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Kilinç G, Boland R, Heemskerk MT, Spaink HP, Haks MC, van der Vaart M, Ottenhoff THM, Meijer AH, Saris A. Host-directed therapy with amiodarone in preclinical models restricts mycobacterial infection and enhances autophagy. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0016724. [PMID: 38916320 PMCID: PMC11302041 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00167-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as well as nontuberculous mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens whose treatment is extensive and increasingly impaired due to the rise of mycobacterial drug resistance. The loss of antibiotic efficacy has raised interest in the identification of host-directed therapeutics (HDT) to develop novel treatment strategies for mycobacterial infections. In this study, we identified amiodarone as a potential HDT candidate that inhibited both intracellular Mtb and Mycobacterium avium in primary human macrophages without directly impairing bacterial growth, thereby confirming that amiodarone acts in a host-mediated manner. Moreover, amiodarone induced the formation of (auto)phagosomes and enhanced autophagic targeting of mycobacteria in macrophages. The induction of autophagy by amiodarone is likely due to enhanced transcriptional regulation, as the nuclear intensity of the transcription factor EB, the master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, was strongly increased. Furthermore, blocking lysosomal degradation with bafilomycin impaired the host-beneficial effect of amiodarone. Finally, amiodarone induced autophagy and reduced bacterial burden in a zebrafish embryo model of tuberculosis, thereby confirming the HDT activity of amiodarone in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified amiodarone as an autophagy-inducing antimycobacterial HDT that improves host control of mycobacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Due to the global rise in antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need for alternative treatment strategies against intracellular bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Stimulating host defense mechanisms by host-directed therapy (HDT) is a promising approach for treating mycobacterial infections. This study identified amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent, as a potential HDT candidate that inhibits the survival of Mtb and Mycobacterium avium in primary human macrophages. The antimycobacterial effect of amiodarone was confirmed in an in vivo tuberculosis model based on Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, amiodarone induced autophagy and inhibition of the autophagic flux effectively impaired the host-protective effect of amiodarone, supporting that activation of the host (auto)phagolysosomal pathway is essential for the mechanism of action of amiodarone. In conclusion, we have identified amiodarone as an autophagy-inducing HDT that improves host control of a wide range of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Kilinç
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ralf Boland
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias T. Heemskerk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herman P. Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C. Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anno Saris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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2
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Yamamoto J, Deguchi H, Sumiyoshi T, Nakagami K, Saito A, Miyanishi H, Kondo M, Kono T, Sakai M, Kinoshita M, Hikima JI. Accumulation and Phagocytosis of Fluorescently Visualized Macrophages Against Edwardsiella piscicida Infection in Established mpeg1.1-Transgenic Japanese Medaka Oryzias latipes. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:658-671. [PMID: 38888725 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria such as those belonging to the genus Edwardsiella can survive and proliferate within macrophages. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the host macrophage immune response and pathogen evasion strategies remain unknown. To advance the field of host macrophage research, we successfully established transgenic (Tg) Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes that possesses fluorescently visualized macrophages. As a macrophage marker, the macrophage-expressed gene 1.1 (mpeg1.1) was selected because of its predominant expression across various tissues in medaka. To validate the macrophage characteristics of the fluorescently labeled cells, May-Grünwald Giemsa staining and peroxidase staining were conducted. The labeled cells exhibited morphological features consistent with those of monocyte/macrophage-like cells and tested negative for peroxidase activity. Through co-localization studies, the fluorescently labeled cells co-localized with E. piscicida in the intestines and kidneys of infected medaka larvae, confirming the ingestion of bacteria through phagocytosis. In addition, the labeled cells expressed macrophage markers but lacked a neutrophil marker. These results suggested that the fluorescently labeled cells of Tg[mpeg1.1:mCherry/mAG] medaka were monocytes/macrophages, which will be useful for future studies aimed at understanding the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juna Yamamoto
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hana Deguchi
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takechiyo Sumiyoshi
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakagami
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kondo
- Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Course of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
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3
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Teng J, Zhao Y, Li YB, Xue LY, Zhai YX, Liu JR, Wang H, Ji XS. LECT2 mediates antibacterial immune response induced by Nocardia seriolae infection in the northern snakehead. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109708. [PMID: 38908810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Leukocyte-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2) is a multifunctional immunoregulator that plays several pivotal roles in the host's defense against pathogens. This study aimed to elucidate the specific functions and mechanisms of LECT2 (CaLECT2) in the northern snakehead (Channa argus) during infections with pathogens such as Nocardia seriolae (N. seriolae). We identified CaLECT2 in the northern snakehead, demonstrating its participation in the immune response to N. seriolae infection. CaLECT2 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 459 bp, encoding a peptide of 152 amino acids featuring a conserved peptidase M23 domain. The CaLECT2 protein shares 62%-84 % identities with proteins from various other fish species. Transcriptional expression analysis revealed that CaLECT2 was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, with the highest expression observed in the liver. Following intraperitoneal infection with N. seriolae, CaLECT2 transcription increased in the spleen, trunk kidney, and liver. In vivo challenge experiments showed that injecting recombinant CaLECT2 (rCaLECT2) could protect the snakehead against N. seriolae infection by reducing bacterial load, enhancing serum antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity, and minimizing tissue damage. Moreover, in vitro analysis indicated that rCaLECT2 significantly enhanced the migration, respiratory burst, and microbicidal activity of the head kidney-derived phagocytes. These findings provide new insights into the role of LECT2 in the antibacterial immunity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Teng
- Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction By Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction By Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yu Bao Li
- Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, China
| | - Liang Yi Xue
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315832, China
| | - Yi Xiang Zhai
- Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, China
| | - Jian Ru Liu
- Phage Research Center, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction By Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Xiang Shan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction By Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
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4
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Guallar-Garrido S, Soldati T. Exploring host-pathogen interactions in the Dictyostelium discoideum-Mycobacterium marinum infection model of tuberculosis. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050698. [PMID: 39037280 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is a significant global health concern that poses numerous clinical challenges, particularly in terms of finding effective treatments for patients. Throughout evolution, host immune cells have developed cell-autonomous defence strategies to restrain and eliminate mycobacteria. Concurrently, mycobacteria have evolved an array of virulence factors to counteract these host defences, resulting in a dynamic interaction between host and pathogen. Here, we review recent findings, including those arising from the use of the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a model to investigate key mycobacterial infection pathways. D. discoideum serves as a scalable and genetically tractable model for human phagocytes, providing valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. We also highlight certain similarities between M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, and the use of M. marinum to more safely investigate mycobacteria in D. discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, Science II, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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5
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Johansen MD, Spaink HP, Oehlers SH, Kremer L. Modeling nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in zebrafish. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:663-677. [PMID: 38135617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has increased rapidly in recent years, surpassing tuberculosis in developed countries. Due to inherent antimicrobial resistance, NTM infections are particularly difficult to treat with low cure rates. There is an urgent need to understand NTM pathogenesis and to develop novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NTM diseases. Zebrafish have emerged as an excellent animal model due to genetic amenability and optical transparency during embryonic development, allowing spatiotemporal visualization of host-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, adult zebrafish possess fully functional innate and adaptive immunity and recapitulate important pathophysiological hallmarks of mycobacterial infection. Here, we report recent breakthroughs in understanding the hallmarks of NTM infections using the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France; INSERM, IRIM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
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6
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Hammond FR, Lewis A, Pollara G, Tomlinson GS, Noursadeghi M, Kiss-Toth E, Elks PM. Tribbles1 is host protective during in vivo mycobacterial infection. eLife 2024; 13:e95980. [PMID: 38896446 PMCID: PMC11186633 DOI: 10.7554/elife.95980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global health problem and is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. There is a pressing need for new treatments that circumvent emerging antibiotic resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis parasitises macrophages, reprogramming them to establish a niche in which to proliferate, therefore macrophage manipulation is a potential host-directed therapy if druggable molecular targets could be identified. The pseudokinase Tribbles1 (Trib1) regulates multiple innate immune processes and inflammatory profiles making it a potential drug target in infections. Trib1 controls macrophage function, cytokine production, and macrophage polarisation. Despite wide-ranging effects on leukocyte biology, data exploring the roles of Tribbles in infection in vivo are limited. Here, we identify that human Tribbles1 is expressed in monocytes and is upregulated at the transcript level after stimulation with mycobacterial antigen. To investigate the mechanistic roles of Tribbles in the host response to mycobacteria in vivo, we used a zebrafish Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) infection tuberculosis model. Zebrafish Tribbles family members were characterised and shown to have substantial mRNA and protein sequence homology to their human orthologues. trib1 overexpression was host-protective against Mm infection, reducing burden by approximately 50%. Conversely, trib1 knockdown/knockout exhibited increased infection. Mechanistically, trib1 overexpression significantly increased the levels of proinflammatory factors il-1β and nitric oxide. The host-protective effect of trib1 was found to be dependent on the E3 ubiquitin kinase Cop1. These findings highlight the importance of Trib1 and Cop1 as immune regulators during infection in vivo and suggest that enhancing macrophage TRIB1 levels may provide a tractable therapeutic intervention to improve bacterial infection outcomes in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffion R Hammond
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Health, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Amy Lewis
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Health, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Pollara
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gillian S Tomlinson
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Endre Kiss-Toth
