In contrast, increased methionine intake or changes in folate/folic acid or vitamin B12 intake were not associated with all-cause or breast cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS Among breast cancer survivors, decreased methionine intake after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with lower risk of all-cause and breast cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-448-3923; Fax: +1-901-448-7041
| | - Jay H. Fowke
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Saunak Sen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Institute of Public Health, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Linda G. Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert B. Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nazmus Saquib
- College of Medicine, Sulaiman AlRajhi University, Al Bukayriah 51941, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Cantor AG, Nelson HD, Pappas M, Atchison C. Preventing Obesity in Midlife Women: A Systematic Review for the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:1275-1284. [PMID: 35914258 DOI: 10.7326/m22-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite high prevalence rates of obesity in the United States, no clinical guidelines exist for obesity prevention in midlife women who commonly experience weight gain. PURPOSE To evaluate evidence on the effectiveness and harms of behavioral interventions to reduce weight gain and improve health outcomes for women aged 40 to 60 years without obesity. DATA SOURCES English-language searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (inception to 26 October 2021); ClinicalTrials.gov (October 2021); and reference lists of studies and reviews. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling predominantly midlife women comparing behavioral interventions to prevent weight gain with control groups and reporting health outcomes and potential harms. DATA EXTRACTION Dual extraction and quality assessment of individual studies. DATA SYNTHESIS Seven RCTs in 12 publications (n = 51 638) were included. Four RCTs showed statistically significant favorable differences in weight change for counseling interventions versus control groups (mean difference of weight change, -0.87 to -2.5 kg), whereas 1 trial of counseling and 2 trials of exercise showed no differences; 1 of 2 RCTs reported improved quality-of-life measures. Interventions did not increase measures of depression or stress in 1 trial; self-reported falls (37% vs. 29%; P < 0.001) and injuries (19% vs. 14%; P = 0.03) were higher with exercise counseling in 1 trial. LIMITATION Trials were generally small, heterogeneous, and lacked data on harms, long-term health outcomes, and specific patient populations. CONCLUSION Counseling interventions to prevent weight gain in women during midlife may result in modest differences in weight change without causing important harms. More research is needed to determine optimal content, frequency, length, and number of sessions required and should include additional patient populations. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Health Resources and Services Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Cantor
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, and Departments of Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (A.G.C.)
| | - Heidi D Nelson
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California (H.D.N.)
| | - Miranda Pappas
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (M.P., C.A.)
| | - Chandler Atchison
- Pacific Northwest Evidence-based Practice Center, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon (M.P., C.A.)
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Lopez-Pentecost M, Crane TE, Garcia DO, Kohler LN, Wertheim BC, Hebert JR, Steck SE, Shivappa N, Santiago-Torres M, Neuhouser ML, Hatsu IE, Snetselaar L, Datta M, Kroenke CH, Sarto GE, Thomson CA. Role of dietary patterns and acculturation in cancer risk and mortality among postmenopausal Hispanic women: results from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GESUNDHEITSWISSENSCHAFTEN = JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 30:811-822. [PMID: 35602929 PMCID: PMC9119584 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the association between dietary patterns and total and obesity-related cancers risk. Additionally, to examine if acculturation modifies this relationship. Subject and Methods Dietary intake of postmenopausal Hispanic women (N=5,482) enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative was estimated from a Food Frequency Questionnaire and used to calculate dietary pattern scores; Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Mexican Diet (MexD) score, alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED), and the energy adjusted-Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII™). Associations were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results 631 cancers and 396 obesity-related cancers were diagnosed over a mean-follow up of 12 years. Across dietary scores, there were no significant associations with cancer risk or mortality. Trend analysis suggest a potentially lower risk for total cancer related to the highest MexD score (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.45-1.04, P-trend=0.03), and lower risk for obesity-related cancer mortality related to the highest score category for MexD (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.37-1.16, P-trend=0.02), and aMED (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.45-1.67, P-trend=0.04). Further analysis suggests less acculturated women with higher MexD scores had 56% lower risk for any cancer (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.22-0.88, P-trend=0.03) and 83% lower risk for cancer mortality (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.76, P-trend=0.01) compared to more acculturated Hispanic women. Conclusions Dietary patterns were not associated with cancer risk and mortality in postmenopausal Hispanic women. Less-acculturated, Spanish-preferred speakers, who reported consuming a more traditional Mexican diet may experience a lower risk for cancer and cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lopez-Pentecost
- Clinical Translational Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tracy E. Crane
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biobehavioral Health Sciences Division, College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David O. Garcia
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Kohler
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - James R. Hebert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Susan E. Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Margarita Santiago-Torres
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marian L. Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Irene E. Hatsu
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mridul Datta
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Candyce H. Kroenke
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gloria E. Sarto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Thomson
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Cené CW, Leng XI, Faraz K, Allison M, Breathett K, Bird C, Coday M, Corbie‐Smith G, Foraker R, Ijioma NN, Rosal MC, Sealy‐Jefferson S, Shippee TP, Kroenke CH. Social Isolation and Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization in Older Women: Women's Health Initiative Study Findings. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e022907. [PMID: 35189692 PMCID: PMC9075097 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.022907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background The association of social isolation or lack of social network ties in older adults is unknown. This knowledge gap is important since the risk of heart failure (HF) and social isolation increase with age. The study examines whether social isolation is associated with incident HF in older women, and examines depressive symptoms as a potential mediator and age and race and ethnicity as effect modifiers. Methods and Results This study included 44 174 postmenopausal women of diverse race and ethnicity from the WHI (Women's Health Initiative) study who underwent annual assessment for HF adjudication from baseline enrollment (1993-1998) through 2018. We conducted a mediation analysis to examine depressive symptoms as a potential mediator and further examined effect modification by age and race and ethnicity. Incident HF requiring hospitalization was the main outcome. Social isolation was a composite variable based on marital/partner status, religious ties, and community ties. Depressive symptoms were assessed using CES-D (Center for Epidemiology Studies-Depression). Over a median follow-up of 15.0 years, we analyzed data from 36 457 women, and 2364 (6.5%) incident HF cases occurred; 2510 (6.9%) participants were socially isolated. In multivariable analyses adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and general health/functioning; socially isolated women had a higher risk of incident HF than nonisolated women (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08-1.41). Adding depressive symptoms in the model did not change this association (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07-1.40). Neither race and ethnicity nor age moderated the association between social isolation and incident HF. Conclusions Socially isolated older women are at increased risk for developing HF, independent of traditional HF risk factors. Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00000611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W. Cené
- University of North Carolina at Chapel HillNC,now with University of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mace Coday
- University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphisTN
| | | | - Randi Foraker
- Washington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMO
| | | | | | | | - Tetyana P. Shippee
- Division of Health Policy and ManagementUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
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Raychaudhuri S, Dieli-Conwright CM, Cheng RK, Barac A, Reding KW, Vasbinder A, Cook KL, Nair V, Desai P, Simon MS. A review of research on the intersection between breast cancer and cardiovascular research in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Front Oncol 2022; 12:1039246. [PMID: 37025252 PMCID: PMC10071996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1039246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancers of the breast (post-menopausal), and other obesity-related cancers. Over the past 50 years, the worldwide prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome has increased, with a concomitant higher incidence of associated co-morbidities and mortality. The precise mechanism linking metabolic syndrome to increased cancer incidence is incompletely understood, however, individual components of metabolic syndrome have been linked to increased breast cancer incidence and worse survival. There is a bidirectional relationship between the risk of CVD and cancer due to a high burden of shared risk factors and higher rates of CVD among cancer survivors, which may be impacted by the pro-inflammatory microenvironment associated with metabolic syndrome and cancer-directed therapies. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) is an excellent resource to study a dual relationship between cancer and CVD (cardio-oncology) with extensive information on risk factors and long-term outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of research on cardio-oncology conducted utilizing WHI data with focus on studies evaluating both breast cancer and CVD including shared risk factors and outcomes after cancer. The review also includes results on other obesity related cancers which were included in the analyses of breast cancer, articles looking at cancer after heart disease (reverse cardio-oncology) and the role of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) as a shared risk factor between CVD and cancer. A summary of pertinent WHI literature helps to delineate the direction of future research evaluating the relationship between CVD and other cancer sites, and provides information on the opportunity for other novel analyses within the WHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejata Raychaudhuri
- Department of Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sreejata Raychaudhuri,
| | | | - Richard K. Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ana Barac
- MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kerryn W. Reding
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexi Vasbinder
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Vidhya Nair
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Ascension Providence Hospital/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Southfield, MI, United States
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Department of Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael S. Simon
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States
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11
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Boe LA, Tinker LF, Shaw PA. An approximate quasi-likelihood approach for error-prone failure time outcomes and exposures. Stat Med 2021; 40:5006-5024. [PMID: 34519082 PMCID: PMC8963256 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Measurement error arises commonly in clinical research settings that rely on data from electronic health records or large observational cohorts. In particular, self-reported outcomes are typical in cohort studies for chronic diseases such as diabetes in order to avoid the burden of expensive diagnostic tests. Dietary intake, which is also commonly collected by self-report and subject to measurement error, is a major factor linked to diabetes and other chronic diseases. These errors can bias exposure-disease associations that ultimately can mislead clinical decision-making. We have extended an existing semiparametric likelihood-based method for handling error-prone, discrete failure time outcomes to also address covariate error. We conduct an extensive numerical study to compare the proposed method to the naive approach that ignores measurement error in terms of bias and efficiency in the estimation of the regression parameter of interest. In all settings considered, the proposed method showed minimal bias and maintained coverage probability, thus outperforming the naive analysis which showed extreme bias and low coverage. This method is applied to data from the Women's Health Initiative to assess the association between energy and protein intake and the risk of incident diabetes mellitus. Our results show that correcting for errors in both the self-reported outcome and dietary exposures leads to considerably different hazard ratio estimates than those from analyses that ignore measurement error, which demonstrates the importance of correcting for both outcome and covariate error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian A. Boe
