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Liu Y, Long Y, Fang J, Liu G. Advances in the Anti-Atherosclerotic Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin Gallate. Nutrients 2024; 16:2074. [PMID: 38999821 PMCID: PMC11243004 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common clinical sickness and the major pathological basis of ischemic cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs). The pathogenesis of AS involves a variety of risk factors, and there is a lack of effective preventive and curative drugs that can completely treat AS. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits, the morbidity and mortality rates of AS are on the rise, and the age of onset tends to be younger. The formation of AS is closely related to a variety of factors, and the main factors include lipid metabolism disorders, endothelial damage, inflammation, unstable plaques, etc. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as one of the main components of catechins, has a variety of pharmacological effects, and its role in the prevention of AS and the protection of cardiovascular and cerebral blood vessels has been highly valued. Recent epidemiological investigations and various in vivo and ex vivo experiments have shown that EGCG is capable of resisting atherosclerosis and reducing the morbidity and mortality of AS. In this paper, we reviewed the anti-AS effects of EGCG and its mechanisms in recent years, including the regulation of lipid metabolism, regulation of intestinal flora disorders, improvement of vascular endothelial cell functions, inhibition of inflammatory factors expression, regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and inhibition of platelet aggregation, which are helpful for the prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yiling Long
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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2
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Ye X, Zhang M, Gong Z, Jiao W, Li L, Dong M, Xiang T, Feng N, Wu Q. Inhibition of polyphenols on Maillard reaction products and their induction of related diseases: A comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155589. [PMID: 38608487 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food products undergo a pronounced Maillard reaction (MR) during the cooking process, leading to the generation of substantial quantities of Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Within this category, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), acrylamide (AA), and heterocyclic amines (HAs) have been implicated as potential risk factors associated with the development of diseases. PURPOSE To explore the effects of polyphenols, a class of bioactive compounds found in plants, on the inhibition of MRPs and related diseases. Previous research has mainly focused on their interactions with proteins and their effects on the gastrointestinal tract and other diseases, while fewer studies have examined their inhibitory effects on MRPs. The aim is to offer a scientific reference for future research investigating the inhibitory role of polyphenols in the MR. METHODS The databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library were searched for appropriate research. RESULTS Polyphenols have the potential to inhibit the formation of harmful MRPs and prevent related diseases. The inhibition of MRPs by polyphenols primarily occurs through the following mechanisms: trapping α-dicarbonyl compounds, scavenging free radicals, chelating metal ions, and preserving protein structure. Simultaneously, polyphenols exhibit the ability to impede the onset and progression of related diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease through diverse pathways. CONCLUSION This review presents that inhibition of polyphenols on Maillard reaction products and their induction of related diseases. Further research is imperative to enhance our comprehension of additional pathways affected by polyphenols and to fully uncover their potential application value in inhibiting MRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Mengyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Zihao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Weiting Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Liangchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Mingyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Tianyu Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China
| | - Nianjie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei, China.
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3
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Munno M, Mallia A, Greco A, Modafferi G, Banfi C, Eligini S. Radical Oxygen Species, Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins, and Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1: A Vicious Circle in Atherosclerotic Process. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38790688 PMCID: PMC11118168 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex condition that involves the accumulation of lipids and subsequent plaque formation in the arterial intima. There are various stimuli, cellular receptors, and pathways involved in this process, but oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) are particularly important in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Ox-LDLs promote foam-cell formation, activate proinflammatory pathways, and induce smooth-muscle-cell migration, apoptosis, and cell death. One of the major receptors for ox-LDL is LOX-1, which is upregulated in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. LOX-1 activation in endothelial cells promotes endothelial dysfunction and induces pro-atherogenic signaling, leading to plaque formation. The binding of ox-LDLs to LOX-1 increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce LOX-1 expression and oxidize LDLs, contributing to ox-LDL generation and further upregulating LOX-1 expression. This creates a vicious circle that is amplified in pathological conditions characterized by high plasma levels of LDLs. Although LOX-1 has harmful effects, the clinical significance of inhibiting this protein remains unclear. Further studies both in vitro and in vivo are needed to determine whether LOX-1 inhibition could be a potential therapeutic target to counteract the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Munno
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Greco
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Gloria Modafferi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
| | - Sonia Eligini
- Unit of Functional Proteomics, Metabolomics and Network Analysis, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (A.G.); (G.M.); (S.E.)
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Zhang L, Li Y, Yang W, Lin L, Li J, Liu D, Li C, Wu J, Li Y. Protocatechuic aldehyde increases pericyte coverage and mitigates pericyte damage to enhance the atherosclerotic plaque stability. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115742. [PMID: 37871558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pericyte dysfunction and loss contribute substantially to the destabilization and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Protocatechuic aldehyde (PCAD), a natural polyphenol, exerts anti-atherosclerotic effects. However, the effects and mechanisms of this polyphenol on pericyte recruitment, coverage, and pericyte function remain unknown. We here treated apolipoprotein E-deficient mice having high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis with PCAD. PCAD achieved therapeutic effects similar to rosuvastatin in lowering lipid levels and thus preventing atherosclerosis progression. With PCAD administration, plaque phenotype exhibited higher stability with markedly reduced lesion vulnerability, which is characterized by reduced lipid content and macrophage accumulation, and a consequent increase in collagen deposition. PCAD therapy increased pericyte coverage in the plaques, reduced VEGF-A production, and inhibited intraplaque neovascularization. PCAD promoted pericyte proliferation, adhesion, and migration to mitigate ox-LDL-induced pericyte dysfunction, which thus maintained the capillary network structure and stability. Furthermore, TGFBR1 silencing partially reversed the protective effect exerted by PCAD on human microvascular pericytes. PCAD increased pericyte coverage and impeded ox-LDL-induced damages through TGF-β1/TGFBR1/Smad2/3 signaling. All these novel findings indicated that PCAD increases pericyte coverage and alleviates pericyte damage to improve the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, which is accomplished by regulating TGF-β1/TGFBR1/Smad2/3 signaling in pericytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jie Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Dekun Liu
- Shool of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Chao Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Jibiao Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Yunlun Li
- Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Department of Cardiovascular, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Precision Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Jinan 250355, China.
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5
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Roper BWR, Tiede C, Abdul-Zani I, Cuthbert GA, Jade D, Al-Aufi A, Critchley WR, Saikia Q, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Sawamura T, McPherson MJ, Harrison MA, Tomlinson DC, Ponnambalam S. "Affimer" synthetic protein scaffolds block oxidized LDL binding to the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and inhibit ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105325. [PMID: 37805141 PMCID: PMC10641530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a variety of lipid-protein particles control the systemic flow of triacylglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids between cells in different tissues. The chemical modification by oxidation of these particles can trigger pathological responses, mediated by a group of membrane proteins termed scavenger receptors. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) scavenger receptor binds to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and mediates both signaling and trafficking outcomes. Here, we identified five synthetic proteins termed Affimers from a phage display library, each capable of binding recombinant LOX-1 extracellular (oxLDL-binding) domain with high specificity. These Affimers, based on a phytocystatin scaffold with loop regions of variable sequence, were able to bind to the plasma membrane of HEK293T cells exclusively when human LOX-1 was expressed. Binding and uptake of fluorescently labeled oxLDL by the LOX-1-expressing cell model was inhibited with subnanomolar potency by all 5 Affimers. ERK1/2 activation, stimulated by oxLDL binding to LOX-1, was also significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) by preincubation with LOX-1-specific Affimers, but these Affimers had no direct agonistic effect. Molecular modeling indicated that the LOX-1-specific Affimers bound predominantly via their variable loop regions to the surface of the LOX-1 lectin-like domain that contains a distinctive arrangement of arginine residues previously implicated in oxLDL binding, involving interactions with both subunits of the native, stable scavenger receptor homodimer. These data provide a new class of synthetic tools to probe and potentially modulate the oxLDL/LOX-1 interaction that plays an important role in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby W R Roper
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Izma Abdul-Zani
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary A Cuthbert
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Dhananjay Jade
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ahmed Al-Aufi
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Queen Saikia
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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6