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Health, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip M Elks
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, Faculty of Health, University of SheffieldSheffieldUnited Kingdom
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7
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Virgo M, Ho BT, Mostowy S. For pet's sake: Discovering a naturally occurring zebrafish virus. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002643. [PMID: 38857360 PMCID: PMC11164412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are often used to model host-pathogen interactions, but few models of natural virus infection have been established. A new study in PLOS Biology shows that metatranscriptomics and cohousing experiments can uncover a natural pathogenic virus of zebrafish for laboratory study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie Virgo
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Thomas Ho
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Mostowy
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Miedema J, Cinetto F, Smed-Sörensen A, Spagnolo P. The immunopathogenesis of sarcoidosis. J Autoimmun 2024:103247. [PMID: 38734536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous multiorgan disease, thought to result from exposure to yet unidentified antigens in genetically susceptible individuals. The exaggerated inflammatory response that leads to granuloma formation is highly complex and involves the innate and adaptive immune system. Consecutive immunological studies using advanced technology have increased our understanding of aberrantly activated immune cells, mediators and pathways that influence the formation, maintenance and resolution of granulomas. Over the years, it has become increasingly clear that disease immunopathogenesis can only be understood if the clinical heterogeneity of sarcoidosis is taken into consideration, along with the distribution of immune cells in peripheral blood and involved organs. Most studies offer an immunological snapshot during disease course, while the cellular composition of both the circulation and tissue microenvironment may change over time. Despite these challenges, novel insights on the role of the immune system are continuously published, thus bringing the field forward. This review highlights current knowledge on the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in sarcoidosis pathogenesis, as well as the pathways involved in non-resolving disease and fibrosis development. Additionally, we describe proposed immunological mechanisms responsible for drug-induced sarcoid like reactions. Although many aspects of disease immunopathogenesis remain to be unraveled, the identification of crucial immune reactions in sarcoidosis may help identify new treatment targets. We therefore also discuss potential therapies and future strategies based on the latest immunological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Miedema
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Center of Expertise for Interstitial Lung Disease, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Francesco Cinetto
- Rare Diseases Referral Center, Internal Medicine 1, Ca' Foncello Hospital, AULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Italy; Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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9
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Habjan E, Schouten GK, Speer A, van Ulsen P, Bitter W. Diving into drug-screening: zebrafish embryos as an in vivo platform for antimicrobial drug discovery and assessment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae011. [PMID: 38684467 PMCID: PMC11078164 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria underlines the need for innovative treatments, yet the introduction of new drugs has stagnated despite numerous antimicrobial discoveries. A major hurdle is a poor correlation between promising in vitro data and in vivo efficacy in animal models, which is essential for clinical development. Early in vivo testing is hindered by the expense and complexity of existing animal models. Therefore, there is a pressing need for cost-effective, rapid preclinical models with high translational value. To overcome these challenges, zebrafish embryos have emerged as an attractive model for infectious disease studies, offering advantages such as ethical alignment, rapid development, ease of maintenance, and genetic manipulability. The zebrafish embryo infection model, involving microinjection or immersion of pathogens and potential antibiotic hit compounds, provides a promising solution for early-stage drug screening. It offers a cost-effective and rapid means of assessing the efficacy, toxicity and mechanism of action of compounds in a whole-organism context. This review discusses the experimental design of this model, but also its benefits and challenges. Additionally, it highlights recently identified compounds in the zebrafish embryo infection model and discusses the relevance of the model in predicting the compound's clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Habjan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gina K Schouten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Ulsen
- Section Molecular Microbiology of A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Microbiology of A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Desai SK, Zhou Y, Dilawari R, Routh AL, Popov V, Kenney LJ. RpoS activates formation of Salmonella Typhi biofilms and drives persistence in the gall bladder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.26.564249. [PMID: 37961640 PMCID: PMC10634867 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies for targeting the asymptomatic carriage of Salmonella Typhi in chronic typhoid patients has suffered owing to our basic lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms that enable the formation of S. Typhi biofilms. Traditionally, studies have relied on cholesterol-attached biofilms formed by a closely related serovar, Typhimurium, to mimic multicellular Typhi communities formed on human gallstones. In long-term infections, S. Typhi adopts the biofilm lifestyle to persist in vivo and survive in the carrier state, ultimately leading to the spread of infections via the fecal-oral route of transmission. In the present work, we studied S. Typhi biofilms directly, applied targeted as well as genome-wide genetic approaches to uncover unique biofilm components that do not conform to the CsgD-dependent pathway established in S. Typhimurium. We undertook a genome-wide Tn5 mutation screen in a highly successful parental lineage of S. Typhi, strain H58, in gallstone-mimicking conditions. We generated New Generation Sequencing libraries based on the ClickSeq technology to identify the key regulators, IraP and RpoS, and the matrix components as Sth fimbriae, Vi capsule and lipopolysaccharide. We discovered that the starvation sigma factor, RpoS, was required for the transcriptional activation of matrix-encoding genes in vitro, and for S. Typhi colonization in persistent infections in vivo, using a heterologous fish larval model. An rpoS null mutant failed to colonize the gall bladder in chronic zebrafish infections. Overall, our work uncovered a novel RpoS-driven paradigm for the formation of cholesterol-attached Typhi biofilms, and emphasized the role(s) of stress signaling pathways for adaptation in chronic infections. Our identification of the biofilm regulators in S. Typhi paves the way for the development of drugs against typhoid carriage, which will ultimately control the increased incidence of gall bladder cancer in typhoid carriers.
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11
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Speirs ZC, Loynes CA, Mathiessen H, Elks PM, Renshaw SA, Jørgensen LVG. What can we learn about fish neutrophil and macrophage response to immune challenge from studies in zebrafish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109490. [PMID: 38471626 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Fish rely, to a high degree, on the innate immune system to protect them against the constant exposure to potential pathogenic invasion from the surrounding water during homeostasis and injury. Zebrafish larvae have emerged as an outstanding model organism for immunity. The cellular component of zebrafish innate immunity is similar to the mammalian innate immune system and has a high degree of sophistication due to the needs of living in an aquatic environment from early embryonic stages of life. Innate immune cells (leukocytes), including neutrophils and macrophages, have major roles in protecting zebrafish against pathogens, as well as being essential for proper wound healing and regeneration. Zebrafish larvae are visually transparent, with unprecedented in vivo microscopy opportunities that, in combination with transgenic immune reporter lines, have permitted visualisation of the functions of these cells when zebrafish are exposed to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, as well as during injury and healing. Recent findings indicate that leukocytes are even more complex than previously anticipated and are essential for inflammation, infection control, and subsequent wound healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë C Speirs
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Catherine A Loynes
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Experimental Fish Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Philip M Elks
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Experimental Fish Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
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12
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Wright K, Han DJ, Song R, de Silva K, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Shepherd A, Chin M, Hortle E, Wong JJL, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. Zebrafish tsc1 and cxcl12a increase susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302523. [PMID: 38307625 PMCID: PMC10837051 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of host miRNA expression is a contested node that controls the host immune response to mycobacterial infection. The host must counter subversive efforts of pathogenic mycobacteria to launch a protective immune response. Here, we examine the role of miR-126 in the zebrafish-Mycobacterium marinum infection model and identify a protective role for infection-induced miR-126 through multiple effector pathways. We identified a putative link between miR-126 and the tsc1a and cxcl12a/ccl2/ccr2 signalling axes resulting in the suppression of non-tnfa expressing macrophage accumulation at early M. marinum granulomas. Mechanistically, we found a detrimental effect of tsc1a expression that renders zebrafish embryos susceptible to higher bacterial burden and increased cell death via mTOR inhibition. We found that macrophage recruitment driven by the cxcl12a/ccl2/ccr2 signalling axis was at the expense of the recruitment of classically activated tnfa-expressing macrophages and increased cell death around granulomas. Together, our results delineate putative pathways by which infection-induced miR-126 may shape an effective immune response to M. marinum infection in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wright
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Darryl Jy Han
- https://ror.org/036wvzt09 A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Renhua Song
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Epigenetics and RNA Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ava Shepherd
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Maegan Chin
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Directed Evolution Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Elinor Hortle
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin J-L Wong
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Epigenetics and RNA Biology Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- https://ror.org/036wvzt09 A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Li Z, Li M, Li D, Chen Y, Feng W, Zhao T, Yang L, Mao G, Wu X. A review of cumulative toxic effects of environmental endocrine disruptors on the zebrafish immune system: Characterization methods, toxic effects and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118010. [PMID: 38157964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are a type of exogenous organic pollutants, are ubiquitous in natural aquatic environments. Currently, in addition to neurological, endocrine, developmental and reproductive toxicity, ecotoxicology studies on immunotoxicity are receiving increasing attention. In this review, the composition of immune system of zebrafish, the common indicators of immunotoxicity, the immunotoxicity of EDCs and their molecular mechanism were summarized. We reviewed the immunotoxicity of EDCs on zebrafish mainly in terms of immune organs, immunocytes, immune molecules and immune functions, meanwhile, the possible molecular mechanisms driving these effects were elucidated in terms of endocrine disruption, dysregulation of signaling pathways, and oxidative damage. Hopefully, this review will provide a reference for further investigation of the immunotoxicity of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Muge Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China; Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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14
