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K.M. PK, B.C. VK, M.N. SK, P. RK, S. D, R.J. B, H.D. R. Synthesis, structural characterization, CT-DNA interaction study and antithrombotic activity of new ortho-vanillin-based chiral (Se,N,O) donor ligands and their Pd complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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O'Donnabhain R, Friedman ND. What makes a good doctor? Intern Med J 2018; 48:879-882. [PMID: 29984504 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
What makes a good doctor probably depends on whom you ask. Patients value interpersonal relations, and being involved in decisions about their care. In contrast, hospital executives place an emphasis on the ability to meet key performance indicators critical to the flow of patients through hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan O'Donnabhain
- Department of General Medicine, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Deborah Friedman
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Departments of Infectious Diseases, General Medicine, and Physician Education, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Ahmad I, Sharma S, Gupta N, Rashid Q, Abid M, Ashraf MZ, Jairajpuri MA. Antithrombotic potential of esculin 7, 3', 4', 5', 6'-O-pentasulfate (EPS) for its role in thrombus reduction using rat thrombosis model. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:360-368. [PMID: 30009901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently available anticoagulants for prevention and treatment of thrombosis have several limitations, thus, small organic scaffolds that can dissolve clots in vivo in a dose dependent manner with lesser side effects are highly desirable. Here we report the synthesis of esculin pentasulfate (EPS) and assessment of its in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo anticoagulant and antithrombotic potential. Assessment of in vitro clotting times showed prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) in the presence of EPS. EPS also showed remarkable reduction in thrombus formation when administered in occlusion induced thrombotic rats at a low dose (2.5 mg/kg). Further, assessment of clot rate with plasma isolated from EPS treated rats confirmed its anticoagulation potential. EPS at varying concentrations showed no significant cytotoxic effect on HEK293 cell line. Further, molecular docking analysis of EPS with known anticoagulant proteins [(antithrombin (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCF II)] that require heparin revealed good binding affinity (-7.9 kcal/mol) with ATIII but not with HCF II. ATIII when incubated with EPS showed increased fluorescence intensity, with no change in secondary structure. Overall, our results clearly show the in vivo modulation of thrombus formation using a modified natural scaffold EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Qudsia Rashid
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110 025, India
| | - Mohammad Z Ashraf
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi 110 054, India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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4
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Quan ML, Pinto DJP, Smallheer JM, Ewing WR, Rossi KA, Luettgen JM, Seiffert DA, Wexler RR. Factor XIa Inhibitors as New Anticoagulants. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7425-7447. [PMID: 29775297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors to the oral anticoagulant market, significant improvements in both efficacy and safety have been achieved. Early clinical and preclinical data suggest that inhibitors of factor XIa can provide a still safer alternative, with expanded efficacy for arterial indications. This Perspective provides an overview of target rationale and details of the discovery and development of inhibitors of factor XIa as next generation antithrombotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi L Quan
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Donald J P Pinto
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Joanne M Smallheer
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - William R Ewing
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Karen A Rossi
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Joseph M Luettgen
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Dietmar A Seiffert
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400, Princeton , New Jersey 08543 , United States
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5
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Synthesis and in Vitro and in Vivo Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Activities of Amidino- and Non-Amidinobenzamides. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050676. [PMID: 27213328 PMCID: PMC6273990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three amidino- and ten non-amidinobenzamides were synthesized as 3-aminobenzoic acid scaffold-based anticoagulant and antiplatelet compounds. The anticoagulant activities of thirteen synthesized compounds 1-13, and 2b and 3b as prodrugs were preliminary evaluated by screening the prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) in vitro. From the aPTT results obtained, two amidinobenzamides, N-(3'-amidinophenyl)-3-(thiophen-2''-ylcarbonylamino) benzamide (1, 33.2 ± 0.7 s) and N-(4'-amidinophenyl)-3-(thiophen-2''-ylcarbonylamino) benzamide (2, 43.5 ± 0.6 s) were selected to investigate the further anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities. The aPTT results of 1 (33.2 ± 0.7 s) and 2 (43.5 ± 0.6 s) were compared with heparin (62.5 ± 0.8 s) in vitro at 30 μM. We investigated the effect of 1 and 2 on blood anticoagulant activity (ex vivo) and on tail bleeding time (in vivo) on mice. A tail cutting/bleeding time assay revealed that both 1 and 2 prolonged bleeding time in mice at a dose of 24.1 g/mouse and above. Compounds 1 and 2 dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. In addition, 1 and 2 were evaluated on the inhibitory activities of thrombin and FXa as well as the generation of thrombin and FXa in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Collectively, 1 and 2 possess some antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities and offer a basis for development of a novel antithrombotic product.
