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Yin P, Fu X, Feng H, Yang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Wang M, Ji S, Zhao B, Fang H, Du X, Li Y, Hu S, Li K, Xu S, Li Z, Liu F, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Li J, Yang X. Linkage and association mapping in multi-parental populations reveal the genetic basis of carotenoid variation in maize kernels. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2312-2326. [PMID: 38548388 PMCID: PMC11258976 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable to plants and critical components of the human diet. The carotenoid metabolic pathway is conserved across plant species, but our understanding of the genetic basis of carotenoid variation remains limited for the seeds of most cereal crops. To address this issue, we systematically performed linkage and association mapping for eight carotenoid traits using six recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. Single linkage mapping (SLM) and joint linkage mapping (JLM) identified 77 unique additive QTLs and 104 pairs of epistatic QTLs. Among these QTLs, we identified 22 overlapping hotspots of additive and epistatic loci, highlighting the important contributions of some QTLs to carotenoid levels through additive or epistatic mechanisms. A genome-wide association study based on all RILs detected 244 candidate genes significantly associated with carotenoid traits, 23 of which were annotated as carotenoid pathway genes. Effect comparisons suggested that a small number of loci linked to pathway genes have substantial effects on carotenoid variation in our tested populations, but many loci not associated with pathway genes also make important contributions to carotenoid variation. We identified ZmPTOX as the causal gene for a QTL hotspot (Q10/JLM10/GWAS019); this gene encodes a putative plastid terminal oxidase that produces plastoquinone-9 used by two enzymes in the carotenoid pathway. Natural variants in the promoter and second exon of ZmPTOX were found to alter carotenoid levels. This comprehensive assessment of the genetic mechanisms underlying carotenoid variation establishes a foundation for rewiring carotenoid metabolism and accumulation for efficient carotenoid biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiuyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular BreedingMaize Research InstituteBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
| | - Haiying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shenghui Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Binghao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuting Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shutu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fang Liu
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yingni Xiao
- Crops Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yuandong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular BreedingMaize Research InstituteBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS)BeijingChina
| | - Jiansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and National Maize Improvement Center of ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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2
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Qiao M, Hong C, Jiao Y, Hou S, Gao H. Impacts of Drought on Photosynthesis in Major Food Crops and the Related Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Drought. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1808. [PMID: 38999648 PMCID: PMC11243883 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most critical threats to crop productivity and global food security. This review addresses the multiple effects of drought on the process of photosynthesis in major food crops. Affecting both light-dependent and light-independent reactions, drought leads to severe damage to photosystems and blocks the electron transport chain. Plants face a CO2 shortage provoked by stomatal closure, which triggers photorespiration; not only does it reduce carbon fixation efficiency, but it also causes lower overall photosynthetic output. Drought-induced oxidative stress generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage cellular structures, including chloroplasts, further impairing photosynthetic productivity. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptive strategies to alleviate these effects. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) mechanisms help dissipate excess light energy as heat, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus under drought conditions. Alternative electron pathways, such as cyclical electron transmission and chloroplast respiration, maintain energy balance and prevent over-reduction of the electron transport chain. Hormones, especially abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and cytokinin, modulate stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and osmotic adjustment, further increasing the tolerance to drought. Structural adjustments, such as leaf reordering and altered root architecture, also strengthen tolerance. Understanding these complex interactions and adaptive strategies is essential for developing drought-resistant crop varieties and ensuring agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongbo Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.Q.)
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3
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Dechkrong P, Srima S, Sukkhaeng S, Utkhao W, Thanomchat P, de Jong H, Tongyoo P. Mutation mapping of a variegated EMS tomato reveals an FtsH-like protein precursor potentially causing patches of four phenotype classes in the leaves with distinctive internal morphology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:265. [PMID: 38600480 PMCID: PMC11005157 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf variegation is an intriguing phenomenon observed in many plant species. However, questions remain on its mechanisms causing patterns of different colours. In this study, we describe a tomato plant detected in an M2 population of EMS mutagenised seeds, showing variegated leaves with sectors of dark green (DG), medium green (MG), light green (LG) hues, and white (WH). Cells and tissues of these classes, along with wild-type tomato plants, were studied by light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We also measured chlorophyll a/b and carotene and quantified the variegation patterns with a machine-learning image analysis tool. We compared the genomes of pooled plants with wild-type-like and mutant phenotypes in a segregating F2 population to reveal candidate genes responsible for the variegation. RESULTS A genetic test demonstrated a recessive nuclear mutation caused the variegated phenotype. Cross-sections displayed distinct anatomy of four-leaf phenotypes, suggesting a stepwise mesophyll degradation. DG sectors showed large spongy layers, MG presented intercellular spaces in palisade layers, and LG displayed deformed palisade cells. Electron photomicrographs of those mesophyll cells demonstrated a gradual breakdown of the chloroplasts. Chlorophyll a/b and carotene were proportionally reduced in the sectors with reduced green pigments, whereas white sectors have hardly any of these pigments. The colour segmentation system based on machine-learning image analysis was able to convert leaf variegation patterns into binary images for quantitative measurements. The bulk segregant analysis of pooled wild-type-like and variegated progeny enabled the identification of SNP and InDels via bioinformatic analysis. The mutation mapping bioinformatic pipeline revealed a region with three candidate genes in chromosome 4, of which the FtsH-like protein precursor (LOC100037730) carries an SNP that we consider the causal variegated phenotype mutation. Phylogenetic analysis shows the candidate is evolutionary closest to the Arabidopsis VAR1. The synonymous mutation created by the SNP generated a miRNA binding site, potentially disrupting the photoprotection mechanism and thylakoid development, resulting in leaf variegation. CONCLUSION We described the histology, anatomy, physiology, and image analysis of four classes of cell layers and chloroplast degradation in a tomato plant with a variegated phenotype. The genomics and bioinformatics pipeline revealed a VAR1-related FtsH mutant, the first of its kind in tomato variegation phenotypes. The miRNA binding site of the mutated SNP opens the way to future studies on its epigenetic mechanism underlying the variegation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyavee Dechkrong
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Research and Academic Service Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Sornsawan Srima
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Research and Academic Service Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Siriphan Sukkhaeng
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Research and Academic Service Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Winai Utkhao
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESRI), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Thanomchat
- Scientific Equipment and Research Division, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Hans de Jong
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESRI), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
- Wageningen University, Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pumipat Tongyoo
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESRI), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
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4
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Calzadilla PI, Song J, Gallois P, Johnson GN. Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:287. [PMID: 38177155 PMCID: PMC10767095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) is a chloroplast localized plastoquinone oxygen oxidoreductase suggested to have the potential to act as a photoprotective safety valve for photosynthesis. However, PTOX overexpression in plants has been unsuccessful at inducing photoprotection, and the factors that control its activity remain elusive. Here, we show that significant PTOX activity is induced in response to high light in the model species Eutrema salsugineum and Arabidopsis thaliana. This activation correlates with structural reorganization of the thylakoid membrane. Over-expression of PTOX in mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana perturbed in thylakoid stacking also results in such activity, in contrast to wild type plants with normal granal structure. Further, PTOX activation protects against photoinhibition of Photosystem II and reduces reactive oxygen production under stress conditions. We conclude that structural re-arrangements of the thylakoid membranes, bringing Photosystem II and PTOX into proximity, are both required and sufficient for PTOX to act as a Photosystem II sink and play a role in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ignacio Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Junliang Song
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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5
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Sierra J, McQuinn RP, Leon P. The role of carotenoids as a source of retrograde signals: impact on plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7139-7154. [PMID: 35776102 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Communication from plastids to the nucleus via retrograde signal cascades is essential to modulate nuclear gene expression, impacting plant development and environmental responses. Recently, a new class of plastid retrograde signals has emerged, consisting of acyclic and cyclic carotenoids and/or their degradation products, apocarotenoids. Although the biochemical identity of many of the apocarotenoid signals is still under current investigation, the examples described herein demonstrate the central roles that these carotenoid-derived signals play in ensuring plant development and survival. We present recent advances in the discovery of apocarotenoid signals and their role in various plant developmental transitions and environmental stress responses. Moreover, we highlight the emerging data exposing the highly complex signal transduction pathways underlying plastid to nucleus apocarotenoid retrograde signaling cascades. Altogether, this review summarizes the central role of the carotenoid pathway as a major source of retrograde signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, Ciudada de México, México
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad, Ciudada de México, México
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6
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El-Khoury R, Rak M, Bénit P, Jacobs HT, Rustin P. Cyanide resistant respiration and the alternative oxidase pathway: A journey from plants to mammals. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148567. [PMID: 35500614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a large number of organisms covering all phyla, the mitochondrial respiratory chain harbors, in addition to the conventional elements, auxiliary proteins that confer adaptive metabolic plasticity. The alternative oxidase (AOX) represents one of the most studied auxiliary proteins, initially identified in plants. In contrast to the standard respiratory chain, the AOX mediates a thermogenic cyanide-resistant respiration; a phenomenon that has been of great interest for over 2 centuries in that energy is not conserved when electrons flow through it. Here we summarize centuries of studies starting from the early observations of thermogenicity in plants and the identification of cyanide resistant respiration, to the fascinating discovery of the AOX and its current applications in animals under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad El-Khoury
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department, Cairo Street, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malgorzata Rak
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Paule Bénit
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, FI-33014, Tampere University, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pierre Rustin
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France.
