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Godoy S, Parrón I, Millet JP, Caylà JA, Follia N, Carol M, Orcau A, Alsedà M, Toledo D, Plans P, Ferrús G, Barrabeig I, Clotet L, Domínguez A, Godoy P. Risk of tuberculosis among pulmonary tuberculosis contacts: the importance of time of exposure to index cases. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 91:12-17. [PMID: 38219967 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The intensity of exposure to index cases of tuberculosis [TB] may increase the risk of TB in their contacts. The aim was to determine TB risk factors among contacts of TB index cases. METHODS A cohort study was carried out in the contacts of pulmonary TB cases registered by the epidemiological surveillance network from 01/01/2019 to 06/30/2021. The factors associated with the risk of TB in contacts were determined using the adjusted odds ratio [aOR] and its 95% confidence interval [CI]. RESULTS From 847 TB cases, 7087 contacts were identified. The prevalence of TB was 2.0% [145/7087] and was higher in < 5 years compared to those ≥ 65 years [4.4% versus 1.2%; p < 0.001], in those exposed ≥ 6 h daily [4%], and < 6 h daily [1.6%] with respect to weekly exposure of < 6 h [0.7%; p < 0.001]. Those contacts exposed ≥ 6 h daily [aOR= 6.9; 95%CI:2.1-22.1], < 5 years [aOR= 8.3; 95%CI:1.8-37.8] and immigrants [aOR= 1.7; 95%CI:1.1-2.7] had a higher risk of TB. CONCLUSIONS The risk of TB increases with the time of exposure to the index case and this risk is also higher in < 5 years and immigrants. Contact tracing has a high yield for detecting new cases of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Godoy
- Universitat de Lleida [UdL]. Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida [IRBLleida], Lleida, Spain; Institut Català de la Salut, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ignasi Parrón
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Pau Millet
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública [CIBERESP], Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Tuberculosis Research Unit Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology Service. Public Health Agency of Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A Caylà
- Barcelona Tuberculosis Research Unit Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Follia
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Carol
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Orcau
- Epidemiology Service. Public Health Agency of Barcelona. Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Alsedà
- Universitat de Lleida [UdL]. Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida [IRBLleida], Lleida, Spain; Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diana Toledo
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública [CIBERESP], Madrid, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Plans
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública [CIBERESP], Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ferrús
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Barrabeig
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública [CIBERESP], Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Clotet
- Agència de Salut Pública Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública [CIBERESP], Madrid, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Godoy
- Universitat de Lleida [UdL]. Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida [IRBLleida], Lleida, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública [CIBERESP], Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitari de Santa Maria, Lleida, Spain.
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Kyaw WM, Lim LKY, Tay JY, Cutter JL, Ng DHL. The yield of tuberculosis contact investigation on relapsed TB patients and analysis of associated risk factors: Singapore's experience. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e26. [PMID: 38229514 PMCID: PMC10894891 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The yield of contact investigation on relapsed tuberculosis (TB) cases can guide strategies and resource allocation in the TB control programme. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to review the yield of contact investigation in relapsed TB cases and identify factors associated with TB infection (TBI) among close contacts of relapsed TB cases notified between 2018 and 2022 in Singapore. TB infection positivity was higher among contacts of relapsed cases which were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex compared to those who were only polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive (14.8% vs. 12.3%). On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for age and gender of the index, gender, and existing comorbidities of contacts, factors independently associated with TBI were culture and smear positivity of the index (AOR 1.41, 95%CI 1.02-1.94), higher odds with every 10 years of increase in age compared to contacts below aged 30, contacts who were not Singapore residents (AOR 2.09, 95%CI 1.46-2.97), and household contacts (AOR 2.19, 95%CI 1.44-3.34). Although the yield of screening was higher for those who were culture-positive compared to only PCR-positive relapsed cases, contact tracing for only PCR-positive cases may still be important in a country with moderate TB incidence, should resources allow.
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Schwalb A, Bergstrom M, Woodd S, Rehman AM, PrayGod G, Kasonka L, Koethe JR, Filteau S, Houben RMGJ. Impact of micro- and macronutrient status on the incidence of tuberculosis: An examination of an African cohort initiating antiretroviral therapy. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002007. [PMID: 37440476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies are associated with tuberculosis (TB) incidence. However, evidence is limited on the impact of micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) supplementation among underweight individuals. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a randomised controlled trial of lipid nutritional supplements with and without high-dose vitamin and mineral supplementation (LNS-VM vs LNS) for underweight (Body Mass Index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m2) adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Tanzania and Zambia (2011-2013). Incident TB disease diagnoses were extracted from trial records. We used multivariable Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for the impact of receiving LNS-VM on TB incidence, and the dose-response relationship between baseline BMI and TB incidence. Overall, 263 (17%) of 1506 participants developed TB disease. After adjusting for age, sex, CD4 count, haemoglobin, and C-reactive protein, receiving LNS-VM was not associated with TB incidence (aHR [95%CI] = 0.93 [0.72-1.20]; p = 0.57) compared to LNS alone. There was strong evidence for an association between lower BMI and incident TB (aHR [95%CI]: 16-16.9kg/m2 = 1.15 [0.82-1.62] and <16kg/m2 = 1.70 [1.26-2.30] compared to 17-18.5kg/m2; linear trend p<0.01). There was strong evidence that the rate of developing TB was lower after initiating ART (p<0.01). In conclusion, the addition of micronutrient supplementation to LNS was not associated with lower TB incidence in this underweight ART-naive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Schwalb
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Malin Bergstrom
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susannah Woodd
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Rehman
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - John R Koethe
- Vanderbilt Institute of Global Health, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rein M G J Houben
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- TB Modelling Group, TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Du Y, He Y, Zhang H, Shen F, Guan L, Xin H, He Y, Cao X, Feng B, Quan Z, Liu J, Gao L. Declining incidence rate of tuberculosis among close contacts in five years post-exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:373. [PMID: 37270474 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08348-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals in close contact with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients showed a high risk of recent infection and, once infected, higher risk of developing active TB in the following years post-exposure. But the peak time of active disease onset is unclear. This study aims to estimate post exposure TB incidence risk among close contacts to provide reference for clinical and public health strategies. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE for articles published until December 1, 2022. The incidence rates were quantitatively summarized by means of meta-analysis using the random-effect model. RESULTS Of the 5616 studies, 31 studies included in our analysis. For baseline close contacts results, the summarized prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and active TB was found to be 46.30% (95% CI: 37.18%-55.41%) and 2.68% (95% CI: 2.02%-3.35%), respectively. During the follow-up, the 1-year, 2-year and 5-year cumulative incidence of TB in close contacts were 2.15% (95% CI: 1.51%-2.80%), 1.21% (95% CI: 0.93%-1.49%) and 1.11% (95% CI: 0.64%-1.58%), respectively. Individuals with a positive result of MTB infection testing at baseline showed significantly higher cumulative TB incidence as compared to those negatives (3.80% vs. 0.82%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with close contact to active pulmonary TB patients are bearing significant risk of developing active TB, particularly within the first-year post-exposure. Population with recent infections should be an important priority for active case finding and preventive intervention worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yijun He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fei Shen
