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Richard MA, Lupo PJ, Ehli EA, Sahin M, Krueger DA, Wu JY, Bebin EM, Au KS, Northrup H, Farach LS. Common epilepsy variants from the general population are not associated with epilepsy among individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63569. [PMID: 38366765 PMCID: PMC11060940 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Common genetic variants identified in the general population have been found to increase phenotypic risks among individuals with certain genetic conditions. Up to 90% of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are affected by some type of epilepsy, yet the common variants contributing to epilepsy risk in the general population have not been evaluated in the context of TSC-associated epilepsy. Such knowledge is important to help uncover the underlying pathogenesis of epilepsy in TSC which is not fully understood, and critical as uncontrolled epilepsy is a major problem in this population. To evaluate common genetic modifiers of epilepsy, our study pooled phenotypic and genotypic data from 369 individuals with TSC to evaluate known and novel epilepsy common variants. We did not find evidence of enhanced genetic penetrance for known epilepsy variants identified across the largest genome-wide association studies of epilepsy in the general population, but identified support for novel common epilepsy variants in the context of TSC. Specifically, we have identified a novel signal in SLC7A1 that may be functionally involved in pathways relevant to TSC and epilepsy. Our study highlights the need for further evaluation of genetic modifiers in TSC to aid in further understanding of epilepsy in TSC and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darcy A Krueger
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wu
- Epilepsy Center, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bebin
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kit Sing Au
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Laura S Farach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Pace A, Watkins L, Fiott D, Bassett P, Laugharne R, James C, Shankar R. Identifying co-morbidities and risk in people with epilepsy: The Maltese experience. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 155:109795. [PMID: 38643661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with epilepsy are at increased risk of multiple co-morbidities that may influence risk of adverse outcomes including impact on quality of life and premature mortality. These risk factors include potentially modifiable clinical characteristics associated with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). For services to tackle risk, the clinical complexity of the target epilepsy population needs to be defined. While this has been comprehensively studied in large, economically developed countries little knowledge of these issues exist in small economically developed countries, like Malta (population: 500,000). METHODS This was a single centre study focused exclusively on patients attending Gozo General Hospital (GGH) Malta. STROBE guidance for reporting cross sectional studies was used to design and report the study. This was a retrospective review of standard care and SUDEP and seizure risks provided to all adults (over 18 years) with epilepsy attending GGH (2018-2021). RESULTS The review identified 68 people and 92% were compliant with their anti-seizure medication. A fifth (21%) had an intellectual disability. Despite only one patient having a psychotic illness, 19% were on antipsychotic medication. Only 18% of patients had a specific epilepsy care plan, 6% nocturnal surveillance and none had received advice on SUDEP. DISCUSSION Patient outcomes may be improved with increasing rates of personalized epilepsy care plans, appropriate nocturnal surveillance and reducing the prescription of antipsychotic medication as it is associated with greater risk of mortality. Issues such as stigma and shame appear to play a significant role in small communities and their access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance Watkins
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK; Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Laugharne
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK; Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER), Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust Truro, UK
| | | | - Rohit Shankar
- Cornwall Intellectual Disability Equitable Research (CIDER) University of Plymouth Peninsula School of Medicine, Truro, UK; Statsconsultancy Ltd, Bucks, UK.
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Srivastava A, Rajput P, Tripathi M, Chandra PS, Doddamani R, Sharma MC, Lalwani S, Banerjee J, Dixit AB. Integrated Proteomics and Protein Co-expression Network Analysis Identifies Novel Epileptogenic Mechanism in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04186-5. [PMID: 38687446 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Over 50 million people worldwide are affected by epilepsy, a common neurological disorder that has a high rate of drug resistance and diverse comorbidities such as progressive cognitive and behavioural disorders, and increased mortality from direct or indirect effects of seizures and therapies. Despite extensive research with animal models and human studies, limited insights have been gained into the mechanisms underlying seizures and epileptogenesis, which has not translated into significant reductions in drug resistance, morbidities, or mortality. To better understand the molecular signaling networks associated with seizures in MTLE patients, we analyzed the proteome of brain samples from MTLE and control cases using an integrated approach that combines mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics, differential expression analysis, and co-expression network analysis. Our analyses of 20 human brain tissues from MTLE patients and 20 controls showed the organization of the brain proteome into a network of 9 biologically meaningful modules of co-expressed proteins. Of these, 6 modules are positively or negatively correlated to MTLE phenotypes with hub proteins that are altered in MTLE patients. Our study is the first to employ an integrated approach of proteomics and protein co-expression network analysis to study patients with MTLE. Our findings reveal a molecular blueprint of altered protein networks in MTLE brain and highlight dysregulated pathways and processes including altered cargo transport, neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles, synaptic plasticity, proteostasis, RNA homeostasis, ion transport and transmembrane transport, cytoskeleton disorganization, metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, blood micro-particle function, extracellular matrix organization, immune response, neuroinflammation, and cell signaling. These insights into MTLE pathogenesis suggest potential new candidates for future diagnostic and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Rajput
- Dr B R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Sanjeev Lalwani
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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4
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Huang S, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Gao Y, Li R, Yu L, Hu X, Fang Q. Analyzing the causal relationship between lipid-lowering drug target genes and epilepsy: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1331537. [PMID: 38523609 PMCID: PMC10957583 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1331537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has yielded conflicting results on the link between epilepsy risk and lipid-lowering medications. The aim of this study is to determine whether the risk of epilepsy outcomes is causally related to lipid-lowering medications predicted by genetics. Methods We used genetic instruments as proxies to the exposure of lipid-lowering drugs, employing variants within or near genes targeted by these drugs and associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) from a genome-wide association study. These variants served as controlling factors. Through drug target Mendelian randomization, we systematically assessed the impact of lipid-lowering medications, including HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) inhibitors, on epilepsy. Results The analysis demonstrated that a higher expression of HMGCR was associated with an elevated risk of various types of epilepsy, including all types (OR = 1.17, 95% CI:1.03 to 1.32, p = 0.01), focal epilepsy (OR = 1.24, 95% CI:1.08 to 1.43, p = 0.003), and focal epilepsy documented with lesions other than hippocampal sclerosis (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10, p = 0.02). The risk of juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) was also associated with higher expression of PCSK9 (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.09, p = 0.002). For other relationships, there was no reliable supporting data available. Conclusion The drug target MR investigation suggests a possible link between reduced epilepsy vulnerability and HMGCR and PCSK9 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicun Huang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Ninth People’s Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou NO.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Guangci Cancer Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Runnan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Dushu Lake Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lidong Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Taizhou Second People’s Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Casella C, Vecchiato K, Cromb D, Guo Y, Winkler AM, Hughes E, Dillon L, Green E, Colford K, Egloff A, Siddiqui A, Price A, Grande LC, Wood TC, Malik S, Teixeira RPAG, Carmichael DW, O'Muircheartaigh J. Widespread, depth-dependent cortical microstructure alterations in pediatric focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 2024; 65:739-752. [PMID: 38088235 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue abnormalities in focal epilepsy may extend beyond the presumed focus. The underlying pathophysiology of these broader changes is unclear, and it is not known whether they result from ongoing disease processes or treatment-related side effects, or whether they emerge earlier. Few studies have focused on the period of onset for most focal epilepsies, childhood. Fewer still have utilized quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which may provide a more sensitive and interpretable measure of tissue microstructural change. Here, we aimed to determine common spatial modes of changes in cortical architecture in children with heterogeneous drug-resistant focal epilepsy and, secondarily, whether changes were related to disease severity. METHODS To assess cortical microstructure, quantitative T1 and T2 relaxometry (qT1 and qT2) was measured in 43 children with drug-resistant focal epilepsy (age range = 4-18 years) and 46 typically developing children (age range = 2-18 years). We assessed depth-dependent qT1 and qT2 values across the neocortex, as well as their gradient of change across cortical depths. We also determined whether global changes seen in group analyses were driven by focal pathologies in individual patients. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, we trained a classifier using qT1 and qT2 gradient maps from patients with radiologically defined abnormalities (MRI positive) and healthy controls, and tested whether this could classify patients without reported radiological abnormalities (MRI negative). RESULTS We uncovered depth-dependent qT1 and qT2 increases in widespread cortical areas in patients, likely representing microstructural alterations in myelin or gliosis. Changes did not correlate with disease severity measures, suggesting they may represent antecedent neurobiological alterations. Using a classifier trained with MRI-positive patients and controls, sensitivity was 71.4% at 89.4% specificity on held-out MRI-negative patients. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest the presence of a potential imaging endophenotype of focal epilepsy, detectable irrespective of radiologically identified abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Casella
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department for Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katy Vecchiato
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department for Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cromb
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yourong Guo
- Department for Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anderson M Winkler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Emer Hughes
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Dillon
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Elaine Green
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kathleen Colford
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexia Egloff
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ata Siddiqui
- Department of Radiology, Guy's and Saint Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony Price
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucilio Cordero Grande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
- Biomedical Image Technologies, Telecommunication Engineering School (ETSIT), Technical University of Madrid, Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias C Wood
- Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shaihan Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department for Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, London, UK
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6
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Ravichandran P, Parsana P, Keener R, Hansen KD, Battle A. Aggregation of recount3 RNA-seq data improves inference of consensus and tissue-specific gene co-expression networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.20.576447. [PMID: 38328080 PMCID: PMC10849507 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Gene co-expression networks (GCNs) describe relationships among expressed genes key to maintaining cellular identity and homeostasis. However, the small sample size of typical RNA-seq experiments which is several orders of magnitude fewer than the number of genes is too low to infer GCNs reliably. recount3, a publicly available dataset comprised of 316,443 uniformly processed human RNA-seq samples, provides an opportunity to improve power for accurate network reconstruction and obtain biological insight from the resulting networks. Results We compared alternate aggregation strategies to identify an optimal workflow for GCN inference by data aggregation and inferred three consensus networks: a universal network, a non-cancer network, and a cancer network in addition to 27 tissue context-specific networks. Central network genes from our consensus networks were enriched for evolutionarily constrained genes and ubiquitous biological pathways, whereas central context-specific network genes included tissue-specific transcription factors and factorization based on the hubs led to clustering of related tissue contexts. We discovered that annotations corresponding to context-specific networks inferred from aggregated data were enriched for trait heritability beyond known functional genomic annotations and were significantly more enriched when we aggregated over a larger number of samples. Conclusion This study outlines best practices for network GCN inference and evaluation by data aggregation. We recommend estimating and regressing confounders in each data set before aggregation and prioritizing large sample size studies for GCN reconstruction. Increased statistical power in inferring context-specific networks enabled the derivation of variant annotations that were enriched for concordant trait heritability independent of functional genomic annotations that are context-agnostic. While we observed strictly increasing held-out log-likelihood with data aggregation, we noted diminishing marginal improvements. Future directions aimed at alternate methods for estimating confounders and integrating orthogonal information from modalities such as Hi-C and ChIP-seq can further improve GCN inference.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Princy Parsana
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Keener
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kaspar D Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Battle