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7
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Fuentes-Ramírez EO, Vázquez-Acevedo M, Cabrera-Orefice A, Guerrero-Castillo S, González-Halphen D. The plastid proteome of the nonphotosynthetic chlorophycean alga Polytomella parva. Microbiol Res 2020; 243:126649. [PMID: 33285428 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular, free-living, nonphotosynthetic chlorophycean alga Polytomella parva, closely related to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri, contains colorless, starch-storing plastids. The P. parva plastids lack all light-dependent processes but maintain crucial metabolic pathways. The colorless alga also lacks a plastid genome, meaning no transcription or translation should occur inside the organelle. Here, using an algal fraction enriched in plastids as well as publicly available transcriptome data, we provide a morphological and proteomic characterization of the P. parva plastid, ultimately identifying several plastid proteins, both by mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022051. Altogether these results led us to propose a plastid proteome for P. parva, i.e., a set of proteins that participate in carbohydrate metabolism; in the synthesis and degradation of starch, amino acids and lipids; in the biosynthesis of terpenoids and tetrapyrroles; in solute transport and protein translocation; and in redox homeostasis. This is the first detailed plastid proteome from a unicellular, free-living colorless alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma O Fuentes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Miriam Vázquez-Acevedo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sergio Guerrero-Castillo
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; University Children's Research@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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8
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Velitchkova M, Popova AV, Faik A, Gerganova M, Ivanov AG. Low temperature and high light dependent dynamic photoprotective strategies in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:93-108. [PMID: 32315446 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has been recognized as a chilling tolerant species based on analysis of resistance to low temperature stress, however, the mechanisms involved in this tolerance are not yet clarified. The low temperature-induced effects are exacerbated when plants are exposed to low temperatures in the presence of high light irradiance but the experimental data on the impact of light intensity during cold stress and its influence during recovery from stress are rather limited. The main objective of this study was to re-examine the photosynthetic responses of A. thaliana plants to short term (6 days) low temperature stress (12/10°C) under optimal (150 μmol m-2 s-1 ) and high light (500 μmol m-2 s-1 ) intensity and the subsequent recovery from the stress. Simultaneous measurements of the in vivo and in vitro functional performance of both photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI), as well as, net photosynthesis, low temperature (77 K) chlorophyll fluorescence and immunoblot analysis of the relative abundance of PSII and PSI reaction center proteins were used to evaluate the role of light in the development of possible protective mechanisms during low temperature stress and the consequent recovery from exposure to low temperature and different light intensities. The results presented clearly suggest that Arabidopsis plants can employ a number of highly dynamic photoprotective strategies depending on the light intensity. These strategies include one based on LHCII quenching and two other quenching mechanisms localized within the PSII and PSI reaction centers, which are all expressed to different extent depending on the severity of the photoinhibitory treatments under low temperature stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Antoaneta V Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aygyun Faik
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Gerganova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander G Ivanov
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str. Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Str. N, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
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9
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Sattari Vayghan H, Tavalaei S, Grillon A, Meyer L, Ballabani G, Glauser G, Longoni P. Growth Temperature Influence on Lipids and Photosynthesis in Lepidium sativum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:745. [PMID: 32655589 PMCID: PMC7325982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperature has a major impact on plant development and growth. In temperate climates, the seasonal temperature displays large variations that can affect the early stages of plant growth and development. Sessile organisms need to be capable of responding to these conditions, so that growth temperature induces morphological and physiological changes in the plant. Besides development, there are also important molecular and ultrastructural modifications allowing to cope with different temperatures. The chloroplast plays a crucial role in plant energetic metabolism and harbors the photosynthetic apparatus. The photosynthetic light reactions are at the interface between external physical conditions (light, temperature) and the cell biochemistry. Therefore, photosynthesis requires structural flexibility to be able to optimize its efficiency according to the changes of the external conditions. To investigate the effect of growth temperature on the photosynthetic apparatus, we followed the photosynthetic performances and analyzed the protein and lipid profiles of Lepidium sativum (cress) grown at three different temperatures. This revealed that plants developing at temperatures above the optimum have a lower photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, plants grown under elevated and low temperatures showed a different galactolipid profile, especially the amount of saturated galactolipids decreased at low temperature and increased at high temperature. From the analysis of the chlorophyll a fluorescence induction, we assessed the impact of growth temperature on the re-oxidation of plastoquinone, which is the lipidic electron carrier of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. We show that, at low temperature, along with an increase of unsaturated structural lipids and plastochromanol, there is an increase of the plastoquinone oxidation rate in the dark. These results emphasize the importance of the thylakoid membrane composition in preserving the photosynthetic apparatus under non-optimal temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Sattari Vayghan
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shahrzad Tavalaei
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Armand Grillon
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Léa Meyer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gent Ballabani
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Longoni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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10
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Bjerkelund Røkke G, Hohmann-Marriott MF, Almaas E. An adjustable algal chloroplast plug-and-play model for genome-scale metabolic models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229408. [PMID: 32092117 PMCID: PMC7039451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast is a central part of plant cells, as this is the organelle where the photosynthesis, fixation of inorganic carbon, and other key functions related to fatty acid synthesis and amino acid synthesis occur. Since this organelle should be an integral part of any genome-scale metabolic model for a microalgae or a higher plant, it is of great interest to generate a detailed and standardized chloroplast model. Additionally, we see the need for a novel type of sub-model template, or organelle model, which could be incorporated into a larger, less specific genome-scale metabolic model, while allowing for minor differences between chloroplast-containing organisms. The result of this work is the very first standardized chloroplast model, iGR774, consisting of 788 reactions, 764 metabolites, and 774 genes. The model is currently able to run in three different modes, mimicking the chloroplast metabolism of three photosynthetic microalgae-Nannochloropsis gaditana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In addition to developing the chloroplast metabolic network reconstruction, we have developed multiple software tools for working with this novel type of sub-model in the COBRA Toolbox for MATLAB, including tools for connecting the chloroplast model to a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction in need of a chloroplast, for switching the model between running in different organism modes, and for expanding it by introducing more reactions either related to one of the current organisms included in the model, or to a new organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunvor Bjerkelund Røkke
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Eivind Almaas
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K. G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid compounds synthesized de novo in all photosynthetic organisms as well as in some nonphotosynthetic bacteria and fungi. In plants, carotenoids are essential for light harvesting and photoprotection. They contribute to the vivid color found in many plant organs. The cleavage of carotenoids produces small molecules (apocarotenoids) that serve as aroma compounds, as well as phytohormones and signals to affect plant growth and development. Since carotenoids provide valuable nutrition and health benefits for humans, understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis, catabolism and storage is important for biofortification of crops with improved nutritional quality. This chapter primarily introduces our current knowledge about carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as carotenoid storage in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Tadmor
- Plant Science Institute, Israeli Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishai, Israel
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Guo Q, Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang T, Li C, Xiang X, Cui W, Fang P, Wan H, Cao C, Zhao D. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the carotenoid metabolic pathway genes in pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.). BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1824618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qinwei Guo
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Huiqin Liu
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Chaosen Li
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Xiang
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Cui
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
| | - Pingping Fang
- Lab of Plant Quality and Safety Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- China-Australia Research Centre for Crop Improvement, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunxin Cao
- Laboratory of Pepper Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetables, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, PR China
| | - Dongfeng Zhao
- Quzhou Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Institute of Vegetables, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Quzhou, PR China
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Sun T, Li L. Toward the 'golden' era: The status in uncovering the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110331. [PMID: 31779888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential pigments to plants and important natural products to humans. Carotenoids as both primary and specialized metabolites fulfill multifaceted functions in plants. As such, carotenoid accumulation (a net process of biosynthesis, degradation and sequestration) is subjected to complicated regulation throughout plant life cycle in response to developmental and environmental signals. Investigation of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid metabolic genes remains the focus in understanding the regulatory control of carotenoid accumulation. While discovery of bona fide carotenoid metabolic regulators is still challenging, the recent progress of identification of various transcription factors and regulators helps us to construct hierarchical regulatory network of carotenoid accumulation. The elucidation of carotenoid regulatory mechanisms at protein level and in chromoplast provides some insights into post-translational regulation of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid sequestration in plastid sink. This review briefly describes the pathways and main flux-controlling steps for carotenoid accumulation in plants. It highlights our recent understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. It also discusses the opportunities to expand toolbox for further shedding light upon the intrinsic regulation of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhu Sun
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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Essemine J, Lyu MJA, Qu M, Perveen S, Khan N, Song Q, Chen G, Zhu XG. Contrasting Responses of Plastid Terminal Oxidase Activity Under Salt Stress in Two C 4 Species With Different Salt Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32733515 PMCID: PMC7359412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study reveals contrasting responses of photosynthesis to salt stress in two C4 species: a glycophyte Setaria viridis (SV) and a halophyte Spartina alterniflora (SA). Specifically, the effect of short-term salt stress treatment on the photosynthetic CO2 uptake and electron transport were investigated in SV and its salt-tolerant close relative SA. In this experiment, at the beginning, plants were grown in soil then were exposed to salt stress under hydroponic conditions for two weeks. SV demonstrated a much higher susceptibility to salt stress than SA; while, SV was incapable to survive subjected to about 100 mM, SA can tolerate salt concentrations up to 550 mM with slight effect on photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates and electrons transport chain conductance (gETC ). Regardless the oxygen concentration used, our results show an enhancement in the P700 oxidation with increasing O2 concentration for SV following NaCl treatment and almost no change for SA. We also observed an activation of the cyclic NDH-dependent pathway in SV by about 2.36 times upon exposure to 50 mM NaCl for 12 days (d); however, its activity in SA drops by about 25% compared to the control without salt treatment. Using PTOX inhibitor (n-PG) and that of the Qo-binding site of Cytb6/f (DBMIB), at two O2 levels (2 and 21%), to restrict electrons flow towards PSI, we successfully revealed the presence of a possible PTOX activity under salt stress for SA but not for SV. However, by q-PCR and western-blot analysis, we showed an increase in PTOX amount by about 3-4 times for SA under salt stress but not or very less for SV. Overall, this study provides strong proof for the existence of PTOX as an alternative electron pathway in C4 species (SA), which might play more than a photoprotective role under salt stress.