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 400060, China
| | - Ling Guan
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 400060, China
| | - Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yongpeng He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuefang Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Boxuan Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhusheng Quan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- The Sixth People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 400060, China
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No 9 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Shi Z, Qian H, Li Y, Wu F, Wu L. Machine learning based regional epidemic transmission risks precaution in digital society. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20499. [PMID: 36443350 PMCID: PMC9705289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The contact and interaction of human is considered to be one of the important factors affecting the epidemic transmission, and it is critical to model the heterogeneity of individual activities in epidemiological risk assessment. In digital society, massive data makes it possible to implement this idea on large scale. Here, we use the mobile phone signaling to track the users' trajectories and construct contact network to describe the topology of daily contact between individuals dynamically. We show the spatiotemporal contact features of about 7.5 million mobile phone users during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. Furthermore, the individual feature matrix extracted from contact network enables us to carry out the extreme event learning and predict the regional transmission risk, which can be further decomposed into the risk due to the inflow of people from epidemic hot zones and the risk due to people close contacts within the observing area. This method is much more flexible and adaptive, and can be taken as one of the epidemic precautions before the large-scale outbreak with high efficiency and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Shi
- School of Data Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haoqi Qian
- Institute for Global Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- LSE-Fudan Research Centre for Global Public Policy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- MOE Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yao Li
- Shanghai Ideal Information Industry (Group) Co., Ltd, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Libo Wu
- MOE Laboratory for National Development and Intelligent Governance, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Economics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Institute for Big Data, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Data-driven identification of communities with high levels of tuberculosis infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3912. [PMID: 35273212 PMCID: PMC8913845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
When access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis is disrupted by poverty or unequal access to health services, marginalized communities not only endorse the burden of preventable deaths, but also suffer from the dramatic consequences of a disease which impacts one’s ability to access education and minimal financial incomes. Unfortunately, these pockets are often left unrecognized in the flow of data collected in national tuberculosis reports, as localized hotspots are diluted in aggregated reports focusing on notified cases. Such system is therefore profoundly inadequate to identify these marginalized groups, which urgently require adapted interventions. We computed an estimated incidence-rate map for the South-Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, a province of 5.8 million inhabitants, leveraging available data including notified incidence, level of access to health care and exposition to identifiable risk factors. These estimations were validated in a prospective multi-centric study. We could demonstrate that combining different sources of openly-available data allows to precisely identify pockets of the population which endorses the biggest part of the burden of disease. We could precisely identify areas with a predicted annual incidence higher than 1%, a value three times higher than the national estimates. While hosting only 2.5% of the total population, we estimated that these areas were responsible for 23.5% of the actual tuberculosis cases of the province. The bacteriological results obtained from systematic screenings strongly correlated with the estimated incidence (r = 0.86), and much less with the incidence reported by epidemiological reports (r = 0.77), highlighting the inadequacy of these reports when used alone to guide disease control programs.
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Htet KKK, Phyu AN, Thwin T, Chongsuvivatwong V. Usability of a mobile health application in tuberculosis screening and compliance to perform chest x-ray examination among presumptive cases detected by the app in Myanmar (Preprint). JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e37779. [PMID: 35623000 PMCID: PMC9177170 DOI: 10.2196/37779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Myanmar, the use of a mobile app for tuberculosis (TB) screening and its operational effect on seeking TB health care have not been evaluated yet. Objective This study aims to report the usability of a simple mobile app to screen TB and comply with chest X-ray (CXR) examination of presumptive cases detected by the app. Methods A new “TB-screen” app was developed from a Google Sheet based on a previously published algorithm. The app calculates a TB risk propensity score from an individual’s sociodemographic characteristics and TB clinical history and suggests whether the individual should undergo a CXR. The screening program was launched in urban slum areas soon after the COVID-19 outbreak subsided. A standard questionnaire was used to assess the app’s usability rated by presumptive cases. Compliance to undergo CXR was confirmed by scanning the referral quick response (QR) code via the app. Results Raters were 453 presumptive cases detected by the app. The mean usability rating score was 4.1 out of 5. Compliance to undergo CXR examination was 71.1% (n=322). Active TB case detection among CXR compliances was 7.5% (n=24). One standard deviation (SD) increase in the app usability score was significantly associated with a 59% increase in the odds to comply with CXR (β=.464) after adjusting for other variables (P<.001). Conclusions This simple mobile app got a high usability score rated by 453 users. The mobile app usability score successfully predicted compliance to undergo CXR examination. Eventually, 24 (7.5%) of 322 users who were suspected of having TB by the mobile app were detected as active TB cases by CXR. The system should be upscaled for a large trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Ko Ko Htet
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | - Aye Nyein Phyu
- National Tuberculosis Programme, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Thandar Thwin
- National Tuberculosis Programme, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Mandalay, Myanmar
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Gradient association between pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus among households with a tuberculosis case: a contact tracing-based study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1854. [PMID: 35115583 PMCID: PMC8814182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) remain high morbidity and mortality, especially when they are comorbid with each other. Screening for diabetes mellitus in tuberculosis is essential as the incidence and mortality of DM in the population with PTB are higher than in the general people. We aimed to examine the gradient association of tuberculosis on developing DM, the additional yield and the number needed to screen (NNS) to find a new diabetes case. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 801 tuberculosis cases and 972 household contacts in Guizhou, China, from April 2019 to October 2020. After screening for PTB among contacts, all participants were screened for DM and interviewed. Kendall's tau-b test and proportional odds logistic regression analysis were applied to identify the gradient associations. Among the 1773 subjects, the additional yield of screening was 21.8%. The NNSs of the non-PTB group, the sputum-culture negative and positive groups were 50, 60 and 113, respectively. The gradient incremental establishment of DM and PTB were positively correlated. The general trend on the gradient of DM significantly increased with the gradient increase of PTB. Age 35 years and over, excessive edible oil intake and DM family history were identified as significant predictors of diabetes. Integrated screening for DM targeted to different gradients of PTB combined with associated factors is necessitated to achieve a higher additional yield.
