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Athalye-Jape G, Esvaran M, Patole S, Nathan EA, Doherty DA, Sim E, Chandrasekaran L, Kok C, Schuster S, Conway P. Effects of a live versus heat-inactivated probiotic Bifidobacterium spp in preterm infants: a randomised clinical trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2024:fetalneonatal-2023-326667. [PMID: 39153842 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat-inactivated probiotics (HPs) may provide an effective alternative to live probiotics (P) by avoiding their risks (eg, probiotic sepsis) while retaining the benefits. We assessed the safety and efficacy of a HP in very preterm (VP: gestation <32 weeks) infants. METHODS VP infants were randomly allocated to receive a HP or P mixture (Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum BB536, total 3×109 CFU/day) assuring blinding. Primary outcome was faecal calprotectin (FCP) levels were compared after 3 weeks of supplementation. Secondary outcomes included faecal microbiota and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels. RESULTS 86 VP infants were randomised to HP or P group (n=43 each). Total FCP and SCFA were comparable between HP and P groups within 7 days (T1) and between day 21 and 28 (T2) after supplementation. At T2, median (range) FCP was 75 (8-563) in the HP group and 80 (21-277) in the P group (p=0.71). Propionate was significantly raised in both groups, while butyrate was significantly raised in the HP group (all p<0.01). Bacterial richness and diversity increased but was comparable between HP and P (p>0.05). Beta diversity showed similar community structures in both groups (all p>0.05). Changes in faecal Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacteriacae levels were comparable in both groups at T1 and T2. There was no probiotic sepsis. CONCLUSIONS HP was safe and showed no significant difference in FCP as compared with a live probiotic. Adequately powered trials are needed to assess the effects of HP on clinically significant outcomes in preterm infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12618000489291.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Athalye-Jape
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women Perth, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Meera Esvaran
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjay Patole
- Neonatology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Neonatology, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Nathan
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Western Australia, Australia, Australia
| | - Dorota A Doherty
- School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edric Sim
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Chooi Kok
- Neonatal Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women Perth, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Patricia Conway
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, University of Newsouth Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Li S, Wang Q, Mi J, Chen H, Yuan T, Wang Y, Zhao L, Ma Q, Huang S. Lactobacillus crispatus-Mediated Gut-Reproductive Tract Axis-Alleviated Microbial Dysbiosis and Oviductal Inflammation in a Laying Hen Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1559. [PMID: 39203401 PMCID: PMC11356123 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oviductal inflammation (OI) significantly reduces the egg production and economic returns in poultry farming. While Lactobacillus crispatus (LAC) is effective against inflammation, its role in treating or preventing oviductal inflammation is understudied. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic mechanisms of LAC on oviductal inflammation, with a focus on reproductive tract health, microbiome, gene expression, and cytokine levels. This study involved 24 Jingfen No. 6 laying hens aged 60 weeks, divided into four groups: the CON, OI, OI + LAC, and OI + heat-killed Lactobacillus crispatus (HLAC) groups. And it included a 10-day adaptation, a 7-day period for the development of OI using inflammation-inducing drugs (the control received saline), followed by an 8-day treatment in which the CON and OI groups received 1 mL of MRS broth daily, and the OI + LAC and OI + HLAC groups were treated with live and heat-killed Lactobacillus crispatus (109 CFUs/mL), respectively, with six hens in each group. This study showed that Lactobacillus crispatus supplementation significantly reduced the oviductal inflammation and atrophy in the hens, with the affected hens showing markedly lower egg production rates (p < 0.001) compared to the control and treated groups (OI + HLAC and OI + LAC). The daily intake of fresh (OI + LAC, p = 0.076) or heat-killed (OI + HLAC, p < 0.01) Lactobacillus crispatus notably enhanced the feed conversion efficiency. The OI group suffered significant ovarian damage and vascular rupture, more so than the CON group, while Lactobacillus crispatus supplementation mitigated this damage. The IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in the OI group compared to those in the OI + LAC group (p < 0.05), with a significant reduction in the TNF-α levels in the latter (p < 0.001). The supplementation improved the microbial composition in the cecum, isthmus, and shell gland, enriching the cecum with beneficial bacteria, such as Ruminococcus_torques_group and Megamonas. This approach fostered ovarian health and follicle differentiation and preserved the epithelial cell barrier function in the shell gland, reducing inflammatory damage in the genital tract. This dual efficacy underscores the role of the probiotic in diminishing oviductal inflammation, regardless of its state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinuo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Jinqiu Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Haotian Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Tianhao Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Yue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Q.W.); (T.Y.); (Y.W.); (L.Z.)