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Ahmad N, Khan MO, Islam E, Wei ZY, McAusland L, Lawson T, Johnson GN, Nixon PJ. Contrasting Responses to Stress Displayed by Tobacco Overexpressing an Algal Plastid Terminal Oxidase in the Chloroplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32411169 PMCID: PMC7199157 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) - an interfacial diiron carboxylate protein found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts - oxidizes plastoquinol and reduces molecular oxygen to water. It is believed to play a physiologically important role in the response of some plant species to light and salt (NaCl) stress by diverting excess electrons to oxygen thereby protecting photosystem II (PSII) from photodamage. PTOX is therefore a candidate for engineering stress tolerance in crop plants. Previously, we used chloroplast transformation technology to over express PTOX1 from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in tobacco (generating line Nt-PTOX-OE). Contrary to expectation, growth of Nt-PTOX-OE plants was more sensitive to light stress. Here we have examined in detail the effects of PTOX1 on photosynthesis in Nt-PTOX-OE tobacco plants grown at two different light intensities. Under 'low light' (50 μmol photons m-2 s-1) conditions, Nt-PTOX-OE and WT plants showed similar photosynthetic activities. In contrast, under 'high light' (125 μmol photons m-2 s-1) conditions, Nt-PTOX-OE showed less PSII activity than WT while photosystem I (PSI) activity was unaffected. Nt-PTOX-OE grown under high light also failed to increase the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the maximum rate of CO2 assimilation compared to low-light grown plants, suggesting a defect in acclimation. In contrast, Nt-PTOX-OE plants showed much better germination, root length, and shoot biomass accumulation than WT when exposed to high levels of NaCl and showed better recovery and less chlorophyll bleaching after NaCl stress when grown hydroponically. Overall, our results strengthen the link between PTOX and the resistance of plants to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niaz Ahmad, ;
| | - Muhammad Omar Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ejazul Islam
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zheng-Yi Wei
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, China
| | - Lorna McAusland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hao Z, Zong Y, Liu H, Tu Z, Li H. Cloning, Characterization and Functional Analysis of the LtuPTOX Gene, a Homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana IMMUTANS Derived from Liriodendron tulipifera. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110878. [PMID: 31683912 PMCID: PMC6896000 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flower colour and colour patterns are crucial traits for ornamental species; thus, a comprehensive understanding of their genetic basis is extremely significant for plant breeders. The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.) is well known for its flowers, odd leave shape and tree form. However, the genetic basis of its colour inheritance remains unknown. In this study, a putative plastid terminal oxidase gene (LtuPTOX) was identified from L. tulipifera based on multiple databases of differentially expressed genes at various developmental stages. Then, the full-length cDNA of LtuPTOX was derived from tepals and leaves using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) approaches. Furthermore, gene structure and phylogenetic analyses of PTOX as well as AOXs (alternative oxidases), another highly similar homologue in the AOX family, were used to distinguish between the two subfamilies of genes. In addition, transient transformation and qPCR methods were used to determine the subcellular localization and tissue expression pattern of the LtuPTOX gene. Moreover, the expression of LtuPTOX as well as pigment contents was investigated to illustrate the function of this gene during the formation of orange bands on petals. The results showed that the LtuPTOX gene encodes a 358-aa protein that contains a complete AOX domain (PF01786). Accordingly, the LiriodendronPTOX and AOX genes were identified as only paralogs since they were rather similar in sequence. LtuPTOX showed chloroplast localization and was expressed in coloured organs such as petals and leaves. Additionally, an increasing pattern of LtuPTOX transcripts leads to carotenoid accumulation on the orange-band during flower bud development. Taken together, our results suggest that LtuPTOX is involved in petal carotenoid metabolism and orange band formation in L. tulipifera. The identification of this potentially involved gene will lay a foundation for further uncovering the genetic basis of flower colour in L. tulipifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yaxian Zong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zhonghua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huogen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Maia RA, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Roque ALM, Thiers KLL, Dos Santos CP, da Silva JHM, Feijó DF, Arnholdt-Schmitt B, Costa JH. Differential expression of recently duplicated PTOX genes in Glycine max during plant development and stress conditions. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:355-370. [PMID: 31506801 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a chloroplast enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of plastoquinol (PQH2) and reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Its function has been associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, chlororespiration and environmental stress responses in plants. In the majority of plant species, a single gene encodes the protein and little is known about events of PTOX gene duplication and their implication to plant metabolism. Previously, two putative PTOX (PTOX1 and 2) genes were identified in Glycine max, but the evolutionary origin and the specific function of each gene was not explored. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this gene duplication occurred apparently during speciation involving the Glycine genus ancestor, an event absent in all other available plant leguminous genomes. Gene expression evaluated by RT-qPCR and RNA-seq data revealed that both PTOX genes are ubiquitously expressed in G. max tissues, but their mRNA levels varied during development and stress conditions. In development, PTOX1 was predominant in young tissues, while PTOX2 was more expressed in aged tissues. Under stress conditions, the PTOX transcripts varied according to stress severity, i.e., PTOX1 mRNA was prevalent under mild or moderate stresses while PTOX2 was predominant in drastic stresses. Despite the high identity between proteins (97%), molecular docking revealed that PTOX1 has higher affinity to substrate plastoquinol than PTOX2. Overall, our results indicate a functional relevance of this gene duplication in G. max metabolism, whereas PTOX1 could be associated with chloroplast effectiveness and PTOX2 to senescence and/or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Alves Maia
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba - IFPB, Campus Princesa Isabel, 58755-000, BR-426, S/N - Rural Zone, Princesa Isabel, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Maia Roque
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Ferreira Feijó
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop - virtual network), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology Park Alentejo (PACT), 7005-841, Évora, Portugal
| | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil.
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop - virtual network), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal.
