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Kandel A, Li L, Wang Y, Tuo W, Xiao Z. Differentiation and Regulation of Bovine Th2 Cells In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:738. [PMID: 38727273 PMCID: PMC11083891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine Th2 cells have usually been characterized by IL4 mRNA expression, but it is unclear whether their IL4 protein expression corresponds to transcription. We found that grass-fed healthy beef cattle, which had been regularly exposed to parasites on the grass, had a low frequency of IL4+ Th2 cells during flow cytometry, similar to animals grown in feedlots. To assess the distribution of IL4+ CD4+ T cells across tissues, samples from the blood, spleen, abomasal (draining), and inguinal lymph nodes were examined, which revealed limited IL4 protein detection in the CD4+ T cells across the examined tissues. To determine if bovine CD4+ T cells may develop into Th2 cells, naïve cells were stimulated with anti-bovine CD3 under a Th2 differentiation kit in vitro. The cells produced primarily IFNγ proteins, with only a small fraction (<10%) co-expressing IL4 proteins. Quantitative PCR confirmed elevated IFNγ transcription but no significant change in IL4 transcription. Surprisingly, GATA3, the master regulator of IL4, was highest in naïve CD4+ T cells but was considerably reduced following differentiation. To determine if the differentiated cells were true Th2 cells, an unbiased proteomic assay was carried out. The assay identified 4212 proteins, 422 of which were differently expressed compared to those in naïve cells. Based on these differential proteins, Th2-related upstream components were predicted, including CD3, CD28, IL4, and IL33, demonstrating typical Th2 differentiation. To boost IL4 expression, T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation strength was reduced by lowering anti-CD3 concentrations. Consequently, weak TCR stimulation essentially abolished Th2 expansion and survival. In addition, extra recombinant bovine IL4 (rbIL4) was added during Th2 differentiation, but, despite enhanced expansion, the IL4 level remained unaltered. These findings suggest that, while bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to Th2 differentiation stimuli, the bovine IL4 pathway is not regulated in the same way as in mice and humans. Furthermore, Ostertagia ostertagi (OO) extract, a gastrointestinal nematode in cattle, inhibited signaling via CD3, CD28, IL4, and TLRs/MYD88, indicating that external pathogens can influence bovine Th2 differentiation. In conclusion, though bovine CD4+ T cells can respond to IL4-driven differentiation, IL4 expression is not a defining feature of differentiated bovine Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Kandel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.K.); (L.L.)
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Jasemi SV, Khazaei H, Morovati MR, Joshi T, Aneva IY, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Phytochemicals as treatment for allergic asthma: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155149. [PMID: 37890444 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system's reaction to allergens, inflammation and narrowing of the airways, and the production of more than normal mucus. One of the main reasons is an increased production of inflammatory cytokines in the lungs that leads to the appearance of symptoms of asthma, including inflammation and shortness of breath. On the other hand, it has been proven that phytochemicals with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can be useful in improving allergic asthma. PURPOSE Common chemical treatments for allergic asthma include corticosteroids, which have many side effects and temporarily relieve symptoms but are not a cure. Therefore, taking the help of natural compounds to improve the quality of life of asthmatic patients can be a valuable issue that has been evaluated in the present review. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane) with the keywords: allergic asthma, phytochemical, plant, and herb were evaluated. The primary result was 5307 articles. Non-English, repetitive, and review articles were deleted from the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Finally, after carefully reading the articles, 102 were included in the study (2006-2022). The results of this review state that phytochemicals suppress the inflammatory pathways via inhibition of inflammatory cytokines production/secretion, genes, and proteins involved in the inflammation process, reducing oxidative stress indicators and symptoms of allergic asthma, such as cough and mucus production in the lungs. CONCLUSION With their antioxidant effects, this study concluded that phytochemicals suppress cytokines and other inflammatory indicators and thus can be considered an adjunctive treatment for improving allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Vahid Jasemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Hosna Khazaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Morovati
- Persian Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714869914, Iran
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhimtal, Kumaun University (Nainital), Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ina Yosifova Aneva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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3
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Duchniewicz M, Lee JYW, Menon DK, Needham EJ. Candidate Genetic and Molecular Drivers of Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:3-12. [PMID: 37376743 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Neuroinflammation is a significant and modifiable cause of secondary injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI), driven by both central and peripheral immune responses. A substantial proportion of outcome after TBI is genetically mediated, with an estimated heritability effect of around 26%, but because of the comparatively small datasets currently available, the individual drivers of this genetic effect have not been well delineated. A hypothesis-driven approach to analyzing genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets reduces the burden of multiplicity testing and allows variants with a high prior biological probability of effect to be identified where sample size is insufficient to withstand data-driven approaches. Adaptive immune responses show substantial genetically mediated heterogeneity and are well established as a genetic source of risk for numerous disease states; importantly, HLA class II has been specifically identified as a locus of interest in the largest TBI GWAS study to date, highlighting the importance of genetic variance in adaptive immune responses after TBI. In this review article we identify and discuss adaptive immune system genes that are known to confer strong risk effects for human disease, with the dual intentions of drawing attention to this area of immunobiology, which, despite its importance to the field, remains under-investigated in TBI and presenting high-yield testable hypotheses for application to TBI GWAS datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Duchniewicz
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Y W Lee
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David K Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhang Z, Zhao X, Huang C, Liu J. The regulatory function of GATA3 on immune response in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109110. [PMID: 37774903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
GATA3 belongs to the GATA family, and it could interact with the target gene promoter. It has been reported to play a central role in regulating lymphocyte differentiation. In this study, the GATA3 cDNA sequence was identified by a homologous clone and the RACE technology from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). The full-length of the GATA3 cDNA sequence was 2904 bp, including 1332 bp open reading frame (ORF), 265 bp 5 '-untranslated region (5' UTR), and 1308 bp 3 '-UTR, encoding 443 amino acids. GATA3 protein sequence was conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, including two zinc finger domains. qRT-PCR showed that the expression of GATA3 was high in the gill, kidney, and spleen. Expression of GATA3 slowly increased at the earlier stages and culminated at the late gastrula and somatic stages. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) results showed that the GATA3 protein was expressed in lymphocyte cells, undifferentiated basal and pillar cells of the gills, as well as lymphocyte cells and melanin macrophages of the kidney. The expression of GATA3 was significantly regulated in tissues and different types of lymphocytes after stimulation with Edwardsiella tarda. Dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that the GATA3 protein could directly interact with promoters of target genes involved in the immune response. These findings suggested that GATA3 plays a major role in regulating the immune response. This study provided a theoretical basis for the immune response mechanism of teleost and a useful reference for later research on fish immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China
| | - Chunren Huang
- Sanya Agricultural Investment Marine Industry Co., Ltd, Sanya, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Qingdao/Sanya, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.
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5
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Dai Q, Zhang G, Wang Y, Ye L, Shi R, Peng L, Guo S, He J, Yang H, Zhang Y, Jiang Y. Cytokine network imbalance in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis. Cytokine 2023; 169:156267. [PMID: 37320964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune imbalance has been proved to be involved in the pathogenesis of hematologic neoplasm. However, little research has been reported altered cytokine network in childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) at diagnosis. Our study aimed to evaluate the cytokine network in peripheral blood of newly diagnosed pediatric patients with B-ALL. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-17A in 45 children with B-ALL and 37 healthy control children were measured by cytometric bead array, while the level of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients showed a significant increase in IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-10 (p < 0.001), IFN-γ (p = 0.023) and a significant reduction in TGF-β1 (p = 0.001). The levels of IL-2, IL-4, TNF and IL-17A were similar in the two groups. Higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with febrile in patients without apparent infection by using unsupervised machine learning algorithms. In conclusion, our results indicated a critical role for aberrant cytokine expression profiles in the progression of childhood B-ALL. Distinct cytokine subgroups with different clinical features and immune response have been identified in patients with B-ALL at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkai Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yuefang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Luyun Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jiajing He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yongmei Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China; Key Laboratory of Obstrtric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, China.