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Malone Center for Engineering in Healthcare, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Data Science and AI Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Wang S, Xie Z, Jun T, Ma X, Zhang M, Rao F, Xu H, Lu J, Ding X, Li Z. Identification of potential crucial genes and therapeutic targets for epilepsy. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:43. [PMID: 38212777 PMCID: PMC10782668 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, a central neurological disorder, has a complex genetic architecture. There is some evidence suggesting that genetic factors play a role in both the occurrence of epilepsy and its treatment. However, the genetic determinants of epilepsy are largely unknown. This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy. METHODS Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from the expression profiles of GSE44031 and GSE1834. Gene co-expression analysis was used to confirm the regulatory relationship between newly discovered epilepsy candidate genes and known epilepsy genes. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis was conducted to determine if epilepsy risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms regulate DEGs' expression in human brain tissue. Finally, protein-protein interaction analysis and drug-gene interaction analysis were performed to assess the role of DEGs in epilepsy treatment. RESULTS The study found that the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type O gene (PTPRO) and the growth arrest and DNA damage inducible alpha gene (GADD45A) were significantly upregulated in epileptic rats compared to controls in both datasets. Gene co-expression analysis revealed that PTPRO was co-expressed with RBP4, NDN, PAK3, FOXG1, IDS, and IDS, and GADD45A was co-expressed with LRRK2 in human brain tissue. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis suggested that epilepsy risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms could be responsible for the altered PTPRO and GADD45A expression in human brain tissue. Moreover, the protein encoded by GADD45A had a direct interaction with approved antiepileptic drug targets, and GADD45A interacts with genistein and cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study highlight PTPRO and GADD45A as potential genes for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhenrong Xie
- The Medical Biobank, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Tian Jun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Xuelu Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Mengen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Rao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Jinghong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangqian Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Zongyou Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, China
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Heyne HO, Pajuste FD, Wanner J, Onwuchekwa JID, Mägi R, Palotie A, Kälviainen R, Daly MJ. Polygenic risk scores as a marker for epilepsy risk across lifetime and after unspecified seizure events. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.27.23297542. [PMID: 38076931 PMCID: PMC10705659 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.23297542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A diagnosis of epilepsy has significant consequences for an individual but is often challenging in clinical practice. Novel biomarkers are thus greatly needed. Here, we investigated how common genetic factors (epilepsy polygenic risk scores, [PRSs]) influence epilepsy risk in detailed longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs) of > 360k Finns spanning up to 50 years of individuals' lifetimes. Individuals with a high genetic generalized epilepsy PRS (PRSGGE) in FinnGen had an increased risk for genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55 per PRSGGE standard deviation [SD]) across their lifetime and after unspecified seizure events. Effect sizes of epilepsy PRSs were comparable to effect sizes in clinically curated data supporting our EHR-derived epilepsy diagnoses. Within 10 years after an unspecified seizure, the GGE rate was 37% when PRSGGE > 2 SD compared to 5.6% when PRSGGE < -2 SD. The effect of PRSGGE was even larger on GGE subtypes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) (HR 2.1 per SD PRSGGE). We further report significantly larger effects of PRSGGE on epilepsy in females and in younger age groups. Analogously, we found significant but more modest focal epilepsy PRS burden associated with non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We found PRSGGE specifically associated with GGE in comparison with >2000 independent diseases while PRSNAFE was also associated with other diseases than NAFE such as back pain. Here, we show that epilepsy specific PRSs have good discriminative ability after a first seizure event i.e. in circumstances where the prior probability of epilepsy is high outlining a potential to serve as biomarkers for an epilepsy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike O Heyne
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Hasso Plattner Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, US
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fanny-Dhelia Pajuste
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julian Wanner
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer I Daniel Onwuchekwa
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reetta Kälviainen
- Kuopio Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Guo MG, Reynolds DL, Ang CE, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Donohue LKH, Siprashvili Z, Yang X, Yoo Y, Mondal S, Hong A, Kain J, Meservey L, Fabo T, Elfaki I, Kellman LN, Abell NS, Pershad Y, Bayat V, Etminani P, Holodniy M, Geschwind DH, Montgomery SB, Duncan LE, Urban AE, Altman RB, Wernig M, Khavari PA. Integrative analyses highlight functional regulatory variants associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1876-1891. [PMID: 37857935 PMCID: PMC10859123 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding variants of presumed regulatory function contribute to the heritability of neuropsychiatric disease. A total of 2,221 noncoding variants connected to risk for ten neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, were studied in developing human neural cells. Integrating epigenomic and transcriptomic data with massively parallel reporter assays identified differentially-active single-nucleotide variants (daSNVs) in specific neural cell types. Expression-gene mapping, network analyses and chromatin looping nominated candidate disease-relevant target genes modulated by these daSNVs. Follow-up integration of daSNV gene editing with clinical cohort analyses suggested that magnesium transport dysfunction may increase neuropsychiatric disease risk and indicated that common genetic pathomechanisms may mediate specific symptoms that are shared across multiple neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Guo
- Stanford Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David L Reynolds
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cheen E Ang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura K H Donohue
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zurab Siprashvili
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xue Yang
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yongjin Yoo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Smarajit Mondal
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Hong
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Tania Fabo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ibtihal Elfaki
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura N Kellman
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan S Abell
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yash Pershad
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Holodniy
- Public Health Surveillance and Research, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease & Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen B Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexander E Urban
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Russ B Altman
- Stanford Program in Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marius Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Khavari
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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10
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Girard A, Moreau C, Michaud JL, Minassian B, Cossette P, Girard SL. Unraveling the role of non-coding rare variants in epilepsy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291935. [PMID: 37756314 PMCID: PMC10529579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new variants has leveled off in recent years in epilepsy studies, despite the use of very large cohorts. Consequently, most of the heritability is still unexplained. Rare non-coding variants have been largely ignored in studies on epilepsy, although non-coding single nucleotide variants can have a significant impact on gene expression. We had access to whole genome sequencing (WGS) from 247 epilepsy patients and 377 controls. To assess the functional impact of non-coding variants, ExPecto, a deep learning algorithm was used to predict expression change in brain tissues. We compared the burden of rare non-coding deleterious variants between cases and controls. Rare non-coding highly deleterious variants were significantly enriched in Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE), but not in Non-Acquired Focal Epilepsy (NAFE) or all epilepsy cases when compared with controls. In this study we showed that rare non-coding deleterious variants are associated with epilepsy, specifically with GGE. Larger WGS epilepsy cohort will be needed to investigate those effects at a greater resolution. Nevertheless, we demonstrated the importance of studying non-coding regions in epilepsy, a disease where new discoveries are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Girard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Canada
| | - Claudia Moreau
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Canada
| | - Jacques L. Michaud
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences and Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Berge Minassian
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick Cossette
- CHUM Research Center, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Simon L. Girard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, University of Quebec in Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Canada
- CERVO Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada
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11
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Rivier CA, Clocchiatti-Tuozzo S, Misra S, Zelano J, Mazumder R, Sansing LH, de Havenon A, Hirsch LJ, Liebeskind DS, Gilmore EJ, Sheth KN, Kim JA, Worrall BB, Falcone G, Mishra NK. Polygenic Risk of Epilepsy and Post-Stroke Epilepsy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.18.23295739. [PMID: 37790357 PMCID: PMC10543238 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.23295739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Epilepsy is highly heritable, with numerous known genetic risk loci. However, the genetic predisposition's role in post-acute brain injury epilepsy remains understudied. This study assesses whether a higher genetic predisposition to epilepsy raises post-stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) survivor's risk of Post-Stroke Epilepsy (PSE). Methods We conducted a three-stage genetic analysis. First, we identified independent epilepsy-associated ( p <5x10 -8 ) genetic variants from public data. Second, we estimated PSE-specific variant weights in stroke/TIA survivors from the UK Biobank. Third, we tested for an association between a polygenic risk score (PRS) and PSE risk in stroke/TIA survivors from the All of Us Research Program. Primary analysis included all ancestries, while a secondary analysis was restricted to European ancestry only. A sensitivity analysis excluded TIA survivors. Association testing was conducted via multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and genetic ancestry. Results Among 19,708 UK Biobank participants with stroke/TIA, 805 (4.1%) developed PSE. Likewise, among 12,251 All of Us participants with stroke/TIA, 394 (3.2%) developed PSE. After establishing PSE-specific weights for 39 epilepsy-linked genetic variants in the UK Biobank, the resultant PRS was associated with elevated odds of PSE development in All of Us (OR:1.16[1.02-1.32]). A similar result was obtained when restricting to participants of European ancestry (OR:1.23[1.02-1.49]) and when excluding participants with a TIA history (OR:1.18[1.02-1.38]). Conclusions Our findings suggest that akin to other forms of epilepsy, genetic predisposition plays an essential role in PSE. Because the PSE data were sparse, our results should be interpreted cautiously.
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12
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You M, Yuan P, Li L, Li B, Peng Z, Xu H. The association between epilepsy and COVID-19: analysis based on Mendelian randomization and FUMA. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1235822. [PMID: 37781245 PMCID: PMC10540302 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1235822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A multitude of observational studies have underscored a substantial comorbidity between COVID-19 and epilepsy. This study was aimed at establishing a conclusive causal link between these two conditions. Methods We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate the causal link between COVID-19 and epilepsy, as well as its focal and generalized subtypes. The GWAS for epilepsy and its subtypes database were abstracted from both FinnGen consortium and ILAE. Additionally, we leveraged functional mapping and annotation (FUMA) to integrate information from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) results. Results The MR analyses revealed that genetic liability to COVID-19 infection conferred a causal effect on epilepsy [FinnGen: OR: 1.5306; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1676-2.0062, PFDR (false discovery rate) = 0.0076; ILAE: OR: 1.3440; 95% CI: 1.0235-1.7649, PFDR = 0.0429], and generalized epilepsy (FinnGen: OR: 2.1155; 95% CI: 1.1734-3.8139, PFDR = 0.0327; ILAE: OR: 1.1245; 95% CI: 1.0444-1.2108, PFDR = 0.0114). Genetic liability to COVID-19 hospitalization conferred a causal effect on epilepsy (FinnGen: OR: 1.0934; 95% CI: 1.0097-1.1841, PFDR = 0.0422; ILAE: OR: 1.7381; 95% CI: 1.0467-2.8862, PFDR = 0.0451), focal epilepsy (ILAE: OR: 1.7549; 95% CI: 1.1063-2.7838, PFDR = 0.0338), and generalized epilepsy (ILAE: OR: 1.1827; 95% CI: 1.0215-1.3693, PFDR = 0.0406). Genetic liability to COVID-19 severity conferred a causal effect on epilepsy (FinnGen consortium: OR: 1.2454; 95% CI: 1.0850-1.4295, PFDR = 0.0162; ILAE: OR: 1.2724; 95% CI: 1.0347-1.5647, PFDR = 0.0403), focal epilepsy (FinnGen: OR: 1.6818; 95% CI: 1.1478-2.4642, PFDR = 0.0231; ILAE: OR: 1.6598; 95% CI: 1.2572-2.1914, PFDR = 0.0054), and generalized epilepsy (FinnGen: OR: 1.1486; 95% CI: 1.0274-1.2842, PFDR = 0.0335; ILAE: OR: 1.0439; 95% CI: 1.0159-1.0728, PFDR = 0.0086). In contrast, no causal linkage of epilepsy on COVID-19 was observed. Further, FUMA analysis identified six overlapping genes, including SMEK2, PNPT1, EFEMP1, CCDC85A, VRK2, and BCL11A, shared between COVID-19 and epilepsy. Tissue-specific expression analyses revealed that the disease-gene associations of COVID-19 were significantly enriched in lung, ovary, and spleen tissue compartments, while being significantly enriched in brain tissue for epilepsy. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that COVID-19 can be a contributing factor to epilepsy, but we found no evidence that epilepsy contributes to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongbei Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
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13
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Stevelink R, Campbell C, Chen S, Abou-Khalil B, Adesoji OM, Afawi Z, Amadori E, Anderson A, Anderson J, Andrade DM, Annesi G, Auce P, Avbersek A, Bahlo M, Baker MD, Balagura G, Balestrini S, Barba C, Barboza K, Bartolomei F, Bast T, Baum L, Baumgartner T, Baykan B, Bebek N, Becker AJ, Becker F, Bennett CA, Berghuis B, Berkovic SF, Beydoun A, Bianchini C, Bisulli F, Blatt I, Bobbili DR, Borggraefe I, Bosselmann C, Braatz V, Bradfield JP, Brockmann K, Brody LC, Buono RJ, Busch RM, Caglayan H, Campbell E, Canafoglia L, Canavati C, Cascino GD, Castellotti B, Catarino CB, Cavalleri GL, Cerrato F, Chassoux F, Cherny SS, Cheung CL, Chinthapalli K, Chou IJ, Chung SK, Churchhouse C, Clark PO, Cole AJ, Compston A, Coppola A, Cosico M, Cossette P, Craig JJ, Cusick C, Daly MJ, Davis LK, de Haan GJ, Delanty N, Depondt C, Derambure P, Devinsky O, Di Vito L, Dlugos DJ, Doccini V, Doherty CP, El-Naggar H, Elger CE, Ellis CA, Eriksson JG, Faucon A, Feng YCA, Ferguson L, Ferraro TN, Ferri L, Feucht M, Fitzgerald M, Fonferko-Shadrach B, Fortunato F, Franceschetti S, Franke A, French JA, Freri E, Gagliardi M, Gambardella A, Geller EB, Giangregorio T, Gjerstad L, Glauser T, Goldberg E, Goldman A, Granata T, Greenberg DA, Guerrini R, Gupta N, Haas KF, Hakonarson H, Hallmann K, Hassanin E, Hegde M, Heinzen EL, Helbig I, Hengsbach C, Heyne HO, Hirose S, Hirsch E, Hjalgrim H, Howrigan DP, Hucks D, Hung PC, Iacomino M, Imbach LL, Inoue Y, Ishii A, Jamnadas-Khoda J, Jehi L, Johnson MR, Kälviäinen R, Kamatani Y, Kanaan M, Kanai M, Kantanen AM, Kara B, Kariuki SM, Kasperavičiūte D, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite D, Kato M, Kegele J, Kesim Y, Khoueiry-Zgheib N, King C, Kirsch HE, Klein KM, Kluger G, Knake S, Knowlton RC, Koeleman BPC, Korczyn AD, Koupparis A, Kousiappa I, Krause R, Krenn M, Krestel H, Krey I, Kunz WS, Kurki MI, Kurlemann G, Kuzniecky R, Kwan P, Labate A, Lacey A, Lal D, Landoulsi Z, Lau YL, Lauxmann S, Leech SL, Lehesjoki AE, Lemke JR, Lerche H, Lesca G, Leu C, Lewin N, Lewis-Smith D, Li GHY, Li QS, Licchetta L, Lin KL, Lindhout D, Linnankivi T, Lopes-Cendes I, Lowenstein DH, Lui CHT, Madia F, Magnusson S, Marson AG, May P, McGraw CM, Mei D, Mills JL, Minardi R, Mirza N, Møller RS, Molloy AM, Montomoli M, Mostacci B, Muccioli L, Muhle H, Müller-Schlüter K, Najm IM, Nasreddine W, Neale BM, Neubauer B, Newton CRJC, Nöthen MM, Nothnagel M, Nürnberg P, O’Brien TJ, Okada Y, Ólafsson E, Oliver KL, Özkara C, Palotie A, Pangilinan F, Papacostas SS, Parrini E, Pato CN, Pato MT, Pendziwiat M, Petrovski S, Pickrell WO, Pinsky R, Pippucci T, Poduri A, Pondrelli F, Powell RHW, Privitera M, Rademacher A, Radtke R, Ragona F, Rau S, Rees MI, Regan BM, Reif PS, Rhelms S, Riva A, Rosenow F, Ryvlin P, Saarela A, Sadleir LG, Sander JW, Sander T, Scala M, Scattergood T, Schachter SC, Schankin CJ, Scheffer IE, Schmitz B, Schoch S, Schubert-Bast S, Schulze-Bonhage A, Scudieri P, Sham P, Sheidley BR, Shih JJ, Sills GJ, Sisodiya SM, Smith MC, Smith PE, Sonsma ACM, Speed D, Sperling MR, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Steinhoff BJ, Stephani U, Stewart WC, Stipa C, Striano P, Stroink H, Strzelczyk A, Surges R, Suzuki T, Tan KM, Taneja RS, Tanteles GA, Taubøll E, Thio LL, Thomas GN, Thomas RH, Timonen O, Tinuper P, Todaro M, Topaloğlu P, Tozzi R, Tsai MH, Tumiene B, Turkdogan D, Unnsteinsdóttir U, Utkus A, Vaidiswaran P, Valton L, van Baalen A, Vetro A, Vining EPG, Visscher F, von Brauchitsch S, von Wrede R, Wagner RG, Weber YG, Weckhuysen S, Weisenberg J, Weller M, Widdess-Walsh P, Wolff M, Wolking S, Wu D, Yamakawa K, Yang W, Yapıcı Z, Yücesan E, Zagaglia S, Zahnert F, Zara F, Zhou W, Zimprich F, Zsurka G, Zulfiqar Ali Q. GWAS meta-analysis of over 29,000 people with epilepsy identifies 26 risk loci and subtype-specific genetic architecture. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1471-1482. [PMID: 37653029 PMCID: PMC10484785 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a highly heritable disorder affecting over 50 million people worldwide, of which about one-third are resistant to current treatments. Here we report a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study including 29,944 cases, stratified into three broad categories and seven subtypes of epilepsy, and 52,538 controls. We identify 26 genome-wide significant loci, 19 of which are specific to genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). We implicate 29 likely causal genes underlying these 26 loci. SNP-based heritability analyses show that common variants explain between 39.6% and 90% of genetic risk for GGE and its subtypes. Subtype analysis revealed markedly different genetic architectures between focal and generalized epilepsies. Gene-set analyses of GGE signals implicate synaptic processes in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. Prioritized candidate genes overlap with monogenic epilepsy genes and with targets of current antiseizure medications. Finally, we leverage our results to identify alternate drugs with predicted efficacy if repurposed for epilepsy treatment.