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lesley F. Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pamela A. Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Liu L, Volpe SL, Ross JA, Grimm JA, Van Bockstaele EJ, Eisen HJ. Dietary sugar intake and risk of Alzheimer's disease in older women. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2302-2313. [PMID: 34328409 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1959099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite some reports of cardiometabolic disorders associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), limited studies have been conducted to examine the association between excessive sugar intake (a risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders) and AD risk. AIM The purpose of our study was to evaluate if excessive sugar intake has a significant long-term effect on the risk of AD. METHODS A population sample of 37,689 participants, who enrolled in the United States (US) Women's Health Initiative - Dietary Modification Trial (WHI-DM) in 1993-2005 and its extended observational follow-up study through 1 March 2019, were analyzed. Dietary sugar intake was measured using food frequency questionnaires. AD was classified by reports using a standard questionnaire. A dietary pattern that explained the maxima variations in sugar intake was constructed using reduced rank regression (RRR) technique. Associations of RRR dietary pattern scores and sugar intake (g/day) by quartiles (Q1 through Q4) with AD risk were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with adjusting for key covariates. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 18.7 years, 4586 participants reported having incident AD. The total incidence rate (95% confidence interval [CI]) of AD was 6.5 (6.3-6.7) per 1000 person-years (PYs). The incidence rates (95% CI) of AD by total sugar intake were 6.2 (5.8-6.6), 6.4 (6.0-6.8), 6.6 (6.3-7.0), and 6.9 (6.5-7.3) per 1000 PYs among those in quartiles (Q) 1 to Q4 (toward higher sugar consumption) of total sugar intake, respectively (test for trend of AD incident rates, p < 0.001). Individuals in Q4 of total sugar intake had a 1.19 higher risk of incident AD than those in Q1 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05-1.34, p = 0.01). An estimated increase of 10 g/day in total sugar intake (about 2.4 teaspoons) was associated with an increased AD risk by 1.3-1.4%. Of six subtypes of sugar intake, lactose was significantly associated with AD risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that excessive total sugar intake was significantly associated with AD risk in women. Of six subtypes of sugar intake, lactose had a stronger impact on AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stella L Volpe
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica A Grimm
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Howard J Eisen
- Division of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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13
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Sun Y, Liu B, Snetselaar LG, Wallace RB, Shadyab AH, Kroenke CH, Haring B, Howard BV, Shikany JM, Valdiviezo C, Bao W. Association of Major Dietary Protein Sources With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e015553. [PMID: 33624505 PMCID: PMC8174240 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Dietary recommendations regarding protein intake have been focused on the amount of protein. However, such recommendations without considering specific protein sources may be simplistic and insufficient. Methods and Results We included 102 521 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative between 1993 and 1998, and followed them through February 2017. During 1 876 205 person‐years of follow‐up, 25 976 deaths occurred. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintile, plant protein intake was inversely associated with all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.91 [0.86, 0.96]), cardiovascular disease mortality (HR, 0.88 [0.79, 0.97]), and dementia mortality (HR, 0.79 [0.67, 0.94]). Among major protein sources, comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of consumption, processed red meat (HR, 1.06 [1.01, 1.10]) or eggs (HR, 1.14 [1.10, 1.19]) was associated with higher risk of all‐cause mortality. Unprocessed red meat (HR, 1.12 [1.02, 1.23]), eggs (HR, 1.24 [1.14, 1.34]), or dairy products (HR, 1.11 [1.02, 1.22]) was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. Egg consumption was associated with higher risk of cancer mortality (HR, 1.10 [1.02, 1.19]). Processed red meat consumption was associated with higher risk of dementia mortality (HR, 1.20 [1.05, 1.32]), while consumption of poultry (HR, 0.85 [0.75, 0.97]) or eggs (HR, 0.86 [0.75, 0.98]) was associated with lower risk of dementia mortality. In substitution analysis, substituting of animal protein with plant protein was associated with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and dementia mortality, and substitution of total red meat, eggs, or dairy products with nuts was associated with a lower risk of all‐cause mortality. Conclusions Different dietary protein sources have varying associations with all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and dementia mortality. Our findings support the need for consideration of protein sources in future dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Sun
- Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Robert B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health School of Medicine University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA
| | - Candyce H Kroenke
- Division of Research Kaiser Permanente Northern California Oakland CA
| | - Bernhard Haring
- Department of Medicine I/Cardiology University of Würzburg Germany
| | - Barbara V Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science Washington DC
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine School of Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL
| | - Carolina Valdiviezo
- Medstar Washington Hospital Center and Georgetown University School of Medicine Washington DC
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology College of Public Health University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Obesity Research and Education Initiative University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
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14
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Pan K, Larson JC, Prentice RL, Mortimer JE, Neuhouser ML, Manson JE, Van Horn L, Rohan TE, Lane D, Chlebowski RT. Protein Intake by Source and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality: The Women's Health Initiative. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021; 4:pkaa101. [PMID: 33392445 PMCID: PMC7768926 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkaa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior studies of dietary protein intake and breast cancer have been mixed and were limited by dietary self-report measurement error. Methods Biomarker-calibrated total protein intake and estimated vegetable protein and animal protein intake were determined from baseline food frequency questionnaires in 100 024 Women’s Health Initiative participants. Associations between total, animal, and vegetable protein intake and breast cancer incidence, deaths from breast cancer, and deaths after breast cancer were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Breast cancers were verified by medical record review and survival outcomes enhanced by National Death Index queries. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results After 14 years of follow-up, there were 6340 incident breast cancers, 764 deaths from breast cancer, and 2059 deaths after breast cancer. In multivariable analyses, higher calibrated total protein intake was not associated with breast cancer incidence or deaths from or after breast cancer. Vegetable protein intake was associated with statistically significantly lower breast cancer incidence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96 to 0.99, Ptrend = .006) and statistically significantly lower risk of death after breast cancer (HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.97, Ptrend < .001) but not with deaths from breast cancer. In contrast, higher animal protein intake was associated with statistically significantly higher breast cancer incidence (HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.06, Ptrend = .02) but not with deaths from or after breast cancer. Conclusions Calibrated total protein intake was not associated with breast cancer incidence or mortality. Higher vegetable protein intake was associated with lower breast cancer incidence and lower risk of death after breast cancer. Higher animal protein intake was associated with higher breast cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Pan
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dorothy Lane
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Rowan T Chlebowski
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor, UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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15
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Jabbehdari S, Chen JL, Vajaranant TS. Effect of dietary modification and antioxidant supplementation on intraocular pressure and open-angle glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:1588-1605. [PMID: 33008269 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120960337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is an age-dependent, intraocular pressure (IOP)-related degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC). At present, IOP is the only modifiable factor that has been identified to prevent glaucomatous vision loss. Though the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy is still not well understood, increasing evidence suggests oxidative stress may contribute to the induction and progression of glaucoma. Furthermore, antioxidant use may be protective against glaucoma through various mechanisms, including reducing IOP, preserving vascular health, and preventing ganglion cell loss. This article provides a comprehensive review of the effect of oxidative stress, diet, and antioxidant therapy on IOP and open-angle glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayena Jabbehdari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy L Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Jabbehdari S, Handa JT. Oxidative stress as a therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of early age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 66:423-440. [PMID: 32961209 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of irreversible visual loss among older adults in developed countries, is a chronic, multifactorial, and progressive disease with the development of painless, central vision loss. Retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction is a core change in age-related macular degeneration that results from aging and the accumulated effects of genetic and environmental factors that, in part, is both caused by and leads to oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the role of oxidative stress, the cytoprotective oxidative stress pathways, and the impact of oxidative stress on critical cellular processes involved in age-related macular degeneration pathobiology. We also offer targeted therapy that may define how antioxidant therapy can either prevent or improve specific stages of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayena Jabbehdari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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17
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Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 8:CD011737. [PMID: 32827219 PMCID: PMC8092457 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing saturated fat reduces serum cholesterol, but effects on other intermediate outcomes may be less clear. Additionally, it is unclear whether the energy from saturated fats eliminated from the diet are more helpfully replaced by polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, carbohydrate or protein. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of reducing saturated fat intake and replacing it with carbohydrate (CHO), polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and/or protein on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, using all available randomised clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) on 15 October 2019, and searched Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) on 17 October 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Included trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised; 2) intention to reduce saturated fat intake OR intention to alter dietary fats and achieving a reduction in saturated fat; 3) compared with higher saturated fat intake or usual diet; 4) not multifactorial; 5) in adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease (but not acutely ill, pregnant or breastfeeding); 6) intervention duration at least 24 months; 7) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed inclusion, extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, funnel plots and GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (16 comparisons, 56,675 participants), that used a variety of interventions from providing all food to advice on reducing saturated fat. The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 17% (risk ratio (RR) 0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70 to 0.98, 12 trials, 53,758 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² = 67%, GRADE moderate-quality evidence). Meta-regression suggested that greater reductions in saturated fat (reflected in greater reductions in serum cholesterol) resulted in greater reductions in risk of CVD events, explaining most heterogeneity between trials. The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 56 in primary prevention trials, so 56 people need to reduce their saturated fat intake for ~four years for one person to avoid experiencing a CVD event. In secondary prevention trials, the NNTB was 53. Subgrouping did not suggest significant differences between replacement of saturated fat calories with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate, and data on replacement with monounsaturated fat and protein was very limited. We found little or no effect of reducing saturated fat on all-cause mortality (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; 11 trials, 55,858 participants) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12, 10 trials, 53,421 participants), both with GRADE moderate-quality evidence. There was little or no effect of reducing saturated fats on non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.07) or CHD mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16, both low-quality evidence), but effects on total (fatal or non-fatal) myocardial infarction, stroke and CHD events (fatal or non-fatal) were all unclear as the evidence was of very low quality. There was little or no effect on cancer mortality, cancer diagnoses, diabetes diagnosis, HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or blood pressure, and small reductions in weight, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and BMI. There was no evidence of harmful effects of reducing saturated fat intakes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings of this updated review suggest that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years causes a potentially important reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate appear to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. The reduction in combined cardiovascular events resulting from reducing saturated fat did not alter by study duration, sex or baseline level of cardiovascular risk, but greater reduction in saturated fat caused greater reductions in cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicole Martin
- Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Christian Kirk
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Eve Foster
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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18
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Neuhouser ML, Wertheim BC, Perrigue MM, Hingle M, Tinker LF, Shikany JM, Johnson KC, Waring ME, Seguin-Fowler RA, Vitolins MZ, Schnall E, Snetselaar L, Thomson C. Associations of Number of Daily Eating Occasions with Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa126. [PMID: 32832844 PMCID: PMC7431012 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 23 million Americans have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eating habits such as breakfast consumption, time-restricted eating, and limiting daily eating occasions have been explored as behaviors for reducing T2D risk, but prior evidence is inconclusive. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to examine associations between number of daily eating occasions and T2D risk in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial (WHI-DM) and whether associations vary by BMI, age, or race/ethnicity. METHODS Participants were postmenopausal women in the WHI-DM who comprised a 4.6% subsample completing 24-h dietary recalls (24HRs) at years 3 and 6 as part of trial adherence activities (n = 2159). Numbers of eating occasions per day were obtained from the year 3 24HRs, and participants were grouped into approximate tertiles as 1-3 (n = 795), 4 (n = 713), and ≥5 (n = 651) daily eating occasions as the exposure. Incident diabetes was self-reported on semiannual questionnaires as the outcome. RESULTS Approximately 15% (15.4%, n = 332) of the WHI-DM 24HR cohort reported incident diabetes at follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression tested associations of eating occasions with T2D adjusted for neighborhood socioeconomic status, BMI, waist circumference, race/ethnicity, family history of T2D, recreational physical activity, Healthy Eating Index-2005, 24HR energy intake, and WHI-DM arm. Compared with women reporting 1-3 meals/d, those consuming 4 meals/d had a T2D HR = 1.38 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.84) without further increases in risk for ≥5 meals/d. In stratified analyses, associations for 4 meals/d compared with 1-3 meals/d were stronger in women with BMI <30.0 kg/m2 (HR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.39) and women aged ≥60 (HR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.33). CONCLUSIONS Four meals per day compared with 1-3 meals/d was associated with increased risk of T2D in postmenopausal women, but no dose-response effect was observed for additional eating occasions. Further studies are needed to understand eating occasions in relation to T2D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Neuhouser
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Martine M Perrigue
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Melanie Hingle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen C Johnson
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Preventive Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Molly E Waring
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | - Mara Z Vitolins
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eliezer Schnall
- Psychology Department, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cynthia Thomson
- Canyon Ranch Center for Prevention & Health Promotion, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Miao Jonasson J, Hendryx M, Shadyab AH, Kelley E, Johnson KC, Kroenke CH, Garcia L, Lawesson S, Santosa A, Sealy-Jefferson S, Lin X, Cene CW, Liu S, Valdiviezo C, Luo J. Social Support, Social Network Size, Social Strain, Stressful Life Events, and Coronary Heart Disease in Women With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort Study Based on the Women's Health Initiative. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:1759-1766. [PMID: 32499383 PMCID: PMC7372045 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied associations between social support, social network size, social strain, or stressful life events and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS From the Women's Health Initiative, 5,262 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes at baseline were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for demographics, depressive symptoms, anthropometric variables, and lifestyle factors were used to examine associations between social factors and CHD. RESULTS A total of 672 case subjects with CHD were observed during an average 12.79 (SD 6.29) years of follow-up. There was a significant linear trend toward higher risk of CHD as the number of stressful life events increased (P for trend = 0.01; hazard ratio [HR] [95% CI] for the third and fourth quartiles compared with first quartile: 1.27 [1.03-1.56] and 1.30 [1.04-1.64]). Being married or in an intimate relationship was related to decreased risk of CHD (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.69-0.97]). CONCLUSIONS Among postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes, higher levels of stressful life events were associated with higher risk of CHD. Experience of stressful life events might be considered as a risk factor for CHD among women with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Miao Jonasson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine at the Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Erika Kelley
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals MacDonald Women's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Karen C Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Candyce H Kroenke
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sofia Lawesson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, School of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ailiana Santosa
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine at the Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Crystal W Cene
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Simin Liu
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Carolina Valdiviezo
- MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN
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20
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Luo J, Chen X, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Wactawski-Wende J, Vitolins M, Rohan TE, Cheng TYD, Zhang Z, Qi L, Hendryx M. Birth weight, weight over the adult life course and risk of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:65-75. [PMID: 31584193 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer has been suggested to potentially have prenatal origins. We examined associations between birth weight, body mass index (BMI) at four-time points over 25 years of adulthood, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, with emphasis on whether the association between birth weight and risk of breast cancer was mediated by weight and height changes over the adult life course. Postmenopausal women (n = 70,397) aged 50-79 years without breast cancer at enrollment (1993-1998) were followed up to 25 years. Weight and height were measured at baseline. Birth weight, and weights at ages 18, 35 and 50 were self-reported. Breast cancer cases were centrally adjudicated. Compared to women with birth weight of 6-8 pounds, women with birth weight of <6 pounds had lower risk of breast cancer (HR = 0.88 95% CI: 0.79-0.99). 44% and 21% of the relationship between birth weight and breast cancer risk was mediated by adult height and weight at baseline, respectively. Birth weight of 8 pounds or more was not associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Weight gain in adulthood was associated with increased risk of breast cancer regardless of time periods. In conclusion, lower birthweight was associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, and this reduction in risk was significantly mediated by childhood or adolescent growth, especially by adult height. Our data suggest that reaching and maintaining a healthy weight during adulthood is key in the prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Xiwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, San Diego School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, NY
| | - Mara Vitolins
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Walk Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Ting-Yuan D Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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21
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Hooper L, Abdelhamid AS, Jimoh OF, Bunn D, Skeaff CM. Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 6:CD013636. [PMID: 32476140 PMCID: PMC7262429 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ideal proportion of energy from fat in our food and its relation to body weight is not clear. In order to prevent overweight and obesity in the general population, we need to understand the relationship between the proportion of energy from fat and resulting weight and body fatness in the general population. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of proportion of energy intake from fat on measures of body fatness (including body weight, waist circumference, percentage body fat and body mass index) in people not aiming to lose weight, using all appropriate randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of at least six months duration. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Clinicaltrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) to October 2019. We did not limit the search by language. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised intervention trial, 2) included adults aged at least 18 years, 3) randomised to a lower fat versus higher fat diet, without the intention to reduce weight in any participants, 4) not multifactorial and 5) assessed a measure of weight or body fatness after at least six months. We duplicated inclusion decisions and resolved disagreement by discussion or referral to a third party. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data on the population, intervention, control and outcome measures in duplicate. We extracted measures of body fatness (body weight, BMI, percentage body fat and waist circumference) independently in duplicate at all available time points. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity, funnel plot analyses and GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS We included 37 RCTs (57,079 participants). There is consistent high-quality evidence from RCTs that reducing total fat intake results in small reductions in body fatness; this was seen in almost all included studies and was highly resistant to sensitivity analyses (GRADE high-consistency evidence, not downgraded). The effect of eating less fat (compared with higher fat intake) is a mean body weight reduction of 1.4 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.7 to -1.1 kg, in 53,875 participants from 26 RCTs, I2 = 75%). The heterogeneity was explained in subgrouping and meta-regression. These suggested that greater weight loss results from greater fat reductions in people with lower fat intake at baseline, and people with higher body mass index (BMI) at baseline. The size of the effect on weight does not alter over time and is mirrored by reductions in BMI (MD -0.5 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.6 to -0.3, 46,539 participants in 14 trials, I2 = 21%), waist circumference (MD -0.5 cm, 95% CI -0.7 to -0.2, 16,620 participants in 3 trials; I2 = 21%), and percentage body fat (MD -0.3% body fat, 95% CI -0.6 to 0.00, P = 0.05, in 2350 participants in 2 trials; I2 = 0%). There was no suggestion of harms associated with low fat diets that might mitigate any benefits on body fatness. The reduction in body weight was reflected in small reductions in LDL (-0.13 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.05), and total cholesterol (-0.23 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.32 to -0.14), with little or no effect on HDL cholesterol (-0.02 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.00), triglycerides (0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.07), systolic (-0.75 mmHg, 95% CI -1.42 to -0.07) or diastolic blood pressure(-0.52 mmHg, 95% CI -0.95 to -0.09), all GRADE high-consistency evidence or quality of life (0.04, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.07, on a scale of 0 to 10, GRADE low-consistency evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Trials where participants were randomised to a lower fat intake versus a higher fat intake, but with no intention to reduce weight, showed a consistent, stable but small effect of low fat intake on body fatness: slightly lower weight, BMI, waist circumference and percentage body fat compared with higher fat arms. Greater fat reduction, lower baseline fat intake and higher baseline BMI were all associated with greater reductions in weight. There was no evidence of harm to serum lipids, blood pressure or quality of life, but rather of small benefits or no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Diane Bunn
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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22