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Liu M, Ma Y, Du Q, Hou X, Wang M, Lu S. Functional Analysis of Polyprenyl Diphosphate Synthase Genes Involved in Plastoquinone and Ubiquinone Biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31354766 PMCID: PMC6629958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyprenyl diphosphate synthase (PPS) plays important roles in the biosynthesis of functionally important plastoquinone (PQ) and ubiquinone (UQ). However, only few plant PPS genes have been functionally characterized. Through genome-wide analysis, two PPS genes, termed SmPPS1 and SmPPS2, were identified from Salvia miltiorrhiza, an economically significant Traditional Chinese Medicine material and an emerging model medicinal plant. SmPPS1 and SmPPS2 belonged to different phylogenetic subgroups of plant trans-long-chain prenyltransferases and exhibited differential tissue expression and light-induced expression patterns. Computational prediction and transient expression assays showed that SmPPS1 was localized in the chloroplasts, whereas SmPPS2 was mainly localized in the mitochondria. SmPPS2, but not SmPPS1, could functionally complement the coq1 mutation in yeast cells and catalyzed the production of UQ-9 and UQ-10. Consistently, both UQ-9 and UQ-10 were detected in S. miltiorrhiza plants. Overexpression of SmPPS2 caused significant UQ accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza transgenics, whereas down-regulation resulted in decreased UQ content. Differently, SmPPS1 overexpression significantly elevated PQ-9 content in S. miltiorrhiza. Transgenic lines showing a down-regulation of SmPPS1 expression exhibited decreased PQ-9 level, abnormal chloroplast and trichome development, and varied leaf bleaching phenotypes. These results suggest that SmPPS1 is involved in PQ-9 biosynthesis, whereas SmPPS2 is involved in UQ-9 and UQ-10 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yimian Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Du
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, China
| | - Xuemin Hou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Neela S, Fanta SW. Review on nutritional composition of orange-fleshed sweet potato and its role in management of vitamin A deficiency. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1920-1945. [PMID: 31289641 PMCID: PMC6593376 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of the roots and tubers plays a major role in human diet, animal feed, and industrial raw materials. Sweet potatoes (SPs) play an immense role in human diet and considered as second staple food in developed and underdeveloped countries. Moreover, SP production and management need low inputs compared to the other staple crops. The color of SP flesh varied from white, yellow, purple, and orange. Scientific studies reported the diversity in SP flesh color and connection with nutritional and sensory acceptability. Among all, orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) has been attracting food technologists and nutritionists due to its high content of carotenoids and pleasant sensory characteristics with color. Researchers reported the encouraging health effects of OFSP intervention into the staple food currently practicing in countries such as Uganda, Mozambique, Kenya, and Nigeria. Scientific reviews on the OFSP nutritional composition and role in vitamin A management (VAM) are hardly available in the published literature. So, this review is conducted to address the detailed nutritional composition (proximate, mineral, carotenoids, vitamins, phenolic acids, and antioxidant properties), role in vitamin A deficiency (VAD) management, and different food products that can be made from OFSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Neela
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
| | - Solomon W Fanta
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia
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Polymorphisms in plastoquinol oxidase (PTOX) from Arabidopsis accessions indicate SNP-induced structural variants associated with altitude and rainfall. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:151-164. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li H, Ji G, Wang Y, Qian Q, Xu J, Sodmergen, Liu G, Zhao X, Chen M, Zhai W, Li D, Zhu L. WHITE PANICLE3, a Novel Nucleus-Encoded Mitochondrial Protein, Is Essential for Proper Development and Maintenance of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:762. [PMID: 29928286 PMCID: PMC5997807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are interacting organelles that play important roles in plant development. In addition to a small number proteins encoded by their own genomes, the majority of mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins are encoded in the cell nucleus and imported into the organelle. As a consequence, coordination between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the nucleus is of crucial importance to plant cells. Variegated mutants are chloroplast-defective mutants and are considered to be ideal models for studying the intercommunication between these organelles. Here, we report the isolation of WHITE PANICLE3 (WP3), a nuclear gene involved in variegation, from a naturally occurring white panicle rice mutant. Disrupted expression of WP3 in the mutant leads to severe developmental defects in both chloroplasts and mitochondria, and consequently causes the appearance of white-striped leaves and white panicles in the mutant plants. Further investigation showed that WP3 encodes a protein most likely targeted to mitochondria and is specifically expressed in rice panicles. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the recessive white-panicle phenotype in the wp3 mutant is inherited in a typical Mendelian manner, while the white-striped leaf phenotype in wp3 is maternally inherited. Our data collectively suggest that the nucleus-encoded mitochondrial protein, WP3, plays an essential role in the regulation of chloroplast development in rice panicles by maintaining functional mitochondria. Therefore, the wp3 mutant is an excellent model in which to explore the communication between the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guobiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Qian
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sodmergen
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mellor SB, Vavitsas K, Nielsen AZ, Jensen PE. Photosynthetic fuel for heterologous enzymes: the role of electron carrier proteins. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 134:329-342. [PMID: 28285375 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants, cyanobacteria, and algae generate a surplus of redox power through photosynthesis, which makes them attractive for biotechnological exploitations. While central metabolism consumes most of the energy, pathways introduced through metabolic engineering can also tap into this source of reducing power. Recent work on the metabolic engineering of photosynthetic organisms has shown that the electron carriers such as ferredoxin and flavodoxin can be used to couple heterologous enzymes to photosynthetic reducing power. Because these proteins have a plethora of interaction partners and rely on electrostatically steered complex formation, they form productive electron transfer complexes with non-native enzymes. A handful of examples demonstrate channeling of photosynthetic electrons to drive the activity of heterologous enzymes, and these focus mainly on hydrogenases and cytochrome P450s. However, competition from native pathways and inefficient electron transfer rates present major obstacles, which limit the productivity of heterologous reactions coupled to photosynthesis. We discuss specific approaches to address these bottlenecks and ensure high productivity of such enzymes in a photosynthetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Busck Mellor
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Vavitsas
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Zygadlo Nielsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Center for Synthetic Biology 'bioSYNergy', Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Koschmieder J, Fehling-Kaschek M, Schaub P, Ghisla S, Brausemann A, Timmer J, Beyer P. Plant-type phytoene desaturase: Functional evaluation of structural implications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187628. [PMID: 29176862 PMCID: PMC5703498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is an essential plant carotenoid biosynthetic enzyme and a prominent target of certain inhibitors, such as norflurazon, acting as bleaching herbicides. PDS catalyzes the introduction of two double bonds into 15-cis-phytoene, yielding 9,15,9'-tri-cis-ζ-carotene via the intermediate 9,15-di-cis-phytofluene. We present the necessary data to scrutinize functional implications inferred from the recently resolved crystal structure of Oryza sativa PDS in a complex with norflurazon. Using dynamic mathematical modeling of reaction time courses, we support the relevance of homotetrameric assembly of the enzyme observed in crystallo by providing evidence for substrate channeling of the intermediate phytofluene between individual subunits at membrane surfaces. Kinetic investigations are compatible with an ordered ping-pong bi-bi kinetic mechanism in which the carotene and the quinone electron acceptor successively occupy the same catalytic site. The mutagenesis of a conserved arginine that forms a hydrogen bond with norflurazon, the latter competing with plastoquinone, corroborates the possibility of engineering herbicide resistance, however, at the expense of diminished catalytic activity. This mutagenesis also supports a "flavin only" mechanism of carotene desaturation not requiring charged residues in the active site. Evidence for the role of the central 15-cis double bond of phytoene in determining regio-specificity of carotene desaturation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Schaub
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anton Brausemann
- University of Freiburg, Institute for Biochemistry, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- University of Freiburg, Department of Physics, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PB); (JT)
| | - Peter Beyer
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
- University of Freiburg, BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (PB); (JT)
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Park JH, Tran LH, Jung S. Perturbations in the Photosynthetic Pigment Status Result in Photooxidation-Induced Crosstalk between Carotenoid and Porphyrin Biosynthetic Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1992. [PMID: 29209351 PMCID: PMC5701815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Possible crosstalk between the carotenoid and porphyrin biosynthetic pathways under photooxidative conditions was investigated by using their biosynthetic inhibitors, norflurazon (NF) and oxyfluorfen (OF). High levels of protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) accumulated in rice plants treated with OF, whereas Proto IX decreased in plants treated with NF. Both NF and OF treatments resulted in greater decreases in MgProto IX, MgProto IX methyl ester, and protochlorophyllide. Activities and transcript levels of most porphyrin biosynthetic enzymes, particularly in the Mg-porphyrin branch, were greatly down-regulated in NF and OF plants. In contrast, the transcript levels of GSA, PPO1, and CHLD as well as FC2 and HO2 were up-regulated in NF-treated plants, while only moderate increases in FC2 and HO2 were observed in the early stage of OF treatment. Phytoene, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin showed high accumulation in NF-treated plants, whereas other carotenoid intermediates greatly decreased. Transcript levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, PSY1 and PDS, decreased in response to NF and OF, whereas plants in the later stage of NF treatment exhibited up-regulation of BCH and VDE as well as recovery of PDS. However, perturbed porphyrin biosynthesis by OF did not noticeably influence levels of carotenoid metabolites, regardless of the strong down-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Both NF and OF plants appeared to provide enhanced protection against photooxidative damage, not only by scavenging of Mg-porphyrins, but also by up-regulating FC2, HO2, and Fe-chelatase, particularly with increased levels of zeaxanthin via up-regulation of BCH and VDE in NF plants. On the other hand, the up-regulation of GSA, PPO1, and CHLD under inhibition of carotenogenic flux may be derived from the necessity to recover impaired chloroplast biogenesis during photooxidative stress. Our study demonstrates that perturbations in carotenoid and porphyrin biosynthesis coordinate the expression of their biosynthetic genes to sustain plastid function at optimal levels by regulating their metabolic flux in plants under adverse stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunyo Jung