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Yield, NNS and prevalence of screening for DM and hypertension among pulmonary tuberculosis index cases and contacts through single time screening: A contact tracing-based study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263308. [PMID: 35089989 PMCID: PMC8797235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are catastrophic illnesses that collectively lead to increased mortality and premature death. However, the size of the problem and the appropriate approach to deal with the burden is still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the yield, number needed to screen (NNS) to prevent one death or adverse event for screening DM and hypertension and assess the prevalence and contributors to DM and/or hypertension. METHODS Based on PTB contact tracing, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 801 PTB index cases and 972 household contacts from April 2019 to October 2020 in Guizhou, China. All the participants were screened for DM and hypertension. The yield was calculated as the proportion of newly detected cases among the study subjects, excluding known cases. The NNS was computed by dividing the number needed to treat for risk factors by the prevalence of the unrecognized diseases. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the independent predictors of DM and/or hypertension. RESULTS Of the 1,773 participants, the prevalence of DM and hypertension was 8.7% (70/801) and 15.2% (122/801) in the PTB patients, 3.2% (31/972) and 14.0% (136/972) in the contacts, respectively. The prevalence of DM and/or hypertension was 21.2% (170/801) among the PTB patients and 15.4% (150/972) among their contacts. The screening yields to detect new cases of DM and hypertension among PTB patients were 1.9% and 5.2%, and that in the contacts were 0.8% and 4.8%, respectively. The NNS for DM was 359 for the PTB cases and 977 for the contacts, 299 for PTB cases and 325 for hypertension, respectively. Older age, under or overweight and obesity, family history hypertension and earlier diagnosis of other chronic conditions were the independent predictors for DM and/or hypertension among both PTB cases and their contacts. CONCLUSION Screening for DM and hypertension should be mandated in PTB patients and their household contacts to disclose undetected cases of these two conditions during TB contact tracing, which might reduce the potential cardiovascular disease deaths.
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Rai B, Dixit K, Dhital R, Rishal P, Gurung SC, Paudel PR, Mishra G, Bonnett L, Siqueira-Filha N, Khanal MN, Lonnroth K, Squire SB, Caws M, Wingfield T. Protocol for the Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis in Nepal (ASCOT) pilot trial. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:141. [PMID: 36874579 PMCID: PMC9975416.2 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17669.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization's End TB (tuberculosis) Strategy advocates social and economic support for TB-affected households but evidence from low-income settings is scarce. We will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a locally-appropriate socioeconomic support intervention for TB-affected households in Nepal. METHODS: We will conduct a pilot randomised-controlled trial with mixed-methods process evaluation in four TB-endemic, impoverished districts of Nepal: Pyuthan, Chitwan, Mahottari, and Morang. We will recruit 128 people with TB notified to the Nepal National TB Program (NTP) and 40 multisectoral stakeholders including NTP staff, civil-society members, policy-makers, and ASCOT (Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis) team members. People with TB will be randomised 1:1:1:1 to four study arms (n=32 each): control; social support; economic support; and combined social and economic (socioeconomic) support. Social support will be TB education and peer-led mutual-support TB Clubs providing TB education and stigma-reduction counselling. Economic support will be monthly unconditional cash transfers during TB treatment with expectations (not conditions) of meeting NTP goals. At 0, 2, and 6 months following TB treatment initiation, participants will be asked to complete a survey detailing the social determinants and consequences of TB and their feedback on ASCOT. Complementary process evaluation will use focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and a workshop with multi-sectoral stakeholders to consider the challenges to ASCOT's implementation and scale-up. A sample of ~100 people with TB is recommended to estimate TB-related costs. Information power is estimated to be reached with approximately 25 FGD and 15 KII participants. CONCLUSIONS: The ASCOT pilot trial will both generate robust evidence on a locally-appropriate, socioeconomic support intervention for TB-affected households in Nepal and inform a large-scale future ASCOT trial, which will evaluate the intervention's impact on catastrophic costs mitigation and TB outcomes. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN ( ISRCTN17025974).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhola Rai
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Kritika Dixit
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Raghu Dhital
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Poonam Rishal
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | | | | | - Gokul Mishra
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research, Nepal Tuberculosis Control Centre, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Laura Bonnett
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
| | | | - Mukti Nath Khanal
- Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research, Nepal Tuberculosis Control Centre, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Knut Lonnroth
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - S Bertel Squire
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Maxine Caws
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Tom Wingfield
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Clinical Sciences and International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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Rai B, Dixit K, Dhital R, Rishal P, Gurung SC, Paudel PR, Mishra G, Bonnett L, Siqueira-Filha N, Khanal MN, Lonnroth K, Squire SB, Caws M, Wingfield T. Protocol for the Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis in Nepal (ASCOT) pilot trial. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:141. [PMID: 36874579 PMCID: PMC9975416 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17669.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization's End TB (tuberculosis) Strategy advocates social and economic support for TB-affected households but evidence from low-income settings is scarce. We will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a locally-appropriate socioeconomic support intervention for TB-affected households in Nepal. METHODS: We will conduct a pilot randomised-controlled trial with mixed-methods process evaluation in four TB-endemic, impoverished districts of Nepal: Pyuthan, Chitwan, Mahottari, and Morang. We will recruit 128 people with TB notified to the Nepal National TB Program (NTP) and 40 multisectoral stakeholders including NTP staff, civil-society members, policy-makers, and ASCOT (Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis) team members. People with TB will be randomised 1:1:1:1 to four study arms (n=32 each): control; social support; economic support; and combined social and economic (socioeconomic) support. Social support will be TB education and peer-led mutual-support TB Clubs providing TB education and stigma-reduction counselling. Economic support will be monthly unconditional cash transfers during TB treatment with expectations (not conditions) of meeting NTP goals. At 0, 2, and 6 months following TB treatment initiation, participants will be asked to complete a survey detailing the social determinants and consequences of TB and their feedback on ASCOT. Complementary process evaluation will use focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and a workshop with multi-sectoral stakeholders to consider the challenges to ASCOT's implementation and scale-up. A sample of ~100 people with TB is recommended to estimate TB-related costs. Information power is estimated to be reached with approximately 25 FGD and 15 KII participants. CONCLUSIONS: The ASCOT pilot trial will both generate robust evidence on a locally-appropriate, socioeconomic support intervention for TB-affected households in Nepal and inform a large-scale future ASCOT trial, which will evaluate the intervention's impact on catastrophic costs mitigation and TB outcomes. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN ( ISRCTN17025974).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhola Rai