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6
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Aquino RCADE, Barros BRS, Silva GAS, Sousa GFDE, Souza EBDE, Silva DRC, Nascimento AVDO, Sá IWADE, Lima ELSDE, Silva BO, Lima LPODE, Vieira AM, Barbosa Neto AG, Marcos BFS, Silva AJD, Oliveira THADE, Carvalho BM, Muniz MTC, Freitas ACDE, Campelo Júnior EB, Melo CMLDE. Healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients present an inflammatory status and Th2/Th17/Th22 immune profile: findings from before vaccine application in Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220502. [PMID: 37255169 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare workers present an increased risk of contagion for the SARS-CoV-2 virus due to their labor exposure. Here, we describe the clinical, laboratory, and immunological characteristics of healthcare workers, before vaccine application, exposed to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory information from 50 professionals who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Clinical Hospital of the Northwest in Brazil. The results showed that most workers are women, over 50 years old, and worked as nursing technicians. Approximately 56% of workers were positive for a previous infection by RT-PCR and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2-immunoglobulin tests. Increased levels of hematocrit, neutrophils, NK lymphocytes, and fibrinogen, were found in positive healthcare workers, suggesting a light inflammatory status. The immunological findings showed an increase in IL-17 production and a Th2/Th17/Th22 profile followed by high serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. Those data reveal the importance of studies with healthcare workers to investigate if the continuous exposition to the virus may result in chronic activation of the immune system and/or pulmonary inflammation in this target group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cesar A DE Aquino
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Rafaela S Barros
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Antonio S Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Georon F DE Sousa
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Edson B DE Souza
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Dyego R C Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Arione V DO Nascimento
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Igor W A DE Sá
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Elker L S DE Lima
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara O Silva
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luísa P O DE Lima
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Amanda M Vieira
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Adauto G Barbosa Neto
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bianca F São Marcos
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Anna Jéssica D Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Talita Helena Araújo DE Oliveira
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruno M Carvalho
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza C Muniz
- University of Pernambuco, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rua Arnóbio Marquês, 310, Santo Amaro, 50100-130 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos DE Freitas
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy, Department of Genetics, Bioscience Center, Avenida Reitor Joaquim Amazonas, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-570 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Evônio B Campelo Júnior
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Clinical Hospital, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M L DE Melo
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-525 Recife, PE, Brazil
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Keizo Asami Immunopathology Laboratory Institute (iLIKA), Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Cui K, Chen Z, Cao Y, Liu S, Ren G, Hu G, Fang D, Wei D, Liu C, Zhu J, Wu C, Zhao K. Restraint of IFN-γ expression through a distal silencer CNS-28 for tissue homeostasis. Immunity 2023; 56:944-958.e6. [PMID: 37040761 PMCID: PMC10175192 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine in response to viral or intracellular bacterial infection in mammals. While a number of enhancers are described to promote IFN-γ responses, to the best of our knowledge, no silencers for the Ifng gene have been identified. By examining H3K4me1 histone modification in naive CD4+ T cells within Ifng locus, we identified a silencer (CNS-28) that restrains Ifng expression. Mechanistically, CNS-28 maintains Ifng silence by diminishing enhancer-promoter interactions within Ifng locus in a GATA3-dependent but T-bet-independent manner. Functionally, CNS-28 restrains Ifng transcription in NK cells, CD4+ cells, and CD8+ T cells during both innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, CNS-28 deficiency resulted in repressed type 2 responses due to elevated IFN-γ expression, shifting Th1 and Th2 paradigm. Thus, CNS-28 activity ensures immune cell quiescence by cooperating with other regulatory cis elements within the Ifng gene locus to minimize autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairong Cui
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaqiang Cao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gang Ren
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Difeng Fang
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Danping Wei
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core Facility, DIR, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Finn CM, Dhume K, Prokop E, Strutt TM, McKinstry KK. STAT1 Controls the Functionality of Influenza-Primed CD4 T Cells but Therapeutic STAT4 Engagement Maximizes Their Antiviral Impact. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1292-1304. [PMID: 36961447 PMCID: PMC10121883 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that influenza A virus (IAV) infection promotes a Th1-like CD4 T cell response and that this effector program underlies its protective impact. Canonical Th1 polarization requires cytokine-mediated activation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT4 that synergize to maximize the induction of the "master regulator" Th1 transcription factor, T-bet. Here, we determine the individual requirements for these transcription factors in directing the Th1 imprint primed by influenza infection in mice by tracking virus-specific wild-type or T-bet-deficient CD4 T cells in which STAT1 or STAT4 is knocked out. We find that STAT1 is required to protect influenza-primed CD4 T cells from NK cell-mediated deletion and for their expression of hallmark Th1 attributes. STAT1 is also required to prevent type I IFN signals from inhibiting the induction of the Th17 master regulator, Rorγt, in Th17-prone T-bet-/- cells responding to IAV. In contrast, STAT4 expression does not appreciably impact the phenotypic or functional attributes of wild-type or T-bet-/- CD4 T cell responses. However, cytokine-mediated STAT4 activation in virus-specific CD4 T cells enhances their Th1 identity in a T-bet-dependent manner, indicating that influenza infection does not promote maximal Th1 induction. Finally, we show that the T-bet-dependent protective capacity of CD4 T cell effectors against IAV is optimized by engaging both STAT1 and STAT4 during Th1 priming, with important implications for vaccine strategies aiming to generate T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Finn
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kunal Dhume
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Emily Prokop
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tara M. Strutt
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - K. Kai McKinstry
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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9
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Kim J, Hopper C, Cho KH. Statistical control of structural networks with limited interventions to minimize cellular phenotypic diversity represented by point attractors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6275. [PMID: 37072458 PMCID: PMC10113376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying genetic networks of cells give rise to diverse behaviors known as phenotypes. Control of this cellular phenotypic diversity (CPD) may reveal key targets that govern differentiation during development or drug resistance in cancer. This work establishes an approach to control CPD that encompasses practical constraints, including model limitations, the number of simultaneous control targets, which targets are viable for control, and the granularity of control. Cellular networks are often limited to the structure of interactions, due to the practical difficulty of modeling interaction dynamics. However, these dynamics are essential to CPD. In response, our statistical control approach infers the CPD directly from the structure of a network, by considering an ensemble average function over all possible Boolean dynamics for each node in the network. These ensemble average functions are combined with an acyclic form of the network to infer the number of point attractors. Our approach is applied to several known biological models and shown to outperform existing approaches. Statistical control of CPD offers a new avenue to contend with systemic processes such as differentiation and cancer, despite practical limitations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwan Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Corbin Hopper
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Meitei HT, Lal G. T cell receptor signaling in the differentiation and plasticity of CD4 + T cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:14-27. [PMID: 36028461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical components of the adaptive immune system. The T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptor signaling cascades shape the phenotype and functions of CD4+ T cells. TCR signaling plays a crucial role in T cell development, antigen recognition, activation, and differentiation upon recognition of foreign- or auto-antigens. In specific autoimmune conditions, altered TCR repertoire is reported and can predispose autoimmunity with organ-specific inflammation and tissue damage. TCR signaling modulates various signaling cascades and regulates epigenetic and transcriptional regulation during homeostasis and disease conditions. Understanding the mechanism by which coreceptors and cytokine signals control the magnitude of TCR signal amplification will aid in developing therapeutic strategies to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the role of the TCR signaling cascade and its components in the activation, differentiation, and plasticity of various CD4+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, SPPU campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH 411007, India.
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11
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Zoghi S, Masoumi F, Rezaei N. The immune system. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Yánez DC, Lau CI, Papaioannou E, Chawda MM, Rowell J, Ross S, Furmanski A, Crompton T. The Pioneer Transcription Factor Foxa2 Modulates T Helper Differentiation to Reduce Mouse Allergic Airway Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890781. [PMID: 36003391 PMCID: PMC9393229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxa2, a member of the Forkhead box (Fox) family of transcription factors, plays an important role in the regulation of lung function and lung tissue homeostasis. FOXA2 expression is reduced in the lung and airways epithelium of asthmatic patients and in mice absence of Foxa2 from the lung epithelium contributes to airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia. Here we demonstrate a novel role for Foxa2 in the regulation of T helper differentiation and investigate its impact on lung inflammation. Conditional deletion of Foxa2 from T-cells led to increased Th2 cytokine secretion and differentiation, but decreased Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ expression in vitro. Induction of mouse allergic airway inflammation resulted in more severe disease in the conditional Foxa2 knockout than in control mice, with increased cellular infiltration to the lung, characterized by the recruitment of eosinophils and basophils, increased mucus production and increased production of Th2 cytokines and serum IgE. Thus, these experiments suggest that Foxa2 expression in T-cells is required to protect against the Th2 inflammatory response in allergic airway inflammation and that Foxa2 is important in T-cells to maintain the balance of effector cell differentiation and function in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Yánez
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ching-In Lau
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mira M Chawda
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmine Rowell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Ross
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Furmanski