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14
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Gui H, Tang WHW, Francke S, Li J, She R, Bazeley P, Pereira NL, Adams K, Luzum JA, Connolly TM, Hernandez AF, McNaughton CD, Williams LK, Lanfear DE. Common Variants on FGD5 Increase Hazard of Mortality or Rehospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure From the ASCEND-HF Trial. Circ Heart Fail 2023; 16:e010438. [PMID: 37725680 PMCID: PMC10597552 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure remains a global health burden, and patients hospitalized are particularly at risk, but genetic associates for subsequent death or rehospitalization are still lacking. METHODS The genetic substudy of the ASCEND-HF trial (Acute Study of Clinical Effectiveness of Nesiritide in Decompensated Heart Failure) was used to perform genome-wide association study and transethnic meta-analysis. The overall trial included the patients of self-reported European ancestry (n=2173) and African ancestry (n=507). The end point was death or heart failure rehospitalization within 180 days. Cox models adjusted for 11 a priori predictors of rehospitalization and 5 genetic principal components were used to test the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms and outcome. Summary statistics from the 2 populations were combined via meta-analysis with the significance threshold considered P<5×10-8. RESULTS Common variants (rs2342882 and rs35850039 in complete linkage disequilibrium) located in FGD5 were significantly associated with the primary outcome in both ancestry groups (European Americans: hazard ratio [HR], 1.38; P=2.42×10-6; African ancestry: HR, 1.51; P=4.43×10-3; HR in meta-analysis, 1.41; P=4.25×10-8). FGD5 encodes a regulator of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-mediated angiogenesis, and in silico investigation revealed several previous genome-wide association study hits in this gene, among which rs748431 was associated with our outcome (HR, 1.20; meta P<0.01). Sensitivity analysis proved FGD5 common variants survival association did not appear to operate via coronary artery disease or nesiritide treatment (P>0.05); and the signal was still significant when changing the censoring time from 180 to 30 days (HR, 1.39; P=1.59×10-5). CONCLUSIONS In this multiethnic genome-wide association study of ASCEND-HF, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in FGD5 were associated with increased risk of death or rehospitalization. Additional investigation is required to examine biological mechanisms and whether FGD5 could be a therapeutic target. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; Unique identifier: NCT00475852.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Gui
- Center for Individualized and Genomics Medicine Research (H.G., J.A.L., L.K.W., D.E.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., P.B.)
| | | | - Jia Li
- Department of Public Health Science (J.L., R.S.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Ruicong She
- Department of Public Health Science (J.L., R.S.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Peter Bazeley
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, OH (W.H.W.T., P.B.)
| | - Naveen L Pereira
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (N.L.P.)
| | - Kirkwood Adams
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (K.A.)
| | - Jasmine A Luzum
- Center for Individualized and Genomics Medicine Research (H.G., J.A.L., L.K.W., D.E.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.A.L.)
| | - Thomas M Connolly
- Lansdale, PA, previously Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA (T.M.C.)
| | | | - Candace D McNaughton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (C.D.M.)
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Individualized and Genomics Medicine Research (H.G., J.A.L., L.K.W., D.E.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - David E Lanfear
- Center for Individualized and Genomics Medicine Research (H.G., J.A.L., L.K.W., D.E.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Heart and Vascular Institute (D.E.L.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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15
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Bundalian L, Su YY, Chen S, Velluva A, Kirstein AS, Garten A, Biskup S, Battke F, Lal D, Heyne HO, Platzer K, Lin CC, Lemke JR, Le Duc D. Epilepsies of presumed genetic etiology show enrichment of rare variants that occur in the general population. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:1110-1122. [PMID: 37369202 PMCID: PMC10357498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that severe epilepsies, e.g., developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), are mainly caused by ultra-rare de novo genetic variants. For milder disease, rare genetic variants could contribute to the phenotype. To determine the importance of rare variants for different epilepsy types, we analyzed a whole-exome sequencing cohort of 9,170 epilepsy-affected individuals and 8,436 control individuals. Here, we separately analyzed three different groups of epilepsies: severe DEEs, genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE), and non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We required qualifying rare variants (QRVs) to occur in control individuals with an allele count ≥ 1 and a minor allele frequency ≤ 1:1,000, to be predicted as deleterious (CADD ≥ 20), and to have an odds ratio in individuals with epilepsy ≥ 2. We identified genes enriched with QRVs primarily in NAFE (n = 72), followed by GGE (n = 32) and DEE (n = 21). This suggests that rare variants may play a more important role for causality of NAFE than for DEE. Moreover, we found that genes harboring QRVs, e.g., HSGP2, FLNA, or TNC, encode proteins that are involved in structuring the brain extracellular matrix. The present study confirms an involvement of rare variants for NAFE that occur also in the general population, while in DEE and GGE, the contribution of such variants appears more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnaeus Bundalian
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Yin-Yuan Su
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siwei Chen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akhil Velluva
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Sophia Kirstein
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, 72070 Tubingen, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Lal
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Hasso-Plattner-Institut for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany; Hasso Plattner Institute at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland: FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chen-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Bundalian L, Su YY, Chen S, Velluva A, Kirstein AS, Garten A, Biskup S, Battke F, Lal D, Heyne HO, Platzer K, Lin CC, Lemke JR, Le Duc D. The role of rare genetic variants enrichment in epilepsies of presumed genetic etiology. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.17.23284702. [PMID: 36974069 PMCID: PMC10041669 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.23284702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that severe epilepsies e.g., developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) are mainly caused by ultra-rare de novo genetic variants. For milder phenotypes, rare genetic variants could contribute to the phenotype. To determine the importance of rare variants for different epilepsy types, we analyzed a whole-exome sequencing cohort of 9,170 epilepsy-affected individuals and 8,436 controls. Here, we separately analyzed three different groups of epilepsies : severe DEEs, genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE), and non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We required qualifying rare variants (QRVs) to occur in controls at a minor allele frequency ≤ 1:1,000, to be predicted as deleterious (CADD≥20), and to have an odds ratio in epilepsy cases ≥2. We identified genes enriched with QRVs in DEE (n=21), NAFE (n=72), and GGE (n=32) - the number of enriched genes are found greatest in NAFE and least in DEE. This suggests that rare variants may play a more important role for causality of NAFE than in DEE. Moreover, we found that QRV-carrying genes e.g., HSGP2, FLNA or TNC are involved in structuring the brain extracellular matrix. The present study confirms an involvement of rare variants for NAFE, while in DEE and GGE, the contribution of such variants appears more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnaeus Bundalian
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 4103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yin-Yuan Su
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siwei Chen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Akhil Velluva
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Sophia Kirstein
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- Pediatric Research Center, University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- CeGaT GmbH, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, 72070, Tubingen, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Lal
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henrike O Heyne
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hasso-Plattner-Institut for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Hasso Plattner Institute at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, US
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland: FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 4103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chen-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 4103 Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 4103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diana Le Duc
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 4103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Bryson A, Reid C, Petrou S. Fundamental Neurochemistry Review: GABA A receptor neurotransmission and epilepsy: Principles, disease mechanisms and pharmacotherapy. J Neurochem 2023; 165:6-28. [PMID: 36681890 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder associated with alterations of excitation-inhibition balance within brain neuronal networks. GABAA receptor neurotransmission is the most prevalent form of inhibitory neurotransmission and is strongly implicated in both the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy, serving as a primary target for antiseizure medications for over a century. It is now established that GABA exerts a multifaceted influence through an array of GABAA receptor subtypes that extends far beyond simply negating excitatory activity. As the role of GABAA neurotransmission within inhibitory circuits is elaborated, this will enable the development of precision therapies that correct the network dysfunction underlying epileptic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bryson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Bryson A, Petrou S. SCN1A channelopathies: Navigating from genotype to neural circuit dysfunction. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1173460. [PMID: 37139072 PMCID: PMC10149698 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1173460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The SCN1A gene is strongly associated with epilepsy and plays a central role for supporting cortical excitation-inhibition balance through the expression of NaV1.1 within inhibitory interneurons. The phenotype of SCN1A disorders has been conceptualized as driven primarily by impaired interneuron function that predisposes to disinhibition and cortical hyperexcitability. However, recent studies have identified SCN1A gain-of-function variants associated with epilepsy, and the presence of cellular and synaptic changes in mouse models that point toward homeostatic adaptations and complex network remodeling. These findings highlight the need to understand microcircuit-scale dysfunction in SCN1A disorders to contextualize genetic and cellular disease mechanisms. Targeting the restoration of microcircuit properties may be a fruitful strategy for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bryson
- Ion Channels and Disease Group, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alexander Bryson,
| | - Steven Petrou
- Ion Channels and Disease Group, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Praxis Precision Medicines, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
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19
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Al Anazi AH, Ammar AS, Al-Hajj M, Cyrus C, Aljaafari D, Khoda I, Abdelfatah AK, Alsulaiman AA, Alanazi F, Alanazi R, Gandla D, Lad H, Barayan S, Keating BJ, Al-Ali AK. Whole-exome sequencing of a Saudi epilepsy cohort reveals association signals in known and potentially novel loci. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:71. [PMID: 36539902 PMCID: PMC9764464 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, a serious chronic neurological condition effecting up to 100 million people globally, has clear genetic underpinnings including common and rare variants. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of epilepsy is high and caused mainly by perinatal and genetic factors. No whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies have been performed to date in Saudi Arabian epilepsy cohorts. This offers a unique opportunity for the discovery of rare genetic variants impacting this disease as there is a high rate of consanguinity among large tribal pedigrees. RESULTS We performed WES on 144 individuals diagnosed with epilepsy, to interrogate known epilepsy-related genes for known and functional novel variants. We also used an American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guideline-based variant prioritization approach in an attempt to discover putative causative variants. We identified 32 potentially causative pathogenic variants across 30 different genes in 44/144 (30%) of these Saudi epilepsy individuals. We also identified 232 variants of unknown significance (VUS) across 101 different genes in 133/144 (92%) subjects. Strong enrichment of variants of likely pathogenicity was observed in previously described epilepsy-associated loci, and a number of putative pathogenic variants in novel loci are also observed. CONCLUSION Several putative pathogenic variants in known epilepsy-related loci were identified for the first time in our population, in addition to several potential new loci which may be prioritized for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman H. Al Anazi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Ammar
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Al-Hajj
- grid.415296.d0000 0004 0607 1539Department of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital, Alhafof, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cyril Cyrus
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, 31441 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danah Aljaafari
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iname Khoda