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Hua W, Gu W, Zhuang H, Li H, Jiang X, Mao Y, Liu Y, Jin D, Bu W. Heterostructures with Built-in Electric Fields for Long-lasting Chemodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300356. [PMID: 36780170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Sustained signal activation by hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) has great significance, especially for tumor treatment, but remains challenging. Here, a built-in electric field (BIEF)-driven strategy was proposed for sustainable generation of ⋅OH, thereby achieving long-lasting chemodynamic therapy (LCDT). As a proof of concept, a novel Janus-like Fe@Fe3 O4 -Cu2 O heterogeneous catalyst was designed and synthesized, in which the BIEF induced the transfer of electrons in the Fe core to the surface, reducing ≡Cu2+ to ≡Cu+ , thus achieving continuous Fenton-like reactions and ⋅OH release for over 18 h, which is approximately 12 times longer than that of Fe3 O4 -Cu2 O and 72 times longer than that of Cu2 O nanoparticles. In vitro and in vivo antitumor results indicated that sustained ⋅OH levels led to persistent extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signal activation and irreparable oxidative damage to tumor cells, which promoted irreversible tumor apoptosis. Importantly, this strategy provides ideas for developing long-acting nanoplatforms for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Zhang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.,Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hua
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Gu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China.,Departments of Rehabilitation, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Li
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xingwu Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ying Mao
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P. R. China.,Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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7
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Lu Z, Chen J, Yu P, Atherton MJ, Gui J, Tomar VS, Middleton JD, Sullivan NT, Singhal S, George SS, Woolfork AG, Weljie AM, Hai T, Eruslanov EB, Fuchs SY. Tumor factors stimulate lysosomal degradation of tumor antigens and undermine their cross-presentation in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6623. [PMID: 36333297 PMCID: PMC9636202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activities of dendritic cells (DCs) that present tumor antigens are often suppressed in tumors. Here we report that this suppression is induced by tumor microenvironment-derived factors, which activate the activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) transcription factor and downregulate cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Loss of CH25H in antigen presenting cells isolated from human lung tumors is associated with tumor growth and lung cancer progression. Accordingly, mice lacking CH25H in DCs exhibit an accelerated tumor growth, decreased infiltration and impaired activation of intratumoral CD8+ T cells. These mice do not establish measurable long-term immunity against malignant cells that undergo chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death. Mechanistically, downregulation of CH25H stimulates membrane fusion between endo-phagosomes and lysosomes, accelerates lysosomal degradation and restricts cross-presentation of tumor antigens in the intratumoral DCs. Administration of STING agonist MSA-2 reduces the lysosomal activity in DCs, restores antigen cross presentation, and increases therapeutic efficacy of PD-1 blockade against tumour challenge in a CH25H-dependent manner. These studies highlight the importance of downregulation of CH25H in DCs for tumor immune evasion and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jinyun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Atherton
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jun Gui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vivek S Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Justin D Middleton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Neil T Sullivan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Subin S George
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ashley G Woolfork
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Evgeniy B Eruslanov
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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8
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Zheng L, Xu H, Zheng F, Lai Y, Li J, Lv W, Hu Z, Wang W. Intervention time decides the status of autophagy, NLRP3 activity and apoptosis in macrophages induced by ox-LDL. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:107. [PMID: 36284323 PMCID: PMC9594915 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been determined through extensive studies that autophagy, the Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and apoptotic responses in macrophages jointly contribute to atherogenesis and its development in the presence of lipid abnormalities. Few studies have investigated in full-scale if the intervention time for lipids abnormality or NLRP3 activation have a significant effect on autophagy, NLRP3 or the apoptotic status in macrophages. Methods Human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages were established by challenging THP-1 monocytes with 80 µg/ml oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for specific durations. Foam cell formation was observed by Oil Red O (ORO) staining. Western blots were employed to determine protein expression. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and immunofluorescence microscopy were applied to observe the autophagic status of cells. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Results The cells were treated with ox-LDL for 12 h and 36 h, which were considered to represent early and advanced stages of atherogenesis for this study. The results showed that inhibition of ox-LDL phagocytosis by cytochalasin D in the early stage improved autophagic status, reduced NLRP3 activation and the apoptotic response significantly. In contrast, cytochalasin D had little effect on blocking the detrimental effect of ox-LDL at the advanced stage. Moreover, the changes in autophagy, apoptosis and NLRP3 expression after treatment with small interfering (si) RNA targeting NLRP3 in the early and advanced stages of atherogenesis were consistent with the above data. Conclusions Interventions against lipid disorders or inflammatory reactions in the early or advanced stages of atherogenesis may have different results depending on when they are applied during the process of atherosclerotic pathogenesis. These results may help improve therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis prevention. Furthermore, a healthy lifestyle should still be recommended as the most important and inexpensive measure to prevent atherogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01714-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Laboratory of Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbiao Xu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Fufu Zheng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanhui Lai
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiming Lv
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuojun Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Laboratory of Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Song X, Wang Y, Wang J, Su S, Zhu J, Geng Y. Metabolomic analysis reveals the influence of IC 50 vitamin D 3 on RAW264.7 cells based on 1 H NMR and UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:5288-5300. [PMID: 35306664 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a lipid-soluble vitamin necessary for normal human physiology, vitamin D is mostly used in fortified foods, medicines and adjuvant treatment of diseases. However, taken in high doses, vitamin D can be toxic. METHODS We treated RAW264.7 cells with a semi-inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of vitamin D3 . The metabolic changes in the treated cells were analyzed by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS After treatment of RAW264.7 cells with an IC50 dose of 55 μm vitamin D3 , tunor necrosis factor-α levels decreased significantly and remarkable metabolic differences were also observed, with 12 types of metabolites were identified by 1 H NMR and 87 identified by UPLC-MS/MS. Moreover, the metabolism of amino acids, sugars, lipids and other metabolic pathways were also affected. CONCLUSION Although vitamin D3 is an indispensable nutrient in the body, excessive exposure has negative effects on cells and their metabolism. The present study will assist further analyses of the mechanism underlying vitamin D3 toxicity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Control, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shufang Su
- Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Control, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Shandong Institute of Food and Drug Control, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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10
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Clare J, Ganly J, Bursill CA, Sumer H, Kingshott P, de Haan JB. The Mechanisms of Restenosis and Relevance to Next Generation Stent Design. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030430. [PMID: 35327622 PMCID: PMC8945897 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stents are lifesaving mechanical devices that re-establish essential blood flow to the coronary circulation after significant vessel occlusion due to coronary vessel disease or thrombolytic blockade. Improvements in stent surface engineering over the last 20 years have seen significant reductions in complications arising due to restenosis and thrombosis. However, under certain conditions such as diabetes mellitus (DM), the incidence of stent-mediated complications remains 2–4-fold higher than seen in non-diabetic patients. The stents with the largest market share are designed to target the mechanisms behind neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) through anti-proliferative drugs that prevent the formation of a neointima by halting the cell cycle of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Thrombosis is treated through dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT), which is the continual use of aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor for 6–12 months. While the most common stents currently in use are reasonably effective at treating these complications, there is still significant room for improvement. Recently, inflammation and redox stress have been identified as major contributing factors that increase the risk of stent-related complications following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this review is to examine the mechanisms behind inflammation and redox stress through the lens of PCI and its complications and to establish whether tailored targeting of these key mechanistic pathways offers improved outcomes for patients, particularly those where stent placement remains vulnerable to complications. In summary, our review highlights the most recent and promising research being undertaken in understanding the mechanisms of redox biology and inflammation in the context of stent design. We emphasize the benefits of a targeted mechanistic approach to decrease all-cause mortality, even in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Clare
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.C.); (J.G.); (P.K.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Justin Ganly
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.C.); (J.G.); (P.K.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Huseyin Sumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.C.); (J.G.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.B.d.H.)
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.C.); (J.G.); (P.K.)
- ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia; (J.C.); (J.G.); (P.K.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.B.d.H.)