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6
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Abstract
Investigation of inhibitory effect of two single-stranded DNA thrombin-inhibiting aptamers (15TBA and 31TBA) on fibrin polymerization in fibrinogen solutions and comparison of anticoagulant properties of these aptamers by a new global coagulation test of thrombodynamics. Measurement of aptamers' functional stability in human plasma and blood in vitro in order to investigate the involvement of 3'-exonuclease in fast decrease of aptamers' functional activity in vivo. Thrombin inhibition activity was measured in a buffer system in vitro as effects of aptamers on fibrin polymerization. Anticoagulant activity was investigated by measuring the spatial clot growth rate in the presence of aptamers. The stability of aptamers during incubation in human plasma was investigated in vitro by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time. Both aptamers dose-dependently inhibit fibrin polymerization in a buffer solution (IC50=10 nm for 15TBA and 3 nm for 31TBA) and are effective anticoagulants in human plasma (IC50 for spatial clot growth rate decreasing are 9.5 μmol/l and 4.0 μmol/l for 15TBA and 31TBA, correspondingly). Both aptamers remain stable in plasma or whole blood in vitro for at least 4 h. It was shown that 31TBA was 2-3 times more effective than 15TBA. Both aptamers were stable in human plasma and whole blood in vitro. So, the 3'-exonuclease could not be the reason for fast decrease of aptamers' functional activity in vivo. The main role in the removal of oligonucleotides from the circulation is played obviously by the liver.
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Abstract
The pursuit of serine protease inhibitors as anticoagulants and anti-hepatitis C virus drugs continues to be an active area of research. Compounds such as P1-P3 macrocyclic peptides and linear peptides have been registered as potent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors and compounds such as phenylglycinamide derivatives, substituted biaryls, tetrahydroquinoline derivatives, arylpropionamides, arylacrylamides, arylpropynamides, arylmethylurea analogs and peptides as factor XIa inhibitors. Given the recent US FDA approval of telaprevir and boceprevir for the treatment of hepatitis C virus, the development of new serine protease inhibitors is likely to be one of the hottest areas in the pharmaceutical industry. This review covers the patent literature on serine protease inhibitors during the period between 2009 and 2010.
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Patel RN. Biocatalytic synthesis of chiral alcohols and amino acids for development of pharmaceuticals. Biomolecules 2013; 3:741-77. [PMID: 24970190 PMCID: PMC4030968 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a key factor in the safety and efficacy of many drug products and thus the production of single enantiomers of drug intermediates and drugs has become increasingly important in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing awareness of the enormous potential of microorganisms and enzymes derived there from for the transformation of synthetic chemicals with high chemo-, regio- and enatioselectivities. In this article, biocatalytic processes are described for the synthesis of chiral alcohols and unntural aminoacids for pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Patel
- SLRP Associates Consultation in Biotechnology, 572 Cabot Hill Road, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
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Sidhu PS, Abdel Aziz MH, Sarkar A, Mehta AY, Zhou Q, Desai UR. Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Exosite 2 features multiple subsites that can be targeted by sulfated small molecules for inducing inhibition. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5059-70. [PMID: 23718540 DOI: 10.1021/jm400369q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently designed a group of novel exosite-2-directed sulfated, small, allosteric inhibitors of thrombin. To develop more potent inhibitors, monosulfated benzofuran tri- and tetrameric homologues of the parent designed dimers were synthesized in seven to eight steps and found to exhibit a wide range of potencies. Among these, trimer 9a was found to be nearly 10-fold more potent than the first generation molecules. Michaelis-Menten studies indicated an allosteric mechanism of inhibition. Competitive studies using a hirudin peptide (exosite 1 ligand) and unfractionated heparin, heparin octasaccharide, and γ'-fibrinogen peptide (exosite 2 ligands) demonstrated exosite 2 recognition in a manner different from that of the parent dimers. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of 12 Arg/Lys residues of exosite 2 revealed a defect in 9a potency for Arg233Ala thrombin only confirming the major difference in site of recognition between the two structurally related sulfated benzofurans. The results suggest that multiple avenues are available within exosite 2 for inducing thrombin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetpal Singh Sidhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA
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Desai BJ, Boothello RS, Mehta AY, Scarsdale JN, Wright HT, Desai UR. Interaction of thrombin with sucrose octasulfate. Biochemistry 2011; 50:6973-82. [PMID: 21736375 DOI: 10.1021/bi2004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The serine protease thrombin plays multiple roles in many important physiological processes, especially coagulation, where it functions as both a pro- and anticoagulant. The polyanionic glycosaminoglycan heparin modulates thrombin's activity through binding at exosite II. Sucrose octasulfate (SOS) is often used as a surrogate for heparin, but it is not known whether it is an effective heparin mimic in its interaction with thrombin. We have characterized the interaction of SOS with thrombin in solution and determined a crystal structure of their complex. SOS binds thrombin with a K(d) of ~1.4 μM, comparable to that of the much larger polymeric heparin measured