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Zegaoui Z, Planchais S, Cabassa C, Djebbar R, Belbachir OA, Carol P. Variation in relative water content, proline accumulation and stress gene expression in two cowpea landraces under drought. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 218:26-34. [PMID: 28763706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many landraces of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] are adapted to particular geographical and climatic conditions. Here we describe two landraces grown respectively in arid and temperate areas of Algeria and assess their physiological and molecular responses to drought stress. As expected, when deprived of water cowpea plants lose water over time with a gradual reduction in transpiration rate. The landraces differed in their relative water content (RWC) and whole plant transpiration rate. The landrace from Menia, an arid area, retained more water in adult leaves. Both landraces responded to drought stress at the molecular level by increasing expression of stress-related genes in aerial parts, including proline metabolism genes. Expression of gene(s) encoding proline synthesis enzyme P5CS was up regulated and gene expression of ProDH, a proline catabolism enzyme, was down regulated. Relatively low amounts of proline accumulated in adult leaves with slight differences between the two landraces. During drought stress the most apical part of plants stayed relatively turgid with a high RWC compared to distal parts that wilted. Expression of key stress genes was higher and more proline accumulated at the apex than in distal leaves indicating that cowpea has a non-uniform stress response at the whole plant level. Our study reveals a developmental control of water stress through preferential proline accumulation in the upper tier of the cowpea plant. We also conclude that cowpea landraces display physiological adaptations to water stress suited to the arid and temperate climates in which they are cultivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahia Zegaoui
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France; Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, BP 32, El Alia 16111, Algeria
| | - Séverine Planchais
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Cécile Cabassa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Reda Djebbar
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, BP 32, El Alia 16111, Algeria
| | - Ouzna Abrous Belbachir
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, BP 32, El Alia 16111, Algeria
| | - Pierre Carol
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France
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Ivanov AG, Velitchkova MY, Allakhverdiev SI, Huner NPA. Heat stress-induced effects of photosystem I: an overview of structural and functional responses. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:17-30. [PMID: 28391379 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors controlling the formation, development, and functional performance of the photosynthetic apparatus in all photoautotrophs (green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria) on Earth. The projected climate change scenarios predict increases in air temperature across Earth's biomes ranging from moderate (3-4 °C) to extreme (6-8 °C) by the year 2100 (IPCC in Climate change 2007: The physical science basis: summery for policymakers, IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report 2007; Climate change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, IPCC WG3 Fifth Assessment Report 2014). In some areas, especially of the Northern hemisphere, even more extreme warm seasonal temperatures may occur, which possibly will cause significant negative effects on the development, growth, and yield of important agricultural crops. It is well documented that high temperatures can cause direct damages of the photosynthetic apparatus and photosystem II (PSII) is generally considered to be the primary target of heat-induced inactivation of photosynthesis. However, since photosystem I (PSI) is considered to determine the global amount of enthalpy in living systems (Nelson in Biochim Biophys Acta 1807:856-863, 2011; Photosynth Res 116:145-151, 2013), the effects of elevated temperatures on PSI might be of vital importance for regulating the photosynthetic response of all photoautotrophs in the changing environment. In this review, we summarize the experimental data that demonstrate the critical impact of heat-induced alterations on the structure, composition, and functional performance of PSI and their significant implications on photosynthesis under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Ivanov
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Maya Y Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 21, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, 142290, Russia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Matbuat Avenue 2a, 1073, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Norman P A Huner
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street N., London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Liang MH, Zhu J, Jiang JG. Carotenoids biosynthesis and cleavage related genes from bacteria to plants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2314-2333. [PMID: 28609133 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1322552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection in photosynthetic organisms and beneficial for human health. Apocarotenoids derived from carotenoid degradation can serve critical functions including hormones, volatiles, and signals. They have been used commercially as food colorants, animal feed supplements, and nutraceuticals for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. This review focuses on the molecular evolution of carotenogenic enzymes and carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) from bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The diversity of carotenoids and apocarotenoids as well as their complicated biosynthetic pathway in different species can shed light on the history of early molecular evolution. Some carotenogenic genes (such as phytoene synthases) have high protein sequence similarity from bacteria to land plants, but some (such as phytoene desaturases, lycopene cyclases, carotenoid hydroxylases, and CCOs) have low similarity. The broad diversity of apocarotenoid volatile compounds can be attributed to large numbers of carotenoid precursors and the various cleavage sites catalyzed by CCOs enzymes. A variety of carotenogenic enzymes and CCOs indicate the functional diversification of carotenoids and apocrotenoids in different species. New carotenoids, new apocarotenoids, new carotenogenic enzymes, new CCOs, and new pathways still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Liang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China.,b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- b Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland , USA.,c College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , China.,d School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- a College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , China
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Brausemann A, Gemmecker S, Koschmieder J, Ghisla S, Beyer P, Einsle O. Structure of Phytoene Desaturase Provides Insights into Herbicide Binding and Reaction Mechanisms Involved in Carotene Desaturation. Structure 2017; 25:1222-1232.e3. [PMID: 28669634 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and plants synthesize carotenoids via a poly-cis pathway starting with phytoene, a membrane-bound C40 hydrocarbon. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) introduces two double bonds and concomitantly isomerizes two neighboring double bonds from trans to cis. PDS assembles into homo-tetramers that interact monotopically with membranes. A long hydrophobic tunnel is proposed to function in the sequential binding of phytoene and the electron acceptor plastoquinone. The herbicidal inhibitor norflurazon binds at a plastoquinone site thereby blocking reoxidation of FADred. Comparison with the sequence-dissimilar bacterial carotene desaturase CRTI reveals substantial similarities in the overall protein fold, defining both as members of the GR2 family of flavoproteins. However, the PDS active center architecture is unprecedented: no functional groups are found in the immediate flavin vicinity that might participate in dehydrogenation and isomerization. This suggests that the isoalloxazine moiety is sufficient for catalysis. Despite mechanistic differences, an ancient evolutionary relation of PDS and CRTI is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Brausemann
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Gemmecker
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Ghisla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Tang Y, Sun X, Wen T, Liu M, Yang M, Chen X. Implications of terminal oxidase function in regulation of salicylic acid on soybean seedling photosynthetic performance under water stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:19-28. [PMID: 28024235 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) could modulate the photosynthetic capacity of soybean seedlings in water stress tolerance, and to clarify the potential functions of terminal oxidase (plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) and alternative oxidase (AOX)) in SA' s regulation on photosynthesis. The effects of SA and water stress on gas exchange, pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH; EC1.1.1.82)) activity and transcript levels of PTOX, AOX1, AOX2a, AOX2b were examined in a hydroponic cultivation system. Results indicate that water stress significantly decreased the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), pigment contents (Chla + b, Chla/b, Car), maximum quantum yield of PSⅡphotochemistry (Fv/Fm), efficiency of excitation capture of open PSⅡcenter (Fv'/Fm'), quantum efficiency of PSⅡphotochemistry (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical quenching (qP), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activity of all the enzymes. SA pretreatment led to significant decreases in Ci and MDA content, and increases in Pn, Gs, E, pigment contents, Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm', ΦPSⅡ, qP, and the activity of all the enzymes. SA treatment and water stress alone significantly up-regulated the expression of PTOX, AOX1 and AOX2b. SA pretreatment further increased the transcript levels of PTOX and AOX2b of soybean seedling under water stress. These results indicate that SA application alleviates the water stress-induced decrease in photosynthesis may mainly through maintaining a lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, a greater PSⅡefficiency, and an enhanced alternative respiration and chlororespiration. PTOX and AOX may play important roles in SA-mediated resistance to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Agrotechnical Extension Station, Agricultural Bureau of Dazhou City, No.52, Heye Street, Tongchuan District, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Wen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingjie Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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Park JH, Jung S. Perturbations of carotenoid and tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways result in differential alterations in chloroplast function and plastid signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:672-677. [PMID: 27865844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used the biosynthetic inhibitors of carotenoid and tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathways, norflurazon (NF) and oxyfluorfen (OF), as tools to gain insight into mechanisms of photooxidation in rice plants. NF resulted in bleaching symptom on leaves of the treated plants, whereas OF treatment developed a fast symptom of an apparent necrotic phenotype. Both plants exhibited decreases in photosynthetic efficiency, as indicated by Fv/Fm. NF caused severe disruption in thylakoid membranes, whereas OF-treated plants exhibited disruption of chloroplast envelope and plasma membrane. Levels of Lhca and Lhcb proteins in photosystem I (PSI) and PSII were reduced by photooxidative stress in NF- and OF-treated plants, with a greater decrease in NF plants. The down-regulation of nuclear-encoded photosynthesis genes Lhcb and rbcS was also found in both NF- and OF-treated plants, whereas plastid-encoded photosynthetic genes including RbcL, PsaC, and PsbD accumulated normally in NF plants but decreased drastically in OF plants. This proposes that the plastids in NF plants retain their potential to develop thylakoid membranes and that photobleaching is mainly controlled by nuclear genes. Distinct photooxidation patterns between NF- and OF-treated plants developed differential signaling, which might enable the plant to coordinate the expression of photosynthetic genes from the nuclear and plastidic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Heum Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Sunyo Jung
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea.