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11
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Zhang X, Wang S, Cai Y, He W, Yang Q, Li C. Regulatory Mechanism of MicroRNA-9 / Long Non-Coding RNA XIST Expression on Mouse Macrophage RAW264.7 Apoptosis Induced by Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein. Bioengineered 2022; 13:3537-3550. [PMID: 35109760 PMCID: PMC9487675 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2018978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It aims to analyze the influential mechanism of microRNA-9 (miR-9) and long non-coding RNA XIST (lncRNA XIST) expression on the proliferation and apoptosis of macrophages induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Firstly, lncRNA XIST overexpression vector was constructed, and then RAW264.7 cells were used as the research object. Methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used to detect and compare the differences of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression levels of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) after ox-LDL induction and transfection of miR-9 mimic, miR-9 inhibitor and XIST expression vector, respectively. The results showed that lncRNA XIST overexpression vector was successfully constructed and transfected into cells, wh5ich can inhibit the expression level of miR-9. Compared with the normal control group, ox-LDL can inhibit cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, and increase the expression level of target protein. Moreover, transfection of XIST expression vector based on ox-LDL induction can significantly enhance the inhibition of cell proliferation, and promote cell apoptosis and the expression of target protein. Transfection of miR-9 mimic can improve the biological changes induced by ox-LDL. After co-transfection of miR-9 mimic and XIST expression vector based on ox-LDL induction, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and target protein expression level were not significantly different from those induced by ox-LDL alone. In summary, the increased expression level of miR-9 can inhibit the apoptosis of macrophages induced by ox-LDL. lncRNA XIST can positively regulate the apoptosis of macrophages induced by ox-LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuyan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weihong He
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Animal Imaging Platform of Public Experimental Technology Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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12
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Ning Y, Jia Y, Yang Y, Wen W, Huang M, Liu S, Yang Y, Dong Y, Zhang M. Thyroid hormones inhibit apoptosis of macrophage induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Biofactors 2022; 48:86-99. [PMID: 34882872 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that hypothyroidism aggravates atherosclerosis. Macrophage apoptosis plays a significant role in the development of atherosclerotic plaque. We aimed to explore the effect of thyroid hormones on macrophage apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Peripheral blood samples from 20 patients (normal group, hypothyroidism group, coronary artery disease [CAD] group, hypothyroidism + CAD group) were collected to perform messenger RNA microarray analysis. Bioinformatics analysis identified apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling as differentially expressed pathways between CAD and hypothyroidism + CAD group. In vitro, thyroid hormones concentration-dependently promoted cell survival and inhibited apoptosis in oxLDL-treated RAW264.7 macrophages, along with elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. The STRING database showed an interaction of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRα1) and MAPK pathway. TRα1 knockdown increased cell apoptosis and decreased Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Erk1/2 inhibitor aggravated macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, thyroid hormones inhibited oxidative stress in oxLDL-treated macrophages. The study indicates that thyroid hormones concentration-dependently attenuate oxLDL-induced macrophage apoptosis through activating TRα1-Erk1/2 pathway and inhibiting oxidative stress, which implies a potential mechanism of hypothyroid-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ning
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanwan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuejin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yugang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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13
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Abstract
Regulatory RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) control vascular and immune cells' phenotype and thus play a crucial role in atherosclerosis. Moreover, the mutual interactions between miRNAs and lncRNAs link both types of regulatory RNAs in a functional network that affects lesion formation. In this review, we deduce novel concepts of atherosclerosis from the analysis of the current data on regulatory RNAs' role in endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages. In contrast to arterial ECs, which adopt a stable phenotype by adaptation to high shear stress, macrophages are highly plastic and quickly change their activation status. At predilection sites of atherosclerosis, such as arterial bifurcations, ECs are exposed to disturbed laminar flow, which generates a dysadaptive stress response mediated by miRNAs. Whereas the highly abundant miR-126-5p promotes regenerative proliferation of dysadapted ECs, miR-103-3p stimulates inflammatory activation and impairs endothelial regeneration by aberrant proliferation and micronuclei formation. In macrophages, miRNAs are essential in regulating energy and lipid metabolism, which affects inflammatory activation and foam cell formation.Moreover, lipopolysaccharide-induced miR-155 and miR-146 shape inflammatory macrophage activation through their oppositional effects on NF-kB. Most lncRNAs are not conserved between species, except a small group of very long lncRNAs, such as MALAT1, which blocks numerous miRNAs by providing non-functional binding sites. In summary, regulatory RNAs' roles are highly context-dependent, and therapeutic approaches that target specific functional interactions of miRNAs appear promising against cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schober
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Saffiyeh Saboor Maleki
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maliheh Nazari-Jahantigh
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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14
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Zhu Z, Li J, Tong R, Zhang X, Yu B. Astaxanthin suppresses End MT by LOX-1 pathway in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Astaxanthin (ASX) is carotenoid with the highest antioxidant activity in various cell types and reverse atherosclerosis. However, the roles and detailed mechanisms of ASX in atherosclerosis associated endothelial injury remains unclear. Methods In vitro atherosclerosis model was established in HUVECs by incubation with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Cell viability and oxidative stress were measured. The mRNA and protein expressions of lectin-like ox-LDL receptor (LOX-1) and other related genes were determined. Results ox-LDL reduced cell viability of HUVECs, and induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD). Pretreatment with ASX (50, 100, 200, and 400 μM) markedly reversed the reduction in cell viability and an increase in migration of HUVECs induced by ox-LDL (50 μg/mL). ASX attenuated the increase in the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) process, as evidenced by increased CD31 and decreased α-SMA and vimentin proteins by ASX treatment in HUVECs. Furthermore, ASX attenuated the increase in MDA and decrease in SOD induced by ox-LDL, increased supernatant NO production, attenuated the increase in iNOS and decrease in eNOS in HUVECs with ox-LDL. ASX enhanced mRNA and protein expressions of the lectin-like ox-LDL receptor (LOX-1), which was dependent on ASX’s antioxidant activity. The inhibitory effect of ASX on EndMT could be abolished by overexpression of LOX-1 in HUVECs induced by ox-LDL. Conclusions Our data speculate that ASX prevents ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury and EndMT by inducing antioxidant property (SOD and NO) and decreasing LOX-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Tong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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15
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Bonaterra GA, Struck N, Zuegel S, Schwarz A, Mey L, Schwarzbach H, Strelau J, Kinscherf R. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low oxygenated blood and blood pressure (Pulmonary trunk): role of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:601. [PMID: 34920697 PMCID: PMC8684150 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is linked to inflammation, cancer, and atherosclerosis. GDF-15 is expressed in most tissues but is extremely induced under pathological conditions. Elevated serum levels are suggested as a risk factor and a marker for cardiovascular diseases. However, the cellular sources and the effects of GDF-15 on the cardiovascular system have not been completely elucidated including progression, and morphology of atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the influence of GDF-15 deficiency on the morphology of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low-oxygen blood and low blood pressure as the pulmonary trunk (PT), in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. METHODS GDF-15-/- ApoE-/- mice were generated by crossbreeding of ApoE-/-- and GDF-15-/- mice. After feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 20 weeks, samples of the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) and PT were dissected and lumen stenosis (LS) was measured. Furthermore, changes in the cellularity of the PT, amounts of apoptosis-, autophagy-, inflammation- and proliferation-relevant proteins were immunohisto-morphometrically analyzed. Additionally, we examined an atherosclerotic plaque in a human post mortem sample of the pulmonary artery. RESULTS After CED the body weight of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- was 22.9% higher than ApoE-/-. Double knockout mice showed also an 35.3% increase of plasma triglyceride levels, whereas plasma cholesterol was similar in both genotypes. LS in the BT and PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- mice was significantly reduced by 19.0% and by 6.7% compared to ApoE-/-. Comparing LS in PT and BT of the same genotype revealed a significant 38.8% (ApoE-/-) or 26.4% (GDF-15-/-ApoE-/-) lower LS in the PT. Immunohistomorphometry of atherosclerotic lesions in PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- revealed significantly increased levels (39.8% and 7.3%) of CD68 + macrophages (MΦ) and α-actin + smooth muscle cells than in ApoE-/-. The density of TUNEL + , apoptotic cells was significantly (32.9%) higher in plaques of PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/-. Analysis of atherosclerotic lesion of a human pulmonary artery showed sm-α-actin, CD68+, TUNEL+, Ki67+, and APG5L/ATG+ cells as observed in PT. COX-2+ and IL-6+ immunoreactivities were predominantly located in endothelial cells and subendothelial space. In BT and PT of GDF15-/-ApoE-/- mice the necrotic area was 10% and 6.5% lower than in ApoE-/-. In BT and PT of GDF15-/-ApoE-/- we found 40% and 57% less unstable plaques than ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerotic lesions occur in both, BT and PT, however, the size is smaller in PT, possibly due to the effect of the low-oxygen blood and/or lower blood pressure. GDF-15 is involved in atherosclerotic processes in BT and PT, although different mechanisms (e.g. apoptosis) in these two vessels seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - N Struck
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Zuegel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Schwarz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - L Mey
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - J Strelau
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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16
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Ma C, Wu H, Yang G, Xiang J, Feng K, Zhang J, Hua Y, Kang L, Fan G, Yang S. Calycosin ameliorates atherosclerosis by enhancing autophagy via regulating the interaction between KLF2 and MLKL in apoE -/- mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:252-269. [PMID: 34713437 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Atherosclerosis is one of the underlying causes of cardiovascular disease. Formation of foam cells and necrotic core in the plaque is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, which results from lipid deposition, apoptosis, and inflammation in macrophage. Macrophage autophagy is a critical anti-atherogenic process and defective autophagy aggravates atherosclerosis by enhancing foam cell formation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Hence, enhancing autophagy can be a strategy for atherosclerosis treatment. Calycosin, a flavonoid from Astragali Radix, displays antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and therefore is potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the antiatherogenic effect of calycosin and the involved mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the potential benefits of calycosin on autophagy and atherosclerosis, and revealed the underlying mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, apoE-/- mice were fed high-fat diet for 16 weeks in presence of calycosin and/or autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, which was followed by determination of atherosclerosis development, autophagy activity, and the involved mechanisms. KEY RESULTS Calycosin protected against atherosclerosis and enhanced plaque stability via promoting autophagy. Calycosin inhibited foam cells formation, inflammation, and apoptosis by enhancing autophagy. MLKL was demonstrated as a new autophagy regulator, which can be negatively regulated by KLF2. Mechanistically, inhibitory effects of calycosin on atherogenesis were via improving autophagy through modulating KLF2-MLKL signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated the atheroprotective effect of calycosin was through upregulating KLF2-MLKL-mediated autophagy, which not only proposed novel mechanistic insights into the atherogenesis but also identified calycosin as a potential drug candidate for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion
| | - Yunqing Hua
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,The Biobank of National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical Devices, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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miR-149 Alleviates Ox-LDL-Induced Endothelial Cell Injury by Promoting Autophagy through Akt/mTOR Pathway. Cardiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:9963258. [PMID: 34484820 PMCID: PMC8416406 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9963258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic process that takes place in the vascular wall and causes various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Micro-RNA-149 (miR-149) mediates many physiological and pathological processes, including atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear about the roles of miR-149 in endothelial injury. Here, we explored the protective effect and related mechanism of miR-149 in endothelial cells induced with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Methods Human endothelial cell lines (HUVECs) were exposed to ox-LDL to induce endothelial injury. Cell viability was determined by the CCK-8 assay. Autophagy was detected by immunofluorescence. RT-qPCR and western blot were carried out to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of Akt and mTOR. Results The miR-149 level in HUVECs was reduced by ox-LDL (100 μg/mL) incubation in a time-dependent manner. miR-149-mimic transfection markedly protected HUVECs from ox-LDL-induced injury, with increased cell viability and reduced caspase-3 activity. miR-149 mimics enhanced HUVEC autophagy, which was induced initially by ox-LDL. miR-149 mimics also markedly downregulated the expression of Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs. The miR-149-induced protection against HUVECs injury could be reversed by cotreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor) or insulin (an activator of Akt/mTOR pathway). Conclusions miR-149 prevents ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury by enhancing autophagy via increasing Akt and mTOR expressions.