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Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 5:CD011737. [PMID: 32428300 PMCID: PMC7388853 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011737.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing saturated fat reduces serum cholesterol, but effects on other intermediate outcomes may be less clear. Additionally, it is unclear whether the energy from saturated fats eliminated from the diet are more helpfully replaced by polyunsaturated fats, monounsaturated fats, carbohydrate or protein. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of reducing saturated fat intake and replacing it with carbohydrate (CHO), polyunsaturated (PUFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and/or protein on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, using all available randomised clinical trials. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) on 15 October 2019, and searched Clinicaltrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) on 17 October 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Included trials fulfilled the following criteria: 1) randomised; 2) intention to reduce saturated fat intake OR intention to alter dietary fats and achieving a reduction in saturated fat; 3) compared with higher saturated fat intake or usual diet; 4) not multifactorial; 5) in adult humans with or without cardiovascular disease (but not acutely ill, pregnant or breastfeeding); 6) intervention duration at least 24 months; 7) mortality or cardiovascular morbidity data available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed inclusion, extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. We performed random-effects meta-analyses, meta-regression, subgrouping, sensitivity analyses, funnel plots and GRADE assessment. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (16 comparisons, ~59,000 participants), that used a variety of interventions from providing all food to advice on reducing saturated fat. The included long-term trials suggested that reducing dietary saturated fat reduced the risk of combined cardiovascular events by 21% (risk ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 0.93, 11 trials, 53,300 participants of whom 8% had a cardiovascular event, I² = 65%, GRADE moderate-quality evidence). Meta-regression suggested that greater reductions in saturated fat (reflected in greater reductions in serum cholesterol) resulted in greater reductions in risk of CVD events, explaining most heterogeneity between trials. The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 56 in primary prevention trials, so 56 people need to reduce their saturated fat intake for ~four years for one person to avoid experiencing a CVD event. In secondary prevention trials, the NNTB was 32. Subgrouping did not suggest significant differences between replacement of saturated fat calories with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate, and data on replacement with monounsaturated fat and protein was very limited. We found little or no effect of reducing saturated fat on all-cause mortality (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; 11 trials, 55,858 participants) or cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.12, 10 trials, 53,421 participants), both with GRADE moderate-quality evidence. There was little or no effect of reducing saturated fats on non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.07) or CHD mortality (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.16, both low-quality evidence), but effects on total (fatal or non-fatal) myocardial infarction, stroke and CHD events (fatal or non-fatal) were all unclear as the evidence was of very low quality. There was little or no effect on cancer mortality, cancer diagnoses, diabetes diagnosis, HDL cholesterol, serum triglycerides or blood pressure, and small reductions in weight, serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and BMI. There was no evidence of harmful effects of reducing saturated fat intakes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The findings of this updated review suggest that reducing saturated fat intake for at least two years causes a potentially important reduction in combined cardiovascular events. Replacing the energy from saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat or carbohydrate appear to be useful strategies, while effects of replacement with monounsaturated fat are unclear. The reduction in combined cardiovascular events resulting from reducing saturated fat did not alter by study duration, sex or baseline level of cardiovascular risk, but greater reduction in saturated fat caused greater reductions in cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicole Martin
- Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Christian Kirk
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Eve Foster
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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23
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Korth AL, Bhutani S, Neuhouser ML, Beresford SA, Snetselaar L, Tinker LF, Schoeller DA. Comparison of Methods Used to Correct Self-Reported Protein Intake for Systematic Variation in Reported Energy Intake Using Quantitative Biomarkers of Dietary Intake. J Nutr 2020; 150:1330-1336. [PMID: 32030414 PMCID: PMC7198304 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple methods of correcting nutrient intake for misreported energy intake have been proposed but have not been extensively compared. The availability of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) data set, which includes several objective recovery biomarkers, offers an opportunity to compare these corrections with respect to protein intake. OBJECTIVE We compared 5 energy-correction methods for self-reported dietary protein against urinary nitrogen-derived protein intake. METHODS As part of the WHI Nutritional Biomarkers Study (NBS) 544 participants (50- to 80-y-old women) completed a FFQ and biomarker assessments using doubly labeled water (DLW) for total energy expenditure (TEE) and 24-h urinary nitrogen. Correction methods evaluated were as follows: 1) DLW-TEE; 2) the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) estimated energy requirement (EER) TEE prediction equation based on sex, height, weight, and age; 3) published NBS total energy TEE prediction (WHI-NBS-TEE) using age, BMI, race, and income; 4) reported protein versus reported energy linear regression-based residual method; and 5) a Goldberg cutoff to exclude subjects reporting energy intakes <1.35 times their basal metabolic rate. Efficacy was evaluated using correlations obtained by regressing corrected protein against biomarker protein (6.25 × urinary nitrogen/0.81). RESULTS Unadjusted self-reported protein intake from the FFQ (mean = 66.7 g) correlated weakly (r = 0.31) with biomarker protein (mean = 74.9 g). DLW-TEE-corrected self-reported protein intake (mean = 90.7 g) had the strongest correlation with biomarker protein (r = 0.47). Other energy corrections yielded lower, but still significant correlations: EER, r = 0.44 (mean = 92.1 g); WHI-NBS-TEE, r = 0.37 (mean = 90.4 g); Goldberg cutoff, r = 0.36 (mean = 88.4 g); and residual method, r = 0.35 (mean = 66.7 g). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that proportional correction of reported protein intake using a measure of energy requirement from DLW-TEE or IOM-EER performed modestly better than other methods in this cohort. These energy adjustments, however, yielded corrected protein exceeding the biomarker protein, indicating that energy adjustment alone does not eliminate all self-reported protein reporting bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Korth
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Linda Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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24
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Westerman K, Liu Q, Liu S, Parnell LD, Sebastiani P, Jacques P, DeMeo DL, Ordovás JM. A gene-diet interaction-based score predicts response to dietary fat in the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:893-902. [PMID: 32135010 PMCID: PMC7138684 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diet response prediction for cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) has been demonstrated using single genetic variants and main-effect genetic risk scores, little investigation has gone into the development of genome-wide diet response scores. OBJECTIVE We sought to leverage the multistudy setup of the Women's Health Initiative cohort to generate and test genetic scores for the response of 6 CRFs (BMI, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose) to dietary fat. METHODS A genome-wide interaction study was undertaken for each CRF in women (n ∼ 9000) not participating in the dietary modification (DM) trial, which focused on the reduction of dietary fat. Genetic scores based on these analyses were developed using a pruning-and-thresholding approach and tested for the prediction of 1-y CRF changes as well as long-term chronic disease development in DM trial participants (n ∼ 5000). RESULTS Only 1 of these genetic scores, for LDL cholesterol, predicted changes in the associated CRF. This 1760-variant score explained 3.7% (95% CI: 0.09, 11.9) of the variance in 1-y LDL cholesterol changes in the intervention arm but was unassociated with changes in the control arm. In contrast, a main-effect genetic risk score for LDL cholesterol was not useful for predicting dietary fat response. Further investigation of this score with respect to downstream disease outcomes revealed suggestive differential associations across DM trial arms, especially with respect to coronary heart disease and stroke subtypes. CONCLUSIONS These results lay the foundation for the combination of many genome-wide gene-diet interactions for diet response prediction while highlighting the need for further research and larger samples in order to achieve robust biomarkers for use in personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Westerman
- Jean Mayer-United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurence D Parnell
- Jean Mayer-United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Jacques
- Jean Mayer-United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José M Ordovás
- Jean Mayer-United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Boston, MA, USA
- Research Institute on Food & Health Sciences, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, Madrid, Spain
- National Cardiovascular Research Center, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Li Y, Hendryx MS, Xun P, He K, Shadyab AH, Pan K, Qi L, Luo J. The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and bladder cancer risk among postmenopausal women. Cancer Causes Control 2020; 31:503-510. [PMID: 32193704 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-020-01294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence on the association between diabetes and risk of bladder cancer has been controversial. In addition, findings on the associations between duration of diabetes, diabetes treatment, and risk of bladder cancer have been inconsistent. METHODS A total of 148,208 participants in Women's Health Initiative study were included. Information on diabetes status, diabetes duration, and treatment was collected both at baseline and during follow-up. Information on potential confounders including age, race/ethnicity, education, occupation, family history of cancer, smoking status, alcohol consumption, total physical activity, body mass index, and daily dietary intake were collected at baseline. Bladder cancer cases were collected and confirmed by a centralized review of pathology reports. Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying covariates were used to examine associations of diabetes status, duration of diabetes, and diabetes treatment with bladder cancer risk. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 18.5 years, 865 bladder cancer cases were identified. There were no significant associations of diabetes, duration of diabetes, or diabetes treatment with risk of bladder cancer. Participants with prevalent diabetes did not have significantly higher risk of bladder cancer compared with those without diabetes. CONCLUSION Diabetes was not significantly associated with risk of bladder cancer among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Michael S Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Pengcheng Xun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ka He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kathy Pan
- The Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Lihong Qi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Banack HR, Bea JW, Stokes A, Kroenke CH, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Bird CE, Garcia L, Wallace R, Wild RA, Caan B, Wactawski-Wende J. It's Absolutely Relative: The Effect of Age on the BMI-Mortality Relationship in Postmenopausal Women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:171-177. [PMID: 31799808 PMCID: PMC6989046 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of relative and absolute effect estimates has important implications for the interpretation of study findings. Likewise, examining additive and multiplicative interaction can lead to differing conclusions about the joint effects of two exposure variables. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between BMI and mortality on the relative and absolute scales and investigate interaction between BMI and age. METHODS Data from 68,132 participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study were used. The risk ratio and risk difference of BMI on mortality were estimated. A product term was also included to examine interaction between BMI and age on the multiplicative scale, and the relative excess risk of interaction was calculated to measure additive interaction. RESULTS Results demonstrated that the mortality risk ratio decreased as women aged, but the mortality risk difference increased as women aged. Evidence of additive and multiplicative interaction between age and BMI was found. CONCLUSIONS In postmenopausal women, the relative mortality risk associated with high BMI decreased with increasing age, but the absolute risk of high BMI increased with increasing age. This indicates the importance of considering the interaction between age and BMI to understand mortality risk in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey R Banack
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer W Bea
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Andrew Stokes
- Department of Global Health and Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Candyce H Kroenke
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Marcia L Stefanick
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shirley A Beresford
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lorena Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Robert Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert A Wild
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Bette Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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27
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Banack HR, Bea JW, Kaufman JS, Stokes A, Kroenke CH, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Bird CE, Garcia L, Wallace R, Wild RA, Caan B, Wactawski-Wende J. The Effects of Reverse Causality and Selective Attrition on the Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1838-1848. [PMID: 31274146 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns about reverse causality and selection bias complicate the interpretation of studies of body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2) and mortality in older adults. The objective of this study was to investigate methodological explanations for the apparent attenuation of obesity-related risks in older adults. We used data from 68,132 participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial for this analysis. All of the participants were postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years at baseline (1993-1998). To examine reverse causality and selective attrition, we compared rate ratios from inverse probability of treatment- and censoring-weighted Poisson marginal structural models with results from an unweighted adjusted Poisson regression model. The estimated mortality rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for BMIs of 30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9 and ≥40.0 were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77, 0.96), 0.85 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.99), and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.72, 1.07), respectively, in the unweighted model. The corresponding mortality rate ratios were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.07), 1.12 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.29), and 1.31 95% CI: (1.08, 1.57), respectively, in the marginal structural model. Results from the inverse probability of treatment- and censoring-weighted marginal structural model were attenuated in low BMI categories and increased in high BMI categories. The results demonstrate the importance of accounting for reverse causality and selective attrition in studies of older adults.