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K. Abdelfatah
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alsulaiman
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurology, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas Alanazi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Alanazi
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Gandla
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Hetal Lad
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Samar Barayan
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Neurosurgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Amein K. Al-Ali
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, 31441 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Wang S, Cai X, Liu S, Zhou Q, Wang T, Du S, Wang D, Yang F, Wu Q, Han Y. A novel BCL11A polymorphism influences gene expression, therapeutic response and epilepsy risk: A multicenter study. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1010101. [PMID: 36568279 PMCID: PMC9780294 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic factors have been found to be associated with the efficacy and adverse reactions of antiseizure medications. BCL11A is an important regulator of the development of neuronal networks. However, the role of BCL11A in epilepsy remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic association of BCL11A with the susceptibility to develop epileptic seizures and therapeutic response of patients with epilepsy in Han Chinese. Methods We matched 450 epilepsy cases with 550 healthy controls and 131 drug-resistant epilepsy patients with 319 drug-responsive epilepsy patients from two different centers. Genetic association analysis, genetic interaction analysis, expression quantitative trait loci analysis and protein-protein interaction analysis were conducted. Results Our results showed that rs2556375 not only increases susceptibility to develop epileptic seizures (OR = 2.700, 95% = 1.366-5.338, p = 0.004 and OR = 2.984, 95% = 1.401-6.356, p = 0.005, respectively), but also increases the risk of drug resistance(OR = 21.336, 95%CI =2.489-183.402, p = 0.005). The interaction between rs2556375 and rs12477097 results in increased risk for pharma coresistant. In addition, rs2556375 regulated BCL11A expression in human brain tissues (p = 0.0096 and p = 0.033, respectively). Furthermore, the protein encoded by BCL11A interacted with targets of approved antiepileptic drugs. Conclusion BCL11A may be a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy. Rs2556375 may increase the risks of epilepsy and drug resistance by regulating BCL11A expression in human brain tissues. Moreover, the interaction between rs2556375 and rs12477097 results in increased risk for drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Fuyang People's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, China
| | - Xuemei Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sunbing Du
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanbing Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Yanbing Han,
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21
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Wu Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Long J. Shared genetics and causality underlying epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2022; 316:114794. [PMID: 35994864 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients with epilepsy was much higher than prevalence in general population, and vice versa. The mechanisms underlying comorbid ADHD and epilepsy remained largely unknown. Here, we systematically analyzed the genetic correlation, causality, shared genetics and specific trait related tissues by using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), two sample Mendelian randomization (TwoSampleMR), bivariate causal mixture model (MiXeR), conjunctional false discovery rate (conjFDR) and LDSC applied to specifically expressed genes based on genome wide association studies (GWASs) data of ADHD and epilepsy. We found that ADHD had significant positive genetic association with epilepsy. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis with genome wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrument variables suggested a positively causal effect of ADHD on epilepsy. Using MiXeR, which estimates the total amount of shared variants, we observed 1 K causal variants overlapped between ADHD and epilepsy. At conjFDR <0.05, ADHD shared 2 distinct genomic loci with Epilepsy. Further disease-relevant tissues analysis showed that cortex, substantia nigra, amygdala and hippocampus were both associated with ADHD and epilepsy. Our results suggested that ADHD was genetically correlated with epilepsy, which might be due to the fact that they shared common pathogenic sites and tissues origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Research Center for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430012, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Radiology Department, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430012, China
| | - Junhong Zhu
- Department of Mental Rehabilitation, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430012, China.
| | - Jingyi Long
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Wuhan Mental Health Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430012, China.
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22
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Larivière S, Royer J, Rodríguez-Cruces R, Paquola C, Caligiuri ME, Gambardella A, Concha L, Keller SS, Cendes F, Yasuda CL, Bonilha L, Gleichgerrcht E, Focke NK, Domin M, von Podewills F, Langner S, Rummel C, Wiest R, Martin P, Kotikalapudi R, O'Brien TJ, Sinclair B, Vivash L, Desmond PM, Lui E, Vaudano AE, Meletti S, Tondelli M, Alhusaini S, Doherty CP, Cavalleri GL, Delanty N, Kälviäinen R, Jackson GD, Kowalczyk M, Mascalchi M, Semmelroch M, Thomas RH, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Davoodi-Bojd E, Zhang J, Winston GP, Griffin A, Singh A, Tiwari VK, Kreilkamp BAK, Lenge M, Guerrini R, Hamandi K, Foley S, Rüber T, Weber B, Depondt C, Absil J, Carr SJA, Abela E, Richardson MP, Devinsky O, Severino M, Striano P, Tortora D, Kaestner E, Hatton SN, Vos SB, Caciagli L, Duncan JS, Whelan CD, Thompson PM, Sisodiya SM, Bernasconi A, Labate A, McDonald CR, Bernasconi N, Bernhardt BC. Structural network alterations in focal and generalized epilepsy assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study follow axes of epilepsy risk gene expression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4320. [PMID: 35896547 PMCID: PMC9329287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is associated with genetic risk factors and cortico-subcortical network alterations, but associations between neurobiological mechanisms and macroscale connectomics remain unclear. This multisite ENIGMA-Epilepsy study examined whole-brain structural covariance networks in patients with epilepsy and related findings to postmortem epilepsy risk gene expression patterns. Brain network analysis included 578 adults with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 288 adults with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE), and 1328 healthy controls from 18 centres worldwide. Graph theoretical analysis of structural covariance networks revealed increased clustering and path length in orbitofrontal and temporal regions in TLE, suggesting a shift towards network regularization. Conversely, people with IGE showed decreased clustering and path length in fronto-temporo-parietal cortices, indicating a random network configuration. Syndrome-specific topological alterations reflected expression patterns of risk genes for hippocampal sclerosis in TLE and for generalized epilepsy in IGE. These imaging-transcriptomic signatures could potentially guide diagnosis or tailor therapeutic approaches to specific epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Larivière
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jessica Royer
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raúl Rodríguez-Cruces
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Casey Paquola
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Antonio Gambardella
- Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, CZ, Italy
- Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, CZ, Italy
| | - Luis Concha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Simon S Keller
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Niels K Focke
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Domin
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Felix von Podewills
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Soenke Langner
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Rummel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Martin
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raviteja Kotikalapudi
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Sinclair
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy Vivash
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia M Desmond
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elaine Lui
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Elisabetta Vaudano
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Tondelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Primary Care Department, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Colin P Doherty
- Department of Neurology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gianpiero L Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norman Delanty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Reetta Kälviäinen
- Epilepsy Center, Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Kuopio, Finland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Graeme D Jackson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Neuroradiology Research Program, Meyer Children Hospital of Florence, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mira Semmelroch
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Rhys H Thomas
- Transitional and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- Contol and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Departments of Research Administration and Radiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Junsong Zhang
- Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Gavin P Winston
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - Aoife Griffin
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aditi Singh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Vijay K Tiwari
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Matteo Lenge
- Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Functional and Epilepsy Neurosurgery Unit, Neurosurgery Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- The Welsh Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Whales, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), College of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sonya Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), College of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Theodor Rüber
- Department of Epileptology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Department of Neurology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Absil
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah J A Carr
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenio Abela
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark P Richardson
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, US
| | | | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Erik Kaestner
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Sjoerd B Vos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Caciagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - John S Duncan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, US
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Angelo Labate
- Neurology, BIOMORF Dipartment, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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23
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Berger TC, Taubøll E, Heuser K. The potential role of DNA methylation as preventive treatment target of epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:931356. [PMID: 35936496 PMCID: PMC9353008 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.931356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological therapy of epilepsy has so far been limited to symptomatic treatment aimed at neuronal targets, with the result of an unchanged high proportion of patients lacking seizure control. The dissection of the intricate pathological mechanisms that transform normal brain matter to a focus for epileptic seizures—the process of epileptogenesis—could yield targets for novel treatment strategies preventing the development or progression of epilepsy. While many pathological features of epileptogenesis have been identified, obvious shortcomings in drug development are now believed to be based on the lack of knowledge of molecular upstream mechanisms, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), and as well as a failure to recognize glial cell involvement in epileptogenesis. This article highlights the potential role of DNAm and related gene expression (GE) as a treatment target in epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Christoph Berger
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Toni Christoph Berger
| | - Erik Taubøll
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjell Heuser
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Kjell Heuser
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24
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Zhao X, Ning H, Wang Y, Zhao G, Mei S, Liu N, Wang C, Cai A, Wei E, Kong X. Genetic analysis and identification of novel variations in Chinese patients with pediatric epilepsy by whole-exome sequencing. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:4439-4451. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Adesoji OM, Schulz H, May P, Krause R, Lerche H, Nothnagel M. Benchmarking of univariate pleiotropy detection methods applied to epilepsy. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1314-1332. [PMID: 35620985 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotropy is a widespread phenomenon that may increase insight into the etiology of biological and disease traits. Since genome-wide association studies frequently provide information on a single trait only, only univariate pleiotropy detection methods are applicable, with yet unknown comparative performance. Here, we compared five such methods with respect to their ability to detect pleiotropy, including meta-analysis, ASSET, cFDR, CPBayes, and PLACO, by performing extended computer simulations that varied the underlying etiological model for pleiotropy for a pair of traits, including the number of causal variants, degree of traits' overlap, effect sizes as well as trait prevalence, and varying sample sizes. Our results indicate that ASSET provides the best trade-off between power and protection against false positives. We then applied ASSET to a previously published ILAE consortium dataset on complex epilepsies, comprising genetic generalized epilepsy and focal epilepsy cases and corresponding controls. We identified a novel candidate locus at 17q21.32 and confirmed locus 2q24.3, previously identified to act pleiotropically on both epilepsy subtypes by a mega-analysis. Functional annotation, tissue-specific expression and regulatory function analysis as well as Bayesian co-localization analysis corroborated this result, rendering 17q21.32 a worthwhile candidate for follow-up studies on pleiotropy in epilepsies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi M Adesoji
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic of Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Roland Krause
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Nothnagel
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University Hospital Cologne, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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26
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Gupta C, Chandrashekar P, Jin T, He C, Khullar S, Chang Q, Wang D. Bringing machine learning to research on intellectual and developmental disabilities: taking inspiration from neurological diseases. J Neurodev Disord 2022; 14:28. [PMID: 35501679 PMCID: PMC9059371 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs), such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder, usually manifest at birth or early childhood. IDDs are characterized by significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning, and both genetic and environmental factors underpin IDD biology. Molecular and genetic stratification of IDDs remain challenging mainly due to overlapping factors and comorbidity. Advances in high throughput sequencing, imaging, and tools to record behavioral data at scale have greatly enhanced our understanding of the molecular, cellular, structural, and environmental basis of some IDDs. Fueled by the "big data" revolution, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies have brought a whole new paradigm shift in computational biology. Evidently, the ML-driven approach to clinical diagnoses has the potential to augment classical methods that use symptoms and external observations, hoping to push the personalized treatment plan forward. Therefore, integrative analyses and applications of ML technology have a direct bearing on discoveries in IDDs. The application of ML to IDDs can potentially improve screening and early diagnosis, advance our understanding of the complexity of comorbidity, and accelerate the identification of biomarkers for clinical research and drug development. For more than five decades, the IDDRC network has supported a nexus of investigators at centers across the USA, all striving to understand the interplay between various factors underlying IDDs. In this review, we introduced fast-increasing multi-modal data types, highlighted example studies that employed ML technologies to illuminate factors and biological mechanisms underlying IDDs, as well as recent advances in ML technologies and their applications to IDDs and other neurological diseases. We discussed various molecular, clinical, and environmental data collection modes, including genetic, imaging, phenotypical, and behavioral data types, along with multiple repositories that store and share such data. Furthermore, we outlined some fundamental concepts of machine learning algorithms and presented our opinion on specific gaps that will need to be filled to accomplish, for example, reliable implementation of ML-based diagnosis technology in IDD clinics. We anticipate that this review will guide researchers to formulate AI and ML-based approaches to investigate IDDs and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Gupta