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18
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Ahmadi A, Panahi Y, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Antidiabetic drugs and oxidized low-density lipoprotein: A review of anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105819. [PMID: 34400317 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality globally. Atherosclerosis is an important step towards different types of cardiovascular disease. The role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has been thoroughly investigated in recent years. Moreover, clinical trials have established that diabetic patients are at a greater risk of developing atherosclerotic plaques. Hence, we aimed to review the clinical and experimental impacts of various classes of antidiabetic drugs on the circulating levels of oxLDL. Metformin, pioglitazone, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were clinically associated with a suppressive effect on oxLDL in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. However, there is an insufficient number of studies that have clinically evaluated the relationship between oxLDL and newer agents such as agonists of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor or inhibitors of sodium-glucose transport protein 2. Next, we attempted to explore the multitude of mechanisms that antidiabetic agents exert to counter the undesirable effects of oxLDL in macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. In general, antidiabetic drugs decrease the uptake of oxLDL by vascular cells and reduce subsequent inflammatory signaling, which prevents macrophage adhesion and infiltration. Moreover, these agents suppress the oxLDL-induced transformation of macrophages into foam cells by either inhibiting oxLDL entrance, or by facilitating its efflux. Thus, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of antidiabetic agents abrogate changes induced by oxLDL, which can be extremely beneficial in controlling atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Asutralia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948567, Iran.
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Liu W, Qaed E, Zhu HG, Dong MX, Tang Z. Non-energy mechanism of phosphocreatine on the protection of cell survival. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111839. [PMID: 34174505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
If mitochondrial energy availability or oxidative metabolism is altered, patients will suffer from insufficient energy supply Phosphocreatine (PCr) not only acts as an energy carrier, but also acts as an antioxidant and defensive agent to maintain the integrity and stability of the membrane, to maintain ATP homeostasis through regulating mitochondrial respiration. Meanwhile, PCr can enhance calcium balance and reduce morphological pathological changes, ultimately, PCr helps to reduce apoptosis. On the other aspect, the activities of ATP synthase and MitCK play a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular energy metabolic function. It is interesting to note, PCr not only rises the activities of ATP synthase as well as MitCK, but also promotes these two enzymatic reactions. Additionally, PCr can also inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition in a concentration-dependent manner, prevent ROS and CytC from spilling into the cytoplasm, thereby inhibit the release of proapoptotic factors caspase-3 and caspase-9, and eventually, effectively prevent LPS-induced apoptosis of cells. Understandably, PCr prevents the apoptosis caused by abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism and has a protective role in a non-energy manner. Moreover, recent studies have shown that PCr protects cell survival through PI3K/Akt/eNOS, MAPK pathway, and inhibition of Ang II-induced NF-κB activation. Furthermore, PCr antagonizes oxidative stress through the activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK3b intracellular pathway, PI3K/AKT-PGC1α signaling pathway, while through the promotion of SIRT3 expression to maintain normal cell metabolism. Interestingly, PCr results in delaying the time to enter pathological metabolism through the delayed activation of AMPK pathway, which is different from previous studies, now we propose the hypothesis that the "miRNA-JAK2/STAT3 -CypD pathway" may take part in protecting cells from apoptosis, PCr may be further be involved in the dynamic relationship between CypD and STAT3. Furthermore, we believe that PCr and CypD would be the central link to maintain cell survival and maintain cell stability and mitochondrial repair under the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress. This review provides the modern progress knowledge and views on the molecular mechanism and molecular targets of PCr in a non-energy way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Road of Lushun, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Eskandar Qaed
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Road of Lushun, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Han Guo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Road of Lushun, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - Ma Xiao Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Road of Lushun, 116044 Dalian, China
| | - ZeYao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, South Road of Lushun, 116044 Dalian, China.
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20
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Tam J, Thankam F, Agrawal DK, Radwan MM. Critical Role of LOX-1-PCSK9 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Atheroma Formation and Its Instability. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:1456-1466. [PMID: 34092505 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to annual deaths globally. Atherosclerosis is a prominent risk factor for CVD. Although significant developments have been recently made in the prevention and treatment, the molecular pathology of atherosclerosis remains unknown. Interestingly, the recent discovery of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) introduced a new avenue to explore the molecular pathogenesis and novel management strategies for atherosclerosis. Initial research focussed on the PCSK9-mediated degradation of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways by oxidised low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Recently, PCSK9 and lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) were shown to positively amplify each other pro-inflammatory activity and gene expression in endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this literature review, we provide insight into the reciprocal relationship between PCSK9 and LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atheroma formation and plaque instability in atherosclerosis. Further understanding of the LOX-1-PCSK9 axis possesses tremendous translational potential to design novel management approaches for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Finosh Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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21
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Groner J, Goepferich A, Breunig M. Atherosclerosis: Conventional intake of cardiovascular drugs versus delivery using nanotechnology - A new chance for causative therapy? J Control Release 2021; 333:536-559. [PMID: 33794270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in developed countries. The pathogenetic mechanism relies on a macrophage-based immune reaction to low density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition in blood vessels with dysfunctional endothelia. Thus, atherosclerosis is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease. A plethora of cardiovascular drugs have been developed and are on the market, but the major shortcoming of standard medications is that they do not address the root cause of the disease. Statins and thiazolidinediones that have recently been recognized to exert specific anti-atherosclerotic effects represent a potential breakthrough on the horizon. But their whole potential cannot be realized due to insufficient availability at the pathological site and severe off-target effects. The focus of this review will be to elaborate how both groups of drugs could immensely profit from nanoparticulate carriers. This delivery principle would allow for their accumulation in target macrophages and endothelial cells of the atherosclerotic plaque, increasing bioavailability where it is needed most. Based on the analyzed literature we conclude design criteria for the delivery of statins and thiazolidinediones with nanoparticles for anti-atherosclerotic therapy. Nanoparticles need to be below a diameter of 100 nm to accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaque and should be fabricated using biodegradable materials. Further, the thiazolidinediones or statins must be encapsulated into the particle core, because especially for thiazolidindiones the uptake into cells is prerequisite for their mechanism of action. For optimal uptake into targeted macrophages and endothelial cells, the ideal particle should present ligands on its surface which bind specifically to scavenger receptors. The impact of statins on the lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX1) seems particularly promising because of its outstanding role in the inflammatory process. Using this pioneering concept, it will be possible to promote the impact of statins and thiazolidinediones on macrophages and endothelial cells and significantly enhance their anti-atherosclerotic therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Groner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Breunig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Chatterjee S, Balram A, Li W. Convergence: Lactosylceramide-Centric Signaling Pathways Induce Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Other Phenotypic Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041816. [PMID: 33673027 PMCID: PMC7917694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactosylceramide (LacCer), also known as CD17/CDw17, is a member of a large family of small molecular weight compounds known as glycosphingolipids. It plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, primarily by way of serving as a precursor to the majority of its higher homolog sub-families such as gangliosides, sulfatides, fucosylated-glycosphingolipids and complex neutral glycosphingolipids—some of which confer “second-messenger” and receptor functions. LacCer is an integral component of the “lipid rafts,” serving as a conduit to transduce external stimuli into multiple phenotypes, which may contribute to mortality and morbidity in man and in mouse models of human disease. LacCer is synthesized by the action of LacCer synthase (β-1,4 galactosyltransferase), which transfers galactose from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) to glucosylceramide (GlcCer). The convergence of multiple physiologically relevant external stimuli/agonists—platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stress, cigarette smoke/nicotine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and in particular, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)—on β-1,4 galactosyltransferase results in its phosphorylation or activation, via a “turn-key” reaction, generating LacCer. This newly synthesized LacCer activates NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dihydrogen phosphate) oxidase to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a highly “oxidative stress” environment, which trigger a cascade of signaling molecules and pathways and initiate diverse phenotypes like inflammation and atherosclerosis. For instance, LacCer activates an enzyme, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which cleaves arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine. In turn, arachidonic acid serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and prostaglandin, which transduce a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation—a major phenotype underscoring the initiation and progression of several debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Our aim here is to present an updated account of studies made in the field of LacCer metabolism and signaling using multiple animal models of human disease, human tissue, and cell-based studies. These advancements have led us to propose that previously unrelated phenotypes converge in a LacCer-centric manner. This LacCer synthase/LacCer-induced “oxidative stress” environment contributes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, skin conditions, hair greying, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, targeting LacCer synthase may well be the answer to remedy these pathologies.