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa Crompton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Sekaran SD, Liew ZM, Yam HC, Raju CS. The association between diabetes and obesity with Dengue infections. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:101. [PMID: 35864519 PMCID: PMC9301891 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, an arboviral disease is a global threat to public health as the number of Dengue cases increases through the decades and this trend is predicted to continue. Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity are also on an upward trend. Moreover, past clinical studies have shown comorbidities worsen the clinical manifestation of especially Severe Dengue. However, discussion regarding the underlying mechanisms regarding the association between these comorbidities and dengue are lacking. The hallmark of Severe Dengue is plasma leakage which is due to several factors including presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dysregulation of endothelial barrier protein expression. The key factors of diabetes affecting endothelial functions are Th1 skewed responses and junctional-related proteins expression. Additionally, obesity alters the lipid metabolism and immune response causing increased viral replication and inflammation. The similarity between diabetes and obesity individuals is in having chronic inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction. This review outlines the roles of diabetes and obesity in severe dengue and gives some insights into the plausible mechanisms of comorbidities in Severe Dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Sekaran
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University Springhill Campus, Port Dickson, 70100, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Z M Liew
- Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - H C Yam
- Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - C S Raju
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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14
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Piper C, Hainstock E, Yin-Yuan C, Chen Y, Khatun A, Kasmani MY, Evans J, Miller JA, Gorski J, Cui W, Drobyski WR. Single-cell immune profiling reveals a developmentally distinct CD4+ GM-CSF+ T-cell lineage that induces GI tract GVHD. Blood Adv 2022; 6:2791-2804. [PMID: 35015822 PMCID: PMC9092418 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement is a major determinant for subsequent morbidity and mortality arising during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). CD4+ T cells that produce granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) have emerged as central mediators of inflammation in this tissue site as GM-CSF serves as a critical cytokine link between the adaptive and innate arms of the immune system. However, cellular heterogeneity within the CD4+ GM-CSF+ T-cell population due to the concurrent production of other inflammatory cytokines has raised questions as to whether these cells have a common ontology or if a unique CD4+ GM-CSF+ subset exists that differs from other defined T helper subtypes. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis (scRNAseq), we identified two CD4+ GM-CSF+ T-cell populations that arose during GVHD and were distinguishable according to the presence or absence of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) coexpression. CD4+ GM-CSF+ IFN-γ- T cells, which emerged preferentially in the colon, had a distinct transcriptional profile, used unique gene regulatory networks, and possessed a nonoverlapping T-cell receptor repertoire compared with CD4+ GM-CSF+ IFN-γ+ T cells as well as all other transcriptionally defined CD4+ T-cell populations in the colon. Functionally, this CD4+ GM-CSF+ T-cell population contributed to pathologic damage in the GI tract that was critically dependent on signaling through the interleukin-17 (IL-7) receptor but was independent of type 1 interferon signaling. Thus, these studies help to unravel heterogeneity within CD4+ GM-CSF+ T cells that arise during GVHD and define a developmentally distinct colitogenic T helper subtype GM-CSF+ subset that mediates immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Piper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Emma Hainstock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Cheng Yin-Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | | | | | - Jack Gorski
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI; and
| | - William R. Drobyski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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15
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MicroRNA-10b promotes arthritis development by disrupting CD4 + T cell subtypes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:733-750. [PMID: 35317281 PMCID: PMC8905251 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammation-involved disorder and features the disruption of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Herein, we describe that microRNA-10b-5p (miR-10b) promotes RA progression by disrupting the balance between subsets of CD4+ T cells. MiR-10b-deficient mice protected against collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model. RNA sequencing results indicated that disordered genes in miR-10b−/− CAIA model are closely associated with CD4+ T cells differentiation. Moreover, miR-10b mimics promoted Th1/Th17 and suppressed Th2/Treg cells differentiation, whereas miR-10b inhibitor induced contrary effects. In addition, GATA3 and PTEN was confirmed as two targets of miR-10b, and GATA3 siRNA could increase Th1 and reduce Th2 cells meanwhile PTEN siRNA could increase Th17 and decrease Treg cells. Furthermore, miR-10b inhibitor significantly ameliorated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development by attenuating the dysfunctional CD4+ T cell subpopulations. The present findings suggest that miR-10b could disrupt the balance of CD4+ T subsets, while suppressed miR-10b could attenuate the severity of experimental arthritis, which provided us a novel mechanistic and therapeutic insight into the RA.
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16
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Campe J, Ullrich E. T Helper Cell Lineage-Defining Transcription Factors: Potent Targets for Specific GVHD Therapy? Front Immunol 2022; 12:806529. [PMID: 35069590 PMCID: PMC8766661 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.806529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) represents a potent and potentially curative treatment for many hematopoietic malignancies and hematologic disorders in adults and children. The donor-derived immunity, elicited by the stem cell transplant, can prevent disease relapse but is also responsible for the induction of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The pathophysiology of acute GVHD is not completely understood yet. In general, acute GVHD is driven by the inflammatory and cytotoxic effect of alloreactive donor T cells. Since several experimental approaches indicate that CD4 T cells play an important role in initiation and progression of acute GVHD, the contribution of the different CD4 T helper (Th) cell subtypes in the pathomechanism and regulation of the disease is a central point of current research. Th lineages derive from naïve CD4 T cell progenitors and lineage commitment is initiated by the surrounding cytokine milieu and subsequent changes in the transcription factor (TF) profile. Each T cell subtype has its own effector characteristics, immunologic function, and lineage specific cytokine profile, leading to the association with different immune responses and diseases. Acute GVHD is thought to be mainly driven by the Th1/Th17 axis, whereas Treg cells are attributed to attenuate GVHD effects. As the differentiation of each Th subset highly depends on the specific composition of activating and repressing TFs, these present a potent target to alter the Th cell landscape towards a GVHD-ameliorating direction, e.g. by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation. The finding, that targeting of Th1 and Th17 differentiation appears more effective for GVHD-prevention than a strategy to inhibit Th1 and Th17 cytokines supports this concept. In this review, we shed light on the current advances of potent TF inhibitors to alter Th cell differentiation and consecutively attenuate GVHD. We will focus especially on preclinical studies and outcomes of TF inhibition in murine GVHD models. Finally, we will point out the possible impact of a Th cell subset-specific immune modulation in context of GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Campe
- Experimental Immunology, Children's University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Children's University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Experimental Immunology, Children's University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Children's University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK)), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Yang R, Weisshaar M, Mele F, Benhsaien I, Dorgham K, Han J, Croft CA, Notarbartolo S, Rosain J, Bastard P, Puel A, Fleckenstein B, Glimcher LH, Di Santo JP, Ma CS, Gorochov G, Bousfiha A, Abel L, Tangye SG, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Sallusto F. High Th2 cytokine levels and upper airway inflammation in human inherited T-bet deficiency. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202726. [PMID: 34160550 PMCID: PMC8225679 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have described a child suffering from Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) due to autosomal recessive, complete T-bet deficiency, which impairs IFN-γ production by innate and innate-like adaptive, but not mycobacterial-reactive purely adaptive, lymphocytes. Here, we explore the persistent upper airway inflammation (UAI) and blood eosinophilia of this patient. Unlike wild-type (WT) T-bet, the mutant form of T-bet from this patient did not inhibit the production of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, when overexpressed in T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Moreover, Herpesvirus saimiri-immortalized T cells from the patient produced abnormally large amounts of Th2 cytokines, and the patient had markedly high plasma IL-5 and IL-13 concentrations. Finally, the patient's CD4+ αβ T cells produced most of the Th2 cytokines in response to chronic stimulation, regardless of their antigen specificities, a phenotype reversed by the expression of WT T-bet. T-bet deficiency thus underlies the excessive production of Th2 cytokines, particularly IL-5 and IL-13, by CD4+ αβ T cells, causing blood eosinophilia and UAI. The MSMD of this patient results from defective IFN-γ production by innate and innate-like adaptive lymphocytes, whereas the UAI and eosinophilia result from excessive Th2 cytokine production by adaptive CD4+ αβ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marc Weisshaar
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Mele
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ibtihal Benhsaien
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne University, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jing Han
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Carys A. Croft
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1223, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherches 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherches 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherches 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laurie H. Glimcher
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Cindy S. Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne University, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherches 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Stuart G. Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherches 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Unité Mixte de Recherches 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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18
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Yang C, Lin J, Liang H, Xue L, Kwart A, Jiang M, Zhao J, Ren H, Jiang X, Munshi NC. CD44 v5 domain inhibition represses the polarization of Th2 cells by interfering with the IL-4/IL-4R signaling pathway. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 100:21-32. [PMID: 34219288 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The balance between Th1 and Th2 cells is critical for both innate and acquired immune reactions. But the precise mechanisms of T helper cells differentiations are still unclear. As an important T cell activation molecular, CD44 participates in the Th1 and Th2 differentiation. We demonstrated that CD44 variant exon-v5 is highly expressed by induced human Th2 cells. In order to investigate the role of CD44v5 domain in Th2 cell differentiation, we treated human CD4+ T cells with CD44v5 antibody and observed that the levels of pSTAT6 and GATA3 and the secretion of IL-4 were significantly decreased after the treatment. We also further found that the inhibition of Th2 differentiation was caused by the IL-4Rα degradation, CD44v5 domain co-localized with IL-4Rα on cell surface, the degradation of IL-4Rα increased after CD44v5 blocking or ablating. Our results indicated that CD44v5 antibody treatment interrupted the interaction between CD44v5 and IL-4Rα, but the CD44v5 domain blockage would not spoil the co-localization between IL4R expression and TCR and the immunological synapse formation, similar results were also found in CD44v5 deficient CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, we revealed the function of CD44v5 domain in Th2 cell differentiation, blocking or ablating CD44v5 domain could accelerate IL-4Rα degradation and then induce the Th2 cell inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianhong Lin