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Jonasson JM, Hendryx M, Manson JE, Dinh P, Garcia L, Liu S, Luo J. Personality traits and the risk of coronary heart disease or stroke in women with diabetes - an epidemiological study based on the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause 2019; 26:1117-1124. [PMID: 31479031 PMCID: PMC6768721 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the associations between personality traits and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke in women with diabetes. METHODS From the Women's Health Initiative, 15,029 women aged 50 to 79 years at enrollment and with self-reported treated diabetes at baseline or follow-up, were followed for a mean of 10 years. Personality traits measured from validated scales included hostility, optimism, ambivalence over emotional expressiveness, and negative emotional expressiveness. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to examine associations between personality traits and the risk of adjudicated CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction and CHD death) or stroke outcomes. Progressively adjusted regression approach was used in the multivariable models to adjust for demographics, depression, anthropometric variables, and lifestyle factors. RESULTS A total of 1,118 incident CHD and 710 incident stroke cases were observed. Women in the highest quartile of hostility had 22% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.48) increased risk for CHD compared with women in the lowest quartile of hostility. P values for trend were greater than 0.05. Stratified analysis by prevalent or incident diabetes showed that the highest quartile of hostility had 34% increased risk for CHD (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03-1.74) among women with incident diabetes. Other personality traits were not significantly associated with stroke or CHD. CONCLUSIONS Hostility was associated with incidence of CHD among postmenopausal women with diabetes, especially among incident diabetes. These results provide a basis for targeted prevention programs for women with a high level of hostility and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Miao Jonasson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine at Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Harvard Medical School
| | - Paul Dinh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine University of California – Davis, California
| | - Simin Liu
- School of Public Health, Brown University
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington
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Associations Between Parity, Breastfeeding, and Risk of Maternal Type 2 Diabetes Among Postmenopausal Women. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 134:591-599. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Luo J, Hendryx M, Manson JE, Figueiredo JC, LeBlanc ES, Barrington W, Rohan TE, Howard BV, Reding K, Ho GY, Garcia DO, Chlebowski RT. Intentional Weight Loss and Obesity-Related Cancer Risk. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 3:pkz054. [PMID: 31737862 PMCID: PMC6795232 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic studies regarding weight loss and subsequent cancer risk are sparse. The study aim was to evaluate the association between weight change by intentionality and obesity-related cancer incidence in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Eleven cancers were considered obesity related: breast, ovary, endometrium, colon and rectum, esophagus, kidney, liver, multiple myeloma, pancreas, stomach, and thyroid. Methods Postmenopausal women (n = 58 667) aged 50–79 years had body weight and waist circumference (WC) measured at baseline and year 3. Weight or WC change was categorized as stable (change < ±5%), loss (≥5%), and gain (≥5%). Self-report at year 3 characterized weight loss as intentional or unintentional. During the subsequent 12 years (mean) of follow-up, 6033 incident obesity-related cancers were identified. Relationships were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results Compared to women with stable weight, women with intentional weight loss had lower obesity-related cancer risk (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.80 to 0.98). A similar result was observed for intentional WC reduction (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.96). Among all cancers, intentional weight loss was most strongly associated with endometrial cancer (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.88). Intentional WC loss was also associated with lower colorectal cancer risk (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.99). Unintentional weight loss or weight gain was not associated with overall obesity-related cancer risk. Conclusion Intentional weight or WC loss in postmenopausal women was associated with lower risk of obesity-related cancer. These findings suggest that postmenopausal women who intentionally lose weight can reduce their obesity-related cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IU
| | - Michael Hendryx
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IU
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Erin S LeBlanc
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research NW, Portland, OR
| | - Wendy Barrington
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Barbara V Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown, Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Hyattsville, MD
| | - Kerryn Reding
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Gloria Yf Ho
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology & Prevention, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Great Neck, NY
| | - David O Garcia
- Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Tabung FK, Balasubramanian R, Liang L, Clinton SK, Cespedes Feliciano EM, Manson JE, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Clish CB, Giovannucci EL, Rexrode KM. Identifying Metabolomic Profiles of Insulinemic Dietary Patterns. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9060120. [PMID: 31238601 PMCID: PMC6630814 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The food-based empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) score assesses the insulinemic potential of diet. This cross-sectional study evaluated associations between EDIH scores from food frequency questionnaires with c-peptide concentrations and with 448 metabolites, from fasting plasma samples, in multivariable linear regression analyses. Metabolites were measured with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. Using a robust two-stage study design, discovery of metabolite associations was conducted among 1109 Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Hormone Therapy (HT) trial participants and results replicated in an independent dataset of 810 WHI Observational Study (OS) participants. In both discovery and replication datasets, statistical significance was based on the false-discovery rate adjusted P < 0.05. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, EDIH was significantly associated with c-peptide concentrations among 919 women (HT & OS) with c-peptide data. On average, c-peptide concentrations were 18% higher (95% CI, 6%, 32%; P-trend < 0.0001) in EDIH quintile 5 compared to quintile 1. Twenty-six metabolites were significantly associated with EDIH in the discovery dataset, and 19 of these were replicated in the validation dataset. Nine metabolites were found to decrease in abundance with increasing EDIH scores and included: C14:0 CE, C16:1 CE, C18:1 CE, C18:3 CE, C20:3 CE, C20:5 CE, C36:1 PS plasmalogen, trigonelline, and eicosapentanoate, whereas the 10 metabolites observed to increase with increasing EDIH scores were: C18:2 SM, C36:3 DAG, C36:4 DAG-A, C51:3 TAG, C52:3 TAG, C52:4, TAG, C54:3 TAG, C54:4 TAG, C54:6 TAG, and C10:2 carnitine. Cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, acylglycerols, and acylcarnitines may constitute circulating metabolites that are associated with insulinemic dietary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred K Tabung
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Raji Balasubramanian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | | | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cené CW, Frerichs L, Evans JK, Kroenke CH, Dilworth-Anderson P, Corbie-Smith G, Snively B, Naughton MJ, Shumaker S. A descriptive pilot study of structural and functional social network ties among women in the women's health initiative (WHI) study. J Women Aging 2019; 33:1-29. [PMID: 31177928 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2019.1608138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Few studies examine the network structure and function of older women's health discussion networks. We sought to assess the feasibility and acceptability of collecting social network data via telephone from 72 women from the Women's Health Initiative study and to describe structural and functional characteristics. Women were socially connected and had dense networks. Women were emotionally close to network members, but their networks were not used to facilitate communication with health-care providers. One-third of network members was not influential on health-related decision-making. Collecting social network data via telephone is feasible and an acceptable, though un-preferred, mode of data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W Cené
- Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leah Frerichs
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joshua K Evans
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Peggye Dilworth-Anderson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Giselle Corbie-Smith
- Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Social Medicine, UNC School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beverly Snively
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Michelle J Naughton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sally Shumaker
- Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Sarma EA, Moyer A, Messina CR, Laroche HH, Snetselaar L, Van Horn L, Lane DS. Is There a Spillover Effect of Targeted Dietary Change on Untargeted Health Behaviors? Evidence From a Dietary Modification Trial. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:569-581. [PMID: 30808245 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119831756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background. The gateway behavior hypothesis posits that change in a health behavior targeted for modification may promote positive changes in other untargeted health behaviors; however, previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Aims. To examine the patterns and predictors of change in untargeted health behaviors in a large health behavior change trial. Method. Using repeated-measures latent class analysis, this study explored patterns of change in untargeted physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking behavior during the first year of the Women's Health Initiative dietary modification trial that targeted total fat reduction to 20% kcal and targeted increased fruit and vegetable intake. Participants were healthy postmenopausal women who were randomly assigned to either the low-fat dietary change intervention (n = 8,193) or a control (n = 12,187) arm. Results. Although there were increases in untargeted physical activity and decreases in alcohol consumption and smoking in the first year, these changes were not consistently associated with study arm. Moreover, although the results of the repeated-measures latent class analysis identified three unique subgroups of participants with similar patterns of untargeted health behaviors, none of the subgroups showed substantial change in the probability of engagement in any of the behaviors over 1 year, and the study arms had nearly identical latent class solutions. Discussion and Conclusion. These findings suggest that the dietary intervention did not act as a gateway behavior for change in the untargeted behaviors and that researchers interested in changing multiple health behaviors may need to deliberately target additional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Moyer
- 1 Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Arthur R, Brasky TM, Crane TE, Felix AS, Kaunitz AM, Shadyab AH, Qi L, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE. Associations of a Healthy Lifestyle Index With the Risks of Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer Among Women in the Women's Health Initiative Study. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:261-273. [PMID: 30407487 PMCID: PMC6357793 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle-related factors influence risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers, but few studies have examined their joint associations with risk of these cancers. Using multivariable Cox regression models, we assessed the association of a healthy lifestyle index (HLI-a composite score (range, 0-20) involving diet, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, and smoking; higher scores represent healthier behavior) with risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers among 108,136 postmenopausal women who were recruited in the US Women's Health Initiative study between 1993 and 1998. After a median follow-up of 17.9 years, 1,435 endometrial cancer cases and 904 ovarian cancer cases had been ascertained. Women in the highest quintile of the HLI score had a lower risk of overall, type I, well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, and localized endometrial cancer than those in the lowest quintile (for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.72), HR = 0.60 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.72), HR = 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.96), HR = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.52, 0.90), HR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.72), and HR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.50, 0.74), respectively). The HLI score had a weak positive association with risk of serous ovarian cancer. Our findings underscore the potential importance of a healthy lifestyle in lowering endometrial cancer risk among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Arthur
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tracy E Crane
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ashley S Felix
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andrew M Kaunitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lihong Qi
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Sun Y, Liu B, Snetselaar LG, Robinson JG, Wallace RB, Peterson LL, Bao W. Association of fried food consumption with all cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2019; 364:k5420. [PMID: 30674467 PMCID: PMC6342269 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k5420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prospective association of total and individual fried food consumption with all cause and cause specific mortality in women in the United States. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Women's Health Initiative conducted in 40 clinical centers in the US. PARTICIPANTS 106 966 postmenopausal women aged 50-79 at study entry who were enrolled between September 1993 and 1998 in the Women's Health Initiative and followed until February 2017. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cancer mortality. RESULTS 31 558 deaths occurred during 1 914 691 person years of follow-up. For total fried food consumption, when comparing at least one serving per day with no consumption, the multivariable adjusted hazard ratio was 1.08 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.16) for all cause mortality and 1.08 (0.96 to 1.22) for cardiovascular mortality. When comparing at least one serving per week of fried chicken with no consumption, the hazard ratio was 1.13 (1.07 to 1.19) for all cause mortality and 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) for cardiovascular mortality. For fried fish/shellfish, the corresponding hazard ratios were 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) for all cause mortality and 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22) for cardiovascular mortality. Total or individual fried food consumption was not generally associated with cancer mortality. CONCLUSIONS Frequent consumption of fried foods, especially fried chicken and fried fish/shellfish, was associated with a higher risk of all cause and cardiovascular mortality in women in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Linda G Snetselaar
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lindsay L Peterson
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Chlebowski RT, Anderson GL, Manson JE, Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Snetselaar L, Beresford SAA, Kuller LH, Johnson K, Lane D, Luo J, Rohan TE, Jiao L, Barac A, Womack C, Coday M, Datta M, Thomson CA. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Cancer Mortality in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Randomized Controlled Trial. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 2:pky065. [PMID: 31360880 PMCID: PMC6649760 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification trial, a low-fat dietary pattern reduced deaths after breast cancer. Mortality from other cancer sites has not been reported. Methods A low-fat dietary pattern influence on deaths from and after site-specific cancers was examined during 8.5 years (median) of dietary intervention and cumulatively during 17.7 years (median) of follow-up. A total 48 835 postmenopausal women, ages 50–79 years, were randomly assigned from 1993 to 1998 at 40 US clinical centers to dietary intervention (40%, n = 19 541 or a usual diet comparison group (60%, n = 29 294). Dietary intervention influence on mortality from protocol-specified cancers (breast, colon and rectum, endometrium and ovary), individually and as a composite, represented the primary analyses. Results During the dietary intervention period, a reduction in deaths after breast cancer (HR = 0.65 95% CI = 0.45 to 0.94, P = .02) was the only statistically significant cancer mortality finding. During intervention, the HRs for deaths after the protocol-specified cancer composite were 0.90 (95% CI = 0.73 to 1.10) and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.85 to 1.06) for deaths after all cancers. During 17.7 years of follow-up with 3867 deaths after all cancers, reduction in deaths after breast cancer continued in the dietary intervention group (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.99, P = .03). However, no dietary intervention influence on deaths from or after any other cancer or cancer composite was seen. Conclusions A low-fat dietary pattern reduced deaths after breast cancer. No reduction in mortality from or after any other cancer or cancer composite was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garnet L Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aaron K Aragaki