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Pramod Chandrashekar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ting Jin
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Chenfeng He
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Saniya Khullar
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Qiang Chang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Daifeng Wang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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27
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Koko M, Motelow JE, Stanley KE, Bobbili DR, Dhindsa RS, May P. Association of ultra-rare coding variants with genetic generalized epilepsy: A case-control whole exome sequencing study. Epilepsia 2022; 63:723-735. [PMID: 35032048 PMCID: PMC8891088 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify genes associated with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) by combining large cohorts enriched with individuals with a positive family history. Secondarily, we set out to compare the association of genes independently with familial and sporadic GGE. METHODS We performed a case-control whole exome sequencing study in unrelated individuals of European descent diagnosed with GGE (previously recruited and sequenced through multiple international collaborations) and ancestry-matched controls. The association of ultra-rare variants (URVs; in 18 834 protein-coding genes) with epilepsy was examined in 1928 individuals with GGE (vs. 8578 controls), then separately in 945 individuals with familial GGE (vs. 8626 controls), and finally in 1005 individuals with sporadic GGE (vs. 8621 controls). We additionally examined the association of URVs with familial and sporadic GGE in two gene sets important for inhibitory signaling (19 genes encoding γ-aminobutyric acid type A [GABAA ] receptors, 113 genes representing the GABAergic pathway). RESULTS GABRG2 was associated with GGE (p = 1.8 × 10-5 ), approaching study-wide significance in familial GGE (p = 3.0 × 10-6 ), whereas no gene approached a significant association with sporadic GGE. Deleterious URVs in the most intolerant subgenic regions in genes encoding GABAA receptors were associated with familial GGE (odds ratio [OR] = 3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9-7.8, false discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted p = .0024), whereas their association with sporadic GGE had marginally lower odds (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.3-6.7, FDR-adjusted p = .022). URVs in GABAergic pathway genes were associated with familial GGE (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3-2.5, FDR-adjusted p = .0024) but not with sporadic GGE (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = .9-1.9, FDR-adjusted p = .19). SIGNIFICANCE URVs in GABRG2 are likely an important risk factor for familial GGE. The association of gene sets of GABAergic signaling with familial GGE is more prominent than with sporadic GGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Koko
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joshua E. Motelow
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, 10032 New York, USA
| | - Kate E. Stanley
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, 10032 New York, USA
| | - Dheeraj R. Bobbili
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ryan S. Dhindsa
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, 10032 New York, USA
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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28
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Ecker C, Pretzsch CM, Bletsch A, Mann C, Schaefer T, Ambrosino S, Tillmann J, Yousaf A, Chiocchetti A, Lombardo MV, Warrier V, Bast N, Moessnang C, Baumeister S, Dell'Acqua F, Floris DL, Zabihi M, Marquand A, Cliquet F, Leblond C, Moreau C, Puts N, Banaschewski T, Jones EJH, Mason L, Bölte S, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Persico AM, Durston S, Baron-Cohen S, Spooren W, Loth E, Freitag CM, Charman T, Dumas G, Bourgeron T, Beckmann CF, Buitelaar JK, Murphy DGM. Interindividual Differences in Cortical Thickness and Their Genomic Underpinnings in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:242-254. [PMID: 34503340 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is accompanied by highly individualized neuroanatomical deviations that potentially map onto distinct genotypes and clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to link differences in brain anatomy to specific biological pathways to pave the way toward targeted therapeutic interventions. METHODS The authors examined neurodevelopmental differences in cortical thickness and their genomic underpinnings in a large and clinically diverse sample of 360 individuals with ASD and 279 typically developing control subjects (ages 6-30 years) within the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP). The authors also examined neurodevelopmental differences and their potential pathophysiological mechanisms between clinical ASD subgroups that differed in the severity and pattern of sensory features. RESULTS In addition to significant between-group differences in "core" ASD brain regions (i.e., fronto-temporal and cingulate regions), individuals with ASD manifested as neuroanatomical outliers within the neurotypical cortical thickness range in a wider neural system, which was enriched for genes known to be implicated in ASD on the genetic and/or transcriptomic level. Within these regions, the individuals' total (i.e., accumulated) degree of neuroanatomical atypicality was significantly correlated with higher polygenic scores for ASD and other psychiatric conditions, and it scaled with measures of symptom severity. Differences in cortical thickness deviations were also associated with distinct sensory subgroups, especially in brain regions expressing genes involved in excitatory rather than inhibitory neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS The study findings corroborate the link between macroscopic differences in brain anatomy and the molecular mechanisms underpinning heterogeneity in ASD, and provide future targets for stratification and subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Ecker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Charlotte M Pretzsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Anke Bletsch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Caroline Mann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tim Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Julian Tillmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Afsheen Yousaf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andreas Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Michael V Lombardo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Nico Bast
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Flavio Dell'Acqua
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Dorothea L Floris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Mariam Zabihi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andre Marquand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Freddy Cliquet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Claire Leblond
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Clara Moreau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Nick Puts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Luke Mason
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Antonio M Persico
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Sarah Durston
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Will Spooren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Eva Loth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Tony Charman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker, Bletsch, Mann, Schaefer, Yousaf, Chiocchetti, Bast, Freitag); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Ecker, Pretzsch, Dell'Acqua, Puts, Loth, Murphy) and Department of Psychology (Tillmann, Charman), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Warrier, Baron-Cohen); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang, Baumeister, Meyer-Lindenberg) and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Moessnang, Baumeister, Banaschewski), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Zabihi, Marquand, Beckmann, Buitelaar); Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris, Paris (Cliquet, Leblond, Moreau, Dumas, Bourgeron); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London (Jones, Mason); Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Sweden (Bölte); Department of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Gaetano Martino University Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy (Persico); Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, NORD Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland (Spooren)
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29
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Altmann A, Ryten M, Di Nunzio M, Ravizza T, Tolomeo D, Reynolds RH, Somani A, Bacigaluppi M, Iori V, Micotti E, Di Sapia R, Cerovic M, Palma E, Ruffolo G, Botía JA, Absil J, Alhusaini S, Alvim MKM, Auvinen P, Bargallo N, Bartolini E, Bender B, Bergo FPG, Bernardes T, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Bernhardt BC, Blackmon K, Braga B, Caligiuri ME, Calvo A, Carlson C, Carr SJ, Cavalleri GL, Cendes F, Chen J, Chen S, Cherubini A, Concha L, David P, Delanty N, Depondt C, Devinsky O, Doherty CP, Domin M, Focke NK, Foley S, Franca W, Gambardella A, Guerrini R, Hamandi K, Hibar DP, Isaev D, Jackson GD, Jahanshad N, Kalviainen R, Keller SS, Kochunov P, Kotikalapudi R, Kowalczyk MA, Kuzniecky R, Kwan P, Labate A, Langner S, Lenge M, Liu M, Martin P, Mascalchi M, Meletti S, Morita-Sherman ME, O’Brien TJ, Pariente JC, Richardson MP, Rodriguez-Cruces R, Rummel C, Saavalainen T, Semmelroch MK, Severino M, Striano P, Thesen T, Thomas RH, Tondelli M, Tortora D, Vaudano AE, Vivash L, von Podewils F, Wagner J, Weber B, Wiest R, Yasuda CL, Zhang G, Zhang J, Leu C, Avbersek A, Thom M, Whelan CD, Thompson P, McDonald CR, Vezzani A, Sisodiya SM. A systems-level analysis highlights microglial activation as a modifying factor in common epilepsies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12758. [PMID: 34388852 PMCID: PMC8983060 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The causes of distinct patterns of reduced cortical thickness in the common human epilepsies, detectable on neuroimaging and with important clinical consequences, are unknown. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of cortical thinning using a systems-level analysis. METHODS Imaging-based cortical structural maps from a large-scale epilepsy neuroimaging study were overlaid with highly spatially resolved human brain gene expression data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Cell-type deconvolution, differential expression analysis and cell-type enrichment analyses were used to identify differences in cell-type distribution. These differences were followed up in post-mortem brain tissue from humans with epilepsy using Iba1 immunolabelling. Furthermore, to investigate a causal effect in cortical thinning, cell-type-specific depletion was used in a murine model of acquired epilepsy. RESULTS We identified elevated fractions of microglia and endothelial cells in regions of reduced cortical thickness. Differentially expressed genes showed enrichment for microglial markers and, in particular, activated microglial states. Analysis of post-mortem brain tissue from humans with epilepsy confirmed excess activated microglia. In the murine model, transient depletion of activated microglia during the early phase of the disease development prevented cortical thinning and neuronal cell loss in the temporal cortex. Although the development of chronic seizures was unaffected, the epileptic mice with early depletion of activated microglia did not develop deficits in a non-spatial memory test seen in epileptic mice not depleted of microglia. CONCLUSIONS These convergent data strongly implicate activated microglia in cortical thinning, representing a new dimension for concern and disease modification in the epilepsies, potentially distinct from seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Altmann
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Di Nunzio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Tolomeo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Regina H Reynolds
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alyma Somani
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marco Bacigaluppi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Iori
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Milica Cerovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Palma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza
| | - Gabriele Ruffolo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza
| | - Juan A. Botía
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Julie Absil
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Saud Alhusaini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Pia Auvinen
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nuria Bargallo
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Diagnostic Per la Imatge (CDIC), Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Bartolini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Tauana Bernardes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrea Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Neda Bernasconi
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boris C. Bernhardt
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen Blackmon
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Barbara Braga
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugenia Caligiuri
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Calvo
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chad Carlson
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sarah J. Carr
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Shuai Chen
- Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of the Brain-like Intelligent Systems, China
| | - Andrea Cherubini
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luis Concha
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Philippe David
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Norman Delanty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Chantal Depondt
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Colin P. Doherty
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, RCSI, Dublin, Ireland.,Neurology Department, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Martin Domin
- Functional Imaging Unit, Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niels K. Focke
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonya Foley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Wales, UK
| | - Wendy Franca
- Department of Neurology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Neurology, University ‚ “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Khalid Hamandi
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Derrek P. Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dmitry Isaev
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Graeme D. Jackson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Reetta Kalviainen
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simon S. Keller
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA
| | - Raviteja Kotikalapudi
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena A. Kowalczyk
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruben Kuzniecky
- Department of Neurology, Zucker Hofstra School of Medicine, New York, NY 10075, USA
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3050, Australia
| | - Angelo Labate
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology of the National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Catanzaro, Italy.,Institute of Neurology, University ‚ “Magna Græcia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Soenke Langner
- Functional Imaging Unit, Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matteo Lenge
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy
| | - Min Liu
- Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Martin
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer, Florence, Italy.,“Mario Serio” Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Terence J. O’Brien