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongyan Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ariel Kwart
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meng Jiang
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of General surgery, the 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Huan Ren
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the 4thHospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nikhil C Munshi
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Pang L, Yu P, Liu X, Fan Y, Shi Y, Zou S. Fine particulate matter induces airway inflammation by disturbing the balance between Th1/Th2 and regulation of GATA3 and Runx3 expression in BALB/c mice. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:378. [PMID: 33760131 PMCID: PMC7986036 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of 2.5 µm particulate matter (PM2.5) on airway inflammation and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism. Specifically, the focus was on the imbalance of T helper (Th)1/Th2 cells and the dysregulated expression of transcription factors, including trans-acting T cell-specific transcription factor 3 (GATA3), runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) and T-box transcription factor TBX21 (T-bet). In this study, ambient PM2.5 was collected and analyzed, male BALB/c mice were sensitized and treated with PBS, ovalbumin (OVA), PM2.5 or OVA + PM2.5. The effects of PM2.5 alone or PM2.5 + OVA on immunopathological changes, the expression of transcription factors GATA3, Runx3 and T-bet, and the imbalance of Th1/Th2 were investigated. It was found that PM2.5 + OVA co-exposure significantly enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, increased higher tracheal secretions in lung tissue and upregulated respiratory resistance response to acetylcholine compared with PM2.5 or OVA single exposure and control groups. In addition, higher protein and mRNA expression levels of Th2 inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed in PM2.5 + OVA treated mice, whereas the expression levels of GATA3 and STAT6 were exhibited in mice exposed to OVA + PM2.5 compared with the OVA and PM2.5 groups. By contrast, PM2.5 exposure decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of Th1 cytokine interferon-γ and transcription factors Runx3 and T-bet, especially among asthmatic mice, different from OVA group, PM2.5 exposure only failed to influence the expression of T-bet. To conclude, PM2.5 exposure evoked the allergic airway inflammation response, especially in the asthmatic mouse model and led to Th1/Th2 imbalance. These effects worked mainly by upregulating GATA3 and downregulating Runx3. These data suggested that Runx3 may play an important role in PM2.5-aggravated asthma in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Pang
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yingqi Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, P.R. China
| | - Shenchun Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Abstract
For over 35 years since Mosmann and Coffman proposed the seminal “type 1 T helper (Th1)/type 2 T helper (Th2)” hypothesis in 1986, the immunological community has appreciated that naïve CD4 T cells need to make important decisions upon their activation, namely to differentiate towards a Th1, Th2, Th17 (interleukin-17-producing T helper), follicular T helper (Tfh), or regulatory T cell (Treg) fate to orchestrate a variety of adaptive immune responses. The major molecular underpinnings of the Th1/Th2 effector fate choice had been initially characterized using excellent reductionist in vitro culture systems, through which the transcription factors T-bet and GATA3 were identified as the master regulators for the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. However, Th1/Th2 cell differentiation and their cellular heterogeneity are usually determined by a combinatorial expression of multiple transcription factors, particularly in vivo, where dendritic cell (DC) and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets can also influence T helper lineage choices. In addition, inflammatory cytokines that are capable of inducing Th17 cell differentiation are also found to be induced during typical Th1- or Th2-related immune responses, resulting in an alternative differentiation pathway, transiting from a Th17 cell phenotype towards Th1 or Th2 cells. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in the field, focusing on some new players in the transcriptional network, contributions of DCs and ILCs, and alternative differentiation pathways towards understanding the Th1/Th2 effector choice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butcher
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The Many Faces of CD4 + T Cells: Immunological and Structural Characteristics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010073. [PMID: 33374787 PMCID: PMC7796221 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a major arm of the cellular immune response, CD4+ T cells are important in the control and clearance of infections. Primarily described as helpers, CD4+ T cells play an integral role in the development and activation of B cells and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells are incredibly heterogeneous, and can be divided into six main lineages based on distinct profiles, namely T helper 1, 2, 17 and 22 (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22), regulatory T cells (Treg) and T follicular helper cells (Tfh). Recent advances in structural biology have allowed for a detailed characterisation of the molecular mechanisms that drive CD4+ T cell recognition. In this review, we discuss the defining features of the main human CD4+ T cell lineages and their role in immunity, as well as their structural characteristics underlying their detection of pathogens.
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Using CRISPR to enhance T cell effector function for therapeutic applications. Cytokine X 2020; 3:100049. [PMID: 33604565 PMCID: PMC7885876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical to fight pathogenic microbes and combat malignantly transformed cells in the fight against cancer. To exert their effector function, T cells produce effector molecules, such as the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2. Tumors possess many inhibitory mechanisms that dampen T cell effector function, limiting the secretion of cytotoxic molecules. As a result, the control and elimination of tumors is impaired. Through recent advances in genomic editing, T cells can now be successfully modified via CRISPR/Cas9 technology. For instance, engaging (post-)transcriptional mechanisms to enhance T cell cytokine production, the retargeting of T cell antigen specificity or rendering T cells refractive to inhibitory receptor signaling can augment T cell effector function. Therefore, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing might provide novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the first-in-patient clinical trial was successfully performed with CRISPR/Cas9-modified human T cell therapy. In this review, a brief overview of currently available techniques is provided, and recent advances in T cell genomic engineering for the enhancement of T cell effector function for therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ARE, AU-rich element
- ARE-Del, deletion of the 3′UTR AREs from the Ifng/IFNG gene
- CAR T cells
- CAR, Chimeric Antigen Receptor
- CRISPR
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat
- CRS, cytokine release syndrome
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- Cas, CRISPR-associated
- Cas9
- Cytokines
- DGK, Diacylglycerol kinase
- DHX37, DEAH-box helicase 37
- EBV, Epstein Barr virus
- FOXP3, Forkhead box P3
- GATA, GATA binding protein
- Genome editing
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- LAG-3, Lymphocyte Activating 3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated B cells
- PD-1, Programmed cell Death 1
- PD-L1, Programmed Death Ligand 1
- PTPN2, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor 2
- Pdia3, Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- RNP, ribonuclear protein
- T cell effector function
- T cells
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TIL, Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRAC, TCR-α chain
- TRBC, TCR-β chain
- UTR, untranslated region
- tTCR, transgenic TCR
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Spinner CA, Lazarevic V. Transcriptional regulation of adaptive and innate lymphoid lineage specification. Immunol Rev 2020; 300:65-81. [PMID: 33615514 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Once alerted to the presence of a pathogen, activated CD4+ T cells initiate distinct gene expression programs that produce multiple functionally specialized T helper (Th) subsets. The cytokine milieu present at the time of antigen encounter instructs CD4+ T cells to differentiate into interferon-(IFN)-γ-producing Th1 cells, interleukin-(IL)-4-producing Th2 cells, IL-17-producing Th17 cells, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, or regulatory T (Treg) cells. In each of these Th cell subsets, a single transcription factor has been identified as a critical regulator of its specialized differentiation program. In this context, the expression of the "master regulator" is necessary and sufficient to activate lineage-specific genes while restricting the gene expression program of alternative Th fates. Thus, the transcription factor T-bet controls Th1 differentiation program, while the development of Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg cells is dependent on transcription factors GATA3, RORγt, Bcl6, and Foxp3, respectively. Nevertheless, master regulators or, more precisely, lineage-defining transcription factors do not function in isolation. In fact, they interact with a complex network of transcription factors, orchestrating cell lineage specification programs. In this review, we discuss the concept of the combinatorial interactions of key transcription factors in determining helper T cell identity. Additionally, lineage-defining transcription factors have well-established functions beyond their role in CD4+ Th subsets. They play critically important functions at distinct stages during T cell development in the thymus and they control the development of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the bone marrow. In tracking the journey of T cells traversing from the thymus to the periphery and during the immune response, we discuss in broad terms developmental stage and context-dependent functions of lineage-defining transcription factors in regulating specification programs of innate and adaptive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Spinner
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Balyan R, Gautam N, Gascoigne NR. The Ups and Downs of Metabolism during the Lifespan of a T Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7972. [PMID: 33120978 PMCID: PMC7663011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the various mechanisms that govern the development, activation, differentiation, and functions of T cells is crucial as it could provide opportunities for therapeutic interventions to disrupt immune pathogenesis. Immunometabolism is one such area that has garnered significant interest in the recent past as it has become apparent that cellular metabolism is highly dynamic and has a tremendous impact on the ability of T cells to grow, activate, and differentiate. In each phase of the lifespan of a T-cell, cellular metabolism has to be tailored to match the specific functional requirements of that phase. Resting T cells rely on energy-efficient oxidative metabolism but rapidly shift to a highly glycolytic metabolism upon activation in order to meet the bioenergetically demanding process of growth and proliferation. However, upon antigen clearance, T cells return to a more quiescent oxidative metabolism to support T cell memory generation. In addition, each helper T cell subset engages distinct metabolic pathways to support their functional needs. In this review, we provide an overview of the metabolic changes that occur during the lifespan of a T cell and discuss several important studies that provide insights into the regulation of the metabolic landscape of T cells and how they impact T cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas R.J. Gascoigne
- Immunology Programme and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (R.B.); (N.G.)