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Quaglino D. Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010131. [PMID: 33445441 PMCID: PMC7827519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies (CIB), Italy
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24
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Abstract
The accumulation of triglycerides (TGs) in macrophages induces cell death, a risk factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We had previously reported that TG-induced macrophage death is triggered by caspase-1 and -2, therefore we investigated the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. We found that potassium efflux is increased in TG-treated THP-1 macrophages and that the inhibition of potassium efflux blocks TG-induced cell death as well as caspase-1 and -2 activation. Furthermore, reducing ATP concentration (known to induce potassium efflux), restored cell viability and caspase-1 and -2 activity. The activation of pannexin-1 (a channel that releases ATP), was increased after TG treatment in THP-1 macrophages. Inhibition of pannexin-1 activity using its inhibitor, probenecid, recovered cell viability and blocked the activation of caspase-1 and -2 in TG-treated macrophages. These results suggest that TG-induced THP-1 macrophage cell death is induced via pannexin-1 activation, which increases extracellular ATP, leading to an increase in potassium efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chul Jung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan 31172, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Yoon Suk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
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25
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Dumont A, Lee M, Barouillet T, Murphy A, Yvan-Charvet L. Mitochondria orchestrate macrophage effector functions in atherosclerosis. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 77:100922. [PMID: 33162108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of mitochondria in metabolic and signaling pathways to maintain macrophage effector functions. In this review, we discuss the past and emerging roles of macrophage mitochondria metabolic diversity in atherosclerosis and the potential avenue as biomarker. Beyond metabolic functions, mitochondria are also a signaling platform integrating epigenetic, redox, efferocytic and apoptotic regulations, which are exquisitely linked to their dynamics. Indeed, mitochondria functions depend on their density and shape perpetually controlled by mitochondria fusion/fission and biogenesis/mitophagy balances. Mitochondria can also communicate with other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum through mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) or be secreted for paracrine actions. All these functions are perturbed in macrophages from mouse or human atherosclerotic plaques. A better understanding and integration of how these metabolic and signaling processes are integrated and dictate macrophage effector functions in atherosclerosis may ultimately help the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélie Dumont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, 06204, Nice, France
| | - ManKS Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3165, Australia
| | - Thibault Barouillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, 06204, Nice, France
| | - Andrew Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3165, Australia
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Atip-Avenir, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) Oncoage, 06204, Nice, France.
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26
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Sohrabi Y, Lagache SMM, Voges VC, Semo D, Sonntag G, Hanemann I, Kahles F, Waltenberger J, Findeisen HM. OxLDL-mediated immunologic memory in endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 146:121-132. [PMID: 32726647 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trained innate immunity describes the metabolic reprogramming and long-term proinflammatory activation of innate immune cells in response to different pathogen or damage associated molecular patterns, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Here, we have investigated whether the regulatory networks of trained innate immunity also control endothelial cell activation following oxLDL treatment. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were primed with oxLDL for 24 h. After a resting time of 4 days, cells were restimulated with the TLR2-agonist PAM3cys4. OxLDL priming induced a proinflammatory memory with increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 in response to PAM3cys4 restimulation. This memory formation was dependent on TLR2 activation. Furthermore, oxLDL priming of HAECs caused characteristic metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, including activation of mTOR-HIF1α-signaling with increases in glucose consumption and lactate production, as well as epigenetic modifications in inflammatory gene promoters. Inhibition of mTOR-HIF1α-signaling or histone methyltransferases blocked the observed phenotype. Furthermore, primed HAECs showed epigenetic activation of ICAM-1 and increased ICAM-1 expression in a HIF1α-dependent manner. Accordingly, live cell imaging revealed increased monocyte adhesion and transmigration following oxLDL priming. In summary, we demonstrate that oxLDL-mediated endothelial cell activation represents an immunologic event, which triggers metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Molecular mechanisms regulating trained innate immunity in innate immune cells also regulate this sustained proinflammatory phenotype in HAECs with enhanced atheroprone cell functions. Further research is necessary to elucidate the detailed metabolic regulation and the functional relevance for atherosclerosis formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany.
| | - Sina M M Lagache
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Vivienne C Voges
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Dilvin Semo
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Glenn Sonntag
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Irene Hanemann
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Kahles
- Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Hannes M Findeisen
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Germany.
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Lipid Organization in Mixed Lipid Membranes Driven by Intrinsic Curvature Difference. Biophys J 2020; 118:1830-1837. [PMID: 32246900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laurdan fluorescence, novel spectral fitting, and dynamic light scattering were combined to determine lateral lipid organization in mixed lipid membranes of the oxidized lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC), and each of the three bilayer lipids, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC). Second harmonic spectra were computed to determine the number of elementary emissions present. All mixtures indicated two emissions. Accordingly, spectra were fit to two log-normal distributions. Changes with PGPC mole fraction, XPGPC, of the area of the shorter wavelength line and of dynamic light scattering-derived aggregate sizes show that: DPPC and PGPC form component-separated mixed vesicles for XPGPC ≤ 0.2 and coexisting vesicles and micelles for XPGPC > 0.2 in gel and liquid-ordered phases and for all XPGPC in the liquid-disordered phase; POPC and PGPC form randomly mixed vesicles for XPGPC ≤ 0.2 and component-separated mixed vesicles for XPGPC > 0.2. DOPC and PGPC separate into vesicles and micelles. Component segregation is due to unstable inhomogeneous membrane curvature stemming from lipid-specific intrinsic curvature differences between mixing molecules. PGPC is inverse cone-shaped because its truncated tail with a terminal polar group points into the interface. It is similar to and mixes with POPC, also an inverse cone because of mobility of its unsaturated tail. PGPC is least similar to DOPC because mobilities of both unsaturated tails confer a cone shape to DOPC, and PGPC separates form DOPC. DPPC and PGPC do not mix in the liquid-disordered phase because mobility of both tails in this phase renders DPPC a cone. DPPC is a cylinder in the gel phase and of moderate similarity to PGPC and mixes moderately with PGPC.
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28
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Oxidized LDL Modify the Human Adipocyte Phenotype to an Insulin Resistant, Proinflamatory and Proapoptotic Profile. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040534. [PMID: 32244787 PMCID: PMC7226150 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information exists in humans on the regulation that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) exerts on adipocyte metabolism, which is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aim was to analyze the oxLDL effects on adipocytokine secretion and scavenger receptors (SRs) and cell death markers in human visceral adipocytes. Human differentiated adipocytes from visceral adipose tissue from non-obese and morbidly obese subjects were incubated with increasing oxLDL concentrations. mRNA expression of SRs, markers of apoptosis and autophagy, secretion of adipocytokines, and glucose uptake were analyzed. In non-obese and in morbidly obese subjects, oxLDL produced a decrease in insulin-induced glucose uptake, a significant dose-dependent increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and adiponectin secretion, and a decrease in leptin secretion. OxLDL produced a significant increase of Lox-1 and a decrease in Cxcl16 and Cl-p1 expression. The expression of Bnip3 (marker of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy) was significantly increased and Bcl2 (antiapoptotic marker) was decreased. OxLDL could sensitize adipocytes to a lower insulin-induced glucose uptake, a more proinflammatory phenotype, and could modify the gene expression involved in apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and mitophagy. OxLDL can upregulate Lox-1, and this could lead to a possible amplification of proinflammatory and proapoptotic effects of oxLDL.