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3050, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jose C. Pariente
- Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark P. Richardson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK.,Department of Neurology, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Raul Rodriguez-Cruces
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Christian Rummel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Taavi Saavalainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Central Finland Central Hospital, Medical Imaging Unit, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mira K. Semmelroch
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Austin Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Head and Neck and Neurosciences, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Thomas Thesen
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Rhys H. Thomas
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Manuela Tondelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Head and Neck and Neurosciences, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Elisabetta Vaudano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, NOCSE Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucy Vivash
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, 3050, Australia.,Melbourne Brain Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Felix von Podewils
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm and Universitäts- and Rehabilitationskliniken Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurocognition / Imaging, Life & Brain Research Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Guohao Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA
| | - Junsong Zhang
- Cognitive Science Department, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of the Brain-like Intelligent Systems, China
| | | | - Costin Leu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Andreja Avbersek
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Maria Thom
- Division of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Christopher D Whelan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carrie R McDonald
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.,To whom correspondence may be addressed
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK.,To whom correspondence may be addressed
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Martins-Ferreira R, Leal B, Chaves J, Li T, Ciudad L, Rangel R, Santos A, Martins da Silva A, Pinho Costa P, Ballestar E. Epilepsy progression is associated with cumulative DNA methylation changes in inflammatory genes. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 209:102207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Genetic generalized epilepsies in adults - challenging assumptions and dogmas. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:71-83. [PMID: 34837042 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00583-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) syndromes start during childhood or adolescence, and four commonly persist into adulthood, making up 15-20% of all cases of epilepsy in adults. These four GGE syndromes are childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone. However, in ~20% of patients with GGE, characteristics of more than one syndrome are present. Novel insights into the genetic aetiology, comorbidities and prognosis of the GGE syndromes have emerged and challenge traditional concepts about these conditions. Evidence has shown that the mode of inheritance in GGE is mostly polygenic. Neuropsychological and imaging studies indicate similar abnormalities in unaffected relatives of patients with GGE, supporting the concept that underlying alterations in bilateral frontothalamocortical networks are genetically determined. Contrary to popular belief, first-line anti-seizure medication often fails to provide seizure freedom in combination with good tolerability. Nevertheless, long-term follow-up studies have shown that with advancing age, many patients can discontinue their anti-seizure medication without seizure relapses. Several outcome predictors have been identified, but prognosis across the syndromes is more homogeneous than previously assumed. Overall, overlap in pathophysiology, seizure types, treatment responses and outcomes support the idea that GGEs are not separate nosological entities but represent a neurobiological continuum.
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Smit DJA, Bakker M, Abdellaoui A, Hoetink AE, Vulink N, Denys D. A genome-wide association study of a rage-related misophonia symptom and the genetic link with audiological traits, psychiatric disorders, and personality. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:971752. [PMID: 36760791 PMCID: PMC9902885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.971752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction People with misophonia experience strong negative emotional responses to sounds and associated stimuli-mostly human produced-to an extent that it may cause impairment in social functioning. The exact nature of the disorder remains a matter of ongoing research and debate. Here, we investigated the genetic etiology of misophonia to understand contributing genetic factors and shed light on individual differences in characteristics that are related to the disorder. Methods For misophonia, we used an unpublished genome-wide association study (GWAS) from genetic service provider 23andMe, Inc., on a self-report item probing a single common misophonic symptom: the occurrence of rage when others produce eating sounds. First, we used gene-based and functional annotation analyses to explore neurobiological determinants of the rage-related misophonia symptom. Next, we calculated genetic correlations (r G) of this rage-related misophonia symptom GWAS with a wide range of traits and disorders from audiology (tinnitus, hearing performance, and hearing trauma), psychiatry, neurology, and personality traits. Results The rage-related misophonia symptom was significantly correlated with tinnitus, major depression disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; 0.12 < r G < 0.22). Stronger genetic correlations (0.21 < r G < 0.42) were observed for two clusters of personality traits: a guilt/neuroticism and an irritability/sensitivity cluster. Our results showed no genetic correlation with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychotic disorders. A negative correlation with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found, which may be surprising given the previously reported comorbidities and the sensory sensitivity reported in ASD. Clustering algorithms showed that rage-related misophonia consistently clustered with MDD, generalized anxiety, PTSD, and related personality traits. Discussion We conclude that-based on the genetics of a common misophonia symptom-misophonia most strongly clusters with psychiatric disorders and a personality profile consistent with anxiety and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander E Hoetink
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vulink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Damiaan Denys
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Mirza N, Stevelink R, Taweel B, Koeleman BPC, Marson AG. Using common genetic variants to find drugs for common epilepsies. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab287. [PMID: 34988442 PMCID: PMC8710935 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Better drugs are needed for common epilepsies. Drug repurposing offers the potential of significant savings in the time and cost of developing new treatments. In order to select the best candidate drug(s) to repurpose for a disease, it is desirable to predict the relative clinical efficacy that drugs will have against the disease. Common epilepsy can be divided into different types and syndromes. Different antiseizure medications are most effective for different types and syndromes of common epilepsy. For predictions of antiepileptic efficacy to be clinically translatable, it is essential that the predictions are specific to each form of common epilepsy, and reflect the patterns of drug efficacy observed in clinical studies and practice. These requirements are not fulfilled by previously published drug predictions for epilepsy. We developed a novel method for predicting the relative efficacy of drugs against any common epilepsy, by using its Genome-Wide Association Study summary statistics and drugs' activity data. The methodological advancement in our technique is that the drug predictions for a disease are based upon drugs' effects on the function and abundance of proteins, and the magnitude and direction of those effects, relative to the importance, degree and direction of the proteins' dysregulation in the disease. We used this method to predict the relative efficacy of all drugs, licensed for any condition, against each of the major types and syndromes of common epilepsy. Our predictions are concordant with findings from real-world experience and randomized clinical trials. Our method predicts the efficacy of existing antiseizure medications against common epilepsies; in this prediction, our method outperforms the best alternative existing method: area under receiver operating characteristic curve (mean ± standard deviation) 0.83 ± 0.03 and 0.63 ± 0.04, respectively. Importantly, our method predicts which antiseizure medications are amongst the more efficacious in clinical practice, and which antiseizure medications are amongst the less efficacious in clinical practice, for each of the main syndromes of common epilepsy, and it predicts the distinct order of efficacy of individual antiseizure medications in clinical trials of different common epilepsies. We identify promising candidate drugs for each of the major syndromes of common epilepsy. We screen five promising predicted drugs in an animal model: each exerts a significant dose-dependent effect upon seizures. Our predictions are a novel resource for selecting suitable candidate drugs that could potentially be repurposed for each of the major syndromes of common epilepsy. Our method is potentially generalizable to other complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Mirza
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Remi Stevelink
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands; member of the ERN EpiCARE
- Department of Child Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands
| | - Basel Taweel
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Bobby P C Koeleman
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands; member of the ERN EpiCARE
| | - Anthony G Marson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Kittel-Schneider S, Arteaga-Henriquez G, Vasquez AA, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Brikell I, Buitelaar J, Cormand B, Faraone SV, Freitag CM, Ginsberg Y, Haavik J, Hartman CA, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Matura S, McNeill RV, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribases M, Romanos M, Vainieri I, Franke B, Reif A. Non-mental diseases associated with ADHD across the lifespan: Fidgety Philipp and Pippi Longstocking at risk of multimorbidity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:1157-1180. [PMID: 34757108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several non-mental diseases seem to be associated with an increased risk of ADHD and ADHD seems to be associated with increased risk for non-mental diseases. The underlying trajectories leading to such brain-body co-occurrences are often unclear - are there direct causal relationships from one disorder to the other, or does the sharing of genetic and/or environmental risk factors lead to their occurring together more frequently or both? Our goal with this narrative review was to provide a conceptual synthesis of the associations between ADHD and non-mental disease across the lifespan. We discuss potential shared pathologic mechanisms, genetic background and treatments in co-occurring diseases. For those co-occurrences for which published studies with sufficient sample sizes exist, meta-analyses have been published by others and we discuss those in detail. We conclude that non-mental diseases are common in ADHD and vice versa and add to the disease burden of the patient across the lifespan. Insufficient attention to such co-occurring conditions may result in missed diagnoses and suboptimal treatment in the affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Gara Arteaga-Henriquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Arias Vasquez
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Phil Asherson
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabell Brikell
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Allé 26, DK-8210 Aarhus V, Aarhus, Denmark; iPSYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ylva Ginsberg
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, SE-113 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Haavik
- Bergen Center of Brain Plasticity, Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Postboks 1400, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Box 281, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Örebro University, School of Medical Sciences, Campus USÖ, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Silke Matura
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rhiannon V McNeill
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribases
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcel Romanos
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Vainieri
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Barbara Franke
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Yousefi S, Deng R, Lanko K, Salsench EM, Nikoncuk A, van der Linde HC, Perenthaler E, van Ham TJ, Mulugeta E, Barakat TS. Comprehensive multi-omics integration identifies differentially active enhancers during human brain development with clinical relevance. Genome Med 2021; 13:162. [PMID: 34663447 PMCID: PMC8524963 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-coding regulatory elements (NCREs), such as enhancers, play a crucial role in gene regulation, and genetic aberrations in NCREs can lead to human disease, including brain disorders. The human brain is a complex organ that is susceptible to numerous disorders; many of these are caused by genetic changes, but a multitude remain currently unexplained. Understanding NCREs acting during brain development has the potential to shed light on previously unrecognized genetic causes of human brain disease. Despite immense community-wide efforts to understand the role of the non-coding genome and NCREs, annotating functional NCREs remains challenging. METHODS Here we performed an integrative computational analysis of virtually all currently available epigenome data sets related to human fetal brain. RESULTS Our in-depth analysis unravels 39,709 differentially active enhancers (DAEs) that show dynamic epigenomic rearrangement during early stages of human brain development, indicating likely biological function. Many of these DAEs are linked to clinically relevant genes, and functional validation of selected DAEs in cell models and zebrafish confirms their role in gene regulation. Compared to enhancers without dynamic epigenomic rearrangement, DAEs are subjected to higher sequence constraints in humans, have distinct sequence characteristics and are bound by a distinct transcription factor landscape. DAEs are enriched for GWAS loci for brain-related traits and for genetic variation found in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. CONCLUSION This compendium of high-confidence enhancers will assist in deciphering the mechanism behind developmental genetics of human brain and will be relevant to uncover missing heritability in human genetic brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruizhi Deng
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Lanko
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Medico Salsench
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Nikoncuk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herma C. van der Linde
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Perenthaler
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eskeatnaf Mulugeta
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Genetic Variation in PADI6-PADI4 on 1p36.13 Is Associated with Common Forms of Human Generalized Epilepsy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091441. [PMID: 34573423 PMCID: PMC8472138 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variation associated with common forms of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (GE) and focal epilepsy (FE). Using a cohort of 2220 patients and 14,448 controls, we searched for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with GE, FE and both forms combined. We did not find any SNPs that reached genome-wide statistical significance (p ≤ 5 × 10−8) when comparing all cases to all controls, and few SNPs of interest comparing FE cases to controls. However, we document multiple linked SNPs in the PADI6-PADI4 genes that reach genome-wide significance and are associated with disease when comparing GE cases alone to controls. PADI genes encode enzymes that deiminate arginine to citrulline in molecular pathways related to epigenetic regulation of histones and autoantibody formation. Although epilepsy genetics and treatment are focused strongly on ion channel and neurotransmitter mechanisms, these results suggest that epigenetic control of gene expression and the formation of autoantibodies may also play roles in epileptogenesis.