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Nonarath HJT, Jackson MA, Penoske RM, Zahrt TC, Price NPJ, Link BA. The tunicamycin derivative TunR2 exhibits potent antibiotic properties with low toxicity in an in vivo Mycobacterium marinum-zebrafish TB infection model. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:245-256. [PMID: 38238588 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Tunicamycins (TUN) are well-defined, Streptomyces-derived natural products that inhibit protein N-glycosylation in eukaryotes, and by a conserved mechanism also block bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. TUN inhibits the polyprenylphosphate-N-acetyl-hexosamine-1-phospho-transferases (PNPT), an essential family of enzymes found in both bacteria and eukaryotes. We have previously published the development of chemically modified TUN, called TunR1 and TunR2, that have considerably reduced activity on eukaryotes but that retain the potent antibacterial properties. A mechanism for this reduced toxicity has also been reported. TunR1 and TunR2 have been tested against mammalian cell lines in culture and against live insect cells but, until now, no in vivo evaluation has been undertaken for vertebrates. In the current work, TUN, TunR1, and TunR2 are investigated for their relative toxicity and antimycobacterial activity in zebrafish using a well-established Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) infection system, a model for studying human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. We also report the relative ability to activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), the known mechanism for the eukaryotic toxicity observed with TUN treatment. Importantly, TunR1 and TunR2 retained their antimicrobial properties, as evidenced by a reduction in M. marinum bacterial burden, compared to DMSO-treated zebrafish. In summary, findings from this study highlight the characteristics of recently developed TUN derivatives, mainly TunR2, and its potential for use as a novel anti-bacterial agent for veterinary and potential medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J T Nonarath
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael A Jackson
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Renewable Products Technology Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Renee M Penoske
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thomas C Zahrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Neil P J Price
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Renewable Products Technology Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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15
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Lefrançois LH, Nitschke J, Wu H, Panis G, Prados J, Butler RE, Mendum TA, Hanna N, Stewart GR, Soldati T. Temporal genome-wide fitness analysis of Mycobacterium marinum during infection reveals the genetic requirement for virulence and survival in amoebae and microglial cells. mSystems 2024; 9:e0132623. [PMID: 38270456 PMCID: PMC10878075 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01326-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the most pervasive infectious disease and the recent emergence of drug-resistant strains emphasizes the need for more efficient drug treatments. A key feature of pathogenesis, conserved between the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the model pathogen Mycobacterium marinum, is the metabolic switch to lipid catabolism and altered expression of virulence genes at different stages of infection. This study aims to identify genes involved in sustaining viable intracellular infection. We applied transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) to M. marinum, an unbiased genome-wide strategy combining saturation insertional mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing. This approach allowed us to identify the localization and relative abundance of insertions in pools of transposon mutants. Gene essentiality and fitness cost of mutations were quantitatively compared between in vitro growth and different stages of infection in two evolutionary distinct phagocytes, the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum and the murine BV2 microglial cells. In the M. marinum genome, 57% of TA sites were disrupted and 568 genes (10.2%) were essential, which is comparable to previous Tn-Seq studies on M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Major pathways involved in the survival of M. marinum during infection of D. discoideum are related to DNA damage repair, lipid and vitamin metabolism, the type VII secretion system (T7SS) ESX-1, and the Mce1 lipid transport system. These pathways, except Mce1 and some glycolytic enzymes, were similarly affected in BV2 cells. These differences suggest subtly distinct nutrient availability or requirement in different host cells despite the known predominant use of lipids in both amoeba and microglial cells.IMPORTANCEThe emergence of biochemically and genetically tractable host model organisms for infection studies holds the promise to accelerate the pace of discoveries related to the evolution of innate immunity and the dissection of conserved mechanisms of cell-autonomous defenses. Here, we have used the genetically and biochemically tractable infection model system Dictyostelium discoideum/Mycobacterium marinum to apply a genome-wide transposon-sequencing experimental strategy to reveal comprehensively which mutations confer a fitness advantage or disadvantage during infection and compare these to a similar experiment performed using the murine microglial BV2 cells as host for M. marinum to identify conservation of virulence pathways between hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H. Lefrançois
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Science II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jahn Nitschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Science II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Huihai Wu
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Gaël Panis
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine/CMU, University of Geneva, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Genève, Switzerland
| | - Julien Prados
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine/CMU, University of Geneva, Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), Genève, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Support Platform for data analysis, Geneva University, Medicine Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel E. Butler
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A. Mendum
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Science II, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graham R. Stewart
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, Science II, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Weeratunga P, Moller DR, Ho LP. Immune mechanisms of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175264. [PMID: 38165044 PMCID: PMC10760966 DOI: 10.1172/jci175264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a complex immune-mediated disease characterized by clusters of immune cells called granulomas. Despite major steps in understanding the cause of this disease, many questions remain. In this Review, we perform a mechanistic interrogation of the immune activities that contribute to granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and compare these processes with its closest mimic, tuberculosis, highlighting shared and divergent immune activities. We examine how Mycobacterium tuberculosis is sensed by the immune system; how the granuloma is initiated, formed, and perpetuated in tuberculosis compared with sarcoidosis; and the role of major innate and adaptive immune cells in shaping these processes. Finally, we draw these findings together around several recent high-resolution studies of the granuloma in situ that utilized the latest advances in single-cell technology combined with spatial methods to analyze plausible disease mechanisms. We conclude with an overall view of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Weeratunga
- MRC Translational Immunology Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Translational Immunology Discovery Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Hunter L, Ruedas-Torres I, Agulló-Ros I, Rayner E, Salguero FJ. Comparative pathology of experimental pulmonary tuberculosis in animal models. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1264833. [PMID: 37901102 PMCID: PMC10602689 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1264833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in human tuberculosis (TB) is limited by the availability of human tissues from patients, which is often altered by therapy and treatment. Thus, the use of animal models is a key tool in increasing our understanding of the pathogenesis, disease progression and preclinical evaluation of new therapies and vaccines. The granuloma is the hallmark lesion of pulmonary tuberculosis, regardless of the species or animal model used. Although animal models may not fully replicate all the histopathological characteristics observed in natural, human TB disease, each one brings its own attributes which enable researchers to answer specific questions regarding TB immunopathogenesis. This review delves into the pulmonary pathology induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bacteria in different animal models (non-human primates, rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, cattle, goats, and others) and compares how they relate to the pulmonary disease described in humans. Although the described models have demonstrated some histopathological features in common with human pulmonary TB, these data should be considered carefully in the context of this disease. Further research is necessary to establish the most appropriate model for the study of TB, and to carry out a standard characterisation and score of pulmonary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hunter
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Agulló-Ros
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emma Rayner
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Pathology Department, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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18
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Cruz-Flores C, Rodriguez C, Giai C, Vega IA, Castro-Vazquez A. Pathogenesis of an experimental mycobacteriosis in an apple snail. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253099. [PMID: 37876924 PMCID: PMC10593440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we aimed at investigating cell and tissue responses of the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, following the inoculation of the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Different doses were tested (10, 20, 65, and 100 M CFU) and the mortality rate was negligible. The histopathogenesis was followed at 4, 9, and 28 days after inoculation. Overt histopathological lesions were consistently observed after the two largest doses only. In the lung, marked hemocyte aggregations, including intravascular nodule formation, were observed within the large blood veins that run along the floor and roof of this organ. Hemocyte aggregations were found occluding many of the radial sinuses supplying the respiratory lamina. Acid-fast bacilli were contained in the different hemocyte aggregations. In addition, hemocytes were observed infiltrating the storage tissue, which makes up most of the lung wall, and the connective tissue of the mantle edge. Additionally, signs of degradation in the storage tissue were observed in the lung wall on day 28. In the kidney, nodules were formed associated with the constitutive hemocyte islets and with the subpallial hemocoelic space, in whose hemocytes the acid-fast structures were found. Electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of bacteria-containing phagosomes within hemocytes located in the surface zone of the islets. Additionally, electron-dense spheroidal structures, which are likely remnants of digested mycobacteria, were observed in close proximity to the hemocytes' nuclei. The size attained by the hemocyte nodules varied during the observation period, but there was no clear dependence on dose or time after inoculation. Nodules were also formed subpallially. Some of these nodules showed 2-3 layers with different cellular composition, suggesting they may also form through successive waves of circulating cells reaching them. Nodular cores, including those formed intravascularly in the lung, would exhibit signs of hemocyte dedifferentiation, possibly proliferation, and death. Hemocyte congestion was observed in the hemocoelic spaces surrounding the pallial ends of the renal crypts, and the renal crypts themselves showed de-epithelization, particularly on day 28. The diverse cellular responses of P. canaliculata to M. marinum inoculation and the high resilience of this snail to the pathogen make it a suitable species for studying mycobacterial infections and their effects on cellular and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Cruz-Flores
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian Rodriguez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Constanza Giai
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A. Vega
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Castro-Vazquez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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19
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Bloom BR. A half-century of research on tuberculosis: Successes and challenges. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230859. [PMID: 37552470 PMCID: PMC10407785 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past half-century, but TB remains a formidable global health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and necessary and sufficient conditions for protection are critical. The need for inexpensive and sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tests for earlier detection of infection and disease, shorter and less-toxic drug regimens for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB, and a more effective vaccine than BCG is immense. New and better tools, greater support for international research, collaborations, and training will be required to dramatically reduce the burden of this devastating disease which still kills 1.6 million people annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R. Bloom