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Abstract
Chemical, physical, and biotic factors continuously vary in the natural environment. Such parameters are considered as stressors if the magnitude of their change exceeds the current acclimation norm of the plant. Activation of genetic programs allows for conditional expansion of the acclimation norm and depends on specific sensing mechanisms, intracellular communication, and regulation. The redox and reactive oxygen species (ROS) network plays a fundamental role in directing the acclimation response. These highly reactive compounds like H2O2 are generated and scavenged under normal conditions and participate in realizing a basal acclimation level. Spatial and temporal changes in ROS levels and redox state provide valuable information for regulating epigenetic processes, transcription factors (TF), translation, protein turnover, metabolic pathways, and cross-feed, e.g., into hormone-, NO-, or Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways. At elevated ROS levels uncontrolled oxidation reactions compromise cell functions, impair fitness and yield, and in extreme cases may cause plant death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liebthal
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, University Str. 25, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, University Str. 25, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
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32
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Wang D, Fu A. The Plastid Terminal Oxidase is a Key Factor Balancing the Redox State of Thylakoid Membrane. Enzymes 2016; 40:143-171. [PMID: 27776780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria possess oxygen-consuming respiratory electron transfer chains (RETCs), and the oxygen-evolving photosynthetic electron transfer chain (PETC) resides in chloroplasts. Evolutionarily mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. However, cyanobacteria harbor both RETC and PETC on their thylakoid membranes. It is proposed that chloroplasts could possess a RETC on the thylakoid membrane, in addition to PETC. Identification of a plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in the chloroplast from the Arabidopsis variegation mutant immutans (im) demonstrated the presence of a RETC in chloroplasts, and the PTOX is the committed oxidase. PTOX is distantly related to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), which is responsible for the CN-insensitive alternative RETC. Similar to AOX, an ubiquinol (UQH2) oxidase, PTOX is a plastoquinol (PQH2) oxidase on the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Lack of PTOX, Arabidopsis im showed a light-dependent variegation phenotype; and mutant plants will not survive the mediocre light intensity during its early development stage. PTOX is very important for carotenoid biosynthesis, since the phytoene desaturation, a key step in the carotenoid biosynthesis, is blocked in the white sectors of Arabidopsis im mutant. PTOX is found to be a stress-related protein in numerous research instances. It is generally believed that PTOX can protect plants from various environmental stresses, especially high light stress. PTOX also plays significant roles in chloroplast development and plant morphogenesis. Global physiological roles played by PTOX could be a direct or indirect consequence of its PQH2 oxidase activity to maintain the PQ pool redox state on the thylakoid membrane. The PTOX-dependent chloroplast RETC (so-called chlororespiration) does not contribute significantly when chloroplast PETC is normally developed and functions well. However, PTOX-mediated RETC could be the major force to regulate the PQ pool redox balance in the darkness, under conditions of stress, in nonphotosynthetic plastids, especially in the early development from proplastids to chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - A Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China.
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Johnson GN, Stepien P. Plastid Terminal Oxidase as a Route to Improving Plant Stress Tolerance: Known Knowns and Known Unknowns. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1387-1396. [PMID: 26936791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A plastid-localized terminal oxidase, PTox, was first described due to its role in chloroplast development, with plants lacking PTox producing white sectors on their leaves. This phenotype is explained as being due to PTox playing a role in carotenoid biosynthesis, as a cofactor of phytoene desaturase. Co-occurrence of PTox with a chloroplast-localized NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) has suggested the possibility of a functional respiratory pathway in plastids. Evidence has also been found that, in certain stress-tolerant plant species, PTox can act as an electron acceptor from PSII, making it a candidate for engineering stress-tolerant crops. However, attempts to induce such a pathway via overexpression of the PTox protein have failed to date. Here we review the current understanding of PTox function in higher plants and discuss possible barriers to inducing PTox activity to improve stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles N Johnson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Piotr Stepien
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland
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Esperanza M, Seoane M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Early alterations on photosynthesis-related parameters in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells exposed to atrazine: A multiple approach study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:237-245. [PMID: 26950638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells were exposed to a sublethal concentration of the widespread herbicide atrazine for 3h. Physiological cellular parameters, such as chlorophyll a fluorescence and oxidative stress monitored by flow cytometry and pigments levels were altered in microalgal cells exposed to 0.25 μM of atrazine. Furthermore, the effects of this herbicide on C. reinhardtii were explored using "omics" techniques. Transcriptomic analyses, carried out by RNA-Seq technique, displayed 9 differentially expressed genes, related to photosynthesis, between control cultures and atrazine exposed cultures. Proteomic profiles were obtained using iTRAQ tags and MALDI-MS/MS analysis, identifying important changes in the proteome during atrazine stress; 5 proteins related to photosynthesis were downexpressed. The results of these experiments advance the understanding of photosynthetic adjustments that occur during an early herbicide exposure. Inhibition of photosynthesis induced by atrazine toxicity will affect the entire physiological and biochemical states of microalgal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de A Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira, s/n 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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Yamori W. Photosynthetic response to fluctuating environments and photoprotective strategies under abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:379-95. [PMID: 27023791 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments must cope with diverse, highly dynamic, and unpredictable conditions. They have mechanisms to enhance the capture of light energy when light intensity is low, but they can also slow down photosynthetic electron transport to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species and consequent damage to the photosynthetic machinery under excess light. Plants need a highly responsive regulatory system to balance the photosynthetic light reactions with downstream metabolism. Various mechanisms of regulation of photosynthetic electron transport under stress have been proposed, however the data have been obtained mainly under environmentally stable and controlled conditions. Thus, our understanding of dynamic modulation of photosynthesis under dramatically fluctuating natural environments remains limited. In this review, first I describe the magnitude of environmental fluctuations under natural conditions. Next, I examine the effects of fluctuations in light intensity, CO2 concentration, leaf temperature, and relative humidity on dynamic photosynthesis. Finally, I summarize photoprotective strategies that allow plants to maintain the photosynthesis under stressful fluctuating environments. The present work clearly showed that fluctuation in various environmental factors resulted in reductions in photosynthetic rate in a stepwise manner at every environmental fluctuation, leading to the conclusion that fluctuating environments would have a large impact on photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hongo, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Abstract
A substantial proportion of the dazzling diversity of colors displayed by living organisms throughout the tree of life is determined by the presence of carotenoids, which most often provide distinctive yellow, orange and red hues. These metabolites play fundamental roles in nature that extend far beyond their importance as pigments. In photosynthetic lineages, carotenoids are essential to sustain life, since they have been exploited to maximize light harvesting and protect the photosynthetic machinery from photooxidative stress. Consequently, photosynthetic organisms have evolved several mechanisms that adjust the carotenoid metabolism to efficiently cope with constantly fluctuating light environments. This chapter will focus on the current knowledge concerning the regulation of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in leaves, which are the primary photosynthetic organs of most land plants.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important biocolor isoprenoids responsible for yellow, orange and red colors found in nature. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids of photosynthetic and sink organs and are essential molecules for photosynthesis, photo-oxidative damage protection and phytohormone synthesis. Carotenoids also play important roles in human health and nutrition acting as vitamin A precursors and antioxidants. Biochemical and biophysical approaches in different plants models have provided significant advances in understanding the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in plants as well as the key points of regulation in their biosynthesis. To date, different plant models have been used to characterize the key genes and their regulation, which has increased the knowledge of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants. In this chapter a description of each step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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Steccanella V, Hansson M, Jensen PE. Linking chlorophyll biosynthesis to a dynamic plastoquinone pool. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:207-16. [PMID: 26480470 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are essential cofactors in photosynthesis. All steps in the chlorophyll pathway are well characterized except for the cyclase reaction in which the fifth ring of the chlorophyll molecule is formed during conversion of Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester into Protochlorophyllide. The only subunit of the cyclase identified so far, is AcsF (Xantha-l in barley and Chl27 in Arabidopsis). This subunit contains a typical consensus di-iron-binding sequence and belongs to a subgroup of di-iron proteins, such as the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in the chloroplast and the alternative oxidase (AOX) found in mitochondria. In order to complete the catalytic cycle, the irons of these proteins need to be reduced from Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) and either a reductase or another form of reductant is required. It has been reported that the alternative oxidase (AOX) and the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) utilize the di-iron center to oxidise ubiquinol and plastoquinol, respectively. In this paper, we have used a specific inhibitor of di-iron proteins as well as Arabidopsis and barley mutants affected in regulation of photosynthetic electron flow, to show that the cyclase step indeed is directly coupled to the plastoquinone pool. Thus, plastoquinol might act as an electron donor for the cyclase reaction and thereby fulfil the role of a cyclase reductase. That would provide a functional connection between the redox status of the thylakoids and the biosynthesis of chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verdiana Steccanella