under the same conditions. Nonionic (hydrogen bonding) interactions make a larger contribution to thrombin binding of SOS than to heparin. SOS binding to exosite II inhibits thrombin's catalytic activity with high potency but with low efficacy. Analytical ultracentrifugation shows that bovine and human thrombins are monomers in solution in the presence of SOS, in contrast to their complexes with heparin, which are dimers. In the X-ray crystal structure, two molecules of SOS are bound nonequivalently to exosite II portions of a thrombin dimer, in contrast to the 1:2 stoichiometry of the heparin-thrombin complex, which has a different monomer association mode in the dimer. SOS and heparin binding to exosite II of thrombin differ on both chemical and structural levels and, perhaps most significantly, in thrombin inhibition. These differences may offer paths to the design of more potent exosite II binding, allosteric small molecules as modulators of thrombin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy J Desai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
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11
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Modifying the substrate specificity of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda serine protease inhibitor domain 1 to target thrombin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15258. [PMID: 21188150 PMCID: PMC3004852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors play a decisive role in maintaining homeostasis and eliciting antimicrobial activities. Invertebrates like the horseshoe crab have developed unique modalities with serine protease inhibitors to detect and respond to microbial and host proteases. Two isoforms of an immunomodulatory two-domain Kazal-like serine protease inhibitor, CrSPI-1 and CrSPI-2, have been recently identified in the hepatopancreas of the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Full length and domain 2 of CrSPI-1 display powerful inhibitory activities against subtilisin. However, the structure and function of CrSPI-1 domain-1 (D1) remain unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of CrSPI-1-D1 refined up to 2.0 Å resolution. Despite the close structural homology of CrSPI-1-D1 to rhodniin-D1 (a known thrombin inhibitor), the CrSPI-1-D1 does not inhibit thrombin. This prompted us to modify the selectivity of CrSPI-1-D1 specifically towards thrombin. We illustrate the use of structural information of CrSPI-1-D1 to modify this domain into a potent thrombin inhibitor with IC50 of 26.3 nM. In addition, these studies demonstrate that, besides the rigid conformation of the reactive site loop of the inhibitor, the sequence is the most important determinant of the specificity of the inhibitor. This study will lead to the significant application to modify a multi-domain inhibitor protein to target several proteases.
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de Candia M, Lopopolo G, Altomare C. Novel factor Xa inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 19:1535-80. [PMID: 19743898 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903270532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD New oral anticoagulants with favorable safety profiles and fixed doses are required for the management of thromboembolism and stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Among them, fXa inhibitors (the so-called xabans) are attractive options that can overcome limitations (e.g., bleeding) of the current oral antithrombotic therapy. The rational design of small-molecule direct fXa inhibitors, whose importance is testified by the growing number of publications and patents recently registered, has been fully supported by the X-ray crystallography of enzyme-ligand complexes. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Pubmed, SciFinder Scholar, ISI web of knowledge(SM), http://ep.espacenet.com/ and Google websites were used as the main sources for literature retrieving, and > 100 patents filed between 2006 and April 2009, reviewed and discussed herein, highlight the variety among the P1 and P4 moieties on suitable scaffolds. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The replacement of the benzamidine P1 moiety, which characterizes the first generation, with less basic bioisosteric or nonpolar neutral P1 groups led to the disclosure of numerous fXa inhibitors with high potency, selectivity and oral bioavailability. Novel selective fXa inhibitors with stable pharmacokinetics, better therapeutic windows and ease-of-use than the existing anticoagulants are currently under advanced stage clinical trials. TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Available data from Phase II and Phase III studies reflect the drive towards fXa inhibitors as potentially more effective and safer antithrombotic drugs. Their development is expected to address two major needs for anticoagulation, namely safety and ease-of-use, and to significantly affect the anticoagulant market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto de Candia
- University of Bari, Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
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Hirode M, Omura K, Kiyosawa N, Uehara T, Shimuzu T, Ono A, Miyagishima T, Nagao T, Ohno Y, Urushidani T. Gene expression profiling in rat liver treated with various hepatotoxic-compounds inducing coagulopathy. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:281-93. [PMID: 19483382 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A large-scale transcriptome database of rat liver (TG-GATEs) has been established by the Toxicogenomics Project in Japan. In the present study, we focused on 8 hepatotoxic compounds within TG-GATEs, i.e., clofibrate, omeprazole, ethionine, thioacetamide, benzbromarone, propylthiouracil, Wy-14,643 and amiodarone, which induced coagulation abnormalities. Aspirin was selected as a reference compound that directly causes coagulation abnormality, but not through liver toxicity. In blood chemical examinations, for all the coagulopathic compounds there was little elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and/or alanine aminotransferase (ALT), suggesting no severe cell death by treatment with the compounds. We extracted 344 probe sets from the data for these 8 typical drugs, which induced this phenotype at any time from 3 to 28 days of repeated administration. Principal component analysis using these probe sets clearly separated dose- and time-dependent clusters of the treated groups from their controls, except aspirin and propylthiouracil, both of which were considered to cause coagulopathy not due to their hepatotoxicity but due to their direct effects on the blood coagulation system. Reviewing the extracted genes, changes in lipid metabolism were found to be dominant. Genes related to blood coagulation were generally down-regulated by these drugs except that vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) like 1, a paralogous gene of Vkorc1, was up-regulated. As expected, expression changes of these genes were least prominent in aspirin or propylthiouracil-treated liver. We concluded that these probe sets could be a good starting point in developing mechanism-based biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis of hepatotoxicity-related coagulation abnormalities in the early stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hirode
- Toxicogenomics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka
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de Candia M, Liantonio F, Carotti A, De Cristofaro R, Altomare C. Fluorinated Benzyloxyphenyl Piperidine-4-carboxamides with Dual Function against Thrombosis: Inhibitors of Factor Xa and Platelet Aggregation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1018-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801141f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Modesto de Candia
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy, Hemostasis Research Centre, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito 1, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Liantonio
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy, Hemostasis Research Centre, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito 1, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy, Hemostasis Research Centre, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito 1, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Raimondo De Cristofaro
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy, Hemostasis Research Centre, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito 1, I-00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Altomare
- Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, I-70125, Bari, Italy, Hemostasis Research Centre, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo F. Vito 1, I-00168 Rome, Italy
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Lima LM, Frattani FS, Dos Santos JL, Castro HC, Fraga CAM, Zingali RB, Barreiro EJ. Synthesis and anti-platelet activity of novel arylsulfonate–acylhydrazone derivatives, designed as antithrombotic candidates. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:348-56. [PMID: 17532545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a new class of promising anti-platelet drug candidates with significant antithrombotic activity in vivo. This new series of compounds was structurally planned by modification of known thrombin inhibitors based on the use of acylhydrazone subunit, as a nonpeptide scaffold, and variations at P1 moiety. Three different families of arylsulfonate-acylhydrazone derivatives were designed. The bioassays indicated the first class of derivatives represented by 4f (LASSBio-693) and 4j (LASSBio-743), which were active in inhibiting the platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. The second class represented by compounds 4e (LASSBio-774) and 4h (LASSBio-480) that selectively inhibit the platelet aggregation involving TXA(2) formation. Finally, the third class of derivatives was identified acting as a novel symbiotic agent able to inhibit the platelet aggregation induced by collagen or AA and by thrombin, represented by compounds 4b (LASSBio-694) and 4g (LASSBio-770).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia M Lima
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, PO Box 68006, 21944-910, Brazil.
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16
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17
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Miura M, Seki N, Koike T, Ishihara T, Niimi T, Hirayama F, Shigenaga T, Sakai-Moritani Y, Kawasaki T, Sakamoto S, Okada M, Ohta M, Tsukamoto SI. Potent and selective TF/FVIIa inhibitors containing a neutral P1 ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7688-705. [PMID: 16942884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of tissue factor/factor VIIa complex (TF/FVIIa) is an attractive strategy for antithrombotic therapies. We began with an investigation of a non-amidine TF/FVIIa inhibitor based on a modification of amidine compound 1. Optimization of the substituents on the P1 phenyl portion of the compound 1 led to a neutral or less basic alternative for the 4-amidinophenyl moiety. By further optimization of the substituents on the central phenyl ring, a highly potent and selective TF/FVIIa inhibitor 17d was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Miura
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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18
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Frédérick R, Charlier C, Robert S, Wouters J, Masereel B, Pochet L. Investigation of mechanism-based thrombin inhibitors: Implications of a highly conserved water molecule for the binding of coumarins within the S pocket. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2017-21. [PMID: 16413781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel coumarins bearing on the lateral side chain in the 3-position an amine or a guanidine group is described. In vitro evaluation highlighted 14d which possesses a meta aniline side chain as a very potent THR inhibitor. Surprisingly, the introduction of a guanidine moiety always led to a decrease in THR inhibiting properties. We, thus, used docking experiments to rationalize the SAR in the series. This study showed the crucial role of a conserved water molecule in the specificity pocket of THR during docking simulation in order to explain the inactivity of guanidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Frédérick