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Kritika Dixit
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Raghu Dhital
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Poonam Rishal
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | | | | | - Gokul Mishra
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research, Nepal Tuberculosis Control Centre, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Laura Bonnett
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
| | | | - Mukti Nath Khanal
- Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research, Nepal Tuberculosis Control Centre, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Knut Lonnroth
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - S Bertel Squire
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Maxine Caws
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Tom Wingfield
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Clinical Sciences and International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Rai B, Dixit K, Dhital R, Rishal P, Gurung SC, Paudel PR, Mishra G, Bonnett L, Siqueira-Filha N, Khanal MN, Lonnroth K, Squire SB, Caws M, Wingfield T. Protocol for the Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis in Nepal (ASCOT) pilot trial. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:141. [PMID: 36874579 PMCID: PMC9975416 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17669.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization's End TB (tuberculosis) Strategy advocates social and economic support for TB-affected households but evidence from low-income settings is scarce. We will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a locally-appropriate socioeconomic support intervention for TB-affected households in Nepal. METHODS: We will conduct a pilot randomised-controlled trial with mixed-methods process evaluation in four TB-endemic, impoverished districts of Nepal: Pyuthan, Chitwan, Mahottari, and Morang. We will recruit 128 people with TB notified to the Nepal National TB Program (NTP) and 40 multisectoral stakeholders including NTP staff, civil-society members, policy-makers, and ASCOT (Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis) team members. People with TB will be randomised 1:1:1:1 to four study arms (n=32 each): control; social support; economic support; and combined social and economic (socioeconomic) support. Social support will be TB education and peer-led mutual-support TB Clubs providing TB education and stigma-reduction counselling. Economic support will be monthly unconditional cash transfers during TB treatment with expectations (not conditions) of meeting NTP goals. At 0, 2, and 6 months following TB treatment initiation, participants will be asked to complete a survey detailing the social determinants and consequences of TB and their feedback on ASCOT. Complementary process evaluation will use focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and a workshop with multi-sectoral stakeholders to consider the challenges to ASCOT's implementation and scale-up. A sample of ~100 people with TB is recommended to estimate TB-related costs. Information power is estimated to be reached with approximately 25 FGD and 15 KII participants. CONCLUSIONS: The ASCOT pilot trial will both generate robust evidence on a locally-appropriate, socioeconomic support intervention for TB-affected households in Nepal and inform a large-scale future ASCOT trial, which will evaluate the intervention's impact on catastrophic costs mitigation and TB outcomes. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN ( ISRCTN17025974).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhola Rai
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Kritika Dixit
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Raghu Dhital
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Poonam Rishal
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | | | | | - Gokul Mishra
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research, Nepal Tuberculosis Control Centre, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Laura Bonnett
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GF, UK
| | | | - Mukti Nath Khanal
- Planning, Monitoring, Evaluation, Surveillance, and Research, Nepal Tuberculosis Control Centre, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Knut Lonnroth
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - S Bertel Squire
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Maxine Caws
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Tom Wingfield
- Research, Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
- Clinical Sciences and International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Mohidem NA, Hashim Z, Osman M, Muharam FM, Elias SM, Shaharudin R. Environment as the risk factor for tuberculosis in Malaysia: a systematic review of the literature. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:493-499. [PMID: 34821116 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and incidence of TB by focusing on its environmental risk factor in Malaysia. CONTENT Databases search of Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus, MyJournal, Biblioteca Regional de Medicina (BIREME), BioMed Central (BMC) Public Health, Medline, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB), EMBASE (Excerpta Medica dataBASE) OVID, and Web of Science (WoS) was performed, which include the article from 1st January 2008 until 31st August 2018 using medical subject heading (MeSH). Articles initially identified were screened for relevance. SUMMARY Out of 744 papers screened, nine eligible studies did meet our inclusion criteria. Prison and housing environments were evaluated for TB transmission in living environment, while the other factor was urbanization. However, not all association for these factors were statistically significant, thus assumed to be conflicting or weak to end up with a strong conclusion. OUTLOOK Unsustainable indoor environment in high congregate setting and overcrowding remained as a challenge for TB infection in Malaysia. Risk factors for transmission of TB, specifically in high risk areas, should focus on the implementation of specialized program. Further research on health care environment, weather variability, and air pollution are urgently needed to improve the management of TB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Adibah Mohidem
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Malina Osman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farrah Melissa Muharam
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saliza Mohd Elias
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rafiza Shaharudin
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Zawedde-Muyanja S, Reuter A, Tovar MA, Hussain H, Loando Mboyo A, Detjen AK, Yuen CM. Provision of Decentralized TB Care Services: A Detect-Treat-Prevent Strategy for Children and Adolescents Affected by TB. Pathogens 2021; 10:1568. [PMID: 34959523 PMCID: PMC8705395 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss considerations and successful models for providing decentralized diagnosis, treatment, and prevention services for children and adolescents. Key approaches to building decentralized capacity for childhood TB diagnosis in primary care facilities include provider training and increased access to child-focused diagnostic tools and techniques. Treatment of TB disease should be managed close to where patients live; pediatric formulations of both first- and second-line drugs should be widely available; and any hospitalization should be for as brief a period as medically indicated. TB preventive treatment for child and adolescent contacts must be greatly expanded, which will require home visits to identify contacts, building capacity to rule out TB, and adoption of shorter preventive regimens. Decentralization of TB services should involve the private sector, with collaborations outside the TB program in order to reach children and adolescents where they first enter the health care system. The impact of decentralization will be maximized if programs are family-centered and designed around responding to the needs of children and adolescents affected by TB, as well as their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Zawedde-Muyanja