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mats Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvgaten 35, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, VILLUM Research Center "Plant Plasticity", Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Gemmecker S, Schaub P, Koschmieder J, Brausemann A, Drepper F, Rodriguez-Franco M, Ghisla S, Warscheid B, Einsle O, Beyer P. Phytoene Desaturase from Oryza sativa: Oligomeric Assembly, Membrane Association and Preliminary 3D-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131717. [PMID: 26147209 PMCID: PMC4492965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant phytoene desaturase (PDS-His6) from rice was purified to near-homogeneity and shown to be enzymatically active in a biphasic, liposome-based assay system. The protein contains FAD as the sole protein-bound redox-cofactor. Benzoquinones, not replaceable by molecular oxygen, serve as a final electron acceptor defining PDS as a 15-cis-phytoene (donor):plastoquinone oxidoreductase. The herbicidal PDS-inhibitor norflurazon is capable of arresting the reaction by stabilizing the intermediary FADred, while an excess of the quinone acceptor relieves this blockage, indicating competition. The enzyme requires its homo-oligomeric association for activity. The sum of data collected through gel permeation chromatography, non-denaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis, chemical cross-linking, mass spectrometry and electron microscopy techniques indicate that the high-order oligomers formed in solution are the basis for an active preparation. Of these, a tetramer consisting of dimers represents the active unit. This is corroborated by our preliminary X-ray structural analysis that also revealed similarities of the protein fold with the sequence-inhomologous bacterial phytoene desaturase CRTI and other oxidoreductases of the GR2-family of flavoproteins. This points to an evolutionary relatedness of CRTI and PDS yielding different carotene desaturation sequences based on homologous protein folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemmecker
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schaub
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Koschmieder
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anton Brausemann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Faculty of Biology, Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Sandro Ghisla
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- Faculty of Biology, Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Biochemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Chen X, Zhu L, Xin L, Du K, Ran X, Cui X, Xiang Q, Zhang H, Xu P, Wu X. Rice stripe1-2 and stripe1-3 Mutants Encoding the Small Subunit of Ribonucleotide Reductase Are Temperature Sensitive and Are Required for Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130172. [PMID: 26102588 PMCID: PMC4478038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We induced mutants, stripe1-2 (st1-2) and stripe1-3 (st1-3), from rice (Oryza sativa L.) Indica 9311 using Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Both st1-2 and st1-3 mutants encoded the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase 1 (RNRS1), differed in the location of the mutated base, and displayed white-stripe from the L2 stage through maturity. The mutants were sensitive to temperature, and their chlorophyll content increased with the increase in temperature; however, they did not revert to normal green leaf phenotype under field conditions. The mutant st1-2 showed loosely arranged thylakoid lamellar structure as compared with wild-type (WT) plants. Contrastingly, st1-3 displayed normal thylakoid lamellar structure, good agronomic traits, and higher yield than st1-2 but lower yield than WT. Three-dimensional structure prediction for RNRS1 indicated that the mutation in Val-171 residue in st1-2 influenced the connection of RNRS1 to iron, causing abnormal development of chloroplasts. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels associated with chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and photosynthesis were affected in st1-2 and st1-3 at different temperatures and different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Long Xin
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Kangxi Du
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiuhua Ran
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Cui
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanju Xiang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Peizhou Xu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Improvement Ministry of Education, 211 Huimin Road, 611130 Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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Nawrocki WJ, Tourasse NJ, Taly A, Rappaport F, Wollman FA. The plastid terminal oxidase: its elusive function points to multiple contributions to plastid physiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:49-74. [PMID: 25580838 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plastids have retained from their cyanobacterial ancestor a fragment of the respiratory electron chain comprising an NADPH dehydrogenase and a diiron oxidase, which sustain the so-called chlororespiration pathway. Despite its very low turnover rates compared with photosynthetic electron flow, knocking out the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in plants or microalgae leads to severe phenotypes that encompass developmental and growth defects together with increased photosensitivity. On the basis of a phylogenetic and structural analysis of the enzyme, we discuss its physiological contribution to chloroplast metabolism, with an emphasis on its critical function in setting the redox poise of the chloroplast stroma in darkness. The emerging picture of PTOX is that of an enzyme at the crossroads of a variety of metabolic processes, such as, among others, the regulation of cyclic electron transfer and carotenoid biosynthesis, which have in common their dependence on the redox state of the plastoquinone pool, set largely by the activity of PTOX in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, UMR 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie
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Yu Q, Feilke K, Krieger-Liszkay A, Beyer P. Functional and molecular characterization of plastid terminal oxidase from rice (Oryza sativa). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:1284-92. [PMID: 24780313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a plastohydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase that shares structural similarities with alternative oxidases (AOX). Multiple roles have been attributed to PTOX, such as involvement in carotene desaturation, a safety valve function, participation in the processes of chlororespiration and setting the redox poise for cyclic electron transport. We have investigated a homogenously pure MBP fusion of PTOX. The protein forms a homo-tetrameric complex containing 2 Fe per monomer and is very specific for the plastoquinone head-group. The reaction kinetics were investigated in a soluble monophasic system using chemically reduced decyl-plastoquinone (DPQ) as the model substrate and, in addition, in a biphasic (liposomal) system in which DPQ was reduced with DT-diaphorase. While PTOX did not detectably produce reactive oxygen species in the monophasic system, their formation was observed by room temperature EPR in the biphasic system in a [DPQH₂] and pH-dependent manner. This is probably the result of the higher concentration of DPQ achieved within the partial volume of the lipid bilayer and a higher Km observed with PTOX-membrane associates which is ≈47mM compared to the monophasic system where a Km of ≈74μM was determined. With liposomes and at the basic stromal pH of photosynthetically active chloroplasts, PTOX was antioxidant at low [DPQH₂] gaining prooxidant properties with increasing quinol concentrations. It is concluded that in vivo, PTOX can act as a safety valve when the steady state [PQH₂] is low while a certain amount of ROS is formed at high light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Feilke
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Saclay, iBiTec-S, CNRS UMR 8221, Service de Bioénergétique, Biologie Structurale et Mécanisme, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Peter Beyer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Tamiru M, Abe A, Utsushi H, Yoshida K, Takagi H, Fujisaki K, Undan JR, Rakshit S, Takaichi S, Jikumaru Y, Yokota T, Terry MJ, Terauchi R. The tillering phenotype of the rice plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) loss-of-function mutant is associated with strigolactone deficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:116-131. [PMID: 24350905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in phytoene desaturation and chloroplast function has been demonstrated using PTOX-deficient mutants, particularly in Arabidopsis. However, studies on its role in monocots are lacking. Here, we report cloning and characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa) PTOX1 gene. Using Ecotype Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (EcoTILLING) and TILLING as forward genetic tools, we identified the causative mutation of an EMS mutant characterized by excessive tillering, semi-dwarfism and leaf variegation that corresponded to the PTOX1 gene. The tillering and semi-dwarf phenotypes of the ptox1 mutant are similar to phenotypes of known strigolactone (SL)-related rice mutants, and both phenotypic traits could be rescued by application of the synthetic SL GR24. The ptox1 mutant accumulated phytoene in white leaf sectors with a corresponding deficiency in β-carotene, consistent with the expected function of PTOX1 in promoting phytoene desaturase activity. There was also no accumulation of the carotenoid-derived SL ent-2'-epi-5-deoxystrigol in root exudates. Elevated concentrations of auxin were detected in the mutant, supporting previous observations that SL interaction with auxin is important in shoot branching control. Our results demonstrate that PTOX1 is required for both carotenoid and SL synthesis resulting in SL-deficient phenotypes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Tamiru
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Narita 20-1, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kakoto Yoshida
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Jerwin R Undan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Sujay Rakshit
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 211-0063, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8851, Japan