- Department of Pharmacy, Drug Design and Discovery Center, University of Namur, FUNDP, 61, rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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19
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Frédérick R, Robert S, Charlier C, de Ruyck J, Wouters J, Pirotte B, Masereel B, Pochet L. 3,6-Disubstituted Coumarins as Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of Thrombin and Factor Xa. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7592-603. [PMID: 16302799 DOI: 10.1021/jm050448g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, coumarins were screened on thrombin (THR) and factor Xa (FXa), two of the most promising targets for the development of anticoagulant drugs. This allowed us to highlight compound 30, characterized by a 2,5-dichlorophenyl ester in the 3-position and a chloromethyl moiety in the 6-position, as a very potent THR inhibitor (ki/KI= 37,000 M(-1) s(-1)). Moreover, this compound exhibits good selectivity over FXa (168-fold) and trypsin (54-fold). The mechanism of inactivation was investigated in this series and significantly differs from that previously observed with alpha-chymotrypsin. Indeed, the addition of hydrazine on the THR-inhibitor complex promotes a partial induced THR reactivation. This reactivation, confirmed by LC/MS, showed the resurgence of the native THR and a new dihydrazide complex. Docking experiments were then efficiently used to explain the trends observed in the enzymatic assays as well as to corroborate the postulated inhibition mechanism. Finally, the cell permeability of our derivatives was estimated using a computational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Frédérick
- Department of Pharmacy and CBS Laboratory, University of Namur, FUNDP, 61, Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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20
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Cui D, Qian X, Liu F, Zhang R, Yang Q. Novel Naphthalimide Fluorescent Sensors Selective for Certain Proteins on Basis of Non-covalent Interactions between Enzyme and Inhibitor. CHEM LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2005.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Srebnik M. Noncovalent inhibition of the serine proteases, alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin by trifluoro(organo)borates. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:941-4. [PMID: 15731882 DOI: 10.1039/b415957h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of potassium organotrifluoroborates were synthesized. Their stability to hydrolysis was determined in D2O, TRIS and phosphate buffer. It was found that in both D2O and TRIS buffers, these compounds are quite stable, whereas in phosphate buffer rapid hydrolysis occurs. Based on these results, a study was undertaken to determine whether potassium organotrifluoroborates can serve as protease inhibitors. It was found that potassium organotrifluoroborates increased inhibition by at least an order of magnitude over the corresponding boronates. Dixon plots showed that these compounds are reversible competitive inhibitors of alpha-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Based on 19F NMR, we speculate that they inactivate the enzymes as a result of the formation of hydrogen-bonds between fluorine atoms of the inhibitors and the serine protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12065, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Kikelj D. Peptidomimetic Thrombin Inhibitors. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HAEMOSTASIS AND THROMBOSIS 2005; 33:487-91. [PMID: 15692265 DOI: 10.1159/000083850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The central position of thrombin in the coagulation cascade has made it a popular target for discovery of novel antithrombotic agents. Starting with hirudin, a natural peptide isolated from the medicinal leech, its shorter synthetic analogue hirulog, and argatroban,the first therapeutically used synthetic small-molecule thrombin active site inhibitor, hundreds of direct thrombin inhibitors have been discovered over the last 20 years. Most of them are peptidomimetic compounds,based on the amino acid sequence of fibrinogen which binds into the thrombin active site. Since elucidation of the crystal structure of human thrombin in 1989, the structure-based design of low-molecular-weight peptidomimetic thrombin inhibitors has been greatly aided by the use of x-ray crystallographic analysis of thrombin-inhibitor complexes. The ultimate goal of most research programmes and drug optimization strategies is to develop an orally bioavailable, small-molecule,direct thrombin inhibitor that would be suitable for once or twice daily dosing. An overview of the most advanced peptidomimetic direct thrombin inhibitors bivalirudin, argatroban, ximelagatran and dabigatran is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijel Kikelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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23
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Kadono S, Sakamoto A, Kikuchi Y, Oh-eda M, Yabuta N, Koga T, Hattori K, Shiraishi T, Haramura M, Kodama H, Esaki T, Sato H, Watanabe Y, Itoh S, Ohta M, Kozono T. Crystal structure of human factor VIIa/tissue factor in complex with peptide mimetic inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:1227-33. [PMID: 15504346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D structure of human factor VIIa/soluble tissue factor in complex with a peptide mimetic inhibitor, propylsulfonamide-D-Thr-Met-p-aminobenzamidine, is determined by X-ray crystallography. As compared with the interactions between thrombin and thrombin inhibitors, the interactions at S2 and S3 sites characteristic of factor VIIa and factor VIIa inhibitors are revealed. The S2 site has a small pocket, which is filled by the hydrophobic methionine side chain in P2. The small S3 site fits the small size residue, D-threonine in P3. The structural data and SAR data of the peptide mimetic inhibitor show that these interactions in the S2 and S3 sites play an important role for the improvement of selectivity versus thrombin. The results will provide valuable information for the structure-based drug design of specific inhibitors for FVIIa/TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shojiro Kadono