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29
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Vineetha RC, Hariharan S, Jaleel A, Chandran M, Nair RH. L-Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol Synergistically Triggers Apoptosis Inducing Antileukemic Effects of Arsenic Trioxide via Oxidative Stress in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:65. [PMID: 32154163 PMCID: PMC7047343 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemosensitization is an effective strategy to overcome the drawbacks of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) treatment, which may be possible through the use of dietary supplements in combination. The present investigation evaluates the synergistic mechanism of action of vitamins, such as L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and α-tocopherol (α-TOC) in As2O3 chemotherapy using human leukemia (HL-60) cells. In vitro assays on the cytotoxicity of As2O3 and vitamins and cellular apoptotic evidences were done; a proteomic investigation with mass spectrometry was also performed. The combination of L-AA and α-TOC potentiates As2O3 cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells, substantiated by depletion in antioxidant status, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and B-cell lymphoma 2 transcription factors. Mass spectrometry results showed decreased expression of proteins regulating cell cycle and translation in cells treated with As2O3, L-AA, and α-TOC when compared with As2O3-treated sample. In addition, this combination treatment identified numerous proteins associated with apoptosis and cell stress. HL-60 cells became more prone to As2O3 on exposure to L-AA and α-TOC, indicating that this combination may be a promising approach to increase the outcome of As2O3 chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Chandraprabha Vineetha
- Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India.,Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sreedharan Hariharan
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Proteomics Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Mahesh Chandran
- Proteomics Facility, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
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LDL and HDL Oxidative Modification and Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:157-169. [PMID: 32705599 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are two kinds of common lipoproteins in plasma. The level of LDL cholesterol in plasma is positively correlated with atherosclerosis (AS), which is related to the complex macromolecular components, especially the easy oxygenation of protein and lipid components. However, the plasma HDL cholesterol level is negatively correlated with AS, but the results of recent studies show that the oxidative modified HDL in pathological state will not reduce and may aggravate the occurrence and development of AS. Therefore, the oxidative modification of lipoproteins is closely related to vascular homeostasis, which has become a hot research area for a long time.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses infect the upper respiratory system, causing usually a self-limited disease with mild respiratory symptoms. Acute lung injury, pulmonary microvascular leakage and cardiovascular collapse may occur in severe cases, usually in the elderly or in immunocompromised patients. Acute lung injury is a syndrome associated with pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and respiratory failure. Influenza virus primarily binds to the epithelium, interfering with the epithelial sodium channel function. However, the main clinical devastating effects are caused by endothelial dysfunction, thought to be the main mechanism leading to pulmonary oedema, respiratory failure and cardiovascular collapse. A significant association was found between influenza infection and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of admission due to AMI during an acute viral infection was six times as high during the 7 days after laboratory confirmation of influenza infection as during the control interval (10-fold in influenza B, 5-fold in influenza A, 3.5-fold in respiratory syncytial virus and 2.7-fold for all other viruses). Our review will focus on the mechanisms responsible for endothelial dysfunction during influenza infection leading to cardiovascular collapse and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peretz
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel
- The Research Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine
| | - M Azrad
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Tiberias, Israel
- The Research Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine
| | - A Blum
- The Research Institute, Baruch Padeh Medical Center
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine
- Vascular and Regenerative Research Laboratory, Bar-Ilan University, Galilee, Safed, Israel
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Zhang X, Han X, Zhang P, Zhou T, Chen Y, Jin J, Ma X. Morin attenuates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated injury by inducing autophagy via activating AMPK signalling in HUVECs. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:1053-1060. [PMID: 31407376 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a precursor of cardiovascular disease, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis by directly targeting endothelial cells. Morin, a natural flavonol, has been shown to protect endothelial cells from dysfunction. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of morin on ox-LDL-induced injury and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results showed that morin alleviated ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury and promoted the viability of HUVECs exposed to ox-LDL. Morin significantly inhibited the oxidative stress induced by ox-LDL by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and downregulating the level of superoxide dismutase. Moreover, morin markedly attenuated the overexpressed mRNA levels of the inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by exposure to ox-LDL. We found that morin attenuated ox-LDL-induced injury in HUVECs by inducing autophagy. The protective effects of morin against ox-LDL-induced injury were dramatically reversed by chloroquine phosphate (CQ) treatment. Furthermore, morin up-regulated the expression of p-AMPK and down-regulated the level of p-mTOR in HUVECs exposed to ox-LDL, and this was significantly reversed by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C (CC). Taken together, our results demonstrated that morin attenuates ox-LDL-mediated injury by inducing autophagy via activating AMPK signalling in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiping Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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LOX-1: Regulation, Signaling and Its Role in Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070218. [PMID: 31336709 PMCID: PMC6680802 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has long been known to be a chronic inflammatory disease. In addition, there is intense oxidative stress in atherosclerosis resulting from an imbalance between the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inadequate anti-oxidant defense forces. The excess of the oxidative forces results in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), which is highly atherogenic. The sub-endothelial deposition of ox-LDL, formation of foamy macrophages, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, and deposition of collagen are central pathophysiologic steps in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Ox-LDL exerts its action through several different scavenger receptors, the most important of which is LOX-1 in atherogenesis. LOX-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds to and internalizes ox-LDL. This interaction results in variable downstream effects based on the cell type. In endothelial cells, there is an increased expression of cellular adhesion molecules, resulting in the increased attachment and migration of inflammatory cells to intima, followed by their differentiation into macrophages. There is also a worsening endothelial dysfunction due to the increased production of vasoconstrictors, increased ROS, and depletion of endothelial nitric oxide (NO). In the macrophages and VSMCs, ox-LDL causes further upregulation of the LOX-1 gene, modulation of calpains, macrophage migration, VSMC proliferation and foam cell formation. Soluble LOX-1 (sLOX-1), a fragment of the main LOX-1 molecule, is being investigated as a diagnostic marker because it has been shown to be present in increased quantities in patients with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and coronary artery disease. LOX-1 gene deletion in mice and anti-LOX-1 therapy has been shown to decrease inflammation, oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. LOX-1 deletion also results in damage from ischemia, making LOX-1 a promising target of therapy for atherosclerosis and related disorders. In this article we focus on the different mechanisms for regulation, signaling and the various effects of LOX-1 in contributing to atherosclerosis.
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Zhang T, Su G, Mi SH, Yang HX, Xin W, Dai WL, Liu JH. Association Between Blood Glucose Variability and the Characteristics of Vulnerable Plaque in Elderly Non-ST Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients. Int Heart J 2019; 60:569-576. [PMID: 31019178 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.18-503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose variability is considered to be one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease, and there is growing evidence that blood glucose fluctuation is closely related to the characteristics of plaques. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of blood glucose variability on the vulnerability of culprit plaques in elderly non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients.Coronary angiography and VH-IVUS were applied to evaluate the components of culprit plaque in NSTE-ACS patients. CGMS monitoring was performed for 72 hours and blood glucose variability was assessed by glycemic excursions (MAGE), absolute means of daily differences (MODD), postprandial glycemic excursions (PPGE), and the largest amplitude of glycemic excursions (LAGE). An oxidative stress indicator (urinary 8-iso-PGF2α) was also tested.Eighty two elderly NSTE-ACS patients were enrolled in this study. Higher glucose variability was associated with the increased culprit plaque instability. MODD was positively correlated with urinary 8-iso-PGF2α. PPGE and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α were independent risk factors for percent fibrous and necrotic volume in culprit plaques (PPGE: β = -0.340, P = 0.024; urinary 8-iso-PGF2α: β = -0.294, P = 0.013).Blood glucose variability is positively related to oxidative stress. With an increase in blood glucose variability, the instability of criminal plaques in elderly NSTE-ACS patients increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Gong Su
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Shu-Hua Mi
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Hong-Xia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Wei Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Wen-Long Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Jing-Hua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Kattoor AJ, Kanuri SH, Mehta JL. Role of Ox-LDL and LOX-1 in Atherogenesis. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1693-1700. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180508100950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) plays a central role in atherosclerosis by acting on multiple
cells such as endothelial cells, macrophages, platelets, fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
through LOX-1. LOX-1 is a 50 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as receptor for
ox-LDL, modified lipoproteins, activated platelets and advance glycation end-products. Ox-
LDL through LOX-1, in endothelial cells, causes increase in leukocyte adhesion molecules,
activates pathways of apoptosis, increases reactive oxygen species and cause endothelial dysfunction.
In vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, they stimulate proliferation, migration
and collagen synthesis. LOX-1 expressed on macrophages inhibit macrophage migration
and stimulate foam cell formation. They also stimulate generation of metalloproteinases and
contribute to plaque instability and thrombosis. Drugs that modulate LOX-1 are desirable targets
against atherosclerosis. Many naturally occurring compounds have been shown to modulate
LOX-1 expression and atherosclerosis. Currently, novel drug design techniques are used
to identify molecules that can bind to LOX-1 and inhibit its activation by ox-LDL. In addition,
techniques using RNA interference and monoclonal antibody against LOX-1 are currently
being investigated for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajoe John Kattoor
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Sri Harsha Kanuri
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Jawahar L. Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
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Mundi S, Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, van Hinsbergh VWM, Iruela-Arispe ML, De Caterina R. Endothelial permeability, LDL deposition, and cardiovascular risk factors-a review. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:35-52. [PMID: 29228169 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early atherosclerosis features functional and structural changes in the endothelial barrier function that affect the traffic of molecules and solutes between the vessel lumen and the vascular wall. Such changes are mechanistically related to the development of atherosclerosis. Proatherogenic stimuli and cardiovascular risk factors, such as dyslipidaemias, diabetes, obesity, and smoking, all increase endothelial permeability sharing a common signalling denominator: an imbalance in the production/disposal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), broadly termed oxidative stress. Mostly as a consequence of the activation of enzymatic systems leading to ROS overproduction, proatherogenic factors lead to a pro-inflammatory status that translates in changes in gene expression and functional rearrangements, including changes in the transendothelial transport of molecules, leading to the deposition of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and the subsequent infiltration of circulating leucocytes in the intima. In this review, we focus on such early changes in atherogenesis and on the concept that proatherogenic stimuli and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, by altering the endothelial barrier properties, co-ordinately trigger the accumulation of LDL in the intima and ultimately plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santa Mundi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (DISTEBA), University of Salento, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Annunziata Carluccio
- National Research Council (CNR), Department of Biomedical sciences, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, van der Boechorststraat, NL-1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marial Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 610 Charles E Young Dr S, 90095, Los Angeles, USA; and
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science and Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio, via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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37
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Summerhill V, Orekhov A. Pericytes in Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:279-297. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123988. [PMID: 30544955 PMCID: PMC6320919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western countries, representing almost 30% of all deaths worldwide. Evidence shows the effectiveness of healthy dietary patterns and lifestyles for the prevention of CVD. Furthermore, the rising incidence of CVD over the last 25 years has become a public health priority, especially the prevention of CVD (or cardiovascular events) through lifestyle interventions. Current scientific evidence shows that Western dietary patterns compared to healthier dietary patterns, such as the ‘Mediterranean diet’ (MeDiet), leads to an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines associated with a reduced synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In fact, dietary intervention allows better combination of multiple foods and nutrients. Therefore, a healthy dietary pattern shows a greater magnitude of beneficial effects than the potential effects of a single nutrient supplementation. This review aims to identify potential targets (food patterns, single foods, or individual nutrients) for preventing CVD and quantifies the magnitude of the beneficial effects observed. On the other hand, we analyze the possible mechanisms implicated in this cardioprotective effect.
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39
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Afonso CB, Spickett CM. Lipoproteins as targets and markers of lipoxidation. Redox Biol 2018; 23:101066. [PMID: 30579928 PMCID: PMC6859580 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are essential systemic lipid transport particles, composed of apolipoproteins embedded in a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer surrounding a cargo of diverse lipid species. Many of the lipids present are susceptible to oxidative damage by lipid peroxidation, giving rise to the formation of reactive lipid peroxidation products (rLPPs). In view of the close proximity of the protein and lipid moieties within lipoproteins, the probability of adduct formation between rLPPs and amino acid residues of the proteins, a process called lipoxidation, is high. There has been interest for many years in the biological effects of such modifications, but the field has been limited to some extent by the availability of methods to determine the sites and exact nature of such modification. More recently, the availability of a wide range of antibodies to lipoxidation products, as well as advances in analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS), have increased our knowledge substantially. While most work has focused on LDL, oxidation of which has long been associated with pro-inflammatory responses and atherosclerosis, some studies on HDL, VLDL and Lipoprotein(a) have also been reported. As the broader topic of LDL oxidation has been reviewed previously, this review focuses on lipoxidative modifications of lipoproteins, from the historical background through to recent advances in the field. We consider the main methods of analysis for detecting rLPP adducts on apolipoproteins, including their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the biological effects of lipoxidized lipoproteins and their potential roles in diseases. Lipoproteins can be modified by reactive Lipid Peroxidation Products (rLPPs). Lipoprotein lipoxidation is known to occur in several inflammatory diseases. Biochemical, immunochemical and mass spectrometry methods can detect rLPP adducts. Due to higher information output, MS can facilitate localization of modifications. Antibodies against some rLPPs have been used to identify lipoxidation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina B Afonso
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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40
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Yazgan B, Sozen E, Karademir B, Ustunsoy S, Ince U, Zarkovic N, Ozer NK. CD36 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflects the onset of atherosclerosis. Biofactors 2018; 44:588-596. [PMID: 28677864 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Together with complex genetic and environmental factors, increased serum cholesterol and ox-LDL levels are considered as major triggering factors of atherosclerosis. Mononuclear cell infiltration to the arterial wall and uptake of ox-LDL, which is facilitated by CD36 receptor through an uncontrolled manner, play a key role in foam cell formation followed by atherogenesis development. The aim of this study was to analyze if CD36 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reflect its aortic tissue level in hypercholesterolemia. In this study, CD36 protein expression was evaluated in aortic specimens of cholesterol or cholesterol plus Vitamin E treated animals in relation to the immunohistochemical analyses for the HNE-protein adducts, as well as for smooth muscle actin and vimentin. The CD36 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR in PBMC of hypercholesterolemic rabbits and hypercholesterolemic versus normocholesterolemic individuals. Immunohistochemistry findings revealed that smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle vimentin, HNE-protein conjugates, and CD36 protein expressions were significantly increased in aorta of hypercholesterolemic group where foam cells were present. High cholesterol diet significantly induced CD36 mRNA expression in both rabbit aorta and PBMCs, while positive correlation between aortic and PBMC CD36 expression has been found. In addition, consistent with the rabbit model, CD36 mRNA expression levels in human PBMCs were significantly higher in hypercholesterolemic patients than in normocholesterolemic individuals. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the CD36 mRNA levels of PBMCs could reflect the CD36 mRNA levels in aorta and could be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of atherosclerotic burden. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(6):588-596, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Yazgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
| | - Erdi Sozen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Ustunsoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
| | - Umit Ince
- Acıbadem University and Acıbadem Heath Group, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Maltepe, Istanbul, 34854, Turkey
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41
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Kaczyński ŁK, Cais-Sokolińska D, Rudzińska M. Cholesterol oxidation products in kefir from goats’ milk during storage. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Lee JY, Wang H, Pyrgiotakis G, DeLoid GM, Zhang Z, Beltran-Huarac J, Demokritou P, Zhong W. Analysis of lipid adsorption on nanoparticles by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6155-6164. [PMID: 29845324 PMCID: PMC6119100 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) tend to adsorb matrix molecules like proteins and lipids incubated with biological fluids, forming a biological corona. While the formation and functions of protein corona have been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to lipid adsorption on NPs. However, lipids are also abundantly present in biological fluids and play important roles in processes like cell signaling and angiogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we established the analytical procedure for study of lipid adsorption on three different types of NPs in two matrices: human serum and heavy cream, using nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nanoflowLC-MS). Serum was chosen to represent the common environment the NPs would be present once entering human body, and heavy cream was the representative food matrix NPs may be added to improve the color or taste. Steps of liquid-liquid extraction were established and optimized to achieve maximum recovery of the adsorbed, standard lipids from the NPs. Then, the LC-MS/MS method was developed to attain base-line separation of the standard lipids that represent the major lipid classes. At last, the lipid adsorption profiles of the three NPs were compared. We found that the lipid adsorption profile on the same type of NP was significantly different between the two matrices. The established method will help us investigate lipid adsorption on additional NPs and reveal how it could be affected by the physiochemical properties of NPs and the presence of proteins and other components in the biological matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Yancheng Normal University, Yancheng, 224051, Jiangsu, China
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Maguire EM, Pearce SWA, Xiao Q. Foam cell formation: A new target for fighting atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 112:54-71. [PMID: 30115528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During atherosclerosis, the gradual accumulation of lipids into the subendothelial space of damaged arteries results in several lipid modification processes followed by macrophage uptake in the arterial wall. The way in which these modified lipoproteins are dealt with determines the likelihood of cholesterol accumulation within the monocyte-derived macrophage and thus its transformation into the foam cell that makes up the characteristic fatty streak observed in the early stages of atherosclerosis. The unique expression of chemokine receptors and cellular adhesion molecules expressed on the cell surface of monocytes points to a particular extravasation route that they can take to gain entry into atherosclerotic site, in order to undergo differentiation into the phagocytic macrophage. Indeed several GWAS and animal studies have identified key genes and proteins required for monocyte recruitment as well cholesterol handling involving lipid uptake, cholesterol esterification and cholesterol efflux. A re-examination of the previously accepted paradigm of macrophage foam cell origin has been called into question by recent studies demonstrating shared expression of scavenger receptors, cholesterol transporters and pro-inflammatory cytokine release by alternative cell types present in the neointima, namely; endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and stem/progenitor cells. Thus, therapeutic targets aimed at a more heterogeneous foam cell population with shared functions, such as enhanced protease activity, and signalling pathways, mediated by non-coding RNA molecules, may provide greater therapeutic outcome in patients. Finally, studies targeting each aspect of foam cell formation and death using both genetic knock down and pharmacological inhibition have provided researchers with a clearer understanding of the cellular processes at play, as well as helped researchers to identify key molecular targets, which may hold significant therapeutic potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne M Maguire
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stuart W A Pearce
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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44
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Beyond the Foam Cell: The Role of LXRs in Preventing Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082307. [PMID: 30087224 PMCID: PMC6121590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition associated with cardiovascular disease. While largely identified by the accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells within the aorta later on in life, atherosclerosis develops over several stages and decades. During atherogenesis, various cell types of the aorta acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype that initiates the cascade of signaling events facilitating the formation of these foam cells. The liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that upon activation induce the expression of transporters responsible for promoting cholesterol efflux. In addition to promoting cholesterol removal from the arterial wall, LXRs have potent anti-inflammatory actions via the transcriptional repression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines. These beneficial functions sparked an interest in the potential to target LXRs and the development of agonists as anti-atherogenic agents. These early studies focused on mediating the contributions of macrophages to the underlying pathogenesis. However, further evidence has since demonstrated that LXRs reduce atherosclerosis through their actions in multiple cell types apart from those monocytes/macrophages that infiltrate the lesion. LXRs and their target genes have profound effects on multiple other cells types of the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, LXRs can also mediate dysfunction within vascular cell types of the aorta including endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the whole-body benefits of LXR activation with respect to anti-atherogenesis, and that LXRs remain a viable target for the treatment of atherosclerosis, with a reach which extends beyond plaque macrophages.