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Opperman CJ, Wojno J, Goosen W, Warren R. Phages for the treatment of Mycobacterium species. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 201:41-92. [PMID: 37770176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly drug-resistant strains are not uncommon among the Mycobacterium genus, with patients requiring lengthy antibiotic treatment regimens with multiple drugs and harmful side effects. This alarming increase in antibiotic resistance globally has renewed the interest in mycobacteriophage therapy for both Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. With the increasing number of genetically well-characterized mycobacteriophages and robust engineering tools to convert temperate phages to obligate lytic phages, the phage cache against extensive drug-resistant mycobacteria is constantly expanding. Synergistic effects between phages and TB drugs are also a promising avenue to research, with mycobacteriophages having several additional advantages compared to traditional antibiotics due to their different modes of action. These advantages include less side effects, a narrow host spectrum, biofilm penetration, self-replication at the site of infection and the potential to be manufactured on a large scale. In addition, mycobacteriophage enzymes, not yet in clinical use, warrant further studies with their additional benefits for rupturing host bacteria thereby limiting resistance development as well as showing promise in vitro to act synergistically with TB drugs. Before mycobacteriophage therapy can be envisioned as part of routine care, several obstacles must be overcome to translate in vitro work into clinical practice. Strategies to target intracellular bacteria and selecting phage cocktails to limit cross-resistance remain important avenues to explore. However, insight into pathophysiological host-phage interactions on a molecular level and innovative solutions to transcend mycobacteriophage therapy impediments, offer sufficient encouragement to explore phage therapy. Recently, the first successful clinical studies were performed using a mycobacteriophage-constructed cocktail to treat non-tuberculosis mycobacteria, providing substantial insight into lessons learned and potential pitfalls to avoid in order to ensure favorable outcomes. However, due to mycobacterium strain variation, mycobacteriophage therapy remains personalized, only being utilized in compassionate care cases until there is further regulatory approval. Therefore, identifying the determinants that influence clinical outcomes that can expand the repertoire of mycobacteriophages for therapeutic benefit, remains key for their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffel Johannes Opperman
- National Health Laboratory Service, Green Point TB-Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Justyna Wojno
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Lancet Laboratories, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rob Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, SAMRC Centre for tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Henderson SR, Horsley H, Frankel P, Khosravi M, Goble T, Carter S, Antonelou M, Evans RDR, Zhang X, Chu TY, Lin HH, Gordon S, Salama AD. Proteinase 3 promotes formation of multinucleated giant cells and granuloma-like structures in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:848-856. [PMID: 36801813 PMCID: PMC10314067 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2021-221800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are autoimmune vasculitides associated with antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies that target proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO) found within neutrophils and monocytes. Granulomas are exclusively found in GPA and form around multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), at sites of microabscesses, containing apoptotic and necrotic neutrophils. Since patients with GPA have augmented neutrophil PR3 expression, and PR3-expressing apoptotic cells frustrate macrophage phagocytosis and cellular clearance, we investigated the role of PR3 in stimulating giant cell and granuloma formation. METHODS We stimulated purified monocytes and whole peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with GPA, patients with MPA or healthy controls with PR3 or MPO and visualised MGC and granuloma-like structure formation using light, confocal and electron microscopy, as well as measuring the cell cytokine production. We investigated the expression of PR3 binding partners on monocytes and tested the impact of their inhibition. Finally, we injected zebrafish with PR3 and characterised granuloma formation in a novel animal model. RESULTS In vitro, PR3 promoted monocyte-derived MGC formation using cells from patients with GPA but not from patients with MPA, and this was dependent on soluble interleukin 6 (IL-6), as well as monocyte MAC-1 and protease-activated receptor-2, found to be overexpressed in the cells of patients with GPA. PBMCs stimulated by PR3 formed granuloma-like structures with central MGC surrounded by T cells. This effect of PR3 was confirmed in vivo using zebrafish and was inhibited by niclosamide, a IL-6-STAT3 pathway inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a mechanistic basis for granuloma formation in GPA and a rationale for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry Horsley
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Frankel
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science Faculty of Population Health Sciences, London, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL Division of Biosciences, London, UK
| | - Talya Goble
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL Division of Biosciences, London, UK
| | - Stephen Carter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL Division of Biosciences, London, UK
| | | | - Rhys D R Evans
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Xiang Zhang
- UCL Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Tai-Ying Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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22
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Patel P, Nandi A, Verma SK, Kaushik N, Suar M, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. Zebrafish-based platform for emerging bio-contaminants and virus inactivation research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162197. [PMID: 36781138 PMCID: PMC9922160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Emerging bio-contaminants such as viruses have affected health and environment settings of every country. Viruses are the minuscule entities resulting in severe contagious diseases like SARS, MERS, Ebola, and avian influenza. Recent epidemic like the SARS-CoV-2, the virus has undergone mutations strengthen them and allowing to escape from the remedies. Comprehensive knowledge of viruses is essential for the development of targeted therapeutic and vaccination treatments. Animal models mimicking human biology like non-human primates, rats, mice, and rabbits offer competitive advantage to assess risk of viral infections, chemical toxins, nanoparticles, and microbes. However, their economic maintenance has always been an issue. Furthermore, the redundancy of experimental results due to aforementioned aspects is also in examine. Hence, exploration for the alternative animal models is crucial for risk assessments. The current review examines zebrafish traits and explores the possibilities to monitor emerging bio-contaminants. Additionally, a comprehensive picture of the bio contaminant and virus particle invasion and abatement mechanisms in zebrafish and human cells is presented. Moreover, a zebrafish model to investigate the emerging viruses such as coronaviridae and poxviridae has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Patel
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aditya Nandi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, 18323 Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, 01897 Seoul, South Korea.
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23
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Abstract
The global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is aggravated by the continuously increasing emergence of drug resistance, highlighting the need for innovative therapeutic options. The concept of host-directed therapy (HDT) as adjunctive to classical antibacterial therapy with antibiotics represents a novel and promising approach for treating TB. Here, we have focused on repurposing the clinically used anticancer drug tamoxifen, which was identified as a molecule with strong host-directed activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Using a primary human macrophage Mtb infection model, we demonstrate the potential of tamoxifen against drug-sensitive as well as drug-resistant Mtb bacteria. The therapeutic effect of tamoxifen was confirmed in an in vivo TB model based on Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish larvae. Tamoxifen had no direct antimicrobial effects at the concentrations used, confirming that tamoxifen acted as an HDT drug. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the antimycobacterial effect of tamoxifen is independent of its well-known target the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway, but instead acts by modulating autophagy, in particular the lysosomal pathway. Through RNA sequencing and microscopic colocalization studies, we show that tamoxifen stimulates lysosomal activation and increases the localization of mycobacteria in lysosomes both in vitro and in vivo, while inhibition of lysosomal activity during tamoxifen treatment partly restores mycobacterial survival. Thus, our work highlights the HDT potential of tamoxifen and proposes it as a repurposed molecule for the treatment of TB. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's most lethal infectious disease caused by a bacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This pathogen evades the immune defenses of its host and grows intracellularly in immune cells, particularly inside macrophages. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies because treatment of TB patients is increasingly complicated by rising antibiotic resistance. In this study, we explored a breast cancer drug, tamoxifen, as a potential anti-TB drug. We show that tamoxifen acts as a so-called host-directed therapeutic, which means that it does not act directly on the bacteria but helps the host macrophages combat the infection more effectively. We confirmed the antimycobacterial effect of tamoxifen in a zebrafish model for TB and showed that it functions by promoting the delivery of mycobacteria to digestive organelles, the lysosomes. These results support the high potential of tamoxifen to be repurposed to fight antibiotic-resistant TB infections by host-directed therapy.
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24
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Dal NJK, Schäfer G, Thompson AM, Schmitt S, Redinger N, Alonso-Rodriguez N, Johann K, Ojong J, Wohlmann J, Best A, Koynov K, Zentel R, Schaible UE, Griffiths G, Barz M, Fenaroli F. Π-Π interactions stabilize PeptoMicelle-based formulations of Pretomanid derivatives leading to promising therapy against tuberculosis in zebrafish and mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 354:851-868. [PMID: 36681282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the deadliest bacterial disease globally, threatening the lives of millions every year. New antibiotic therapies that can shorten the duration of treatment, improve cure rates, and impede the development of drug resistance are desperately needed. Here, we used polymeric micelles to encapsulate four second-generation derivatives of the antitubercular drug pretomanid that had previously displayed much better in vivo activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis than pretomanid itself. Because these compounds were relatively hydrophobic and had limited bioavailability, we expected that their micellar formulations would overcome these limitations, reduce toxicities, and improve therapeutic outcomes. The polymeric micelles were based on polypept(o)ides (PeptoMicelles) and were stabilized in their hydrophobic core by π-π interactions, allowing the efficient encapsulation of aromatic pretomanid derivatives. The stability of these π-π-stabilized PeptoMicelles was demonstrated in water, blood plasma, and lung surfactant by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and was further supported by prolonged circulation times of several days in the vasculature of zebrafish larvae. The most efficacious PeptoMicelle formulation tested in the zebrafish larvae infection model almost completely eradicated the bacteria at non-toxic doses. This lead formulation was further assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the susceptible C3HeB/FeJ mouse model, which develops human-like necrotic granulomas. Following intravenous administration, the drug-loaded PeptoMicelles significantly reduced bacterial burden and inflammatory responses in the lungs and spleens of infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Jørgen K Dal
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Sascha Schmitt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Ojong
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Best
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Program Area Infections, Div. Cellular Microbiology; University of Lübeck, Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, & German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck - Borstel - Riems, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway.