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Lewis H Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karen Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
| | - Dorothy Lane
- Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Juhua Luo
- School of Public Health, University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ana Barac
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, Washington, DC
| | | | - Mace Coday
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
| | - Mridul Datta
- School of Public Health, University of Purdue, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Cynthia A Thomson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
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Hooper L, Al‐Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS, Rees K, Brainard JS, Brown TJ, Ajabnoor SM, O'Brien AT, Winstanley LE, Donaldson DH, Song F, Deane KHO. Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD011094. [PMID: 30488422 PMCID: PMC6516799 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011094.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-6 fats are polyunsaturated fats vital for many physiological functions, but their effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is debated. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increasing omega-6 fats (linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA)) on CVD and all-cause mortality. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to May 2017 and clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to September 2016, without language restrictions. We checked trials included in relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher versus lower omega-6 fat intake in adults with or without CVD, assessing effects over at least 12 months. We included full texts, abstracts, trials registry entries and unpublished studies. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CVD events, risk factors (blood lipids, adiposity, blood pressure), and potential adverse events. We excluded trials where we could not separate omega-6 fat effects from those of other dietary, lifestyle or medication interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts, assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias of included trials. We wrote to authors of included studies. Meta-analyses used random-effects analysis, while sensitivity analyses used fixed-effects and limited analyses to trials at low summary risk of bias. We assessed GRADE quality of evidence for 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 RCTs in 6461 participants who were followed for one to eight years. Seven trials assessed the effects of supplemental GLA and 12 of LA, none DGLA or AA; the omega-6 fats usually displaced dietary saturated or monounsaturated fats. We assessed three RCTs as being at low summary risk of bias.Primary outcomes: we found low-quality evidence that increased intake of omega-6 fats may make little or no difference to all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 1.12, 740 deaths, 4506 randomised, 10 trials) or CVD events (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.15, 1404 people experienced events of 4962 randomised, 7 trials). We are uncertain whether increasing omega-6 fats affects CVD mortality (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.55, 472 deaths, 4019 randomised, 7 trials), coronary heart disease events (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.17, 1059 people with events of 3997 randomised, 7 trials), major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.20, 817 events, 2879 participants, 2 trials) or stroke (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.45 to 4.11, 54 events, 3730 participants, 4 trials), as we assessed the evidence as being of very low quality. We found no evidence of dose-response or duration effects for any primary outcome, but there was a suggestion of greater protection in participants with lower baseline omega-6 intake across outcomes.Additional key outcomes: we found increased intake of omega-6 fats may reduce myocardial infarction (MI) risk (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.02, 609 events, 4606 participants, 7 trials, low-quality evidence). High-quality evidence suggests increasing omega-6 fats reduces total serum cholesterol a little in the long term (mean difference (MD) -0.33 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.16, I2 = 81%; heterogeneity partially explained by dose, 4280 participants, 10 trials). Increasing omega-6 fats probably has little or no effect on adiposity (body mass index (BMI) MD -0.20 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.56 to 0.16, 371 participants, 1 trial, moderate-quality evidence). It may make little or no difference to serum triglycerides (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.21, 834 participants, 5 trials), HDL (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.02, 1995 participants, 4 trials) or low-density lipoprotein (MD -0.04 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.14, 244 participants, 2 trials, low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-6 fats on cardiovascular health, mortality, lipids and adiposity to date, using previously unpublished data. We found no evidence that increasing omega-6 fats reduces cardiovascular outcomes other than MI, where 53 people may need to increase omega-6 fat intake to prevent 1 person from experiencing MI. Although benefits of omega-6 fats remain to be proven, increasing omega-6 fats may be of benefit in people at high risk of MI. Increased omega-6 fats reduce serum total cholesterol but not other blood fat fractions or adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lena Al‐Khudairy
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryUKCV4 7AL
| | - Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Karen Rees
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryUKCV4 7AL
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah M Ajabnoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Alex T O'Brien
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lauren E Winstanley
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Daisy H Donaldson
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesColney LaneNorwichUKNR4 7UL
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Abdelhamid AS, Martin N, Bridges C, Brainard JS, Wang X, Brown TJ, Hanson S, Jimoh OF, Ajabnoor SM, Deane KHO, Song F, Hooper L. Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD012345. [PMID: 30484282 PMCID: PMC6517012 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012345.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the health effects of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is equivocal. Fish oils are rich in omega-3 PUFA and plant oils in omega-6 PUFA. Evidence suggests that increasing PUFA-rich foods, supplements or supplemented foods can reduce serum cholesterol, but may increase body weight, so overall cardiovascular effects are unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increasing total PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, lipids and adiposity in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017 and clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to September 2016, without language restrictions. We checked trials included in relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher with lower PUFA intakes in adults with or without cardiovascular disease that assessed effects over 12 months or longer. We included full texts, abstracts, trials registry entries and unpublished data. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and events, risk factors (blood lipids, adiposity, blood pressure), and adverse events. We excluded trials where we could not separate effects of PUFA intake from other dietary, lifestyle or medication interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts, assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We wrote to authors of included trials for further data. Meta-analyses used random-effects analysis, sensitivity analyses included fixed-effects and limiting to low summary risk of bias. We assessed GRADE quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 49 RCTs randomising 24,272 participants, with duration of one to eight years. Eleven included trials were at low summary risk of bias, 33 recruited participants without cardiovascular disease. Baseline PUFA intake was unclear in most trials, but 3.9% to 8% of total energy intake where reported. Most trials gave supplemental capsules, but eight gave dietary advice, eight gave supplemental foods such as nuts or margarine, and three used a combination of methods to increase PUFA.Increasing PUFA intake probably has little or no effect on all-cause mortality (risk 7.8% vs 7.6%, risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 1.07, 19,290 participants in 24 trials), but probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease events from 14.2% to 12.3% (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.06, 15 trials, 10,076 participants) and cardiovascular disease events from 14.6% to 13.0% (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.01, 17,799 participants in 21 trials), all moderate-quality evidence. Increasing PUFA may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease death (6.6% to 6.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.06, 9 trials, 8810 participants) andstroke (1.2% to 1.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.44, 11 trials, 14,742 participants, though confidence intervals include important harms), but has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.26, 16 trials, 15,107 participants) all low-quality evidence. Effects of increasing PUFA on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and atrial fibrillation are unclear as evidence is of very low quality.Increasing PUFA intake probably slightly decreases triglycerides (by 15%, MD -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.04, 20 trials, 3905 participants), but has little or no effect on total cholesterol (mean difference (MD) -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.02, 26 trials, 8072 participants), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.01, 18 trials, 4674 participants) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.06, 15 trials, 3362 participants). Increasing PUFA probably has little or no effect on adiposity (body weight MD 0.76 kg, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.19, 12 trials, 7100 participants).Effects of increasing PUFA on serious adverse events such as pulmonary embolism and bleeding are unclear as the evidence is of very low quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic review of RCTs conducted to date to assess effects of increasing PUFA on cardiovascular disease, mortality, lipids or adiposity. Increasing PUFA intake probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease events, may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease mortality and stroke (though not ruling out harms), but has little or no effect on all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality. The mechanism may be via TG reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Nicole Martin
- University College LondonInstitute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Charlene Bridges
- University College LondonInstitute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Xia Wang
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah Hanson
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah M Ajabnoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo assess the extent of error present in self-reported weight data in the Women’s Health Initiative, variables that may be associated with error, and to develop methods to reduce any identified error.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingForty clinical centres in the USA.ParticipantsWomen (n 75 336) participating in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS) and women (n 6236) participating in the WHI Long Life Study (LLS) with self-reported and measured weight collected about 20 years later (2013–2014).ResultsThe correlation between self-reported and measured weights was 0·97. On average, women under-reported their weight by about 2 lb (0·91 kg). The discrepancies varied by age, race/ethnicity, education and BMI. Compared with normal-weight women, underweight women over-reported their weight by 3·86 lb (1·75 kg) and obese women under-reported their weight by 4·18 lb (1·90 kg) on average. The higher the degree of excess weight, the greater the under-reporting of weight. Adjusting self-reported weight for an individual’s age, race/ethnicity and education yielded an identical average weight to that measured.ConclusionsCorrelations between self-reported and measured weights in the WHI are high. Discrepancies varied by different sociodemographic characteristics, especially an individual’s BMI. Correction of self-reported weight for individual characteristics could improve the accuracy of assessment of obesity status in postmenopausal women.
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Krok-Schoen JL, Brasky TM, Hunt RP, Rohan TE, Baker TA, Li W, Carbone L, Mackey RH, Snetselaar L, Lustberg M, Neuhouser ML. Dietary Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Arthritis Risk in the Women's Health Initiative. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118:2057-2069. [PMID: 29921541 PMCID: PMC6204099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of arthritis in the United States is substantial and on the rise. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, have been shown to provide therapeutic benefit to arthritis patients; however, to date few have examined these associations with arthritis risk. OBJECTIVE The study objective was to examine the associations of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk among postmenopausal women. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS The sample for this analysis consisted of 80,551 postmenopausal women, aged 55 to 79 years and with no history of arthritis, recruited into the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study and Clinical Trials cohort between 1993 and 1998. Women completed a 120-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES After a median follow-up of 8 years, 22,306 incident OA and 3,348 RA cases were identified. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CI for the associations between dietary LCn-3PUFA intake and OA and RA risk. RESULTS Individual and total long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Quintile 5 vs Quintile 1: hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.09 for OA; hazard ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.13 for RA) were not associated with OA and RA risk. Further, no associations were observed between n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and either arthritis outcome. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to examine associations of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake with OA risk and the largest to examine associations with RA risk. Despite their therapeutic potential, the study provides no evidence of benefit of these nutrients in relation to arthritis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Krok-Schoen
- The Ohio State University-James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Theodore M. Brasky
- The Ohio State University-James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Rebecca P. Hunt
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Thomas E. Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY USA
| | - Tamara A. Baker
- University of Kansas Department of Psychology, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Laura Carbone
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Rachel H. Mackey
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Maryam Lustberg
- The Ohio State University-James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Marian L. Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
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Vajaranant TS, Ray RM, Pasquale LR, Mares JA, Ritch R, Gower EW, Haan MN, Jackson RD, Maki PM. Racial Differences in the Effects of Hormone Therapy on Incident Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Randomized Trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 195:110-120. [PMID: 30081016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to test if hormone therapy (HT) altered the risk of open-angle glaucoma (OAG), and if the risk reduction varied by race. DESIGN Secondary analysis of randomized controlled trial data. METHODS We linked Medicare claims data to 25 535 women in the Women's Health Initiative. Women without a uterus were randomized to receive either oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE 0.625 mg/day) or placebo, and women with a uterus received oral CEE and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE 0.625 mg/day + MPA 2.5 mg/day) or placebo. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS After exclusion of women with prevalent glaucoma or without claims for eye care provider visits, the final analysis included 8102 women (mean age = 68.5 ± 4.8 years). The OAG incidence was 7.6% (mean follow-up = 11.5 ± 5.2 years; mean HT duration = 4.4 ± 2.3 years). Increased age (P trend = .01) and African-American race (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.13-3.42; white as a reference) were significant risk factors for incident OAG. We found no overall benefit of HT in reducing incident OAG (HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.79-1.29 in the CEE trial, and HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.85-1.29 in the CEE + MPA trial). However, race modified the relationship between CEE use and OAG risk (P interaction = .01), and risk was reduced in African-American women treated with CEE (HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.27-0.88), compared to placebo. Race did not modify the relation between CEE + MPA use and OAG risk (P interaction = .68). CONCLUSIONS Analysis suggests that HT containing estrogen, but not a combination of estrogen and progesterone, reduces the risk of incident OAG among African-American women. Further investigation is needed.