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Song M, Liu J, Yang Y, Lv L, Li W, Luo XJ. Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Two Novel Risk Loci for Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:722592. [PMID: 34456681 PMCID: PMC8397525 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.722592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy (affects about 70 million people worldwide) is one of the most prevalent brain disorders and imposes a huge economic burden on society. Epilepsy has a strong genetic component. In this study, we perform the largest genome-wide meta-analysis of epilepsy (N = 8,00,869 subjects) by integrating four large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of epilepsy. We identified three genome-wide significant (GWS) (p < 5 × 10–8) risk loci for epilepsy. The risk loci on 7q21.11 [lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11978015, p = 9.26 × 10–9] and 8p23.1 (lead SNP rs28634186, p = 4.39 × 10–8) are newly identified in the present study. Of note, rs11978015 resides in upstream of GRM3, which encodes glutamate metabotropic receptor 3. GRM3 has pivotal roles in neurotransmission and is involved in most aspects of normal brain function. In addition, we also identified three genes (TTC21B, RP11-375N15.2, and TNKS) whose cis-regulated expression level are associated with epilepsy, indicating that risk variants may confer epilepsy risk through regulating the expression of these genes. Our study not only provides new insights into genetic architecture of epilepsy but also prioritizes potential molecular targets (including GRM3 and TTC21B) for development of new drugs and therapeutics for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Song
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiong-Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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38
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Smit DJA, Andreassen OA, Boomsma DI, Burwell SJ, Chorlian DB, de Geus EJC, Elvsåshagen T, Gordon RL, Harper J, Hegerl U, Hensch T, Iacono WG, Jawinski P, Jönsson EG, Luykx JJ, Magne CL, Malone SM, Medland SE, Meyers JL, Moberget T, Porjesz B, Sander C, Sisodiya SM, Thompson PM, van Beijsterveldt CEM, van Dellen E, Via M, Wright MJ. Large-scale collaboration in ENIGMA-EEG: A perspective on the meta-analytic approach to link neurological and psychiatric liability genes to electrophysiological brain activity. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02188. [PMID: 34291596 PMCID: PMC8413828 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The ENIGMA-EEG working group was established to enable large-scale international collaborations among cohorts that investigate the genetics of brain function measured with electroencephalography (EEG). In this perspective, we will discuss why analyzing the genetics of functional brain activity may be crucial for understanding how neurological and psychiatric liability genes affect the brain. METHODS We summarize how we have performed our currently largest genome-wide association study of oscillatory brain activity in EEG recordings by meta-analyzing the results across five participating cohorts, resulting in the first genome-wide significant hits for oscillatory brain function located in/near genes that were previously associated with psychiatric disorders. We describe how we have tackled methodological issues surrounding genetic meta-analysis of EEG features. We discuss the importance of harmonizing EEG signal processing, cleaning, and feature extraction. Finally, we explain our selection of EEG features currently being investigated, including the temporal dynamics of oscillations and the connectivity network based on synchronization of oscillations. RESULTS We present data that show how to perform systematic quality control and evaluate how choices in reference electrode and montage affect individual differences in EEG parameters. CONCLUSION The long list of potential challenges to our large-scale meta-analytic approach requires extensive effort and organization between participating cohorts; however, our perspective shows that these challenges are surmountable. Our perspective argues that elucidating the genetic of EEG oscillatory activity is a worthwhile effort in order to elucidate the pathway from gene to disease liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J A Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Scott J Burwell
- Department of Psychology, Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David B Chorlian
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reyna L Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy Harper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.,LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,IU International University, Erfurt, Germany
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- TOP-Norment, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Cyrille L Magne
- Psychology Department, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA.,Literacy Studies Ph.D. Program, Middle Tennessee State University, Mufreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Stephen M Malone
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Torgeir Moberget
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Christian Sander
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont-St-Peter, UK
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | | | - Edwin van Dellen
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Via
- Brainlab-Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, and Institute of Neurosciences (UBNeuro), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Hegvik TA, Waløen K, Pandey SK, Faraone SV, Haavik J, Zayats T. Druggable genome in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its co-morbid conditions. New avenues for treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4004-4015. [PMID: 31628418 PMCID: PMC7165040 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with only symptomatic care available. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies can provide a starting point in the search for novel drug targets and possibilities of drug repurposing. Here, we explored the druggable genome in ADHD by utilising GWA studies on ADHD and its co-morbid conditions. First, we explored whether the genes targeted by current ADHD drugs show association with the disorder and/or its co-morbidities. Second, we aimed to identify genes and pathways involved in the biological processes underlying ADHD that can be targeted by pharmacological agents. These ADHD-associated druggable genes and pathways were also examined in co-morbidities of ADHD, as commonalities in their aetiology and management may lead to novel pharmacological insights. Strikingly, none of the genes encoding targets of first-line pharmacotherapeutics for ADHD were significantly associated with the disorder, suggesting that FDA-approved ADHD drugs may act through different mechanisms than those underlying ADHD. In the examined druggable genome, three loci on chromosomes 1, 4 and 12 revealed significant association with ADHD and contained nine druggable genes, five of which encode established drug targets for malignancies, autoimmune and neurodevelopmental disorders. To conclude, we present a framework to assess the druggable genome in a disorder, exemplified by ADHD. We highlight signal transduction and cell adhesion as potential novel avenues for ADHD treatment. Our findings add to knowledge on known ADHD drugs and present the exploration of druggable genome associated with ADHD, which may offer interventions at the aetiological level of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor-Arne Hegvik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kai Waløen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sunil K Pandey
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Multi-omics in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis: Clues into the underlying mechanisms leading to disease. Seizure 2021; 90:34-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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New avenues in molecular genetics for the diagnosis and application of therapeutics to the epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106428. [PMID: 31400936 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic epidemiology studies have shown that most epilepsies involve some genetic cause. In addition, twin studies have helped strengthen the hypothesis that in most patients with epilepsy, a complex inheritance is involved. More recently, with the development of high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, the discovery of genes related to the epilepsies has accelerated tremendously. Especially, the use of whole exome sequencing (WES) has had a considerable impact on the identification of rare genetic variants with large effect sizes, including inherited or de novo mutations in severe forms of childhood epilepsies. The identification of pathogenic variants in patients with these childhood epilepsies provides many benefits for patients and families, such as the confirmation of the genetic nature of the diseases. This process will allow for better genetic counseling, more accurate therapy decisions, and a significant positive emotional impact. However, to study the genetic component of the more common forms of epilepsy, the use of high-density SNP arrays in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) seems to be the strategy of choice. As such, researchers can identify loci containing genetic variants associated with the common forms of epilepsy. The knowledge generated over the past two decades about the effects of the mutations that cause the monogenic epilepsy is tremendous; however, the scientific community is just starting to apply this information in order to generate better target treatments.
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Xu J, Sun M, Wang Y, Xie A, Gao J. Identification of Hub Genes of Mesio Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Prognostic Biomarkers of Brain Low-grade Gliomas Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720978722. [PMID: 33327771 PMCID: PMC7873767 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720978722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesio temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) syndrome is the most common form of intractable epilepsies. Meanwhile, seizures are common in patients with cancer as a consequence of brain tumors, including brain low-grade gliomas (LGG). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of MTLE remain poorly understood. Also, the relationship between MTLE and LGG needs our attention. In this study, we aimed to investigate the hub genes and potential mechanism in MTLE, and the relationship between MTLE and LGG, the gene expression profiles (GSE88992) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Difference analysis for MTLE versus control groups under the three time points was conducted to select the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Time series clustering analysis was used to select the trend genes. Then a series of bioinformatics analyses including functional enrichment analysis, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and module analyses, and transcription factor (TF) and miRNA prediction were performed. Also, the overall survival analysis and expression of hub genes in LGG were performed using UALCAN from TCGA database. At 6 h, there were 351 upregulated and 80 downregulated DEGs. At 12 h, there were 499 upregulated and 231 downregulated DEGs. Additionally, 532 upregulated and 402 downregulated DEGs were obtained at 24 h. After time series clustering analysis of the DEGs, we obtained 323 uptrend and 248 downtrend genes. We identified 10 key genes with higher degrees, including C3, TIMP1, PENK, CKAP4, etc. Five PPI modules were identified by MCODE. TF analysis predicted four TFs: JUN, STAT3, NR4A2, and Myc. A total of 26,834 miRNA–mRNA pairs were predicted. Moreover, survival analysis of UALCAN suggested that C3, TIMP1, PENK, GNG2, CKAP4, TNC, JUN, STAT3, NR4A2, and Myc can be potential biomarkers for the prognosis of LGG. In summary, DEGs and hub genes were identified in the present study, which provides novel insight into the development of MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingqiang Sun
- Department of Clinical Lab, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Pediatric, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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43
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Kaibara FS, de Araujo TK, Araujo PAORA, Alvim MKM, Yasuda CL, Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I, Secolin R. Association Analysis of Candidate Variants in Admixed Brazilian Patients With Genetic Generalized Epilepsies. Front Genet 2021; 12:672304. [PMID: 34306016 PMCID: PMC8297412 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.672304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic generalized epilepsies (GGEs) include well-established epilepsy syndromes with generalized onset seizures: childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), myoclonic absence epilepsy, epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia (Jeavons syndrome), generalized tonic–clonic seizures, and generalized tonic–clonic seizures alone. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and exome sequencing have identified 48 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with GGE. However, these studies were mainly based on non-admixed, European, and Asian populations. Thus, it remains unclear whether these results apply to patients of other origins. This study aims to evaluate whether these previous results could be replicated in a cohort of admixed Brazilian patients with GGE. We obtained SNP-array data from 87 patients with GGE, compared with 340 controls from the BIPMed public dataset. We could directly access genotypes of 17 candidate SNPs, available in the SNP array, and the remaining 31 SNPs were imputed using the BEAGLE v5.1 software. We performed an association test by logistic regression analysis, including the first five principal components as covariates. Furthermore, to expand the analysis of the candidate regions, we also interrogated 14,047 SNPs that flank the candidate SNPs (1 Mb). The statistical power was evaluated in terms of odds ratio and minor allele frequency (MAF) by the genpwr package. Differences in SNP frequencies between Brazilian and Europeans, sub-Saharan African, and Native Americans were evaluated by a two-proportion Z-test. We identified nine flanking SNPs, located on eight candidate regions, which presented association signals that passed the Bonferroni correction (rs12726617; rs9428842; rs1915992; rs1464634; rs6459526; rs2510087; rs9551042; rs9888879; and rs8133217; p-values <3.55e–06). In addition, the two-proportion Z-test indicates that the lack of association of the remaining candidate SNPs could be due to different genomic backgrounds observed in admixed Brazilians. This is the first time that candidate SNPs for GGE are analyzed in an admixed Brazilian population, and we could successfully replicate the association signals in eight candidate regions. In addition, our results provide new insights on how we can account for population structure to improve risk stratification estimation in admixed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S Kaibara
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tânia K de Araujo
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia A O R A Araujo
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Suzuki T, Koike Y, Ashikawa K, Otomo N, Takahashi A, Aoi T, Kamatani N, Nakamura Y, Kubo M, Kamatani Y, Momozawa Y, Terao C, Yamakawa K. Genome-wide association study of epilepsy in a Japanese population identified an associated region at chromosome 12q24. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1391-1400. [PMID: 33913524 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a number of genes responsible for epilepsy have been identified through Mendelian genetic approaches, and genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have implicated several susceptibility loci, the role of ethnic-specific markers remains to be fully explored. We aimed to identify novel genetic associations with epilepsy in a Japanese population. METHODS We conducted a GWAS on 1825 patients with a variety of epilepsies and 7975 control individuals. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of epilepsy-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed using Japanese eQTL data. RESULTS We identified a novel region, which is ~2 Mb (lead SNP rs149212747, p = 8.57 × 10-10 ), at chromosome 12q24 as a risk for epilepsy. Most of these loci were polymorphic in East Asian populations including Japanese, but monomorphic in the European population. This region harbors 24 transcripts including genes expressed in the brain such as CUX2, ATXN2, BRAP, ALDH2, ERP29, TRAFD1, HECTD4, RPL6, PTPN11, and RPH3A. The eQTL analysis revealed that the associated SNPs are also correlated to differential expression of genes at 12q24. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that a gene or genes in the CUX2-RPH3A ~2-Mb region contribute to the pathology of epilepsy in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Aichi, Japan.,Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Koike