- Laboratory of Feedgrain Safety and Healthy Poultry Farming, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, Beijing 101206, China
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Zhao X, Liu S, Li S, Jiang W, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen T, Ma J, Khan MZ, Wang W, Li M, Li S, Cao Z. Unlocking the power of postbiotics: A revolutionary approach to nutrition for humans and animals. Cell Metab 2024; 36:725-744. [PMID: 38569470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Postbiotics, which comprise inanimate microorganisms or their constituents, have recently gained significant attention for their potential health benefits. Extensive research on postbiotics has uncovered many beneficial effects on hosts, including antioxidant activity, immunomodulatory effects, gut microbiota modulation, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function. Although these features resemble those of probiotics, the stability and safety of postbiotics make them an appealing alternative. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the latest research on postbiotics, emphasizing their positive impacts on both human and animal health. As our understanding of the influence of postbiotics on living organisms continues to grow, their application in clinical and nutritional settings, as well as animal husbandry, is expected to expand. Moreover, by substituting postbiotics for antibiotics, we can promote health and productivity while minimizing adverse effects. This alternative approach holds immense potential for improving health outcomes and revolutionizing the food and animal products industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Indrio F, Dinleyici EC, Berni Canani R, Domellöf M, Francavilla R, Guarino A, Gutierrez Castrellon P, Orel R, Salvatore S, Van den Akker CHP, Weizman Z. Prebiotics in the management of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders: Position paper of the ESPGHAN special interest group on gut microbiota and modifications. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:728-742. [PMID: 38270255 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Prebiotics are substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. Compared to probiotics there are few studies with prebiotics in children. Most studies have been performed using infant formula supplemented with prebiotics, while add-on prebiotic supplementation as prevention or treatment of childhood gastrointestinal disorders has rarely been reported. The aim of this position paper was to summarize evidence and make recommendations for prebiotic supplementation in children with gastrointestinal diseases. Recommendations made are based on publications up to January 1, 2023. Within the scope of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Special Interest Group on Gut Microbiota and Modifications, as in our previous biotic recommendations, at least two randomized controlled clinical trials were required for recommendation. There are some studies showing benefits of prebiotics on selected outcomes; however, we cannot give any positive recommendations for supplementing prebiotics in children with gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Indrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pediatric Section, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ener Cagri Dinleyici
- Department of Pediatrics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkiye
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences-Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Pediatric Section, Children's Hospital 'Giovanni XXIII', University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences-Section of Paediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pedro Gutierrez Castrellon
- Innovación y Desarrollo de Estrategias en Salud (IDEAS), Mexico City, Mexico
- International Scientific Council for Probiotics A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rok Orel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University Children's Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Department of Pediatrics, "F. Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Chris H P Van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zvi Weizman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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5
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Liang X, Li Y, Zhao Z, Ding R, Sun J, Chi C. Safety and efficacy of adding postbiotics in infant formula: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:43-51. [PMID: 37700163 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Postbiotics, as emerging products, were added to infant formula, but their safety and efficacy are unclear. To clarify this issue, we wrote this meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and ProQuest from its establishment to February 2023. The review was registered on PROSPERO database (CRD42022352405). The effects of infant formula with and without postbiotics were compared, and the incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs), digestive symptoms, concentration of stool secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and growth and development indexes were analyzed. Nine randomized controlled trials with 2065 participants were included. The addition of postbiotics to infant formula was found to increase the concentration of stool SIgA (P < 0.05) with very low certainty of evidence, without significantly impacting the incidence of SAEs, infantile colic, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and gastrointestinal disorders, the daily weight gain, the total gain in body length and the daily head circumference gain (all P > 0.05). Adding postbiotics to the formula is safe for infants, which would not increase the incidence of SAEs, infantile colic, flatulence, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal disorders, and could increase the concentration of stool SIgA. IMPACT: Our study provides evidence that the addition of postbiotics to infant formula is safe but not effective. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of postbiotics. This study provides strong evidence for the safety of postbiotics and lays a foundation for related clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Liang