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Schneeberger D, Golubíc M, Moore HCF, Weiss K, Abraham J, Montero A, Doyle J, Sumego M, Roizen M. Lifestyle Medicine-Focused Shared Medical Appointments to Improve Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 25:40-47. [PMID: 30256657 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Poor lifestyle choices play a significant role in the development and progression of preventable chronic diseases, including cancer. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive lifestyle medicine intervention on chronic disease risk factors and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. DESIGN This is a retrospective review of a clinical program from January 2016 to July 2017. SETTINGS/LOCATION It includes seven 2-h group medical visits held every other week at an outpatient wellness facility. SUBJECTS Eligible participants are breast cancer survivors who have completed treatment, including those who remain on hormonal therapy. INTERVENTION Patients receive education and experience in nutrition, culinary medicine, physical activity, and stress relief practices. OUTCOME MEASURES Participants' weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, lean body mass, and percent body fat were measured at visit 1 and visit 7. Standard validated questionnaires were used to measure perceived stress, depression, patient activation, physical and mental quality of life, dietary fat consumption, and dietary fruit, vegetable, and fiber consumption. RESULTS A total of 31 patients participated in the group visits. Pre-post comparison data were not available for 10 patients. More than three-quarters of the 21 breast cancer survivors who attended 5 or more of the 7 group visits and provided data at the first and the last group visit decreased their body weight. On average, patients lost 4.9 pounds (-2.6%, p < 0.01), and their BMI decreased by 0.8 kg/m2 (-2.5%, p < 0.01). Changes in psychosocial variables of perceived stress, depression, patient activation, and quality of life trended in a positive direction, but did not reach statistical significance. Patients reported a significant decrease in average weekly fat consumption (-31.5%, p < 0.01). Most patients found the program educational and enjoyable, and nearly half of them described it as life changing. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer survivors could employ the prescribed lifestyle modifications to produce clinically relevant health benefits. Interdisciplinary teams of health care professionals may help breast cancer survivors with chronic diseases implement evidence-based, individualized, and effective lifestyle prescription through group medical visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Schneeberger
- 1 Center for Integrative and Lifestyle Medicine, Wellness Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Lyndhurst, OH
| | - Mladen Golubíc
- 1 Center for Integrative and Lifestyle Medicine, Wellness Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Lyndhurst, OH
| | | | - Kenneth Weiss
- 3 Regional Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Twinsburg, OH
| | - Jame Abraham
- 2 Hematology & Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Jonathan Doyle
- 1 Center for Integrative and Lifestyle Medicine, Wellness Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Lyndhurst, OH
| | | | - Michael Roizen
- 1 Center for Integrative and Lifestyle Medicine, Wellness Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Lyndhurst, OH
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Brasky TM, Kabat GC, Ho GYF, Thomson CA, Nicholson WK, Barrington WE, Bittoni MA, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of selected obesity-related cancers in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Causes Control 2018; 29:855-862. [PMID: 30046933 PMCID: PMC7203759 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic inflammatory condition strongly associated with the risk of numerous cancers. We examined the association between circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a biomarker of inflammation and strong correlate of obesity, and the risk of three understudied obesity-related cancers in postmenopausal women: ovarian cancer, kidney cancer, and multiple myeloma. METHODS Participants were 24,205 postmenopausal women who had measurements of baseline serum hsCRP (mg/L) in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) CVD Biomarkers Cohort, a collection of four sub-studies within the WHI. Incident cancers were identified over 17.9 years of follow-up (n = 153 ovarian, n = 110 kidney, n = 137 multiple myeloma). hsCRP was categorized into study-specific quartiles. Adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of baseline hsCRP with the risk of these cancers. RESULTS There was no clear association between baseline hsCRP concentration and the risk of ovarian cancer (quartile 4 vs. 1: HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.56-1.37), kidney cancer (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.56-1.61), or multiple myeloma (HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.52-1.29). HRs for 1 mg/L increases in hsCRP also approximated the null value for each cancer. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that elevated CRP is not a major risk factor for these obesity-related cancers (ovarian or kidney cancers, or multiple myeloma) among postmenopausal women. Given the importance of elucidating the mechanisms underlying the association of obesity with cancer risk, further analysis with expanded biomarkers and in larger or pooled prospective cohorts is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M Brasky
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University-James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1590 N. High St., Suite 525, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | | | - Gloria Y F Ho
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology & Prevention, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Great Neck, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia A Thomson
- Health Promotion Sciences Department, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wanda K Nicholson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wendy E Barrington
- Department of Psychosocial & Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marisa A Bittoni
- The Ohio State University-James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1590 N. High St., Suite 525, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- James Thoracic Center, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Kirkpatrick SI, Collins CE, Keogh RH, Krebs-Smith SM, Neuhouser ML, Wallace A. Assessing Dietary Outcomes in Intervention Studies: Pitfalls, Strategies, and Research Needs. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10081001. [PMID: 30065152 PMCID: PMC6116034 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To inform strategies to improve the dietary intakes of populations, robust evaluations of interventions are required. This paper is drawn from a workshop held at the International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2017 Annual Meeting, and highlights considerations and research priorities relevant to measuring dietary outcomes within intervention studies. Self-reported dietary data are typically relied upon in such studies, and it is recognized that these data are affected by random and systematic error. Additionally, differential error between intervention and comparison groups or pre- and post-intervention can be elicited by the intervention itself, for example, by creating greater awareness of eating or drinking occasions or the desire to appear compliant. Differential reporting can render the results of trials incorrect or inconclusive by leading to biased estimates and reduced statistical power. The development of strategies to address intervention-related biases requires developing a better understanding of the situations and population groups in which interventions are likely to elicit differential reporting and the extent of the bias. Also needed are efforts to expand the feasibility and applications of biomarkers to address intervention-related biases. In the meantime, researchers are encouraged to consider the potential for differential biases in dietary reporting in a given study, to choose tools carefully and take steps to minimize and/or measure factors such as social desirability biases that might contribute to differential reporting, and to consider the implications of differential reporting for study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon I Kirkpatrick
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Clare E Collins
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ruth H Keogh
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Susan M Krebs-Smith
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Room 4E142 Bethesda, MD 20892-9763, USA.