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25
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Han C, Lei D, Liu L, Xie S, He L, Wen S, Zhou H, Ma T, Li S. Morphine induces the differentiation of T helper cells to Th2 effector cells via the PKC-θ-GATA3 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 80:106133. [PMID: 31931364 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T help 2 (Th2) cell differentiation by morphine has been verified. However, the underlying mechanism of morphine induces Th2 cell differentiation remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible basis of morphine induced Th2 cell differentiation. METHODS Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the content of T help 1(Th1) cell and Th2 cell. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Western blotting was conducted in this study. RESULTS Th2 cell subset and IL-4 level were elevated in morphine induced naïve T cells. Pathway determining found the protein phosphorylation level of PKC-θ and the expression and activity of the transcription factor GATA3 was also enhanced in the naïve T cells challenged by morphine. Moreover, inhibitor of morphine(naltrexone) or PKC-θ(AEB071) can reverse morphine-induced Th2 cell differentiation. CONCLUSION These results suggested that morphine induce naïve T cell differentiation to Th2 cells via the PKC-θ/GATA3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China; Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daoyun Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songhui Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianping He
- School of Experience Industry, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tieliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China; Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shitong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Nomura S, Takahashi H, Suzuki J, Kuwahara M, Yamashita M, Sawasaki T. Pyrrothiogatain acts as an inhibitor of GATA family proteins and inhibits Th2 cell differentiation in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17335. [PMID: 31758034 PMCID: PMC6874683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA3 is a master regulator that modulates T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation and induces expression of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Th2 cytokines are involved in the protective immune response against foreign pathogens, such as parasites. However, excessive production of Th2 cytokines results in type-2 allergic inflammation. Therefore, the application of a GATA3 inhibitor provides a new therapeutic strategy to regulate Th2 cytokine production. Here, we established a novel high-throughput screening system for an inhibitor of a DNA-binding protein, such as a transcription factor, and identified pyrrothiogatain as a novel inhibitor of GATA3 DNA-binding activity. Pyrrothiogatain inhibited the DNA-binding activity of GATA3 and other members of the GATA family. Pyrrothiogatain also inhibited the interaction between GATA3 and SOX4, suggesting that it interacts with the DNA-binding region of GATA3. Furthermore, pyrrothiogatain significantly suppressed Th2 cell differentiation, without impairing Th1 cell differentiation, and inhibited the expression and production of Th2 cytokines. Our results suggest that pyrrothiogatain regulates the differentiation and function of Th2 cells via inhibition of GATA3 DNA binding activity, which demonstrates the efficiency of our drug screening system for the development of novel small compounds that inhibit the DNA-binding activity of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nomura
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Junpei Suzuki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
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27
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Resolution of allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:665-674. [PMID: 31705318 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing and bronchoconstriction. Chronic inflammation may finally lead to structural damage followed by airway remodeling. Various studies in recent years contributed to unravel important aspects of the immunopathogenesis of asthma and adapted new pharmaceutical developments. Here, I consider some novel insights into the immunopathogenesis of asthma and the protective and pathogenic roles of some innate and adaptive immune cells as well as the function of soluble mediators such as cytokines. Particular attention will be given to new concepts on resolution of chronic airway inflammation for prevention of airway structural damage.
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28
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Dreis C, Ottenlinger FM, Putyrski M, Ernst A, Huhn M, Schmidt KG, Pfeilschifter JM, Radeke HH. Tissue Cytokine IL-33 Modulates the Cytotoxic CD8 T Lymphocyte Activity During Nutrient Deprivation by Regulation of Lineage-Specific Differentiation Programs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1698. [PMID: 31396219 PMCID: PMC6667839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1 family member IL-33 exerts a variety of immune activating and regulating properties and has recently been proposed as a prognostic biomarker for cancer diseases, although its precise role in tumor immunity is unclear. Here we analyzed in vitro conditions influencing the function of IL-33 as an alarmin and a co-factor for the activity of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in order to explain the widely discussed promiscuous behavior of IL-33 in vivo. Circulating IL-33 detected in the serum of healthy human volunteers was biologically inactive. Additionally, bioactivity of exogenous recombinant IL-33 was significantly reduced in plasma, suggesting local effects of IL-33, and inactivation in blood. Limited availability of nutrients in tissue causes necrosis and thus favors release of IL-33, which—as described before—leads to a locally high expression of the cytokine. The harsh conditions however influence T cell fitness and their responsiveness to stimuli. Nutrient deprivation and pharmacological inhibition of mTOR mediated a distinctive phenotype characterized by expression of IL-33 receptor ST2L on isolated CD8+ T cells, downregulation of CD8, a transitional CD45RAlowROlow phenotype and high expression of secondary lymphoid organ chemokine receptor CCR7. Under nutrient deprivation, IL-33 inhibited an IL-12 induced increase in granzyme B protein expression and increased expression of GATA3 and FOXP3 mRNA. IL-33 enhanced the TCR-dependent activation of CD8+ T cells and co-stimulated the IL-12/TCR-dependent expression of IFNγ. Respectively, GATA3 and FOXP3 mRNA were not regulated during TCR-dependent activation. TCR-dependent stimulation of PBMC, but not LPS, initiated mRNA expression of soluble IL-33 decoy receptor sST2, a control mechanism limiting IL-33 bioactivity to avoid uncontrolled inflammation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the compartment-specific activity of IL-33. Furthermore, we newly describe conditions, which promote an IL-33-dependent induction of pro- or anti-inflammatory activity in CD8+ T cells during nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dreis
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian M Ottenlinger
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mateusz Putyrski
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Meik Huhn
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin G Schmidt
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef M Pfeilschifter
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heinfried H Radeke
- pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital of the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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29
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Mousavi SR, Ahmadi A, Jamalkandi SA, Salimian J. Involvement of microRNAs in physiological and pathological processes in asthma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21547-21559. [PMID: 31099080 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common respiratory disease accompanied by lung inflammatory disorders. The main symptoms are airway obstruction, chronic inflammation due to mast cell and eosinophil activity, and the disturbance of immune responses mostly mediated by the Th2 response. Genetic background and environmental factors also contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma. Today, microRNAs (miRNAs) are known as remarkable regulators of gene expression. As a small group of noncoding single-strand RNAs, mature miRNAs (~21 nucleotides) modulate the gene expression by targeting complement RNAs at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. The role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as allergies, asthma, and autoimmunity has been vastly studied. This review provides a thorough research update on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of asthma and their probable role as diagnostic and/or therapeutic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Reza Mousavi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Azimzadeh Jamalkandi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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T helper 2 differentiation is necessary for development of lymphedema. Transl Res 2019; 206:57-70. [PMID: 30633890 PMCID: PMC6443462 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T cells infiltrating lymphedematous tissues have a mixed T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 differentiation profile. Treatment with neutralizing antibodies targeting cytokines that promote Th2 differentiation (interleukin 4 [IL-4] and IL-13) decreases the severity of lymphedema in preclinical models, suggesting that Th2 cells play a key role in the pathology of this disease. However, these previous studies do not address the contribution of Th1 cells and it remains unknown if IL-4 and IL-3 blockade acts primarily on T cells or decreases the pathological changes of lymphedema by other mechanisms. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the effect of lymphatic injury in transgenic mice with mutations that cause defects in Th1 and Th2 cell generation (T-bet knockout or T-betKO and STAT6 knockout or STAT6KO mice, respectively). Using both the mouse tail and popliteal lymph node dissection models of lymphedema, we show that Th2-deficient (STAT6KO) mice are protected from developing lymphedema, have decreased fibrosis, increased collateral vessel formation, and preserved collecting lymphatic vessel pumping function. In contrast, mice with defective Th1 cell generation (T-betKO) develop disease with the same severity as wild-type controls. Taken together, our results suggest that Th2 differentiation is necessary for development of lymphedema following lymphatic injury and that Th1 differentiation does not significantly contribute to the pathology of the disease. Such findings are important as immunotherapy directed at Th2 cells has been found to be effective in well-studied Th2-mediated diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis and may therefore be similarly useful for lymphedema management.