- Fuji Gotemba Research Labs, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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24
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Rumthao S, Lee O, Sheng Q, Fu W, Mulhearn DC, Crich D, Mesecar AD, Johnson ME. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of oxyanion-hole selective inhibitor substituents for the S1 subsite of factor Xa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5165-70. [PMID: 15380220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the factor Xa inhibitory activities of p-amidinophenyl-sulfones, amines, and alcohols intended to take advantage of the polarity and hydrogen-bonding potential of the oxyanion hole region of the S1 specificity pocket. We demonstrate that placement of an anionic group within the oxyanion hole region of the catalytic site substantially enhances activity, with small flexible groups favored over bulkier ones. Ab initio pKa calculations suggest that the hydroxyl substituent frequently used for benzamidine moieties may be ionized to form an anionic group, consistent with the general trend. One nonamidine based substituent also shows promising activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sochanchingwung Rumthao
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Avenue, m/c 870, Chicago, IL 60607-7173, USA
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25
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Nelson TD, LeBlond CR, Frantz DE, Matty L, Mitten JV, Weaver DG, Moore JC, Kim JM, Boyd R, Kim PY, Gbewonyo K, Brower M, Sturr M, McLaughlin K, McMasters DR, Kress MH, McNamara JM, Dolling UH. Stereoselective synthesis of a potent thrombin inhibitor by a novel P2-P3 lactone ring opening. J Org Chem 2004; 69:3620-7. [PMID: 15152989 DOI: 10.1021/jo035794p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concise synthesis of a potent thrombin inhibitor was accomplished by a mild lactone aminolysis between an orthogonally protected bis-benzylic amine and a diastereomerically pure lactone. The lactone was synthesized by the condensation of l-proline methyl ester with an enantiomerically pure hydroxy acid, which in turn was synthesized by a highly stereoselective (>500:1 er) and productive (100,000:1, S/C) enzymatic reduction of an alpha-ketoester. In addition, a second route to the enantiomerically pure lactone was accomplished by a diastereoselective ketoamide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Nelson
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., 466 Devon Park Drive, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, USA.
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26
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Marinko P, Krbavcic A, Mlinsek G, Solmajer T, Bakija AT, Stegnar M, Stojan J, Kikelj D. Novel non-covalent thrombin inhibitors incorporating P1 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazole arginine side chain mimetics. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:257-65. [PMID: 15051174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Revised: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological activity of a series of novel non-covalent D-Phe-Pro-Arg motif-based thrombin inhibitors incorporating 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzothiazol-2-amine as a novel arginine surrogate are described. Compound 9, the most potent in the series of thrombin inhibitors, exhibited an in vitro K(i) of 128 nM and 342-fold selectivity against trypsin. The binding mode of this novel class of thrombin inhibitors in the enzyme active site, based on the X-ray crystal structure of compound 9 co-crystallized with human alpha-thrombin, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Marinko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Parlow JJ, Kurumbail RG, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, South MS. Synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of substituted fluorobenzene and benzoquinone inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:3721-5. [PMID: 14552766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multistep syntheses of substituted benzenes and benzoquinone inhibitors of tissue Factor VIIa are reported. The benzene analogues were designed such that their substitution pattern would occupy and interact with the S(1), S(2), and S(3) pockets of the tissue Factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) enzyme. The compounds exhibited modest potency on TF/VIIa with selectivity over Factor Xa and thrombin. The X-ray crystal structures of the targeted fluorobenzene 12a and benzoquinone 14 inhibitors bound to TF/VIIa were obtained and will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
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28