| | - Takao Yokota
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8851, Japan
| | - Matthew J Terry
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
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Bose J, Rodrigo-Moreno A, Shabala S. ROS homeostasis in halophytes in the context of salinity stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1241-57. [PMID: 24368505 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Halophytes are defined as plants that are adapted to live in soils containing high concentrations of salt and benefiting from it, and thus represent an ideal model to understand complex physiological and genetic mechanisms of salinity stress tolerance. It is also known that oxidative stress signalling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification are both essential components of salinity stress tolerance mechanisms. This paper comprehensively reviews the differences in ROS homeostasis between halophytes and glycophytes in an attempt to answer the questions of whether stress-induced ROS production is similar between halophytes and glycophytes; is the superior salinity tolerance in halophytes attributed to higher antioxidant activity; and is there something special about the specific 'pool' of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in halophytes. We argue that truly salt-tolerant species possessing efficient mechanisms for Na(+) exclusion from the cytosol may not require a high level of antioxidant activity, as they simply do not allow excessive ROS production in the first instance. We also suggest that H2O2 'signatures' may operate in plant signalling networks, in addition to well-known cytosolic calcium 'signatures'. According to the suggested concept, the intrinsically higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in halophytes are required for rapid induction of the H2O2 'signature', and to trigger a cascade of adaptive responses (both genetic and physiological), while the role of other enzymatic antioxidants may be in decreasing the basal levels of H2O2, once the signalling has been processed. Finally, we emphasize the importance of non-enzymatic antioxidants as the only effective means to prevent detrimental effects of hydroxyl radicals on cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Bose
- School of Agricultural Science and Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia
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Hu Z, Xu F, Guan L, Qian P, Liu Y, Zhang H, Huang Y, Hou S. The tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein slow green1 is required for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1111-23. [PMID: 24420572 PMCID: PMC3935568 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new gene, SG1, was identified in a slow-greening mutant (sg1) isolated from an ethylmethanesulphonate-mutagenized population of Arabidopsis thaliana. The newly formed leaves of sg1 were initially albino, but gradually became pale green. After 3 weeks, the leaves of the mutant were as green as those of the wild-type plants. Transmission electron microscopic observations revealed that the mutant displayed delayed proplastid to chloroplast transition. The results of map-based cloning showed that SG1 encodes a chloroplast-localized tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR data demonstrated the presence of SG1 gene expression in all tissues, particularly young green tissues. The sg1 mutation disrupted the expression levels of several genes associated with chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The results of genetic analysis indicated that gun1 and gun4 partially restored the expression patterns of the previously detected chloroplast-associated genes, thereby ameliorating the slow-greening phenotype of sg1. Taken together, the results suggest that the newly identified protein, SG1, is required for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liping Guan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Pingping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Fanciullino AL, Bidel LPR, Urban L. Carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli: integrating redox and carbon controls into a fruit model. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:273-89. [PMID: 23777240 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play an important role in plant adaptation to fluctuating environments as well as in the human diet by contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases. Insights have been gained recently into the way individual factors, genetic, environmental or developmental, control the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway at the molecular level. The identification of the rate-limiting steps of carotenogenesis has paved the way for programmes of breeding, and metabolic engineering, aimed at increasing the concentration of carotenoids in different crop species. However, the complexity that arises from the interactions between the different factors as well as from the coordination between organs remains poorly understood. This review focuses on recent advances in carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli and discusses how the interactions between the modulation factors and between organs affect carotenoid build-up. We develop the idea that reactive oxygen species/redox status and sugars/carbon status can be considered as integrated factors that account for most effects of the major environmental factors influencing carotenoid biosynthesis. The discussion highlights the concept of carotenoids or carotenoid-derivatives as stress signals that may be involved in feedback controls. We propose a conceptual model of the effects of environmental and developmental factors on carotenoid build-up in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fanciullino
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, Avignon, Cedex, 9, France
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Finazzi G, Minagawa J. High Light Acclimation in Green Microalgae. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Martinis J, Glauser G, Valimareanu S, Stettler M, Zeeman SC, Yamamoto H, Shikanai T, Kessler F. ABC1K1/PGR6 kinase: a regulatory link between photosynthetic activity and chloroplast metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:269-83. [PMID: 24267661 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis proton gradient regulation (pgr) mutants have high chlorophyll fluorescence and reduced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) caused by defects in photosynthetic electron transport. Here, we identify PGR6 as the chloroplast lipid droplet (plastoglobule, PG) kinase ABC1K1 (activity of bc1 complex kinase 1). The members of the ABC1/ADCK/UbiB family of atypical kinases regulate ubiquinone synthesis in bacteria and mitochondria, and impact various metabolic pathways in plant chloroplasts. Here, we demonstrate that abc1k1 has a unique photosynthetic and metabolic phenotype that is distinct from that of the abc1k3 homolog. The abc1k1/pgr6 single mutant is specifically deficient in the electron carrier plastoquinone, as well as in β-carotene and the xanthophyll lutein, and is defective in membrane antioxidant tocopherol metabolism. After 2 days of continuous high light stress, abc1k1/pgr6 plants suffer extensive photosynthetic and metabolic perturbations, strongly affecting carbohydrate metabolism. Remarkably, however, the mutant acclimates to high light after 7 days together with a recovery of carotenoid levels and a drastic alteration in the starch-to-sucrose ratio. Moreover, ABC1K1 behaves as an active kinase and phosphorylates VTE1, a key enzyme of tocopherol (vitamin E) metabolism in vitro. Our results indicate that the ABC1K1 kinase constitutes a new type of regulatory link between photosynthetic activity and chloroplast metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Martinis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Biochemistry and molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in chili peppers (Capsicum spp.). Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19025-53. [PMID: 24065101 PMCID: PMC3794819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140919025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsicum species produce fruits that synthesize and accumulate carotenoid pigments, which are responsible for the fruits' yellow, orange and red colors. Chili peppers have been used as an experimental model for studying the biochemical and molecular aspects of carotenoid biosynthesis. Most reports refer to the characterization of carotenoids and content determination in chili pepper fruits from different species, cultivars, varieties or genotypes. The types and levels of carotenoids differ between different chili pepper fruits, and they are also influenced by environmental conditions. Yellow-orange colors of chili pepper fruits are mainly due to the accumulation of α- and β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin. Carotenoids such as capsanthin, capsorubin and capsanthin-5,6-epoxide confer the red colors. Chromoplasts are the sites of carotenoid pigment synthesis and storage. According to the most accepted theory, the synthesis of carotenoids in chili peppers is controlled by three loci: c1, c2 and y. Several enzymes participating in carotenoid biosynthesis in chili pepper fruits have been isolated and characterized, and the corresponding gene sequences have been reported. However, there is currently limited information on the molecular mechanisms that regulate this biosynthetic pathway. Approaches to gain more knowledge of the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis are discussed.
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Toepel J, Illmer-Kephalides M, Jaenicke S, Straube J, May P, Goesmann A, Kruse O. New insights into Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hydrogen production processes by combined microarray/RNA-seq transcriptomics. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:717-33. [PMID: 23551401 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen production with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii induced by sulphur starvation is a multiphase process while the cell internal metabolism is completely remodelled. The first cellular response is characterized by induction of genes with regulatory functions, followed by a total remodelling of the metabolism to provide reduction equivalents for cellular processes. We were able to characterize all major processes that provide energy and reduction equivalents during hydrogen production. Furthermore, C. reinhardtii showed a strong transcript increase for gene models responsible for stress response and detoxification of oxygen radicals. Finally, we were able to determine potential bottlenecks and target genes for manipulation to increase hydrogen production or to prolong the hydrogen production phase. The investigation of transcriptomic changes during the time course of hydrogen production in C. reinhardtii with microarrays and RNA-seq revealed new insights into the regulation and remodelling of the cell internal metabolism. Both methods showed a good correlation. The microarray platform can be used as a reliable standard tool for routine gene expression analysis. RNA-seq additionally allowed a detailed time-dependent study of gene expression and determination of new genes involved in the hydrogen production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Toepel
- Algae Biotechnology & Bioenergy Group, Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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