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31
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Sedghamiz H, Morris M, Whitley D, Craddock TJA, Pichichero M, Broderick G. Computation of Robust Minimal Intervention Sets in Multi-Valued Biological Regulatory Networks. Front Physiol 2019; 10:241. [PMID: 30941053 PMCID: PMC6433979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enabled by rapid advances in computational sciences, in silico logical modeling of complex and large biological networks is more and more feasible making it an increasingly popular approach among biologists. Automated high-throughput, drug target identification is one of the primary goals of this in silico network biology. Targets identified in this way are then used to mine a library of drug chemical compounds in order to identify appropriate therapies. While identification of drug targets is exhaustively feasible on small networks, it remains computationally difficult on moderate and larger models. Moreover, there are several important constraints such as off-target effects, efficacy and safety that should be integrated into the identification of targets if the intention is translation to the clinical space. Here we introduce numerical constraints whereby efficacy is represented by efficiency in response and robustness of outcome. This paper introduces an algorithm that relies on a Constraint Satisfaction (CS) technique to efficiently compute the Minimal Intervention Sets (MIS) within a set of often complex clinical safety constraints with the aim of identifying the smallest least invasive set of targets pharmacologically accessible for therapy that most efficiently and reliably achieve the desired outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Sedghamiz
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Morris
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Darrell Whitley
- School of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Travis J A Craddock
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.,Clinical Systems Biology Group, Institute for NeuroImmune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Michael Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
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Moyal L, Gorovitz‐Haris B, Yehezkel S, Jacob‐Hirsch J, Bershtein V, Barzilai A, Rotem C, Sherman S, Amitay‐Laish I, Feinmesser M, Hodak E. Unilesional mycosis fungoides is associated with increased expression of micro
RNA
‐17~92 and T helper 1 skewing. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1123-1134. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Moyal
- Laboratory for Molecular Dermatology Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - B. Gorovitz‐Haris
- Laboratory for Molecular Dermatology Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - S. Yehezkel
- Laboratory for Molecular Dermatology Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - J. Jacob‐Hirsch
- Cancer Research Center Sheba Medical Center Tel HashomerIsrael
| | - V. Bershtein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - A. Barzilai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer Israel
| | - C. Rotem
- Laboratory for Molecular Dermatology Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - S. Sherman
- Laboratory for Molecular Dermatology Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - I. Amitay‐Laish
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
| | - M. Feinmesser
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Institute of Pathology Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach Tikva Israel
| | - E. Hodak
- Laboratory for Molecular Dermatology Felsenstein Medical Research Center Petach Tikva Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
- Department of Dermatology and Rabin Medical Center – Beilinson Hospital Petach TikvaIsrael
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Upadhyay R, Dua B, Sharma B, Natrajan M, Jain AK, Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy B, Joshi B. Transcription factors STAT-4, STAT-6 and CREB regulate Th1/Th2 response in leprosy patients: effect of M. leprae antigens. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:52. [PMID: 30642265 PMCID: PMC6332553 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3601-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leprosy is an ideal human disease to study T cell regulation as patients show correlation between cytokine skewed Th1-Th2 responses and clinical forms of the disease. The Role of transcription factors on the modulation of Th1 and Th2 responses by M. leprae antigens has not been adequately studied. In the present study, we studied the effect of M. leprae antigens on transcription factors STAT-4, STAT-6 and CREB and their correlation with Th1/Th2 cell mediated immune responses in leprosy. Methods Leprosy patients of both categories of tuberculoid leprosy (BT/TT) and lepromatous leprosy (BL/LL) were selected from the OPD of NJ1L & OMD, (ICMR), Agra and healthy individuals (H) were chosen from the staff and students working in the institute. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the study subjects were stimulated with M. leprae antigens (WCL, MLSA, and PGL-1). Sandwich ELISA was done in the culture supernatants of healthy and leprosy patients to detect IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ. Further, expression of IFN-γ and IL-4 and activation of STAT4, STAT6 and CREB transcription factors in CD4+ T cell with or without stimulation of M. leprae antigens was investigated by flow cytometry. Results Lepromatous leprosy patients showed significantly lower IFN-γ and higher IL-4 levels in culture supernatant and significantly low expression of IFN-γ and higher expression of IL-4 by CD4+ T cells than healthy individuals with or without antigenic stimulation. Antigenic stimulation significantly increased IL-10 in BL/LL patients but not in BT/TT patients or healthy individuals. PGL-1 stimulation led to significantly higher activation of STAT-6 in BT/TT and BL/LL patients in comparison to healthy individuals. All the three antigens led to activation of CREB in healthy and BT/TT patients but not in BL/LL patients. Conclusion Our findings show that M. leprae antigens differentially modulate activation of T cell transcription factors STAT-4/STAT-6 and CREB. These transcription factors are well known to regulate Th1 and Th2 mediated immune response which in turn could play vital role in the clinical manifestations of leprosy. These observations may help to determine how these T cell transcription factors affect the development of immune dysfunction and whether these new pathways have a role in immunomodulation in intracellular diseases like leprosy and TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Upadhyay
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, India
| | - Bhavyata Dua
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, India
| | - Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, India
| | - Mohan Natrajan
- Clinical Division, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & OMD, Tajganj, Agra, 282004, India
| | - Ajai Kumar Jain
- Department of Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474001, India
| | | | - Beenu Joshi
- Department of Immunology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (ICMR), Tajganj, Agra, 282004, India.
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Zhu J. T Helper Cell Differentiation, Heterogeneity, and Plasticity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a030338. [PMID: 28847903 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play critical roles in orchestrating immune responses to a variety of infections and are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases including autoimmunity, allergy, and asthma. The differentiation of Th cells relies on the strength of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling and signals triggered by polarizing cytokines that activate and/or up-regulate particular transcription factors. Several lineage-specific master transcription factors dictate Th cell fates and functions. Although these master regulators cross-regulate each other, their expression can be dynamic. Sometimes, they are even coexpressed, resulting in massive Th-cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Similar regulation mediated by these master regulators is also found in innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that are innate counterparts of Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Loo TT, Gao Y, Lazarevic V. Transcriptional regulation of CD4 + T H cells that mediate tissue inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1069-1085. [PMID: 30145844 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0418-152rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired and genetic immunodeficiencies have revealed an indispensable role for CD4+ T cells in the induction of protective host immune responses against a myriad of microbial pathogens. Influenced by the cytokines present in the microenvironment, activated CD4+ T cells may differentiate into several highly-specialized helper subsets defined by the production of distinct signature cytokines tailored to combat diverse classes of pathogens. The process of specification and differentiation is controlled by networks of core, master, and accessory transcription factors, which ensure that CD4+ T helper (TH ) cell responses mounted against an invading microbe are of the correct specificity and type. However, aberrant activation or inactivation of transcription factors can result in sustained and elevated expression of immune-related genes, leading to chronic activation of CD4+ TH cells and organ-specific autoimmunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular basis of CD4+ TH cell differentiation and examine how combinatorial expression of transcription factors, which promotes genetic plasticity of CD4+ TH cells, can contribute to immunological dysfunction of CD4+ TH responses. We also discuss recent studies which highlight the potential of exploiting the genetic plasticity of CD4+ TH cells in the treatment of autoimmune and other immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T Loo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Gao
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Chalmin F, Humblin E, Ghiringhelli F, Végran F. Transcriptional Programs Underlying Cd4 T Cell Differentiation and Functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 341:1-61. [PMID: 30262030 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the basis of cellular differentiation is a fundamental issue in developmental biology but also for the comprehension of pathological processes. In fact, the palette of developmental decisions for naive CD4 T cells is a critical aspect of the development of appropriate immune responses which could control infectious processes or cancer growth. However, the current accumulation of data on CD4 T cells biology reveals a complex world with different helper populations. Naive CD4 T cells can differentiate into different subtypes in response to cytokine stimulation. This stimulation involves a complex transcriptional network implicating the activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription but also master regulator transcription factors allowing the functions of each helper T lymphocyte subtype. In this review, we will present an overview of the transcriptional regulation which controls process of helper T cells differentiation. We will focus on the role of initiator transcriptional factors and on master regulators but also on other nonspecific transcriptional factors which refine the T helper polarization to stabilize or modulate the differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chalmin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Etienne Humblin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France; Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Frédérique Végran
- Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France; Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France; Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
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Abstract
It had been a great honor for me to work with the late Dr. William E. Paul for 17 years in the Laboratory of Immunology (LI) from 1998 until his passing in 2015. He was such a master in the immunology field. Under his outstanding guidance, my research has been focusing on transcriptional regulation of T helper (Th) cell differentiation, especially, on the role of a master transcription factor GATA3 during Th2 cell differentiation. Just as enormous scientific contributions of Dr. Paul (we all call him Bill) to the immunology community are far beyond his serving as the Chief of the LI, GATA3 also plays important roles in different lymphocytes at various developmental stages besides its critical functions in Th2 cells. In this special review dedicated to the memory of Bill, I will summarize the research that I have carried out in Bill's lab working on GATA3 in the context of related studies by other groups in the field of T cell differentiation and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) development. These include the essential role of GATA3 in regulating Th2/ILC2 differentiation/development and their functions, the critical role of GATA3 during the development of T cells and innate lymphoid cells, and dynamic and quantitative expression of GATA3 in controlling lymphocyte homeostasis and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Transcription regulatory factor expression in T-helper cell differentiation pathway in eutopic endometrial tissue samples of women with endometriosis associated with infertility. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:90-96. [PMID: 29736151 PMCID: PMC5927178 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.74878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a disease of epidemiological gravity of unknown primary reason. A complex of constitutional factors including the immune system has been considered as its background. The aim of the study was to identify Th1 and Th2 cells as well as the T-regulatory subset in the endometrium of women with endometriosis associated with infertility upon transcription factors expression. Expression of T-bet, GATA3, and Foxp3 genes was examined using a method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the eutopic endometrial samples of 20 women with endometriosis associated with infertility and 20 women with infertility of tubal origin. An increase in mRNA expression for T-bet and GATA3 with prevailing mRNA level for T-bet and a decrease in Foxp3 expression were observed. In conclusion, the revealed changes in expression of transcription factors may indicate the imbalance between T-helper cells of the Th1 and Th2 type and elimination of regulatory function of T-cells, which can be one of the causes of endometriosis predisposing to the development of infertility associated with this disease.
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Abstract
CD4+ T helper cells orchestrate the immune response and play a pivotal role during infection, chronic inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and carcinogenesis. CD4+ T helper cells can be subdivided into different subsets, which are characterized by a specific network of transcriptional regulators and unique cytokine profiles: Th17 cells express RORγt that in turn promotes the transcription of Il17a, Il17f; Th1 cells, expresses T-bet and produces IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α; Th2 cells express GATA-3 and secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. The two most studied regulatory T cell subtypes are Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, which can be generated either in the thymus (tTreg) or induced in peripheral lymphoid organs (pTregs) and type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1), which are induced in the periphery. These T helper cell subsets can be differentiated from naïve T cells. In addition, recent findings indicate that some T helper cell subsets can emerge from other T helper cells, suggesting a certain degree of plastiticy. Here we report basic aspects of T helper cell differentiation and function while underlining some still open questions.