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Subramanian R, Lin CC, Ho JZ, Pitzenberger SM, Silva-Elipe MV, Gibson CR, Braun MP, Yu X, Yergey JL, Singh R. BIOACTIVATION OF THE 3-AMINO-6-CHLOROPYRAZINONE RING IN A THROMBIN INHIBITOR LEADS TO NOVEL DIHYDRO-IMIDAZOLE AND IMIDAZOLIDINE DERIVATIVES: STRUCTURES AND MECHANISM USING 13C-LABELS, MASS SPECTROMETRY, AND NMR. Drug Metab Dispos 2003; 31:1437-47. [PMID: 14570777 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.31.11.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a serine protease that plays a key role in the blood coagulation cascade. Compound I [2-[6-chloro-3-[(2,2-difluoro-2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)amino]-2-oxopyrazin-1(2H)-yl]-N-[(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl]acetamide] is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor that is being studied as a possible anticoagulant. Biotransformation studies in rats revealed that 84% of an i.v. dose of I was excreted in the form of two metabolites. Both metabolites were formed by metabolic activation of the pyrazinone ring in I and subsequent rearrangement leading to two novel dihydro-imidazole and imidazolidine derivatives. The structures of these metabolites and their mechanism of formation were elucidated by additional use of two 13C single labels in the pyrazinone ring of I in combination with mass spectrometry and NMR techniques. The metabolite structures described here illustrate the rich metabolic chemistry of the amino-pyrazinone heterocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Subramanian
- Department of Drug Metabolism, WP75-100, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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29
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Parlow JJ, Case BL, Dice TA, Fenton RL, Hayes MJ, Jones DE, Neumann WL, Wood RS, Lachance RM, Girard TJ, Nicholson NS, Clare M, Stegeman RA, Stevens AM, Stallings WC, Kurumbail RG, South MS. Design, parallel synthesis, and crystal structures of pyrazinone antithrombotics as selective inhibitors of the tissue factor VIIa complex. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4050-62. [PMID: 12954058 DOI: 10.1021/jm030131l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) and polymer-assisted solution-phase (PASP) library synthesis were used to develop a series of pyrazinone inhibitors of the Tissue Factor/Factor VIIa (TF/VIIa) complex. The crystal structure of a tripeptide-alpha-ketothiazole complexed with TF/VIIa was utilized in a docking experiment to identify the pyrazinone core as a starting scaffold. The pyrazinone core could orient the substituents in the correct spatial arrangement to probe the S1, S2, and S3 pockets of the enzyme. A multistep PASP library synthesis was designed to prepare the substituted pyrazinones varying the P1, P2, and P3 moieties. Hundreds of pyrazinone TF/VIIa inhibitors were prepared and tested in several serine protease enzyme assays involved in the coagulation cascade. The inhibitors exhibited modest activity on TF/VIIa with excellent selectivity over thrombin (IIa) and Factor Xa. The structure-activity relationship of the pyrazinone inhibitors will be discussed and X-ray crystal structures of selected compounds complexed with the TF/VIIa enzyme will be described. This study ultimately led to the synthesis of compound 34, which exhibited 16 nM (IC50) activity on TF/VIIa with >6250 x selectivity vs Factor Xa and thrombin. This potent and highly selective inhibitor of TF/VIIa was chosen for preclinical, intravenous proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate the separation between antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding side effects in a nonhuman primate model of electrolytic-induced arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Parlow
- Department of Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63167, USA.
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30
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31
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Boatman PD, Urban J, Nguyen M, Qabar M, Kahn M. High-throughput synthesis and optimization of thrombin inhibitors via urazole alpha-addition and Michael addition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:1445-9. [PMID: 12668009 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel alpha-addition of propiolates to urazoles followed by Michael addition of a variety of nucleophiles has been developed for rapid production and optimization of peptidomimetic drug leads. This technology has produced a number of highly potent and selective inhibitors of the serine protease, thrombin.
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32
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Chou YL, Davey DD, Eagen KA, Griedel BD, Karanjawala R, Phillips GB, Sacchi KL, Shaw KJ, Wu SC, Lentz D, Liang AM, Trinh L, Morrissey MM, Kochanny MJ. Structure-activity relationships of substituted benzothiophene-anthranilamide factor Xa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:507-11. [PMID: 12565961 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Compound 1 was identified by high throughput screening as a novel, potent, non-amidine factor Xa inhibitor with good selectivity against thrombin and trypsin. A series of modifications of the three aromatic groups of 1 was investigated. Substitution of chlorine or bromine for fluorine on the aniline ring led to the discovery of subnanomolar factor Xa inhibitors. Positions on the anthranilic acid ring that can accommodate further substitution were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuo-Ling Chou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, PO Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94804-0099, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Clinically used anticoagulants are inhibitors of enzymes involved in the coagulation pathway, primarily thrombin and factor Xa. These agents can be either direct or indirect inhibitors of clotting enzymes. Heparin-based anticoagulants are indirect inhibitors that enhance the proteinase inhibitory activity of a natural anticoagulant, antithrombin. Despite its phenomenal success, current anticoagulation therapy suffers from the risk of serious bleeding. The need for safer and more effective antithrombotic agents clearly exists. The past decade has seen enormous effort directed toward discovering and/or designing new molecules with anticoagulant activity. These new molecules can be classified into (a). antithrombin and its mutants, (b). natural polysaccharides, (c). synthetic modified heparins and heparin-mimics, (d). synthetic oligosaccharides, and (e). synthetic non-sugar antithrombin activators. This review focuses on these efforts in designing or discovering new molecules that act through the antithrombin pathway of anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0540, USA.