- The Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda
| | - Anja Reuter
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town 7784, South Africa;
| | - Marco A. Tovar
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Perú, Lima 15001, Peru;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima 15067, Peru
| | - Hamidah Hussain
- Interactive Research and Development Global, Singapore 238884, Singapore;
| | - Aime Loando Mboyo
- Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Kinshasa B.P. 1002030, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Anne K. Detjen
- United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, NY 10017, USA;
| | - Courtney M. Yuen
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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15
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Brooks MB, Lecca L, Contreras C, Calderon R, Yataco R, Galea J, Huang CC, Murray MB, Becerra MC. Prediction Tool to Identify Children at Highest Risk of Tuberculosis Disease Progression Among Those Exposed at Home. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab487. [PMID: 34805431 PMCID: PMC8599776 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of research to understand which children, among those who are exposed at home to tuberculosis (TB), are at the highest risk of TB disease, to tailor care. We sought to identify predictors of TB progression in children. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study of children living with adults with pulmonary TB in Lima, Peru (2009-2012). We applied classification and regression tree analysis to examine potential predictors of incident TB disease during 12 months in 3 age groups (0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years). We calculated the relative risk (RR) for top predictors in each age group. RESULTS Among 4545 children 0-14 years old, 156 (3.4%) were diagnosed with TB within 1 year of household exposure to TB (3.4%, 2.3%, and 4.7% in children 0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years old, respectively). The most important predictor of TB was having a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result, with RRs of 6.6 (95% CI, 4.0-10.7), 6.6 (95% CI, 3.2-13.6), and 5.2 (95% CI, 3.0-9.0) in the age groups 0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years, respectively. In young children with a positive TST, not using isoniazid preventive treatment further increased risk of disease (RR, 12.2 [95% CI, 3.8-39.2]). CONCLUSIONS We present a tool that identifies child household contacts at high risk of TB disease progression based on data collected during contact tracing. In addition to the use of TB preventive therapy for all children exposed at home to TB, those children at highest risk of progressing to TB disease may benefit from more frequent follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B Brooks
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leonid Lecca
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Roger Calderon
- Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosa Yataco
- Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Jerome Galea
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Social Work, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Megan B Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mercedes C Becerra
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Partners In Health/Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
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16
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Pilz GF, Weber F, Mueller WG, Schaefer JR. Statistical Methods to Support Difficult Diagnoses. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071300. [PMID: 34359382 PMCID: PMC8305132 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Far too often, one meets patients who went for years or even decades from doctor to doctor without obtaining a valid diagnosis. This brings pain to millions of patients and their families, not to speak of the enormous costs. Often patients cannot tell precisely enough which factors (or combinations thereof) trigger their problems. If conventional methods fail, we propose the use of statistics and algebra to provide doctors much more useful inputs from patients. We use statistical regression for triggering factors of medical problems, and in particular, "balanced incomplete block designs" for factors detection. These methods can supply doctors with much more valuable inputs and can also find combinations of multiple factors through very few tests. In order to show that these methods do work, we briefly describe a case in which these methods helped to solve a 60-year-old problem in a patient and provide some more examples where these methods might be particularly useful. As a conclusion, while regression is used in clinical medicine, it seems to be widely unknown in diagnosing. Statistics and algebra can save the health systems much money, as well as the patients a lot of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenter F. Pilz
- Institute of Algebra, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-650-2468220
| | - Frank Weber
- German Air Force Center of Aerospace Medicine, 82256 Fuerstenfeldbruck, Germany;
| | - Werner G. Mueller
- Institute for Applied Statistics, Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, Austria;
| | - Juergen R. Schaefer
- Center for Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases (ZusE), Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
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17
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Devalraju KP, Tripathi D, Neela VSK, Paidipally P, Radhakrishnan RK, Singh KP, Ansari MS, Jaeger M, Netea-Maier RT, Netea MG, Park S, Cheng SY, Valluri VL, Vankayalapati R. Reduced thyroxine production in young household contacts of tuberculosis patients increases active tuberculosis disease risk. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e148271. [PMID: 34236051 PMCID: PMC8410087 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we followed 839 household contacts (HHCs) of tuberculosis (TB) patients for 2 years and identified the factors that enhanced the development of TB. Fourteen of the 17 HHCs who progressed to TB were in the 15- to 30-year-old age group. At baseline (the “0“ time point, when all the individuals were healthy), the concentration of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) was lower, and there were increased numbers of Tregs in PBMCs of TB progressors. At baseline, PBMCs from TB progressors stimulated with early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) and 10 kDa culture filtrate antigen (CFP-10) produced less IL-1α. Thyroid hormones inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth in macrophages in an IL-1α–dependent manner. Mtb-infected Thra1PV/+ (mutant thyroid hormone receptor) mice had increased mortality and reduced IL-1α production. Our findings suggest that young HHCs who exhibit decreased production of thyroid hormones are at high risk of developing active TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Prudhula Devalraju
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepak Tripathi
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Venkata Sanjeev Kumar Neela
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padmaja Paidipally
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Karan P Singh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Community and Rural Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad Soheb Ansari
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sunmi Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, USA