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhijiao Zhao
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ru Ding
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Cheng Chi
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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Prajapati N, Patel J, Singh S, Yadav VK, Joshi C, Patani A, Prajapati D, Sahoo DK, Patel A. Postbiotic production: harnessing the power of microbial metabolites for health applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1306192. [PMID: 38169918 PMCID: PMC10758465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1306192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics, which are bioactive substances derived from the metabolic processes of beneficial microbes, have received considerable attention in the field of microbiome science in recent years, presenting a promising path for exploration and innovation. This comprehensive analysis looks into the multidimensional terrain of postbiotic production, including an extensive examination of diverse postbiotic classes, revealing their sophisticated mechanisms of action and highlighting future applications that might significantly affect human health. The authors thoroughly investigate the various mechanisms that support postbiotic production, ranging from conventional fermentation procedures to cutting-edge enzyme conversion and synthetic biology approaches. The review, as an acknowledgment of the field's developing nature, not only highlights current achievements but also navigates through the problems inherent in postbiotic production. In order to successfully include postbiotics in therapeutic interventions and the production of functional food ingredients, emphasis is given to critical elements, including improving yields, bolstering stability, and assuring safety. The knowledge presented herein sheds light on the expanding field of postbiotics and their potential to revolutionize the development of novel therapeutics and functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Prajapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jinil Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sachidanand Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Energy and Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Chinmayi Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anil Patani
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Dharmendra Prajapati
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
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Xiang Q, Yan X, Shi W, Li H, Zhou K. Early gut microbiota intervention in premature infants: Application perspectives. J Adv Res 2023; 51:59-72. [PMID: 36372205 PMCID: PMC10491976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is the leading cause of death in children under the age of five. One of the major factors contributing to the high risk of diseases and deaths in premature infants is the incomplete development of the intestinal immune system. The gut microbiota has been widely recognized as a critical factor in promoting the development and function of the intestinal immune system after birth. However, the gut microbiota of premature infants is at high risk of dysbiosis, which is highly associated with adverse effects on the development and education of the early life immune system. Early intervention can modulate the colonization and development of gut microbiota and has a long-term influence on the development of the intestinal immune system. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the characterization, interconnection, and underlying mechanism of gut microbiota and intestinal innate immunity in premature infants, and to discuss the status, applicability, safety, and prospects of different intervention strategies in premature infants, thus providing an overview and outlook of the current applications and remaining gaps of early intervention strategies in premature infants. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review is focused on three key concepts. Firstly, the gut microbiota of premature infants is at high risk of dysbiosis, resulting in dysfunctional intestinal immune system processes. Secondly, contributing roles of early intervention have been observed in improving the intestinal environment and promoting gut microbiota colonization, which is significant in the development and function of gut immunity in premature infants. Thirdly, different strategies of early intervention, such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and nutrients, show different safety, applicability, and outcome in premature infants, and the underlying mechanism is complex and poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhang Xiang
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xudong Yan