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The Secrets of T Cell Polarization. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14-3-3z sequesters cytosolic T-bet, upregulating IL-13 levels in T C2 and CD8 + lymphocytes from patients with scleroderma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:109-119.e6. [PMID: 29155097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-13-producing CD8+ T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2-driven inflammatory human conditions. We have shown that CD8+IL-13+ cells play a critical role in cutaneous fibrosis, the most characteristic feature of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying production of IL-13 and other type 2 cytokines by CD8+ T cells remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish the molecular basis of IL-13 overproduction by CD8+ T cells from patients with SSc, focusing on T-bet modulation of GATA-3 activity, which we showed to underlie IL-13 overproduction in CD8+IL-13+ cells from patients with SSc. METHODS Biochemical and biophysical methods were used to determine the expression and association of T-bet, GATA-3, and regulatory factors in CD8+ T cells isolated from the blood and lesional skin of patients with SSc with severe skin thickening. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis determined GATA-3 binding to the IL-13 promoter. ImageStream analysis and confocal microscopy visualized the subcellular localization of T-bet and GATA-3. Transcript levels were decreased by small interfering RNAs. RESULTS Interaction of T-bet with the adaptor protein 14-3-3z in the cytosol of CD8+ T cells from patients with SSc reduces T-bet translocation into the nucleus and its ability to associate with GATA-3, allowing more GATA-3 to bind to the IL-13 promoter and inducing IL-13 upregulation. Strikingly, we show that this mechanism is also found during type 2 polarization of CD8+ T cells (TC2) from healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel molecular mechanism underlying type 2 cytokine production by CD8+ T cells, revealing a more complete picture of the complex pathway leading to SSc disease pathogenesis.
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Mechanisms and consequences of Jak-STAT signaling in the immune system. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:374-384. [PMID: 28323260 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinases of the Jak ('Janus kinase') family and transcription factors (TFs) of the STAT ('signal transducer and activator of transcription') family constitute a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module that affects every aspect of the mammalian immune system. Research on this paradigmatic pathway has experienced breakneck growth in the quarter century since its discovery and has yielded a stream of basic and clinical insights that have profoundly influenced modern understanding of human health and disease, exemplified by the bench-to-bedside success of Jak inhibitors ('jakinibs') and pathway-targeting drugs. Here we review recent advances in Jak-STAT biology, focusing on immune cell function, disease etiology and therapeutic intervention, as well as broader principles of gene regulation and signal-dependent TFs.
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Popp V, Gerlach K, Mott S, Turowska A, Garn H, Atreya R, Lehr HA, Ho IC, Renz H, Weigmann B, Neurath MF. Rectal Delivery of a DNAzyme That Specifically Blocks the Transcription Factor GATA3 and Reduces Colitis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:176-192.e5. [PMID: 27639807 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS GATA3 is a transcription factor that regulates T-cell production of cytokines. We investigated the role of GATA3 in development of colitis in mice. METHODS We performed quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analyses of colon tissues from patients with Crohn's disease (n = 61) or ulcerative colitis (UC, n = 74) or from patients without inflammatory bowel diseases (n = 22), to measure levels of GATA3. Colitis was induced by administration of oxazolone or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid to control mice, mice with T-cell-specific deletion of GATA3, and mice with deletion of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 1 and TNFR2 (TNFR double knockouts); some mice were given a GATA3-specific DNAzyme (hgd40) or a control DNAzyme via intrarectal administration, or systemic injections of an antibody to TNF before or during sensitization and challenge phase of colitis induction. Colon tissues were collected and immunofluorescence and histochemical analyses were performed. Lamina propria mononuclear cells and T cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry or cytokine assays. Colonic distribution of labeled DNAzyme and inflammation were monitored by in vivo imaging (endoscopy) of mice. RESULTS Levels of GATA3 messenger RNA were higher in colon tissues from patients with UC, but not ileal Crohn's disease, than control tissues; levels of GATA3 correlated with levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL] 9, IL17A, IL6, IL5, IL4, IL13, and TNF). We observed increased expression of GATA3 by lamina propria T cells from mice with colitis compared with controls. Mice with T-cell-specific deletion of GATA3 did not develop colitis and their colonic tissues did not produce inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL9, or IL13). The DNAzyme hgd40 inhibited expression of GATA3 messenger RNA by unstimulated and stimulated T cells, and distributed throughout the inflamed colons of mice with colitis. Colon tissues from mice given hgd40 had reduced expression of GATA3 messenger RNA, compared with mice given a control DNAzyme. Mice given hgd40 did not develop colitis after administration of oxazolone or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; lamina propria cells from these mice expressed lower levels of IL6, IL9, and IL13 than cells from mice given the control DNAzyme. Mini-endoscopic images revealed that hgd40 and anti-TNF reduced colon inflammation over 3 days; hgd40 reduced colitis in TNFR double-knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Levels of GATA3 are increased in patients with UC and correlate with production of inflammatory cytokines in mice and humans. A DNAzyme that prevents expression of GATA3 reduces colitis in mice, independently of TNF, and reduces levels of cytokines in the colon. This DNAzyme might be developed for treatment of patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Popp
- Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Gerlach
- Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mott
- Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Garn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Anton Lehr
- Institute of Pathology, Campus Bodensee, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Research Campus, Erlangen, Germany.
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Singh M, Agarwal A, Chatterjee B, Chauhan A, Das RR, Paul N. Correlation of cutaneous sensitivity and cytokine response in children with asthma. Lung India 2017; 34:506-510. [PMID: 29098994 PMCID: PMC5684806 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_357_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Food allergy occurs in a significant portion of pediatric asthma. Various cells and their mediators/cytokines play a pivotal role in orchestrating the airway inflammatory response in asthma. Objective: To study the cutaneous hypersensitivity, Th1, Th2, and Th17 response of pediatric population with asthma and genetic predisposition to atopy, by determining total immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in response to various food allergens. Materials and Methods: Fifty asthmatic children with a history of worsening symptoms by various food allergens (study group) and twenty healthy children (control group) were included. Food allergy was assessed through skin prick test (SPT) of various food allergens. Total serum IgE level was measured by sandwich ELISA, and T-cell (Th1, Th2, and Th17)-dependent cytokines were measured by flow cytometry. Results: All 50 asthmatic children in the study group showed SPT positivity against various food allergens (rice = 17; banana, fish and groundnut = 10; wheat = 9; milk and orange = 7; egg = 6; and mango = 4). The average total IgE level in the study group was 316.8 ± 189.8 IU/mL. A significant positive correlation of total IgE with interleukin 17 (IL-17) (r = 0.796; P < 0.0001), IL-13 (r = 0.383; P = 0.01), and IL-4 (r = 0.263; P = 0.043) level was noted. A significant negative correlation of total IgE was noted with interferon gamma (r = −0.5823; P < 0.0001) and IL-10 (r = −0.4474; P < 0.001) level and the duration of breastfeeding (r = −0.31, P = 0.03). Conclusions: The present study found a positive correlation between total serum IgE level and Th2, Th17 cytokines in a pediatric population with asthma. A significant negative correlation was found between the duration of breastfeeding and the cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishnupada Chatterjee
- Department of Natural Science, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Chauhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Das
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nandini Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Hammam AA, Ezzat DA, Elwahab MHA. Differential Expression of T-bet and GATA3 in Egyptian Children with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2016; 32:460-467. [PMID: 27812257 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-015-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA3 and T-box (T-bet) expressed in T-cells are transcriptional factors that play a critical role in development of Th2 and Th1 immunity respectively. GATA3 is expressed during Th2 differentiation and T-bet is expressed exclusively in Th1 cells. Thus, a balance between GATA3 and T-bet is believed to control Th2/Th1 polarization. Therefore, the high expression of T-bet and low expression of GATA3 indicate the existence of Th1 polarization in children with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). This might be related to the regulation of T-bet and GATA3. The objective of this work was to study the expression of transcriptional factors T-bet and GATA3 m RNA in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and correlate it with clinical findings, laboratory findings, and outcome of patients. In this study the expression of T-bet and GATA3 genes was analysed in 20 normal healthy individuals and 40 children with ITP (20 acute and 20 persistent) using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to investigate a possible relation, association or correlation with the type of ITP and prognosis. T-bet was expressed significantly in 60 % of acute ITP children (12/20) (P value 0.001) and not expressed in persistent ITP children (0/20), while GATA3 was expressed in 25 % of persistent ITP patients (5/20) (P value 0.017) and not expressed in acute ITP patients (0/20). Both genes were not detected in healthy controls. We concluded that the high expression of T-bet and the low expression of GATA3 indicate the existence of Th1 polarization in children with acute ITP. This might be related to the regulation of T-bet and GATA3. Intensive studies of abnormal cytokine profiles in ITP have led to cytokine therapies that exploit the effects of IFN-γ on Th2 cells, but such therapies are often ineffective to develop safe and effective therapeutic tools. Targeting specific molecules such as T-bet and GATA3 may be a novel therapeutic tool in ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Ahmed Hammam
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt ; Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Dina Ahmed Ezzat
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt ; Clinical Pathology Department, Ministry of Health Hospitals, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Hamed Abd Elwahab
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt ; Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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46