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave North, M4B402, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Angela Wallace
- Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Abdelhamid AS, Martin N, Bridges C, Brainard JS, Wang X, Brown TJ, Hanson S, Jimoh OF, Ajabnoor SM, Deane KHO, Song F, Hooper L. Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD012345. [PMID: 30019767 PMCID: PMC6513571 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012345.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on the health effects of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is equivocal. Fish oils are rich in omega-3 PUFA and plant oils in omega-6 PUFA. Evidence suggests that increasing PUFA-rich foods, supplements or supplemented foods can reduce serum cholesterol, but may increase body weight, so overall cardiovascular effects are unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increasing total PUFA intake on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, lipids and adiposity in adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017 and clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to September 2016, without language restrictions. We checked trials included in relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher with lower PUFA intakes in adults with or without cardiovascular disease that assessed effects over 12 months or longer. We included full texts, abstracts, trials registry entries and unpublished data. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality and events, risk factors (blood lipids, adiposity, blood pressure), and adverse events. We excluded trials where we could not separate effects of PUFA intake from other dietary, lifestyle or medication interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts, assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We wrote to authors of included trials for further data. Meta-analyses used random-effects analysis, sensitivity analyses included fixed-effects and limiting to low summary risk of bias. We assessed GRADE quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 49 RCTs randomising 24,272 participants, with duration of one to eight years. Eleven included trials were at low summary risk of bias, 33 recruited participants without cardiovascular disease. Baseline PUFA intake was unclear in most trials, but 3.9% to 8% of total energy intake where reported. Most trials gave supplemental capsules, but eight gave dietary advice, eight gave supplemental foods such as nuts or margarine, and three used a combination of methods to increase PUFA.Increasing PUFA intake probably has little or no effect on all-cause mortality (risk 7.8% vs 7.6%, risk ratio (RR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89 to 1.07, 19,290 participants in 24 trials), but probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease events from 14.2% to 12.3% (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.06, 15 trials, 10,076 participants) and cardiovascular disease events from 14.6% to 13.0% (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.01, 17,799 participants in 21 trials), all moderate-quality evidence. Increasing PUFA may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease death (6.6% to 6.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.06, 9 trials, 8810 participants) andstroke (1.2% to 1.1%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.44, 11 trials, 14,742 participants, though confidence intervals include important harms), but has little or no effect on cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.26, 16 trials, 15,107 participants) all low-quality evidence. Effects of increasing PUFA on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and atrial fibrillation are unclear as evidence is of very low quality.Increasing PUFA intake slightly reduces total cholesterol (mean difference (MD) -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.02, 26 trials, 8072 participants) and probably slightly decreases triglycerides (MD -0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.04, 20 trials, 3905 participants), but has little or no effect on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.01, 18 trials, 4674 participants) or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.06, 15 trials, 3362 participants). Increasing PUFA probably causes slight weight gain (MD 0.76 kg, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.19, 12 trials, 7100 participants).Effects of increasing PUFA on serious adverse events such as pulmonary embolism and bleeding are unclear as the evidence is of very low quality. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic review of RCTs conducted to date to assess effects of increasing PUFA on cardiovascular disease, mortality, lipids or adiposity. Increasing PUFA intake probably slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease events, may slightly reduce risk of coronary heart disease mortality and stroke (though not ruling out harms), but has little or no effect on all-cause or cardiovascular disease mortality. The mechanism may be via lipid reduction, but increasing PUFA probably slightly increases weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Nicole Martin
- University College LondonFarr Institute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Charlene Bridges
- University College LondonFarr Institute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Xia Wang
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah Hanson
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Oluseyi F Jimoh
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah M Ajabnoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEdith Cavell BuildingNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
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Hooper L, Al‐Khudairy L, Abdelhamid AS, Rees K, Brainard JS, Brown TJ, Ajabnoor SM, O'Brien AT, Winstanley LE, Donaldson DH, Song F, Deane KHO. Omega-6 fats for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 7:CD011094. [PMID: 30019765 PMCID: PMC6513455 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011094.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-6 fats are polyunsaturated fats vital for many physiological functions, but their effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is debated. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increasing omega-6 fats (linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA)) on CVD and all-cause mortality. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to May 2017 and clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform to September 2016, without language restrictions. We checked trials included in relevant systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing higher versus lower omega-6 fat intake in adults with or without CVD, assessing effects over at least 12 months. We included full texts, abstracts, trials registry entries and unpublished studies. Outcomes were all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CVD events, risk factors (blood lipids, adiposity, blood pressure), and potential adverse events. We excluded trials where we could not separate omega-6 fat effects from those of other dietary, lifestyle or medication interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently screened titles/abstracts, assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias of included trials. We wrote to authors of included studies. Meta-analyses used random-effects analysis, while sensitivity analyses used fixed-effects and limited analyses to trials at low summary risk of bias. We assessed GRADE quality of evidence for 'Summary of findings' tables. MAIN RESULTS We included 19 RCTs in 6461 participants who were followed for one to eight years. Seven trials assessed the effects of supplemental GLA and 12 of LA, none DGLA or AA; the omega-6 fats usually displaced dietary saturated or monounsaturated fats. We assessed three RCTs as being at low summary risk of bias.Primary outcomes: we found low-quality evidence that increased intake of omega-6 fats may make little or no difference to all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88 to 1.12, 740 deaths, 4506 randomised, 10 trials) or CVD events (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.15, 1404 people experienced events of 4962 randomised, 7 trials). We are uncertain whether increasing omega-6 fats affects CVD mortality (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.55, 472 deaths, 4019 randomised, 7 trials), coronary heart disease events (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.17, 1059 people with events of 3997 randomised, 7 trials), major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.20, 817 events, 2879 participants, 2 trials) or stroke (RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.45 to 4.11, 54 events, 3730 participants, 4 trials), as we assessed the evidence as being of very low quality. We found no evidence of dose-response or duration effects for any primary outcome, but there was a suggestion of greater protection in participants with lower baseline omega-6 intake across outcomes.Additional key outcomes: we found increased intake of omega-6 fats may reduce myocardial infarction (MI) risk (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.02, 609 events, 4606 participants, 7 trials, low-quality evidence). High-quality evidence suggests increasing omega-6 fats reduces total serum cholesterol a little in the long term (mean difference (MD) -0.33 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.16, I2 = 81%; heterogeneity partially explained by dose, 4280 participants, 10 trials). Increasing omega-6 fats probably has little or no effect on adiposity (body mass index (BMI) MD -0.20 kg/m2, 95% CI -0.56 to 0.16, 371 participants, 1 trial, moderate-quality evidence). It may make little or no difference to serum triglycerides (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.23 to 0.21, 834 participants, 5 trials), HDL (MD -0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.02, 1995 participants, 4 trials) or low-density lipoprotein (MD -0.04 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.14, 244 participants, 2 trials, low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-6 fats on cardiovascular health, mortality, lipids and adiposity to date, using previously unpublished data. We found no evidence that increasing omega-6 fats reduces cardiovascular outcomes other than MI, where 53 people may need to increase omega-6 fat intake to prevent 1 person from experiencing MI. Although benefits of omega-6 fats remain to be proven, increasing omega-6 fats may be of benefit in people at high risk of MI. Increased omega-6 fats reduce serum total cholesterol but not other blood fat fractions or adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lena Al‐Khudairy
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryUKCV4 7AL
| | - Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Karen Rees
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryUKCV4 7AL
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Sarah M Ajabnoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Alex T O'Brien
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lauren E Winstanley
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Daisy H Donaldson
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesColney LaneNorwichUKNR4 7UL
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight gain frequently occurs after smoking cessation. The objective of this study was to examine whether weight gain after smoking cessation was attenuated by physical activity (PA) in postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 4,717 baseline smokers from the Women's Health Initiative were followed for 3 years. One thousand two hundred eighty-two women quit smoking, and 3,435 continued smoking. Weight was measured at baseline and at the year 3 visit. PA was assessed at both times by self-report, summarized as metabolic equivalent task-hours per week. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association between PA and postcessation weight gain, adjusting for potential confounding factors. RESULTS Compared with continuing smokers, quitters gained an average of 3.5 kg (SD = 5.6) between the baseline and year 3 visit. Quitters with decreased PA had the highest amount of weight gain (3.88 kg, 95% CI: 3.22-4.54); quitters with increased PA (≥15 metabolic equivalent task-hours /week) had the lowest weight gain (2.55 kg, 95% CI: 1.59-3.52). Increased PA had a stronger beneficial association for postcessation weight gain for women with obesity compared to normal weight women. Quitters who had low PA at baseline and high PA at year 3 and were also enrolled in a dietary modification intervention had nonsignificant weight gain (1.88 kg, 95% CI: -0.21-3.96) compared with continuing smokers. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that even a modest increase in PA (equivalent to current recommendations) can attenuate weight gain after quitting smoking among postmenopausal women, especially in combination with improved diet.
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Changes in Overall Diet Quality in Relation to Survival in Postmenopausal Women with Breast Cancer: Results from the Women's Health Initiative. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118:1855-1863.e6. [PMID: 29859758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle factors are important for cancer survival. However, empirical evidence regarding the effects of dietary changes on mortality in breast cancer survivors is sparse. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the associations of changes in overall diet quality, indicated by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 score, with mortality in breast cancer survivors. DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study from September 1993 through September 30, 2015. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING This study included 2,295 postmenopausal women who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and completed a food frequency questionnaire both before and after the diagnosis of breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The HEI-2010 score (maximum score of 100) was calculated based on consumption of 12 dietary components. The outcomes were mortality from all causes, breast cancer, and causes other than breast cancer. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios of mortality from all causes, breast cancer, and other causes. RESULTS Over 12 years of follow-up, 763 deaths occurred. Compared with women with relatively stable diet quality (±14.9% change in HEI-2010 score), women who decreased diet quality (≥15% decrease in HEI-2010 score) had a higher risk of death from breast cancer (adjusted hazard ratio 1.66, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.52). Increased diet quality (≥15% increase in HEI-2010 score) was not significantly associated with lower risk of death. These associations persisted after additional adjustment for change in body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Among women with breast cancer, decreased diet quality after breast cancer diagnosis was associated with higher risk of death from breast cancer.
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Panizza CE, Shvetsov YB, Harmon BE, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Haiman C, Reedy J, Boushey CJ. Testing the Predictive Validity of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 in the Multiethnic Cohort: Is the Score Associated with a Reduced Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040452. [PMID: 29621192 PMCID: PMC5946237 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) was created to assess conformance of dietary intake with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 2015–2020. We assessed the association between the HEI-2015 and mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). White, African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese American, and Latino adults (n > 215,000) from Hawaii and California completed a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at study enrollment. HEI-2015 scores were divided into quintiles for men and women. Radar graphs were used to demonstrate how dietary components contributed to HEI-2015 scores. Mortality was documented over 17–22 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Cox proportional hazards models. High HEI-2015 scores were inversely associated with risk of mortality from all-cause, CVD, and cancer for men and women (p-trend <0.0001 for all models). For men, the HRs (CIs) for all-cause, CVD, and cancer comparing the highest to the lowest quintile were 0.79 (0.76, 0.82), 0.76 (0.71, 0.82), and 0.80 (0.75, 0.87), respectively. For women, the HRs were 0.79 (0.76, 0.82), 0.75 (0.70, 0.81), and 0.84 (0.78, 0.91), respectively. These results, in a multiethnic population, demonstrate that following a diet aligned with the DGAs 2015–2020 recommendations is associated with lower risk of mortality from all-cause, CVD, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Panizza
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | | | | | - Lynne R Wilkens
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | | | - Christopher Haiman
- University of Southern California N, Morris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Jill Reedy
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Carol J Boushey
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
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Howard BV, Aragaki AK, Tinker LF, Allison M, Hingle MD, Johnson KC, Manson JE, Shadyab AH, Shikany JM, Snetselaar LG, Thomson CA, Zaslavsky O, Prentice RL. A Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis From the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:680-687. [PMID: 29282203 PMCID: PMC5860839 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a secondary analysis to evaluate the effect of the Women's Health Initiative dietary intervention on incident diabetes and diabetes treatment in postmenopausal women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 48,835 women were randomized to a comparison group or an intervention group that underwent a behavioral/nutritional modification program to decrease fat and increase vegetable, fruit, and grain intake for an average of 8.1 years. Ninety-three percent of participants completed the intervention, and 71% participated in active follow-up through 30 September 2015 (median 17.3 years). We measured time to development of treated diabetes and progression from oral antihyperglycemic agents to insulin. Serum glucose and insulin were measured in a subsample of women (N = 2,324) at baseline and years 1, 3, and 6. RESULTS During the trial, intervention group women had lower rates of initiation of insulin therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.74 [95% CI 0.59, 0.94]; P = 0.01). Moreover, women with baseline waist circumference ≥88 cm (P interaction = 0.01) and worse metabolic syndrome scores (P interaction = 0.02) had the greatest reduction in risk of initiating insulin therapy. The decreased risk from the intervention was present during the cumulative follow-up (HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.78, 0.99]; P = 0.04). In participants with measured biomarkers (5.8% subsample) who had baseline glucose <100 mg/dL, the intervention reduced the risk of developing glucose ≥100 mg/dL by 25% (odds ratio 0.75 [95% CI 0.61, 0.93]; P = 0.008). Adjustment for weight change did not alter the results. CONCLUSIONS In this secondary analysis, a dietary intervention in postmenopausal women aimed at reducing fat and increasing intake of vegetables, fruits, and grains did not increase risk of diabetes and may have slowed progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara V Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD .,Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC
| | - Aaron K Aragaki
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Melanie D Hingle
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - JoAnn E Manson
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aladdin H Shadyab
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Cynthia A Thomson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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