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Teng J, Cui MY, Zhao Y, Chen HJ, Du WJ, Xue LY, Ji XS. Expression changes of non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor (NCCRP1) and proliferation and migration of NCCs post-Nocardia seriolae infection in Northern Snakehead. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104576. [PMID: 36240859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-specific cytotoxic cells (NCCs) are essential to the cytotoxic cell-mediated immune response in teleost. The fish non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor protein 1 (NCCRP1) plays an important role as a membrane protein in the recognition of target cells and the activation of NCC. However, the roles of fish NCCs during pathogen infection require comprehensive studies. In this study, the coding sequence of northern snakehead (Channa argus) nccrp1 (Canccrp1) was cloned. Canccrp1 contains an open reading frame of 690 bp, encoding a peptide of 229 amino acids with a conserved F-box-associated domain (FBA) and proline-rich motifs (PRMs). Transcriptional expression analysis revealed that the constitutive expression of Canccrp1 was higher in the immune-related organs, such as liver, kidneys, and spleen. Moreover, mRNA and protein expression of Canccrp1 gradually increased in the spleen at 1-6 days post infection (dpi) with Nocardia seriolae, in addition to reaching peak expression in both the kidneys and liver at 2 dpi. A polyclonal antibody prepared against recombinant CaNCCRP1 effectively labeled NCCs in peripheral blood and different tissues. Then, immunofluorescence (IF) staining showed that the number of NCCs was significantly increased and showed a scattered distribution in the early stages of N. seriolae infection (2 and 4 dpi) before the forming of granulomas. At the late stages of N. seriolae infection (6 dpi), more NCCs migrated to preexisting granulomas, showing significant coaccumulation with N. seriolae. All these results clearly indicate the expression changes of CaNCCRP1, and the number and localization changes of NCCs post-N. seriolae infection, implying potential roles for fish NCCs in the antimicrobial infection process in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Teng
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Meng Yao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hong Ju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wen Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Liang Yi Xue
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Xiang Shan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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26
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Abstract
The genus Mycobacterium contains several slow-growing human pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and Mycobacterium avium. Mycobacterium smegmatis is a nonpathogenic and fast growing species within this genus. In 1990, a mutant of M. smegmatis, designated mc2155, that could be transformed with episomal plasmids was isolated, elevating M. smegmatis to model status as the ideal surrogate for mycobacterial research. Classical bacterial models, such as Escherichia coli, were inadequate for mycobacteria research because they have low genetic conservation, different physiology, and lack the novel envelope structure that distinguishes the Mycobacterium genus. By contrast, M. smegmatis encodes thousands of conserved mycobacterial gene orthologs and has the same cell architecture and physiology. Dissection and characterization of conserved genes, structures, and processes in genetically tractable M. smegmatis mc2155 have since provided previously unattainable insights on these same features in its slow-growing relatives. Notably, tuberculosis (TB) drugs, including the first-line drugs isoniazid and ethambutol, are active against M. smegmatis, but not against E. coli, allowing the identification of their physiological targets. Furthermore, Bedaquiline, the first new TB drug in 40 years, was discovered through an M. smegmatis screen. M. smegmatis has become a model bacterium, not only for M. tuberculosis, but for all other Mycobacterium species and related genera. With a repertoire of bioinformatic and physical resources, including the recently established Mycobacterial Systems Resource, M. smegmatis will continue to accelerate mycobacterial research and advance the field of microbiology.
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27
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Characterization of the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010586. [PMID: 36622851 PMCID: PMC9858863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is one of the most frequent causes of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis in humans, and an important cause of mortality among children and the elderly. We have previously reported the suitability of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval model for the study of the host-pathogen interactions in pneumococcal infection. In the present study, we characterized the zebrafish innate immune response to pneumococcus in detail through a whole-genome level transcriptome analysis and revealed a well-conserved response to this human pathogen in challenged larvae. In addition, to gain understanding of the genetic factors associated with the increased risk for severe pneumococcal infection in humans, we carried out a medium-scale forward genetic screen in zebrafish. In the screen, we identified a mutant fish line which showed compromised resistance to pneumococcus in the septic larval infection model. The transcriptome analysis of the mutant zebrafish larvae revealed deficient expression of a gene homologous for human C-reactive protein (CRP). Furthermore, knockout of one of the six zebrafish crp genes by CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis predisposed zebrafish larvae to a more severe pneumococcal infection, and the phenotype was further augmented by concomitant knockdown of a gene for another Crp isoform. This suggests a conserved function of C-reactive protein in anti-pneumococcal immunity in zebrafish. Altogether, this study highlights the similarity of the host response to pneumococcus in zebrafish and humans, gives evidence of the conserved role of C-reactive protein in the defense against pneumococcus, and suggests novel host genes associated with pneumococcal infection.
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28
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Wang GY, Lu B, Cui X, Li G, Zhang K, Zhang QS, Cui X, Qi GF, Liang QL, Luo XB, Xu HG, Xiao L, Wang L, Li L. An intelligent peptide recognizes and traps Mycobacterium tuberculosis to inhibit macrophage phagocytosis. J Mater Chem B 2022; 11:180-187. [PMID: 36484315 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01764d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major public health concern worldwide, and it is a serious threat to human health for a long period. Macrophage phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a crucial process for granuloma formation, which shelters the bacteria and gives them an opportunity for re-activation and spread. Herein, we report an intelligent anti-microbial peptide that can recognize and trap the M. tuberculosis, inhibiting the macrophage phagocytosis process. The peptide (Bis-Pyrene-KLVFF-WHSGTPH, in abbreviation as BFH) first self-assembles into nanoparticles, and then forms nanofibers upon recognizing and binding M. tuberculosis. Subsequently, BFH traps M. tuberculosis by the in situ formed nanofibrous networks and the trapped M. tuberculosis are unable to invade host cells (macrophages). The intelligent anti-microbial peptide can significantly inhibit the phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis by macrophages, thereby providing a favorable theoretical basis for inhibiting the formation of tuberculosis granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Yuan Wang
- Department of Graduate, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng road, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Xu Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng road, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng road, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Kuo Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Qing-Shi Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Graduate, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Gao-Feng Qi
- Department of Graduate, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Qi-Lin Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng road, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Huan-Ge Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Li Xiao
- Institute of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The 4th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng road, Beijing, 100091, China.
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29
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Rosario KF, Brezitski K, Arps K, Milne M, Doss J, Karra R. Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Management. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2022; 22:171-182. [PMID: 36308680 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-022-01046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is an important cause of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and has specific diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. With advances in imaging techniques and treatment approaches, the approach to monitoring disease progression and management of CS continues to evolve. The purpose of this review is to highlight advances in CS diagnosis and treatment and present a center's multidisciplinary approach to CS care. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we highlight advances in granuloma biology along with contemporary diagnostic approaches. Moreover, we expand on current targets of immunosuppression focused on granuloma biology and concurrent advances in the cardiovascular care of CS in light of recent guideline recommendations. Here, we review advances in the understanding of the sarcoidosis granuloma along with contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for CS. Additionally, we highlight knowledge gaps and areas for future research in CS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Flores Rosario
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kyla Brezitski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kelly Arps
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Megan Milne
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jayanth Doss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ravi Karra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 102152 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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30
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Pagán AJ, Lee LJ, Edwards-Hicks J, Moens CB, Tobin DM, Busch-Nentwich EM, Pearce EL, Ramakrishnan L. mTOR-regulated mitochondrial metabolism limits mycobacterium-induced cytotoxicity. Cell 2022; 185:3720-3738.e13. [PMID: 36103894 PMCID: PMC9596383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Necrosis of macrophages in the granuloma, the hallmark immunological structure of tuberculosis, is a major pathogenic event that increases host susceptibility. Through a zebrafish forward genetic screen, we identified the mTOR kinase, a master regulator of metabolism, as an early host resistance factor in tuberculosis. We found that mTOR complex 1 protects macrophages from mycobacterium-induced death by enabling infection-induced increases in mitochondrial energy metabolism fueled by glycolysis. These metabolic adaptations are required to prevent mitochondrial damage and death caused by the secreted mycobacterial virulence determinant ESAT-6. Thus, the host can effectively counter this early critical mycobacterial virulence mechanism simply by regulating energy metabolism, thereby allowing pathogen-specific immune mechanisms time to develop. Our findings may explain why Mycobacterium tuberculosis, albeit humanity's most lethal pathogen, is successful in only a minority of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Pagán
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Lauren J. Lee
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Cecilia B. Moens
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Erika L. Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
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31
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Schipper K, Preusting LC, van Sorge NM, Pannekoek Y, van der Ende A. Meningococcal virulence in zebrafish embryos depends on capsule polysaccharide structure. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1020201. [PMID: 36211969 PMCID: PMC9538531 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis or the meningococcus, can cause devasting diseases such as sepsis and meningitis. Its polysaccharide capsule, on which serogrouping is based, is the most important virulence factor. Non-encapsulated meningococci only rarely cause disease, due to their sensitivity to the host complement system. How the capsular polysaccharide structure of N. meningitidis relates to virulence is largely unknown. Meningococcal virulence can be modeled in zebrafish embryos as the innate immune system of the zebrafish embryo resembles that of mammals and is fully functional two days post-fertilization. In contrast, the adaptive immune system does not develop before 4 weeks post-fertilization. We generated isogenic meningococcal serogroup variants to study how the chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule affects N. meningitidis virulence in the zebrafish embryo model. H44/76 serogroup B killed zebrafish embryos in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the non-encapsulated variant was completely avirulent. Neutrophil depletion was observed after infection with encapsulated H44/76, but not with its non-encapsulated variant HB-1. The survival of embryos infected with isogenic capsule variants of H44/76 was capsule specific. The amount of neutrophil depletion differed accordingly. Both embryo killing capacity and neutrophil depletion after infection correlated with the number of carbons used per repeat unit of the capsule polysaccharide during its biosynthesis (indicative of metabolic cost).ConclusionMeningococcal virulence in the zebrafish embryo largely depends on the presence of the polysaccharide capsule but the extent of the contribution is determined by its structure. The observed differences between the meningococcal isogenic capsule variants in zebrafish embryo virulence may depend on differences in metabolic cost.