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Wang YY, Jiang H, Wang YC, Huang XR, Pan J, Yang C, Shou ZF, Xiang SL, Chen DJ, Lan HY, Chen JH. Deletion of Smad3 improves cardiac allograft rejection in mice. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26219259 PMCID: PMC4627288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in acute allograft rejection. TGF-β/Smad3 signaling is a key pathway in regulating T cell development. We report here that Smad3 is a key transcriptional factor of TGF-β signaling that differentially regulates T cell immune responses in a mouse model of cardiac allograft rejection in which donor hearts from BALB/c mice were transplanted into Smad3 knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice. Results showed that the cardiac allograft survival was prolonged in Smad3 KO recipients. This allograft protection was associated with a significant inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1) and infiltration of neutrophils, CD3+ T cells, and F4/80+ macrophages. Importantly, deletion of Smad3 markedly suppressed T-bet and IFN-γ while enhancing GATA3 and IL-4 expression, resulting in a shift from the Th1 to Th2 immune responses. Furthermore, mice lacking Smad3 were also protected from the Th17-mediated cardiac injury, although the regulatory T cell (Treg) response was also suppressed. In conclusion, Smad3 is an immune regulator in T cell-mediated cardiac allograft rejection. Loss of Smad3 results in a shift from Th1 to Th2 but suppressing Th17 immune responses. Thus, modulation of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling may be a novel therapy for acute allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Huang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Pan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang-Fei Shou
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Long Xiang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Da-Jin Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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47
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Pandey RK, Sundar S, Prajapati VK. Differential Expression of miRNA Regulates T Cell Differentiation and Plasticity During Visceral Leishmaniasis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:206. [PMID: 26941729 PMCID: PMC4766295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical neglected disease caused by Leishmania donovani, results in significant mortality in the Indian subcontinent. The plasticity of T cell proliferation and differentiation depends on microRNA mediated gene regulation which leads Th1/Th2 or Th17/Treg type of immune response during human VL. This study depicts the identification of target immune signaling molecule and transcription factors, which play a role in T-cell proliferation and differentiation followed by the identification of miRNA controlling their gene expression using three web servers’ viz., TargetScan, miRPath and miRDB. This study provides the bioinformatics evidences that seed region present in the miRNAs miR-29-b, miR-29a, have the putative binding site in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of TBX21 transcription factor of CD4+ T helper (Th1), which may suppress the Th1 specific protective immune response. Development of Th2 type specific immune response can be suppressed by binding of miR-135 and miR-126 miRNAs over the 3′-UTR region of GATA-3 transcription factor of Th2 specific CD4+ T helper cells. MiRNA identified against Th2/Treg immune cells are important and their over expression or administration can be used for developing the Th1/Th17 type of protective immune response during VL infection. This study indicates that miRNAs have the capacity to regulate immune signaling, cytokine production and immune cell migration to control the VL infection in human. This observation warrants further investigation for the development of miRNA based therapy controlling T cell differentiation in human VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Kishangarh, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Kishangarh, India
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48
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Kim K, Kim N, Lee GR. Transcription Factors Oct-1 and GATA-3 Cooperatively Regulate Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression via the RHS5 within the Th2 Locus Control Region. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148576. [PMID: 26840450 PMCID: PMC4740509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T helper type 2 (Th2) locus control region (LCR) regulates Th2 cell differentiation. Several transcription factors bind to the LCR to modulate the expression of Th2 cytokine genes, but the molecular mechanisms behind Th2 cytokine gene regulation are incompletely understood. Here, we used database analysis and an oligonucleotide competition/electrophoretic mobility shift assays to search for transcription factors binding to RHS5, a DNase I hypersensitive site (DHS) within the Th2 LCR. Consequently, we demonstrated that GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3), E26 transformation-specific protein 1 (Ets-1), octamer transcription factor-1 (Oct-1), and Oct-2 selectively associate with RHS5. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays showed that Oct-1 and Oct-2 bound within the Il4 promoter region and the Th2 LCR, and that Oct-1 and GATA-3 or Oct-2 synergistically triggered the transactivational activity of the Il4 promoter through RHS5. These results suggest that Oct-1 and GATA-3/Oct-2 direct Th2 cytokine gene expression in a cooperative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Najung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Kannan Y, Okoye IS, Czieso S, Entwistle LJ, Perez-Lloret J, Nikolov N, Potocnik AJ, Biró J, Langhorne J, Wilson MS. IFNγ and IL-12 Restrict Th2 Responses during Helminth/Plasmodium Co-Infection and Promote IFNγ from Th2 Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004994. [PMID: 26147567 PMCID: PMC4493106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths establish chronic infections in mammalian hosts. Helminth/Plasmodium co-infections occur frequently in endemic areas. However, it is unclear whether Plasmodium infections compromise anti-helminth immunity, contributing to the chronicity of infection. Immunity to Plasmodium or helminths requires divergent CD4+ T cell-driven responses, dominated by IFNγ or IL-4, respectively. Recent literature has indicated that Th cells, including Th2 cells, have phenotypic plasticity with the ability to produce non-lineage associated cytokines. Whether such plasticity occurs during co-infection is unclear. In this study, we observed reduced anti-helminth Th2 cell responses and compromised anti-helminth immunity during Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Plasmodium chabaudi co-infection. Using newly established triple cytokine reporter mice (Il4gfpIfngyfpIl17aFP635), we demonstrated that Il4gfp+ Th2 cells purified from in vitro cultures or isolated ex vivo from helminth-infected mice up-regulated IFNγ following adoptive transfer into Rag1–/– mice infected with P. chabaudi. Functionally, Th2 cells that up-regulated IFNγ were transcriptionally re-wired and protected recipient mice from high parasitemia. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation and responsiveness to IL-12 and IFNγ, but not type I IFN, was required for optimal IFNγ production by Th2 cells. Finally, blockade of IL-12 and IFNγ during co-infection partially preserved anti-helminth Th2 responses. In summary, this study demonstrates that Th2 cells retain substantial plasticity with the ability to produce IFNγ during Plasmodium infection. Consequently, co-infection with Plasmodium spp. may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infection by reducing anti-helminth Th2 cells and converting them into IFNγ-secreting cells. Approximately a third of the world’s population is burdened with chronic intestinal parasitic helminth infections, causing significant morbidities. Identifying the factors that contribute to the chronicity of infection is therefore essential. Co-infection with other pathogens, which is extremely common in helminth endemic areas, may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infections. In this study, we used a mouse model to test whether the immune responses to an intestinal helminth were impaired following malaria co-infection. These two pathogens induce very different immune responses, which, until recently, were thought to be opposing and non-interchangeable. This study identified that the immune cells required for anti-helminth responses are capable of changing their phenotype and providing protection against malaria. By identifying and blocking the factors that drive this change in phenotype, we can preserve anti-helminth immune responses during co-infection. Our studies provide fresh insight into how immune responses are altered during helminth and malaria co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Coomes
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria S. Pelly
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel S. Okoye
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J. Entwistle
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimena Perez-Lloret
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay Nikolov
- Division of Systems Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre J. Potocnik
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Biró
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, Mill Hill Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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50
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Jha SS, Chakraborty NG, Singh P, Mukherji B, Dorsky DI. Knockdown of T-bet expression in Mart-127-35 -specific T-cell-receptor-engineered human CD4(+) CD25(-) and CD8(+) T cells attenuates effector function. Immunology 2015; 145:124-35. [PMID: 25495780 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer to create tumour epitope-specific cytolytic T cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer remains an area of active inquiry. When the Mart-127-35 -specific DMF5 T-cell receptor (TCR) is transferred into peripheral human CD4(+) T cells, the reprogrammed cells exhibit a T helper type 1 (Th1) phenotype with significant multifactorial effector capabilities. The T-bet transcription factor plays an important role in determination of the Th1 differentiation pathway. To gain a deeper understanding of how T-bet controls the outcome of human T-cell reprogramming by gene transfer, we developed a system for examining the effects of short hairpin RNA-mediated T-bet gene knockdown in sorted cell populations uniformly expressing the knockdown construct. In this system, using activated peripheral human CD4(+) CD25(-) and CD8(+) T cells, T-bet knockdown led to attenuation of the interferon-γ response to both antigen-specific and non-specific TCR stimulation. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) antigen-specific response was not attenuated by T-bet knockdown. Also, in TCR-reprogrammed CD8(+) cells, the cytolytic effector response was attenuated by T-bet knockdown. T-bet knockdown did not cause redirection into a Th2 differentiation pathway, and no increased IL-4, IL-10, or IL-17 response was detected in this system. These results indicate that T-bet expression is required for maintenance of the CD4(+) CD25(-) and CD8(+) effector phenotypes in TCR-reprogrammed human T cells. They also suggest that the activation protocol necessary for transduction with retrovectors and lentivectors may commit the reprogrammed cells to the Th1 phenotype, which cannot be altered by T-bet knockdown but that there is, nevertheless, a continuous requirement of T-bet expression for interferon-γ gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharth S Jha
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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