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18
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Xin H, Jin Q, Gao L. Conditional expanding post-exposure prophylaxis: a potential new tool for tuberculosis control. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00723-2020. [PMID: 33614775 PMCID: PMC7882782 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00723-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest consolidated guideline on tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment, released by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, strongly recommended that children aged <5 years who are household contacts of people with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB and who are found not to have active TB should be recommended for TB preventive treatment even if TB infection testing is unavailable [1]. That means preventative treatment should be administrated to the children aged <5 years once exposure has occurred. The concept of such post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) has been successfully practised for HIV prevention among at-risk individuals with occupational exposure or non-occupational exposure [2]. For TB, PEP is still a new concept, here we raise a proposal to explore whether PEP could be scaled up to the other high-risk populations as a potential tool to accelerate the achievement of the END TB global goal [3]. The development of a new strategy requires systematic research and sufficient evidence; hence, we are only undertaking some preliminary discussion here. For individuals with high risk of exposure and thereafter developing and transmitting active tuberculosis, conditional post-exposure prophylaxis might be a potential tool for tuberculosis controlhttps://bit.ly/39qHHh4
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Xin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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19
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Htet KKK, Chongsuvivatwong V, Aung ST. Sensitivity and specificity of tuberculosis signs and symptoms screening and adjunct role of social pathology characteristics in predicting bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis in Myanmar. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:3. [PMID: 33407932 PMCID: PMC7789670 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, using tuberculosis signs and symptoms (TB-SS) as a screening tool has become less important due to its low sensitivity and specificity. We analyzed data from the Myanmar National Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence survey in 2010. The various TB screening models were developed to predict TB by using logistic regression analysis, and their performance on TB prediction was compared by the measures of overall performance, calibration and discrimination ability, and sensitivity and specificity to determine whether social pathology characteristics could be used as a TB screening tool. RESULTS Among 51,367 participants, 311 (0.6%) had bacteriologically confirmed TB, of which 37.2% were asymptomatic and 2% had a normal chest X-ray. Out of 32 various combinations of signs and symptoms, having any signs and symptoms gave the best sensitivity of 59.8% and specificity of 67.2%, but chest X-ray (CXR) alone gave the highest sensitivity (95.1%) and specificity (86.3%). The next best combination was cough only with a sensitivity of 24.4% and specificity of 85%. Other combinations had poor sensitivity (< 10%). Among various TB screening models, the overall performance R2 was higher in the combined models of social pathology and TB signs and symptoms as well as the social pathology model, compared to TB-SS models (> 10% versus < 3%), although all TB screening models were perfect to predict TB (Brier score = 0). The social pathology model shows a better calibration, more closer to 45° line of calibration plot with Hosmer-Lemeshow test p value = 0.787, than the combined models while it had a better discrimination ability in area under the curve, AUC = 80.4%, compared to TB-SS models with any signs and symptoms, AUC = 63.5% and with any cough, AUC = 57.1% (DeLong p value = 0.0001). Moreover, at the propensity score cutoff value ≥ 0.0053, the combined and social pathology models had sensitivity of ~ 80% and specificity of ~ 70%. The highest population attributable fraction to predict TB by social pathology characteristics was male gender (42.6%), age ≥ 55 years (31.0%), and underweight (30.4%). CONCLUSION Over one-third of bacteriologically confirmed TB was asymptomatic. The conventional TB-SS screening tool using any TB signs and symptoms had a lower sensitivity and specificity compared to CXR and social pathology screening tools. The social pathology characteristics as TB screening tool had good calibration and can improve the discrimination ability to predict TB than TB-SS screenings and should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Ko Ko Htet
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar
| | | | - Si Thu Aung
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
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20
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Irfani TH, Siburian R, Nabila R, Umar TP. Tuberculosis and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from A Clinical Perspective: A Systematic Review. Medeni Med J 2020; 35:338-343. [PMID: 33717627 PMCID: PMC7945727 DOI: 10.5222/mmj.2020.36775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to examine the effects of COVID-19 on Tuberculosis (TB) management and to highlight evidence of the extent of TB and COVID-19 co-infection. Current findings on TB and COVID-19 have been identified using six databases: Pubmed, Science Direct, Pubmed Central, MedXRiv, Wiley, and Google Scholar. This search in literature was conducted up to 8 May 2020. We included five studies that met the selection criteria. These selected studies have been performed in regions having various demographic characteristics including developed and developing countries, mainly China. The total number of participants in each study ranged from 24 to 203. The case fatality rate of patients with TB and COVID-19 co-infection was found to be high (6/49; 12.3 percent) while a combined diagnosis of TB and COVID-19 was found in 9/49 patients. This condition is linked to several complications, manifested as the need for ex novo oxygen supply, pneumothorax, and extreme hypoxia. Researches on BCG vaccination have shown that countries without vaccination policy are more likely to be seriously affected than those with BCG vaccination programs. COVID-19 infection in patients with TB or the lack of sufficient BCG vaccination may be associated with higher detrimental consequences, including mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Hari Irfani
- Universitas Sriwijaya, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Reynold Siburian
- Universitas Sriwijaya, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Profession Student, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Riska Nabila
- Universitas Sriwijaya, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Profession Student, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- Universitas Sriwijaya, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Profession Student, Palembang, Indonesia
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21
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Implementing effective TB prevention and treatment programmes in the COVID-19 era in Zimbabwe. A call for innovative differentiated service delivery models. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2020; 1:100058. [PMID: 34173583 PMCID: PMC7704353 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival of COVID-19 has disrupted health service provision globally. In this note, the authors discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of tuberculosis (TB) services in Zimbabwe. TB is endemic in the country and disruption of services may potentially have serious consequences for patients with existing and undiagnosed TB. In this letter, the authors discuss the need for innovative strategies that ensure TB prevention and treatment services in a manner which reduces COVID-19 risk to patients and healthcare workers.