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the first affiliated hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China; The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, the Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China; The First Affiliated Hospital (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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Zou H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Lin H, Li Z. Immune regulation by fermented milk products: the role of the proteolytic system of lactic acid bacteria in the release of immunomodulatory peptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:10498-10516. [PMID: 37341703 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2225200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies have emerged as a pressing health concern in recent years, largely due to food resources and environmental changes. Dairy products fermented by lactic acid bacteria play an essential role in mitigating allergic diseases. Lactic acid bacteria have been found to possess a distinctive proteolytic system comprising a cell envelope protease (CEP), transporter system, and intracellular peptidase. Studying the impact of different Lactobacillus proteolytic systems on the destruction of milk allergen epitopes and their potential to alleviate allergy symptoms by releasing peptides containing immune regulatory properties is a valuable and auspicious research approach. This paper summarizes the proteolytic systems of different species of lactic acid bacteria, especially the correlation between CEPs and the epitopes from milk allergens. Furthermore, the mechanism of immunomodulatory peptide release was also concluded. Finally, further research on the proteolytic system of lactic acid bacteria will provide additional clinical evidence for the possible treatment and/or prevention of allergic diseases with specific fermented milk/dairy products in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qigndao, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qigndao, P.R. China
| | - Ziye Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qigndao, P.R. China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qigndao, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qigndao, P.R. China
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Dickison L, Gonzalez-Shalaby C. Reducing Risk Factors for Necrotizing Enterocolitis: What Is the Recent Evidence and Biologic Plausibility Supporting Probiotics? Adv Neonatal Care 2022; 22:513-522. [PMID: 35446273 PMCID: PMC10519298 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of necrotizing enterocolitis is multifactorial, with contributing factors that are unique to the preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The use of probiotics may reduce these risk factors. PURPOSE To evaluate evidence of biologic plausibility for probiotic supplementation to mitigate key risk factors implicated in the development of disease and show recent evidence of safety and effectiveness. DATA SOURCES A literature survey of electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL, was conducted. STUDY SELECTION Selection terms included "necrotizing enterocolitis," "probiotics," and "prematurity." Reviews that were included were full text, in English, and published in the last 5 years. Ten systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials were extracted from 749 records. Excluded were studies that used adjuncts to probiotics, such as lactoferrin or prebiotics, and studies of probiotics given antenatally. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent reviewers extracted data to AMSTAR 2, a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews of randomized or nonrandomized studies of healthcare interventions. RESULTS All the reviews found statistically significant reductions in necrotizing enterocolitis rates after supplementation with probiotics. None of the reviews reported adverse effects. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH Probiotic supplementation with specific strains reduces risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. To advance probiotic use in the NICU, additional high-quality trials are needed to focus on specific strains or combinations of strains and to evaluate dosing and duration of treatment.Video Abstract available athttps://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx .
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Dickison
- Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, Ashby Avenue, Berkeley, California
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Aggarwal S, Sabharwal V, Kaushik P, Joshi A, Aayushi A, Suri M. Postbiotics: From emerging concept to application. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.887642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome innovation has resulted in an umbrella term, postbiotics, which refers to non-viable microbial cells, metabolic byproducts and their microbial components released after lysis. Postbiotics, modulate immune response, gene expression, inhibit pathogen binding, maintain intestinal barriers, help in controlling carcinogenesis and pathogen infections. Postbiotics have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties with favorable physiological, immunological, neuro-hormonal, regulatory and metabolic reactions. Consumption of postbiotics relieves symptoms of various diseases and viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2. Postbiotics can act as alternatives for pre-probiotic specially in immunosuppressed patients, children and premature neonates. Postbiotics are used to preserve and enhance nutritional properties of food, elimination of biofilms and skin conditioning in cosmetics. Postbiotics have numerous advantages over live bacteria with no risk of bacterial translocation from the gut to blood, acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes. The process of extraction, standardization, transport, and storage of postbiotic is more natural. Bioengineering techniques such as fermentation technology, high pressure etc., may be used for the synthesis of different postbiotics. Safety assessment and quality assurance of postbiotic is important as they may induce stomach discomfort, sepsis and/or toxic shock. Postbiotics are still in their infancy compared to pre- and pro- biotics but future research in this field may contribute to improved physiological functions and host health. The current review comprehensively summarizes new frontiers of research in postbiotics.