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyota Ashikawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nao Otomo
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Aoi
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kamatani
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Cancer Precision Medicine Research Center, The Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Aichi, Japan.,Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
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Haigh JL, Adhikari A, Copping NA, Stradleigh T, Wade AA, Catta-Preta R, Su-Feher L, Zdilar I, Morse S, Fenton TA, Nguyen A, Quintero D, Agezew S, Sramek M, Kreun EJ, Carter J, Gompers A, Lambert JT, Canales CP, Pennacchio LA, Visel A, Dickel DE, Silverman JL, Nord AS. Deletion of a non-canonical regulatory sequence causes loss of Scn1a expression and epileptic phenotypes in mice. Genome Med 2021; 13:69. [PMID: 33910599 PMCID: PMC8080386 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genes with multiple co-active promoters appear common in brain, yet little is known about functional requirements for these potentially redundant genomic regulatory elements. SCN1A, which encodes the NaV1.1 sodium channel alpha subunit, is one such gene with two co-active promoters. Mutations in SCN1A are associated with epilepsy, including Dravet syndrome (DS). The majority of DS patients harbor coding mutations causing SCN1A haploinsufficiency; however, putative causal non-coding promoter mutations have been identified. METHODS To determine the functional role of one of these potentially redundant Scn1a promoters, we focused on the non-coding Scn1a 1b regulatory region, previously described as a non-canonical alternative transcriptional start site. We generated a transgenic mouse line with deletion of the extended evolutionarily conserved 1b non-coding interval and characterized changes in gene and protein expression, and assessed seizure activity and alterations in behavior. RESULTS Mice harboring a deletion of the 1b non-coding interval exhibited surprisingly severe reductions of Scn1a and NaV1.1 expression throughout the brain. This was accompanied by electroencephalographic and thermal-evoked seizures, and behavioral deficits. CONCLUSIONS This work contributes to functional dissection of the regulatory wiring of a major epilepsy risk gene, SCN1A. We identified the 1b region as a critical disease-relevant regulatory element and provide evidence that non-canonical and seemingly redundant promoters can have essential function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Haigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anna Adhikari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nycole A Copping
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Stradleigh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A Ayanna Wade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rinaldo Catta-Preta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Linda Su-Feher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Iva Zdilar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Morse
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Timothy A Fenton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diana Quintero
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samrawit Agezew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael Sramek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ellie J Kreun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Gompers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jason T Lambert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cesar P Canales
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Diane E Dickel
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
- Comparative Biochemistry Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jill L Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Alex S Nord
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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46
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Magnetic evoked potential polyphasia in idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsy: An endophenotype not associated with treatment response. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1499-1504. [PMID: 34023629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) polyphasia was recently described in idiopathic/genetic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Here, we studied the association of MEP polyphasia with treatment response and other clinical characteristics in patients with IGE. METHODS MEPs were recorded from the biceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis and interosseus dorsalis muscles bilaterally during tonic contraction in IGE patients (n = 72) and historical controls (n = 54) after single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Detailed clinical data was available for all IGE patients; predefined endpoint was the association of MEP polyphasia with treatment response. RESULTS The mean number of phases was higher in the interosseus dorsalis muscle (2.33 vs. 2.13, p = 0.002) in IGE patients as compared to normal controls, as was the proportion of MEPs with more than two phases in at least one test (59.4% vs. 30%, p < 0.002). MEP polyphasia did not differ between IGE patients and controls in the biceps brachii or the flexor carpi radialis muscles and was not associated with treatment response. Extensive exploratory analyses unveiled fewer phases under valproic acid treatment (p = 0.04) but no additional associations of MEP polyphasia in the interosseous muscle with other clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION MEP polyphasia is a subclinical symptom of IGE patients but is not associated with treatment response or other routinely assessed clinical characteristics. SIGNIFICANCE MEP polyphasia is a fixed feature of IGE not modified by clinical variables.
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47
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Doyle GA, Reiner BC, Crist RC, Rao AM, Ojeah NS, Arauco-Shapiro G, Levinson RN, Shah LD, Sperling MR, Ferraro TN, Buono RJ, Berrettini WH. Investigation of long interspersed element-1 retrotransposons as potential risk factors for idiopathic temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1329-1342. [PMID: 33826137 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if long interspersed element-1 (L1) retrotransposons convey risk for idiopathic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). METHODS Surgically resected temporal cortex from individuals with TLE (N = 33) and postmortem temporal cortex from individuals with no known neurological disease (N = 33) were analyzed for L1 content by Restriction Enzyme Based Enriched L1Hs sequencing (REBELseq). Expression of three KCNIP4 splice variants was assessed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) was used to determine ontologies and pathways for lists of genes harboring L1 insertions. RESULTS We identified novel L1 insertions specific to individuals with TLE, and others specific to controls. Although there were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in the numbers of known and novel L1 insertions, PANTHER analyses of intragenic L1 insertions showed statistically significant enrichments for epilepsy-relevant gene ontologies in both cases and controls. Gene ontologies "neuron projection development" and "calcium ion transmembrane transport" were among those found only in individuals with TLE. We confirmed novel L1 insertions in several genes associated with seizures/epilepsy, including a de novo somatic L1 retrotransposition in KCNIP4 that occurred after neural crest formation in one patient. However, ddPCR results suggest this de novo L1 did not alter KCNIP4 mRNA expression. SIGNIFICANCE Given current data from this small cohort, we conclude that L1 elements, either rare heritable germline insertions or de novo somatic retrotranspositions, may contribute only minimally to overall genetic risk for idiopathic TLE. We suggest that further studies in additional patients and additional brain regions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn A Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard C Crist
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aditya M Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nkechi S Ojeah
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Lincoln University of School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lincoln University, Lincoln, PA, USA
| | - Gabriella Arauco-Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel N Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lokesh D Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas N Ferraro
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Russell J Buono
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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48
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Mantegazza M, Cestèle S, Catterall WA. Sodium channelopathies of skeletal muscle and brain. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1633-1689. [PMID: 33769100 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potentials in nerve, skeletal muscle, and other electrically excitable cells. Mutations in them cause a wide range of diseases. These channelopathy mutations affect every aspect of sodium channel function, including voltage sensing, voltage-dependent activation, ion conductance, fast and slow inactivation, and both biosynthesis and assembly. Mutations that cause different forms of periodic paralysis in skeletal muscle were discovered first and have provided a template for understanding structure, function, and pathophysiology at the molecular level. More recent work has revealed multiple sodium channelopathies in the brain. Here we review the well-characterized genetics and pathophysiology of the periodic paralyses of skeletal muscle and then use this information as a foundation for advancing our understanding of mutations in the structurally homologous α-subunits of brain sodium channels that cause epilepsy, migraine, autism, and related comorbidities. We include studies based on molecular and structural biology, cell biology and physiology, pharmacology, and mouse genetics. Our review reveals unexpected connections among these different types of sodium channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mantegazza
- Université Cote d'Azur, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France.,CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France.,INSERM, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sandrine Cestèle
- Université Cote d'Azur, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France.,CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
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49
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Ademuwagun IA, Rotimi SO, Syrbe S, Ajamma YU, Adebiyi E. Voltage Gated Sodium Channel Genes in Epilepsy: Mutations, Functional Studies, and Treatment Dimensions. Front Neurol 2021; 12:600050. [PMID: 33841294 PMCID: PMC8024648 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.600050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic epilepsy occurs as a result of mutations in either a single gene or an interplay of different genes. These mutations have been detected in ion channel and non-ion channel genes. A noteworthy class of ion channel genes are the voltage gated sodium channels (VGSCs) that play key roles in the depolarization phase of action potentials in neurons. Of huge significance are SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A, SCN3A, and SCN8A genes that are highly expressed in the brain. Genomic studies have revealed inherited and de novo mutations in sodium channels that are linked to different forms of epilepsies. Due to the high frequency of sodium channel mutations in epilepsy, this review discusses the pathogenic mutations in the sodium channel genes that lead to epilepsy. In addition, it explores the functional studies on some known mutations and the clinical significance of VGSC mutations in the medical management of epilepsy. The understanding of these channel mutations may serve as a strong guide in making effective treatment decisions in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibitayo Abigail Ademuwagun
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Oladapo Rotimi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ezekiel Adebiyi
- Covenant University Bioinformatics Research, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Pires G, Leitner D, Drummond E, Kanshin E, Nayak S, Askenazi M, Faustin A, Friedman D, Debure L, Ueberheide B, Wisniewski T, Devinsky O. Proteomic differences in the hippocampus and cortex of epilepsy brain tissue. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab021. [PMID: 34159317 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder affecting over 70 million people worldwide, with a high rate of pharmaco-resistance, diverse comorbidities including progressive cognitive and behavioural disorders, and increased mortality from direct (e.g. sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, accidents, drowning) or indirect effects of seizures and therapies. Extensive research with animal models and human studies provides limited insights into the mechanisms underlying seizures and epileptogenesis, and these have not translated into significant reductions in pharmaco-resistance, morbidities or mortality. To help define changes in molecular signalling networks associated with seizures in epilepsy with a broad range of aetiologies, we examined the proteome of brain samples from epilepsy and control cases. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry was performed on the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1-3 region (CA1-3), frontal cortex and dentate gyrus microdissected from epilepsy and control cases (n = 14/group). Epilepsy cases had significant differences in the expression of 777 proteins in the hippocampal CA1 - 3 region, 296 proteins in the frontal cortex and 49 proteins in the dentate gyrus in comparison to control cases. Network analysis showed that proteins involved in protein synthesis, mitochondrial function, G-protein signalling and synaptic plasticity were particularly altered in epilepsy. While protein differences were most pronounced in the hippocampus, similar changes were observed in other brain regions indicating broad proteomic abnormalities in epilepsy. Among the most significantly altered proteins, G-protein subunit beta 1 (GNB1) was one of the most significantly decreased proteins in epilepsy in all regions studied, highlighting the importance of G-protein subunit signalling and G-protein-coupled receptors in epilepsy. Our results provide insights into common molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy across various aetiologies, which may allow for novel targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Pires
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Alzheimer's and Prion Diseases Team, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, UMR 7225, INSERM 1127, Sorbonne University UM75, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eleanor Drummond
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shruti Nayak
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manor Askenazi
- Biomedical Hosting LLC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arline Faustin
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ludovic Debure
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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