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Tsai TY, Leong IL, Cheng KS, Shiao LR, Su TH, Wong KL, Chan P, Leung YM. Lysophosphatidylcholine-induced cytotoxicity and protection by heparin in mouse brain bEND.3 endothelial cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 33:52-62. [PMID: 29974515 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Yao Tsai
- Cardiovascular Division; Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital; New Taipei City Taiwan
- School of Medicine; College of Medicine; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Iat-Lon Leong
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Kiang Wu Hospital; Macau China
| | - Ka-Shun Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology; The Qingdao University Yuhuangding Hospital; Yantai Shandong China
| | - Lian-Ru Shiao
- Department of Physiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hui Su
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology; China Medical University Hospital; Taichung Taiwan
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Medicine; Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
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27-hydroxycholesterol decreases cell proliferation in colon cancer cell lines. Biochimie 2018; 153:171-180. [PMID: 30009860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer in the western world, affecting 1 out of approximately 22 people in their lifetime. Several epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between high plasma cholesterol levels and colorectal cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cholesterol may alter the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) are ill-defined as the cholesterol lowering drugs statins do not appear to decrease a patient's risk of developing colorectal cancer. Cholesterol is metabolized to active derivatives including cholesterol oxidization products (COP), known as oxysterols, which have been shown to alter cellular proliferation. These metabolites and not cholesterol per se, may therefore affect the risk of developing colorectal cancer. The cholesterol metabolite or the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the most abundant oxysterol in the plasma and has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several cancers including breast and prostate cancer. However, the role of 27-OHC in colorectal cancer has not been investigated. We treated Caco2 and SW620, two well characterized colon cancer cells with low, physiological and high concentrations of 27-OHC, and found that 27-OHC reduces cellular proliferation in these cells. We also found that the effects of 27-OHC on cell proliferation are not due to cellular cytotoxicity or apoptotic cellular death. Additionally, 27-OHC-induced reduction in cell proliferation is independent of actions on its target nuclear receptors, liver-X-receptors (LXR) and estrogen receptors (ER) activation. Instead, our study demonstrates that 27-OHC significantly decreases AKT activation, a major protein kinase involved in the pathogenesis of cancer as it regulates cell cycle progression, protein synthesis, and cellular survival. Our data shows that treatment with 27-OHC substantially decreases the activation of AKT by reducing levels of its active form, p-AKT, in Caco2 cells but not SW620 cells. All-together, our results show for the first time that the cholesterol metabolite 27-OHC reduces cell proliferation in colorectal cancer cells.
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Han L, Wang YL, Sun YC, Hu ZY, Hu K, Du LB. tert-Butylhydroperoxide induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages via a mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:970-976. [PMID: 30310674 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage apoptosis occurs throughout all stages of atherosclerosis, mainly induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (Ox LDLs), leading to the formation of necrotic cores. Nevertheless, the mechanism of macrophage apoptosis induced by Ox LDLs is not yet clearly understood. In this study, a model of RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to an Ox LDL analogue, i.e. tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP), was established. We thoroughly evaluated the viability and apoptosis of RAW264.7 cells treated with t-BHP at different time intervals. t-BHP treatment decreases the viability of RAW264.7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (IC50: 400 μM) and also induces a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the activation of Bid, up-regulation of Bcl-2, and down-regulation of Bax, as well as the proteolysis of pro-caspase 3 and cleavage of PARP, were all also observed in t-BHP treated RAW264.7 cells. Finally, we concluded that t-BHP induces the apoptosis of macrophages via a mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics , Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , PR China .
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics , Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , PR China .
| | - Yan-Chi Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics , Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , PR China .
| | - Zi-Yuan Hu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics , Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , PR China .
| | - Kun Hu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Printed Electronics , Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication , Beijing 102600 , PR China .
| | - Li-Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Center for Molecular Science , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , PR China
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Vineetha RC, Archana V, Binu P, Arathi P, Nair RH. L-Ascorbic Acid and α-Tocopherol Reduces Hepatotoxicity Associated with Arsenic Trioxide Chemotherapy by Modulating Nrf2 and Bcl2 Transcription Factors in Chang liver Cells. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70:684-696. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1460676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Viswanathan Archana
- Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Prakash Binu
- Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Pettamanna Arathi
- Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Baicalein protects against oxLDL-caused oxidative stress and inflammation by modulation of AMPK-alpha. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72458-72468. [PMID: 27776344 PMCID: PMC5341921 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered to be a form of chronic inflammation and a disorder of lipid metabolism. Oxidative transformations in the lipid and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) constituent of low density lipoprotein drive the initial step in atherogenesis due to macrophage scavenger receptors identify oxidized LDL (oxLDL) but non-oxidized LDL. The human vascular endothelial cells fact a critical role in vasodilation, provides a nonadhesive surface for circulation, reduces vascular smooth muscle proliferation, inflammation, thrombus formation and platelet aggregation. Assembly of oxLDL contribute to stimulation of endothelial cells with up-regulation of adhesion molecules, increase oxidative stress to the vascular endothelium and inhibition of NO-mediated vasodilation. When adhesion molecules are over-expressed on the surface of endothelial cells under oxLDL stimulation, it will recruit monocytes to the arterial wall. Then adherent monocytes will migrate into the subendothelial space and subsequently differentiate into macrophages. In the subendothelial space, oxLDL will be taken up by macrophages, thereby causing the substantial cholesterol accumulation and the foam cells production.
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Hu Y, Li H, Liu K, Zhang Y, Ren L, Fan Z. Protective effects of icariin on human vascular endothelial cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein via modulating caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Mol Med Rep 2018. [PMID: 29532884 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Icariin belongs to the family of flavonoids that is extracted from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim, and exhibits antioxidative, antitumorigenic, antiosteoporotic, immunoregulatory and antiatherosclerotic properties. To understand the mechanisms underlying the antiatherosclerotic properties of icariin, the present study investigated the effects of icariin on human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) following treatment with oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL). Thus, following pretreatment with icariin at four various concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 40 µM), HUVECs were stimulated with ox‑LDL (100 µg/ml). The viability of cells was evaluated via an MTT assay and flow cytometry was performed to assess apoptosis. Additionally, the protein and mRNA expression levels of apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 (Bcl‑2) and caspase‑3 were determined by western blotting and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The findings of the present study indicated that icariin prevented injury and apoptosis in HUVECs following ox‑LDL treatment, in particular via the regulation of protein and mRNA expression levels of Bcl-2 and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwu Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Ren
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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