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34
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Iwanowicz EJ, Kimball SD, Lin J, Lau W, Han WC, Wang TC, Roberts DGM, Schumacher WA, Ogletree ML, Seiler SM. Retro-binding thrombin active site inhibitors: identification of an orally active inhibitor of thrombin catalytic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3183-6. [PMID: 12372529 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of retro-binding inhibitors of human alpha-thrombin was prepared to elucidate structure-activity relationships (SAR) and optimize in vivo performance. Compounds 9 and 11, orally active inhibitors of thrombin catalytic activity, were identified to be efficacious in a thrombin-induced lethality model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Iwanowicz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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35
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Reiner JE, Siev DV, Araldi GL, Cui JJ, Ho JZ, Reddy KM, Mamedova L, Vu PH, Lee KSS, Minami NK, Gibson TS, Anderson SM, Bradbury AE, Nolan TG, Semple JE. Non-covalent thrombin inhibitors featuring P(3)-heterocycles with P(1)-monocyclic arginine surrogates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1203-8. [PMID: 11934589 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on P(2)-P(3)-heterocyclic dipeptide surrogates directed towards identification of an orally bioavailable thrombin inhibitor led us to pursue novel classes of achiral, non-covalent P(1)-arginine derivatives. The design, synthesis, and biological activity of inhibitors NC1-NC30 that feature three classes of monocyclic P(1)-arginine surrogates will be disclosed: (1) (hetero)aromatic amidines, amines and hydroxyamidines, (2) 2-aminopyrazines, and (3) 2-aminopyrimidines and 2-aminotetrahydropyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Reiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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36
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Ho JZ, Gibson TS, Semple JE. Novel, potent non-covalent thrombin inhibitors incorporating p(3)-lactam scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:743-8. [PMID: 11858993 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of P(1)-argininal inhibitor prototypes led to a series of non-covalent P(3)-7-membered lactam inhibitors 1a-w, featuring novel peptidomimetic units that probe each of the S(1), S(2), and S(3) specificity pockets of thrombin. Rigid P(1)-arginine surrogates possessing a wide range of basicity (calcd pK(a)'s approximately neutral-14) were surveyed. The design, synthesis, and biological activity of these targets are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Ho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Corvas International, Inc., 3030 Science Park Road, 92121, San Diego, CA, USA
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37
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Das J, Kimball SD, Reid JA, Wang TC, Lau WF, Roberts DGM, Seiler SM, Schumacher WA, Ogletree ML. Thrombin active site inhibitors: chemical synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of a novel and selective agent BMS-189090 and analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:41-4. [PMID: 11738569 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of structurally novel small molecule inhibitors of human alpha-thrombin was prepared to elucidate their structure- activity relationships (SAR), selectivity and activity in vivo. BMS-189090 (5) is identified as a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human alpha-thrombin that is efficacious in vivo in a mice lethality model, and in inhibiting both arterial and venous thrombosis in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagabandhu Das
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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38
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Cui J, Marankan F, Fu W, Crich D, Mesecar A, Johnson ME. An oxyanion-hole selective serine protease inhibitor in complex with trypsin. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:41-6. [PMID: 11738605 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
p-amidinophenylmethylphosphinic acid (AMPA) was designed, synthesized and crystallized in complex with trypsin to study interactions with the oxyanion hole at the S1 site. In comparison to benzamidine, AMPA shows improved activity, which the crystal structure demonstrates to result from hydrogen bonds between the negatively charged phosphinic acid group and the catalytic residues at the oxyanion hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Avenue, M/C 870, Chicago, IL 60607-7173, USA
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39
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Abstract
No pharmaceutical based on boron has yet made it to market, but this may soon change. The new millennium has brought with it some unique classes of bioactive boron compounds that are sufficiently mature in development to be considered significant and timely advances in their respective chemotherapeutic areas. Because boron is seldom seen as a constituent of a bioactive agent, this review relates some of the pertinent biologic and physiologic properties of boron and then describes in detail those boron-based agents clearly visible on the therapeutic horizon. Highlighted agents include boronic acids and boron heterocycles as potent proteasome inhibitors, beta-lactamase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, inositol trisphosphate receptor modulators, antibacterials, and antiestrogens. As these new agents are welcomed into the therapeutic armamentarium, others will surely follow and the prescribing clinician will already have an awareness and appreciation of the unique benefits that these compounds have to offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Groziak
- Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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40
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Chapter 8. Anticoagulants: Inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(01)36048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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