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22
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Gupta RK, Calderwood CJ, Yavlinsky A, Krutikov M, Quartagno M, Aichelburg MC, Altet N, Diel R, Dobler CC, Dominguez J, Doyle JS, Erkens C, Geis S, Haldar P, Hauri AM, Hermansen T, Johnston JC, Lange C, Lange B, van Leth F, Muñoz L, Roder C, Romanowski K, Roth D, Sester M, Sloot R, Sotgiu G, Woltmann G, Yoshiyama T, Zellweger JP, Zenner D, Aldridge RW, Copas A, Rangaka MX, Lipman M, Noursadeghi M, Abubakar I. Discovery and validation of a personalized risk predictor for incident tuberculosis in low transmission settings. Nat Med 2020; 26:1941-1949. [PMID: 33077958 PMCID: PMC7614810 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The risk of tuberculosis (TB) is variable among individuals with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), but validated estimates of personalized risk are lacking. In pooled data from 18 systematically identified cohort studies from 20 countries, including 80,468 individuals tested for LTBI, 5-year cumulative incident TB risk among people with untreated LTBI was 15.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 8.0-29.2%) among child contacts, 4.8% (95% CI, 3.0-7.7%) among adult contacts, 5.0% (95% CI, 1.6-14.5%) among migrants and 4.8% (95% CI, 1.5-14.3%) among immunocompromised groups. We confirmed highly variable estimates within risk groups, necessitating an individualized approach to risk stratification. Therefore, we developed a personalized risk predictor for incident TB (PERISKOPE-TB) that combines a quantitative measure of T cell sensitization and clinical covariates. Internal-external cross-validation of the model demonstrated a random effects meta-analysis C-statistic of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.82-0.93) for incident TB. In decision curve analysis, the model demonstrated clinical utility for targeting preventative treatment, compared to treating all, or no, people with LTBI. We challenge the current crude approach to TB risk estimation among people with LTBI in favor of our evidence-based and patient-centered method, in settings aiming for pre-elimination worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi K Gupta
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alexei Yavlinsky
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Krutikov
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Quartagno
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Neus Altet
- Unitat de Tuberculosis, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de TDO de la Tuberculosis 'Servicios Clínicos', Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roland Diel
- Institute for Epidemiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Lung Clinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Claudia C Dobler
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jose Dominguez
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph S Doyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Connie Erkens
- KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Geis
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pranabashis Haldar
- Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Thomas Hermansen
- International Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James C Johnston
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christoph Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Tuberculosis Center, Borstel, Germany
- Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBnet), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank van Leth
- Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBnet), Borstel, Germany
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Muñoz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Roder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kamila Romanowski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David Roth
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martina Sester
- Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBnet), Borstel, Germany
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rosa Sloot
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBnet), Borstel, Germany
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, Uniiversity of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerrit Woltmann
- Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Institute for Lung Health, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Zellweger
- Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBnet), Borstel, Germany
- Swiss Lung Association, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Zenner
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert W Aldridge
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Copas
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Molebogeng X Rangaka
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Lipman
- UCL-TB and UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ibrahim Abubakar
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
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23
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Gatchalian SR, Agathis NT, Castillo-Carandang NT, Gunter SM, Murray KO, Mandalakas AM. Design and Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools to Identify Pediatric Tuberculosis Infection in Bohol, the Philippines, a Low-HIV- and High-TB-Burden Setting. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1818-1826. [PMID: 32975174 PMCID: PMC7646812 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying children with, or at substantial risk of, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (TBI) and providing TB preventive therapy (TPT) represent an important, yet challenging, strategy in curbing the global burden of childhood TB. Risk assessment scoring tools, which quantify risks associated with unique factors characterizing an individual, could act as a surrogate measure of TBI risk and guide effective and efficient TPT delivery. We assessed important risk factors of childhood TBI and created risk assessment tools through secondary analysis of data from a large, community-based childhood TB prevalence study in the island province of Bohol in the Philippines, a low–HIV- and high–TB-burden, post-disaster setting. We identified four factors that were statistically associated with acquiring TBI—being 5 years or older, having a known TB contact, having a known TB contact who was either the mother or another primary caregiver, and living in a high–TB-burden municipality. We created 2-item, 4-item, and 9-item scores intended to identify child TBI in this low-resource, low–HIV-, and high–TB-burden setting. In addition to the design, evaluation, and impact analysis of these generalizable and valuable risk assessment tools, our study findings emphasize the necessity of targeting both household and community-associated transmissions of childhood TBI to achieve the global goal to end TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvacion R Gatchalian
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Nickolas T Agathis
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Nina T Castillo-Carandang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Sarah M Gunter
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anna M Mandalakas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
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24
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Lwin TT, Apidechkul T, Saising J, Upala P, Tamornpark R, Chomchoei C, Yeemard F, Suttana W, Sunsern R. Prevalence and determinants of TB infection in a rural population in northeastern Myanmar. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:904. [PMID: 33256645 PMCID: PMC7706037 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a major human threat, as evidenced by the large numbers of cases and deaths, particularly in developing countries with poor economic and educational statuses. Myanmar has one of the highest TB burdens in the world, but no TB information is available for people living in the rural northeastern regions of Myanmar. The present study estimated the prevalence of TB and identified factors associated with TB infection in people living in rural communities in Shan State. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to gather information from participants. People aged 18-59 years who lived in the three areas with the highest numbers of TB cases in Shan State in northeastern Myanmar were included in the study population. A simple random method was used to select the sample from the villages. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection in face-to-face interviews after obtaining signed informed consent from the selected participants. The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) was administered to detect TB infection, and a result that was 10 mm or greater after 48 h was considered positive. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used to identify the associations between the variables at a significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS A total of 303 participants were recruited for the study; 64.7% were females, and the mean age was 37 years (SD = 12.5). Most participants were Burmese (25.4%), and 14.95% were Shan. Sixty-three participants (20.8%) had a positive TST. Four variables were associated with TB infection in the multivariate model. Males had a greater chance of TB infection than females (AOR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.32-4.76). Participants who were ever married had a greater chance of TB infection than participants who were single (AOR = 3.93; 95% CI = 1.18-13.00). Participants who used wood and charcoal as their main sources of energy for cooking had a greater chance of TB infection than participants who used electricity (AOR = 4.23; 95% CI = 1.25-9.64). Participants who had a low level of TB prevention and care knowledge had a greater chance of TB infection than participants with a high level of TB prevention and care knowledge (AOR = 4.49; 95% CI = 1.88-10.72). CONCLUSIONS Public health programs that focus on improving knowledge of TB prevention and care and avoiding the use of wood and charcoal as the primary sources of energy for cooking, particularly in males and ever-married individuals, are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theint Theint Lwin
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Lunag University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Apidechkul
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Lunag University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Hill Tribe Health Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Jongkon Saising