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Cafora M, Poerio N, Forti F, Loberto N, Pin D, Bassi R, Aureli M, Briani F, Pistocchi A, Fraziano M. Evaluation of phages and liposomes as combination therapy to counteract Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in wild-type and CFTR-null models. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979610. [PMID: 36188006 PMCID: PMC9520727 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi drug resistant (MDR) bacteria are insensitive to the most common antibiotics currently in use. The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, if not contained, will represent the main cause of death for humanity in 2050. The situation is even more worrying when considering patients with chronic bacterial infections, such as those with Cystic Fibrosis (CF). The development of alternative approaches is essential and novel therapies that combine exogenous and host-mediated antimicrobial action are promising. In this work, we demonstrate that asymmetric phosphatidylserine/phosphatidic acid (PS/PA) liposomes administrated both in prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, induced a reduction in the bacterial burden both in wild-type and cftr-loss-of-function (cftr-LOF) zebrafish embryos infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) PAO1 strain (PAO1). These effects are elicited through the enhancement of phagocytic activity of macrophages. Moreover, the combined use of liposomes and a phage-cocktail (CKΦ), already validated as a PAO1 “eater”, improves the antimicrobial effects of single treatments, and it is effective also against CKΦ-resistant bacteria. We also address the translational potential of the research, by evaluating the safety of CKΦ and PS/PA liposomes administrations in in vitro model of human bronchial epithelial cells, carrying the homozygous F508del-CFTR mutation, and in THP-1 cells differentiated into a macrophage-like phenotype with pharmacologically inhibited CFTR. Our results open the way to the development of novel pharmacological formulations composed of both phages and liposomes to counteract more efficiently the infections caused by Pa or other bacteria, especially in patients with chronic infections such those with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cafora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milan, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Davide Pin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Federica Briani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, MI, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Pistocchi,
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
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Griffiths G, Gruenberg J, Marsh M, Wohlmann J, Jones AT, Parton RG. Nanoparticle entry into cells; the cell biology weak link. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114403. [PMID: 35777667 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) are attractive options for the therapeutic delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs, proteins and nucleic acids into cells, tissues and organs. Research into the development and application of NP most often starts with a diverse group of scientists, including chemists, bioengineers and material and pharmaceutical scientists, who design, fabricate and characterize NP in vitro (Stage 1). The next step (Stage 2) generally investigates cell toxicity as well as the processes by which NP bind, are internalized and deliver their cargo to appropriate model tissue culture cells. Subsequently, in Stage 3, selected NP are tested in animal systems, mostly mouse. Whereas the chemistry-based development and analysis in Stage 1 is increasingly sophisticated, the investigations in Stage 2 are not what could be regarded as 'state-of-the-art' for the cell biology field and the quality of research into NP interactions with cells is often sub-standard. In this review we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms by which particles gain entry into mammalian cells via endocytosis. We summarize the most important areas for concern, highlight some of the most common mis-conceptions, and identify areas where NP scientists could engage with trained cell biologists. Our survey of the different mechanisms of uptake into cells makes us suspect that claims for roles for caveolae, as well as macropinocytosis, in NP uptake into cells have been exaggerated, whereas phagocytosis has been under-appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Griffiths
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Mark Marsh
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales CF103NB, UK
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
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Levraud JP, Rawls JF, Clatworthy AE. Using zebrafish to understand reciprocal interactions between the nervous and immune systems and the microbial world. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:170. [PMID: 35765004 PMCID: PMC9238045 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals rely heavily on their nervous and immune systems to perceive and survive within their environment. Despite the traditional view of the brain as an immunologically privileged organ, these two systems interact with major consequences. Furthermore, microorganisms within their environment are major sources of stimuli and can establish relationships with animal hosts that range from pathogenic to mutualistic. Research from a variety of human and experimental animal systems are revealing that reciprocal interactions between microbiota and the nervous and immune systems contribute significantly to normal development, homeostasis, and disease. The zebrafish has emerged as an outstanding model within which to interrogate these interactions due to facile genetic and microbial manipulation and optical transparency facilitating in vivo imaging. This review summarizes recent studies that have used the zebrafish for analysis of bidirectional control between the immune and nervous systems, the nervous system and the microbiota, and the microbiota and immune system in zebrafish during development that promotes homeostasis between these systems. We also describe how the zebrafish have contributed to our understanding of the interconnections between these systems during infection in fish and how perturbations may result in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Cité, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400, Saclay, France.
| | - John F. Rawls
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Anne E. Clatworthy
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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35
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Stream A, Madigan CA. Zebrafish: an underutilized tool for discovery in host-microbe interactions. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:426-437. [PMID: 35527182 PMCID: PMC11302990 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are relatively new to the field of host-pathogen interactions, although they have been a valuable vertebrate model for decades in developmental biology and neuroscience. Transparent zebrafish larvae have most components of the human innate immune system, and adult zebrafish also produce cells of the adaptive immune system. Recent discoveries using zebrafish infection models include mechanisms of pathogen survival and host cell sensing of microbes. These discoveries were enabled by zebrafish technology, which is constantly evolving and providing new opportunities for immunobiology research. Recent tools include CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, in vivo biotinylation, and genetically encoded biosensors. We argue that the zebrafish model - which remains underutilized in immunology - provides fertile ground for a new understanding of host-microbe interactions in a transparent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Stream
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cressida A Madigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA.
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36
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Rodriguez C, Vega IA, Castro-Vazquez A. A Dissenters' View on AppleSnail Immunobiology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879122. [PMID: 35693764 PMCID: PMC9178244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We stand as dissenters against the acceptance of scientific knowledge that has not been built on empirical data. With this in mind, this review synthesizes selected aspects of the immunobiology of gastropods and of apple snails (Ampullariidae) in particular, from morphological to molecular and "omics" studies. Our trip went through more than two centuries of history and was guided by an evo-devo hypothesis: that the gastropod immune system originally developed in the mesenchymal connective tissue of the reno-pericardial complex, and that in that tissue some cells differentiated into hematopoietically committed progenitor cells that integrate constitutive hemocyte aggregations in the reno-pericardial territory, whether concentrated in the pericardium or the kidney in a species-specific manner. However, some of them may be freed from those aggregations, circulate in the blood, and form distant contingent aggregations anywhere in the body, but always in response to intruders (i.e., pathogens or any other immune challenge). After that, we reviewed the incipient immunology of the Ampullariidae by critically revising the findings in Pomacea canaliculata and Marisa cornuarietis, the only ampullariid species that have been studied in this respect, and we attempted to identify the effectors and the processes in which they are involved. Particularly for P. canaliculata, which is by far the most studied species, we ask which hemocytes are involved, in which tissues or organs are integrated, and what cellular reactions to intruders this species has in common with other animals. Furthermore, we wondered what humoral factors could also integrate its internal defense system. Among the cellular defenses, we give an outstanding position to the generation of hemocyte nodules, which seems to be an important process for these snails, serving the isolation and elimination of intruders. Finally, we discuss hematopoiesis in apple snails. There have been contrasting views about some of these aspects, but we envision a hematopoietic system centered in the constitutive hemocyte islets in the ampullariid kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rodriguez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A. Vega
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfredo Castro-Vazquez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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37
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Sholeye AR, Williams AA, Loots DT, Tutu van Furth AM, van der Kuip M, Mason S. Tuberculous Granuloma: Emerging Insights From Proteomics and Metabolomics. Front Neurol 2022; 13:804838. [PMID: 35386409 PMCID: PMC8978302 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.804838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which claims hundreds of thousands of lives each year, is typically characterized by the formation of tuberculous granulomas — the histopathological hallmark of tuberculosis (TB). Our knowledge of granulomas, which comprise a biologically diverse body of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells from the host immune responses, is based mainly upon examination of lungs, in both human and animal studies, but little on their counterparts from other organs of the TB patient such as the brain. The biological heterogeneity of TB granulomas has led to their diverse, relatively uncoordinated, categorization, which is summarized here. However, there is a pressing need to elucidate more fully the phenotype of the granulomas from infected patients. Newly emerging studies at the protein (proteomics) and metabolite (metabolomics) levels have the potential to achieve this. In this review we summarize the diverse nature of TB granulomas based upon the literature, and amplify these accounts by reporting on the relatively few, emerging proteomics and metabolomics studies on TB granulomas. Metabolites (for example, trimethylamine-oxide) and proteins (such as the peptide PKAp) associated with TB granulomas, and knowledge of their localizations, help us to understand the resultant phenotype. Nevertheless, more multidisciplinary ‘omics studies, especially in human subjects, are required to contribute toward ushering in a new era of understanding of TB granulomas – both at the site of infection, and on a systemic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abisola Regina Sholeye
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Aurelia A. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - A. Marceline Tutu van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Department of Biochemistry, Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Shayne Mason
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38
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Cronan MR. In the Thick of It: Formation of the Tuberculous Granuloma and Its Effects on Host and Therapeutic Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:820134. [PMID: 35320930 PMCID: PMC8934850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.820134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The defining pathology of tuberculosis is the granuloma, an organized structure derived from host immune cells that surrounds infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As the location of much of the bacteria in the infected host, the granuloma is a central point of interaction between the host and the infecting bacterium. This review describes the signals and cellular reprogramming that drive granuloma formation. Further, as a central point of host-bacterial interactions, the granuloma shapes disease outcome by altering host immune responses and bacterial susceptibility to antibiotic treatment, as discussed herein. This new understanding of granuloma biology and the signaling behind it highlights the potential for host-directed therapies targeting the granuloma to enhance antibiotic access and tuberculosis-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Cronan
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In Vivo Cell Biology of Infection Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Robertson TF, Huttenlocher A. Real-time imaging of inflammation and its resolution: It's apparent because it's transparent. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:258-270. [PMID: 35023170 PMCID: PMC8855992 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to directly observe leukocyte behavior in vivo has dramatically expanded our understanding of the immune system. Zebrafish are particularly amenable to the high-resolution imaging of leukocytes during both homeostasis and inflammation. Due to its natural transparency, intravital imaging in zebrafish does not require any surgical manipulation. As a result, zebrafish are particularly well-suited for the long-term imaging required to observe the temporal and spatial events during the onset and resolution of inflammation. Here, we review major insights about neutrophil and macrophage function gained from real-time imaging of zebrafish. We discuss neutrophil reverse migration, the process whereby neutrophils leave sites of tissue damage and resolve local inflammation. Further, we discuss the current tools available for investigating immune function in zebrafish and how future studies that simultaneously image multiple leukocyte subsets can be used to further dissect mechanisms that regulate both the onset and resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner F. Robertson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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40
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Knudsen Dal NJ, Speth M, Johann K, Barz M, Beauvineau C, Wohlmann J, Fenaroli F, Gicquel B, Griffiths G, Alonso-Rodriguez N. The zebrafish embryo as an in vivo model for screening nanoparticle-formulated lipophilic anti-tuberculosis compounds. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049147. [PMID: 34842273 PMCID: PMC8807572 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, new and effective antibiotics against tuberculosis (TB) are urgently needed. However, the high frequency of poorly water-soluble compounds among hits in high-throughput drug screening campaigns is a major obstacle in drug discovery. Moreover, in vivo testing using conventional animal TB models, such as mice, is time consuming and costly, and represents a major bottleneck in lead compound discovery and development. Here, we report the use of the zebrafish embryo TB model for evaluating the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of five poorly water-soluble nitronaphthofuran derivatives, which were recently identified as possessing anti-TB activity in vitro. To aid solubilization, compounds were formulated in biocompatible polymeric micelles (PMs). Three of the five PM-formulated nitronaphthofuran derivatives showed low toxicity in vivo, significantly reduced bacterial burden and improved survival in infected zebrafish embryos. We propose the zebrafish embryo TB-model as a quick and sensitive tool for evaluating the in vivo toxicity and efficacy of new anti-TB compounds during early stages of drug development. Thus, this model is well suited for pinpointing promising compounds for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils-Jørgen Knudsen Dal
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Speth
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Beauvineau
- Chemical Library Institut Curie/CNRS, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196 and CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1193, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Federico Fenaroli
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Dep Génomes and Génétique, Institute Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, 518054 Shenzhen, China
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Noelia Alonso-Rodriguez
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway
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41
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Doehl JSP, Ashwin H, Brown N, Romano A, Carmichael S, Pitchford JW, Kaye PM. Spatial Point Pattern Analysis Identifies Mechanisms Shaping the Skin Parasite Landscape in Leishmania donovani Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:795554. [PMID: 34975901 PMCID: PMC8716623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.795554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that in hosts infected with parasites of the Leishmania donovani complex, transmission of infection to the sand fly vector is linked to parasite repositories in the host skin. However, a detailed understanding of the dispersal (the mechanism of spread) and dispersion (the observed state of spread) of these obligatory-intracellular parasites and their host phagocytes in the skin is lacking. Using endogenously fluorescent parasites as a proxy, we apply image analysis combined with spatial point pattern models borrowed from ecology to characterize dispersion of parasitized myeloid cells (including ManR+ and CD11c+ cells) and predict dispersal mechanisms in a previously described immunodeficient model of L. donovani infection. Our results suggest that after initial seeding of infection in the skin, heavily parasite-infected myeloid cells are found in patches that resemble innate granulomas. Spread of parasites from these initial patches subsequently occurs through infection of recruited myeloid cells, ultimately leading to self-propagating networks of patch clusters. This combination of imaging and ecological pattern analysis to identify mechanisms driving the skin parasite landscape offers new perspectives on myeloid cell behavior following parasitism by L. donovani and may also be applicable to elucidating the behavior of other intracellular tissue-resident pathogens and their host cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11 Antigens/metabolism
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Insect Vectors/parasitology
- Leishmania donovani/immunology
- Leishmania donovani/pathogenicity
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission
- Mannose Receptor/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Theoretical
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/parasitology
- Phlebotomus/parasitology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/parasitology
- Spatial Analysis
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes S. P. Doehl
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Ashwin
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Najmeeyah Brown
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Romano
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Carmichael
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jon W. Pitchford
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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42
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Mojzesz M, Widziolek M, Adamek M, Orzechowska U, Podlasz P, Prajsnar TK, Pooranachandran N, Pecio A, Michalik A, Surachetpong W, Chadzinska M, Rakus K. Tilapia Lake Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation in Zebrafish: Microglia Activation and Sickness Behavior. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760882. [PMID: 34707620 PMCID: PMC8544261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the relationship between the immune system and behavior is widely studied. In fish, however, the knowledge concerning the brain immune response and behavioral changes during brain viral infection is very limited. To further investigate this subject, we used the model of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which was previously developed in our laboratory. We demonstrated that TiLV persists in the brain of adult zebrafish for at least 90 days, even when the virus is not detectable in other peripheral organs. The virions were found in the whole brain. During TiLV infection, zebrafish displayed a clear sickness behavior: decreased locomotor activity, reduced food intake, and primarily localizes near the bottom zone of aquaria. Moreover, during swimming, individual fish exhibited also unusual spiral movement patterns. Gene expression study revealed that TiLV induces in the brain of adult fish strong antiviral and inflammatory response and upregulates expression of genes encoding microglia/macrophage markers. Finally, using zebrafish larvae, we showed that TiLV infection induces histopathological abnormalities in the brain and causes activation of the microglia which is manifested by changes in cell shape from a resting ramified state in mock-infected to a highly ameboid active state in TiLV-infected larvae. This is the first study presenting a comprehensive analysis of the brain immune response associated with microglia activation and subsequent sickness behavior during systemic viral infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Urszula Orzechowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz K Prajsnar
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Invertebrate Development and Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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43
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Varela M, Meijer AH. A fresh look at mycobacterial pathogenicity with the zebrafish host model. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:661-669. [PMID: 34714579 PMCID: PMC9297993 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish has earned its place among animal models to study tuberculosis and other infections caused by pathogenic mycobacteria. This model host is especially useful to study the role of granulomas, the inflammatory lesions characteristic of mycobacterial disease. The optically transparent zebrafish larvae provide a window on the initial stages of granuloma development in the context of innate immunity. Application of fluorescent dyes and transgenic markers enabled real-time visualization of how innate immune mechanisms, such as autophagy and inflammasomes, are activated in infected macrophages and how propagating calcium signals drive communication between macrophages during granuloma formation. A combination of imaging, genetic, and chemical approaches has revealed that the interplay between macrophages and mycobacteria is the main driver of tissue dissemination and granuloma development, while neutrophils have a protective function in early granulomas. Different chemokine signaling axes, conserved between humans and zebrafish, have been shown to recruit macrophages permissive to mycobacterial growth, control their microbicidal capacity, drive their spreading and aggregation, and mediate granuloma vascularization. Finally, zebrafish larvae are now exploited to explore cell death processes, emerging as crucial factors in granuloma expansion. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of mycobacterial pathogenesis contributed by zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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44
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Habjan E, Ho VQT, Gallant J, Van Stempvoort G, Jim KK, Kuijl C, Geerke DP, Bitter W, Speer A. Anti-tuberculosis Compound Screen using a Zebrafish Infection Model identifies an Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:273850. [PMID: 34643222 PMCID: PMC8713996 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding new anti-tuberculosis compounds with convincing in vivo activity is an ongoing global challenge to fight the emergence of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. In this study, we exploited the medium-throughput capabilities of the zebrafish embryo infection model with Mycobacterium marinum as a surrogate for M. tuberculosis. Using a representative set of clinically established drugs, we demonstrate that this model could be predictive and selective for antibiotics that can be administered orally. We further used the zebrafish infection model to screen 240 compounds from an anti-tuberculosis hit library for their in vivo activity and identified 14 highly active compounds. One of the most active compounds was the tetracyclic compound TBA161, which was studied in more detail. Analysis of resistant mutants revealed point mutations in aspS (rv2572c), encoding an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The target was genetically confirmed, and molecular docking studies propose the possible binding of TBA161 in a pocket adjacent to the catalytic site. This study shows that the zebrafish infection model is suitable for rapidly identifying promising scaffolds with in vivo activity. Summary: Exploitation of the medium-throughput capabilities of a zebrafish embryo infection model of tuberculosis to screen compounds for their in vivo activity, one of which was characterized as an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Habjan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vien Q T Ho
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Gallant
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gunny Van Stempvoort
- Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coen Kuijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan P Geerke