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Lunag University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Panupong Upala
- Center of Excellence for Hill Tribe Health Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Ratipark Tamornpark
- Center of Excellence for Hill Tribe Health Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Chalitar Chomchoei
- Center of Excellence for Hill Tribe Health Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Fartima Yeemard
- Center of Excellence for Hill Tribe Health Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Wipob Suttana
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Lunag University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Rachanee Sunsern
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Lunag University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
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25
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A clinical score for identifying active tuberculosis while awaiting microbiological results: Development and validation of a multivariable prediction model in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003420. [PMID: 33170838 PMCID: PMC7654801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In highly resource-limited settings, many clinics lack same-day microbiological testing for active tuberculosis (TB). In these contexts, risk of pretreatment loss to follow-up is high, and a simple, easy-to-use clinical risk score could be useful. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed data from adults tested for TB with Xpert MTB/RIF across 28 primary health clinics in rural South Africa (between July 2016 and January 2018). We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to identify characteristics associated with Xpert-confirmed TB and converted coefficients into a simple score. We assessed discrimination using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration using Cox linear logistic regression, and clinical utility using decision curves. We validated the score externally in a population of adults tested for TB across 4 primary health clinics in urban Uganda (between May 2018 and December 2019). Model development was repeated de novo with the Ugandan population to compare clinical scores. The South African and Ugandan cohorts included 701 and 106 individuals who tested positive for TB, respectively, and 686 and 281 randomly selected individuals who tested negative. Compared to the Ugandan cohort, the South African cohort was older (41% versus 19% aged 45 years or older), had similar breakdown of biological sex (48% versus 50% female), and had higher HIV prevalence (45% versus 34%). The final prediction model, scored from 0 to 10, included 6 characteristics: age, sex, HIV (2 points), diabetes, number of classical TB symptoms (cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats; 1 point each), and >14-day symptom duration. Discrimination was moderate in the derivation (c-statistic = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.82) and validation (c-statistic = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.80) populations. A patient with 10% pretest probability of TB would have a posttest probability of 4% with a score of 3/10 versus 43% with a score of 7/10. The de novo Ugandan model contained similar characteristics and performed equally well. Our study may be subject to spectrum bias as we only included a random sample of people without TB from each cohort. This score is only meant to guide management while awaiting microbiological results, not intended as a community-based triage test (i.e., to identify individuals who should receive further testing). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that a simple clinical risk score reasonably distinguished individuals with and without TB among those submitting sputum for diagnosis. Subject to prospective validation, this score might be useful in settings with constrained diagnostic resources where concern for pretreatment loss to follow-up is high.
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26
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Alene KA, Wangdi K, Clements ACA. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Control: An Overview. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E123. [PMID: 32722014 PMCID: PMC7558533 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, pandemics of viral infections such as HIV, Ebola and Influenza have disrupted health care systems, including the prevention and control of endemic diseases. Such disruption has resulted in an increased burden of endemic diseases in post-pandemic periods. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could cause severe dysfunction in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the infectious disease that causes more deaths than any other, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of TB is high. The economic and health crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the public health measures currently taken to stop the spread of the virus may have an impact on household TB transmission, treatment and diagnostic services, and TB prevention and control programs. Here, we provide an overview of the potential impact of COVID-19 on TB programs and disease burden, as well as possible strategies that could help to mitigate the impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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27
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Saunders MJ, Evans CA. COVID-19, tuberculosis and poverty: preventing a perfect storm. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:13993003.01348-2020. [PMID: 32444399 PMCID: PMC7243392 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01348-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to be the defining global health crisis of our generation. As the United Nations Development Programme highlighted in their recent call to action, the impact of this pandemic will extend beyond the immediate medical consequences to have far-reaching and long-lasting social and economic impacts, threatening to disproportionately affect poorer people in poorer countries [1]. Income losses are anticipated to exceed USD 220 billion in developing countries, where many people live day-to-day without access to social protection, and food security is precarious [1]. Strikingly, a recent United Nations study suggested that the social and economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic could increase the number of people living in poverty by as much as half a billion, with the majority of these newly poor people living in Africa, South-East Asia, and Central and South America [2]. The global health community must learn from COVID-19 and take action now on tuberculosis and its social determinants, potentially saving millions from a preventable and curable diseasehttps://bit.ly/2LLgLgA
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Saunders
- Dept of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Innovation For Health And Development (IFHAD), Laboratory of Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Innovación Por la Salud Y Desarrollo (IPSYD), Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
| | - Carlton A Evans
- Dept of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Innovation For Health And Development (IFHAD), Laboratory of Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Innovación Por la Salud Y Desarrollo (IPSYD), Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
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28
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Reuter A, Furin J. The problem with vitamin D supplementation for tuberculosis. Lancet HIV 2020; 7:e450-e451. [PMID: 32621871 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(20)30114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Reuter
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Khayelitsha, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Furin
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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29
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Yassin MA, Yirdaw KD, Datiko DG, Cuevas LE, Yassin MA. Yield of household contact investigation of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:737. [PMID: 32434507 PMCID: PMC7238661 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household Contacts (HHCs) of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) have a higher risk of developing TB. Contact investigation is recommended to reach this group and identify undiagnosed cases. In this study, we have determined the yield of contact investigation among HHCs of patients with smear-positive PTB, and estimated TB burden. METHODS We conducted retrospective record review for the occurrence of TB among HHCs of Index PTB+ cases treated between November 2010 and April 2013 in 12 public health facilities in Boricha district. HHCs were followed up monthly and revisited between March and June 2015. Information on additional TB cases diagnosed and treated among HHCs were documented. HHCs who were diagnosed as having TB after the index cases were diagnosed and treated were considered as 'incident cases'. Presumptive TB case was defined as those having cough for ≥2 weeks or enlarged lymph node. Diagnosis of TB among HHCs were made using smear-microscopy and/or X-rays, and clinically for Extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). RESULTS One thousand five hundred and seventeenth HHCs of 344 index cases were visited and screened for TB and followed up for a median of 37 months. 77 (5.1% - 72 with PTB and 5 with EPTB) HHCs developed TB during 4713 person-years of follow-up with an estimated incidence of 1634 (95% CI: 1370-2043) per 100,000 person-years follow-up which is much higher than the estimated TB incidence for the general population in Ethiopia of 210/100,000. Half (41/77) of incident TB cases were diagnosed within the first year of diagnosis of the index cases and 88% (68/77) were adults (Hazard Ratio: 4.03; 95% CI: 2.00-8.12). CONCLUSION HHCs of index PTB+ cases have high risk of developing active TB. Long term follow-up of HHCs could help improve TB case finding depending on country contexts. Further studies on effectiveness and feasibility of the approach and integration in routine settings are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis E Cuevas
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, UK
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