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Section Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Johansen MD, Alcaraz M, Dedrick RM, Roquet-Banères F, Hamela C, Hatfull GF, Kremer L. Mycobacteriophage-antibiotic therapy promotes enhanced clearance of drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:272140. [PMID: 34530447 PMCID: PMC8461822 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus is increasingly prevalent in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, leaving clinicians with few therapeutic options. A compassionate study showed the clinical improvement of a CF patient with a disseminated M. abscessus (GD01) infection, following injection of a phage cocktail, including phage Muddy. Broadening the use of phage therapy in patients as a potential antibacterial alternative necessitates the development of biological models to improve the reliability and successful prediction of phage therapy in the clinic. Herein, we demonstrate that Muddy very efficiently lyses GD01 in vitro, an effect substantially increased with standard drugs. Remarkably, this cooperative activity was retained in an M. abscessus model of infection in CFTR-depleted zebrafish, associated with a striking increase in larval survival and reduction in pathological signs. The activity of Muddy was lost in macrophage-ablated larvae, suggesting that successful phage therapy relies on functional innate immunity. CFTR-depleted zebrafish represent a practical model to rapidly assess phage treatment efficacy against M. abscessus isolates, allowing the identification of drug combinations accompanying phage therapy and treatment prediction in patients. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A zebrafish model of infection was developed to evaluate the in vivo cooperative activity of specific phages and antibiotics for the treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D Johansen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Matthéo Alcaraz
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Rebekah M Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Françoise Roquet-Banères
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Claire Hamela
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Graham F Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France.,INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
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46
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Rajme-Manzur D, Gollas-Galván T, Vargas-Albores F, Martínez-Porchas M, Hernández-Oñate MÁ, Hernández-López J. Granulomatous bacterial diseases in fish: An overview of the host's immune response. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 261:111058. [PMID: 34419575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial diseases represent the main impediment to the development of fish aquaculture. Granulomatous diseases caused by bacteria lead to fish culture losses by high mortality rates and slow growth. Bacteria belonging to genera Streptococcus spp., Mycobacterium sp., Nocardia sp., Francisella sp., and Staphylococcus sp. have been implicated in the development of granulomatous processes. The granuloma formation and the fish's immune response continue to be the subject of scientific research. In fish, the first defense line is constituted by non-specific humoral factors through growth-inhibiting substances such as transferrin and antiproteases, or lytic effectors as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides, and linking with non-specific phagocyte responses. If the first line is breached, fish produce antibody constituents for a specific humoral defense inhibiting bacterial adherence, as well as the mobilization of non-phagocytic host cells and counteracting toxins from bacteria. However, bacteria causing granulomatous diseases can be persistent microorganisms, difficult to eliminate that can cause chronic diseases, even using some immune system components to survive. Understanding the infectious process leading to granulomatosis and how the host's immune system responds against granulomatous diseases is crucial to know more about fish immunology and develop strategies to overcome granulomatous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rajme-Manzur
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Teresa Gollas-Galván
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Francisco Vargas-Albores
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Marcel Martínez-Porchas
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Animal, Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Hernández-Oñate
- CONACYT - Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Coordinación de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernández-López
- Centro de Investigaciones del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Unidad Hermosillo, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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47
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Nowik N, Prajsnar TK, Przyborowska A, Rakus K, Sienkiewicz W, Spaink HP, Podlasz P. The Role of Galanin during Bacterial Infection in Larval Zebrafish. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082011. [PMID: 34440783 PMCID: PMC8391356 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a peptide that is conserved among different species and plays various roles in an organism, although its entire role is not completely understood. For many years, galanin has been linked mainly with the neurotransmission in the nervous system; however, recent reports underline its role in immunity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an intensively developing animal model to study infectious diseases. In this study, we used larval zebrafish to determine the role of galanin in bacterial infection. We showed that knockout of galanin in zebrafish leads to a higher bacterial burden and mortality during Mycobacterium marinum and Staphylococcus aureus infection, whereas administration of a galanin analogue, NAX 5055, improves the ability of fish to control the infection caused by both pathogens. Moreover, the transcriptomics data revealed that a lower number of genes were regulated in response to mycobacterial infection in gal−/− mutants compared with their gal+/+ wild-type counterparts. We also found that galanin deficiency led to significant changes in immune-related pathways, mostly connected with cytokine and chemokine functions. The results show that galanin acts not only as a neurotransmitter but is also involved in immune response to bacterial infections, demonstrating the complexity of the neuroendocrine system and its possible connection with immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nowik
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (N.N.); (A.P.); (W.S.)
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.K.P.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Tomasz K. Prajsnar
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.K.P.); (H.P.S.)
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Anna Przyborowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (N.N.); (A.P.); (W.S.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (N.N.); (A.P.); (W.S.)
| | - Herman P. Spaink
- Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands; (T.K.P.); (H.P.S.)
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89-5245291
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48
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Gilpin TE, Walter FR, Herbath M, Sandor M, Fabry Z. Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Infected Dendritic Cells Induce TNF-α-Dependent Cell Cluster Formation That Promotes Bacterial Dissemination through an In Vitro Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1065-1077. [PMID: 34321229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CNS tuberculosis (CNSTB) is the most severe manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis infection, but the mechanism of how mycobacteria cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is not well understood. In this study, we report a novel murine in vitro BBB model combining primary brain endothelial cells, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin-infected dendritic cells (DCs), PBMCs, and bacterial Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. We show that mycobacterial infection limits DC mobility and also induces cellular cluster formation that has a similar composition to pulmonary mycobacterial granulomas. Within the clusters, infection from DCs disseminates to the recruited monocytes, promoting bacterial expansion. Mycobacterium-induced in vitro granulomas have been described previously, but this report shows that they can form on brain endothelial cell monolayers. Cellular cluster formation leads to cluster-associated damage of the endothelial cell monolayer defined by mitochondrial stress, disorganization of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5, upregulation of the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, and increased transmigration of bacteria-infected cells across the BBB. TNF-α inhibition reduces cluster formation on brain endothelial cells and mitigates cluster-associated damage. These data describe a model of bacterial dissemination across the BBB shedding light on a mechanism that might contribute to CNS tuberculosis infection and facilitate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey E Gilpin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and.,Graduate Training Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Melinda Herbath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Matyas Sandor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Zsuzsanna Fabry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and .,Graduate Training Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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49
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Potter EL, Gideon HP, Tkachev V, Fabozzi G, Chassiakos A, Petrovas C, Darrah PA, Lin PL, Foulds KE, Kean LS, Flynn JL, Roederer M. Measurement of leukocyte trafficking kinetics in macaques by serial intravascular staining. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/576/eabb4582. [PMID: 33441427 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking enables detection of pathogens, immune responses, and immune memory. Dysregulation of leukocyte trafficking is often found in disease, highlighting its important role in homeostasis and the immune response. Whereas some of the molecular mechanisms mediating leukocyte trafficking are understood, little is known about the regulation of trafficking, including trafficking kinetics and its impact on immune homeostasis. We developed a method of serial intravascular staining (SIVS) to measure trafficking kinetics in nonhuman primates using infusions of fluorescently labeled antibodies to label circulating leukocytes. Because antibody infusions labeled only leukocytes in the blood, cells were "barcoded" according to their location at the time of each infusion, providing positional histories that could be used to infer trafficking kinetics. We used SIVS and multiparameter flow cytometry to quantitate cellular trafficking into lymphoid tissues of healthy animals at homeostasis and to identify perivascular cells that could be unique to nonlymphoid organs. To investigate how these parameters could be influenced during disease, SIVS was used to quantify lymphocyte trafficking in macaques infected with the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to enumerate intravascular leukocytes in lung granulomas. We showed that whereas most cells in lung granulomas were localized there for more than 24 hours, granulomas were dynamic with a slow continual cellular influx, the rate of which predicted clearance of M. tuberculosis from the granulomas. SIVS, in combination with intracellular staining and multiparametric flow cytometry, is a powerful method to quantify the kinetics of leukocyte trafficking in nonhuman primates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lake Potter
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hannah P Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander Chassiakos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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50
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Xie Y, Xie J, Meijer AH, Schaaf MJM. Glucocorticoid-Induced Exacerbation of Mycobacterial Infection Is Associated With a Reduced Phagocytic Capacity of Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618569. [PMID: 34046029 PMCID: PMC8148013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are effective drugs for treating immune-related diseases, but prolonged therapy is associated with an increased risk of various infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. In this study, we have used a larval zebrafish model for tuberculosis, based on Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) infection, to study the effect of glucocorticoids. Our results show that the synthetic glucocorticoid beclomethasone increases the bacterial burden and the dissemination of a systemic Mm infection. The exacerbated Mm infection was associated with a decreased phagocytic activity of macrophages, higher percentages of extracellular bacteria, and a reduced rate of infected cell death, whereas the bactericidal capacity of the macrophages was not affected. The inhibited phagocytic capacity of macrophages was associated with suppression of the transcription of genes involved in phagocytosis in these cells. The decreased bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages was not specific for Mm, since it was also observed upon infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. In conclusion, our results show that glucocorticoids inhibit the phagocytic activity of macrophages, which may increase the severity of bacterial infections like tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Xie
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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