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Favero C, Giordano L, Mihaila SM, Masereeuw R, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. Postbiotics and Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090623. [PMID: 36136562 PMCID: PMC9501217 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is projected to become the fifth global cause of death by 2040 as a result of key shortcomings in the current methods available to diagnose and treat kidney diseases. In this regard, the novel holobiont concept, used to describe an individual host and its microbial community, may pave the way towards a better understanding of kidney disease pathogenesis and progression. Microbiota-modulating or -derived interventions include probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics. As of 2019, the concept of postbiotics was updated by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) to refer to preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit to the host. By explicitly excluding purified metabolites without a cellular biomass, any literature making use of such term is potentially rendered obsolete. We now review the revised concept of postbiotics concerning their potential clinical applications and research in kidney disease, by discussing in detail several formulations that are undergoing preclinical development such as GABA-salt for diet-induced hypertension and kidney injury, sonicated Lactobacillus paracasei in high fat diet-induced kidney injury, GABA-salt, lacto-GABA-salt and postbiotic-GABA-salt in acute kidney injury, and O. formigenes lysates for hyperoxaluria. Furthermore, we provide a roadmap for postbiotics research in kidney disease to expedite clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Favero
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Giordano
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Maria Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) 2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.D.S.-N.)
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) 2040, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.O.); (M.D.S.-N.)
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Ali MS, Lee EB, Quah Y, Birhanu BT, Suk K, Lim SK, Park SC. Heat-killed Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 Ameliorates Impaired Immunity in Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppressed Mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:820838. [PMID: 36033865 PMCID: PMC9413535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.820838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune functions of heat-killed Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 (hLR) were investigated in cyclophosphamide (CP)-treated immunosuppressed mice. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group, CP group, CP treated with levamisole (positive control group), and CP treated with low- and high-dose hLR. After receiving the samples for 21 days, mice were sacrificed, and different parameters, such as immune organ index, immune blood cells, splenocyte proliferation, lymphocyte subpopulations, cytokines, and immunoglobulins, were analyzed. Results showed that the immune organ (thymus and spleen) indices of hLR treatment groups were significantly increased compared to the CP group (p < 0.05). hLR administration prevented CP-induced reduction in the numbers of white blood cells, lymphocytes, midrange absolute, and granulocytes, providing supporting evidence for hematopoietic activities. Splenocyte proliferation and T-lymphocyte (CD4+ and CD8+) subpopulations were also significantly augmented in mice treated with hLR compared to the CP group (p < 0.05). Moreover, Th1-type [interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α] and Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) immune factors and immunoglobulin (IgG) showed significant increasing trends (p < 0.05). Additionally, the other proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) were also significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Taken together, this investigation suggested that orally administered hLR could recover immunosuppression caused by CP and be considered a potential immunostimulatory agent for the treatment of immunosuppressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sekendar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Bangladesh
| | - Eon-Bee Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yixian Quah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Biruk Tesfaye Birhanu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seung-Chun Park,
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13
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Bilal M, Ashraf S, Zhao X. Dietary Component-Induced Inflammation and Its Amelioration by Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:931458. [PMID: 35938108 PMCID: PMC9354043 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.931458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced diet with many dietary components maintains immune homeostasis directly by interacting with innate and adaptive immune components or indirectly through gut microbiota and their metabolites. Dietary components may inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators and promote anti-inflammatory functions or vice versa. Western diets with imbalanced dietary components skew the immune balance toward pro-inflammation and induce intestinal inflammation, consequently leading to many intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases like ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, cardiovascular problems, obesity, and diabetes. The dietary component-induced inflammation is usually chronic in nature and frequently caused or accompanied by alterations in gut microbiota. Therefore, microbiome-targeted therapies such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics hold great potentials to amend immune dysregulation and gut dysbiosis, preventing and treating intestinal and systemic inflammatory diseases. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbioitcs are progressively being added to foods and beverages, with claims of health benefits. However, the underlining mechanisms of these interventions for preventing and treating dietary component-induced inflammation are still not very clear. In addition, possibly ineffective or negative consequences of some probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics call for stringent testing and regulation. Here, we will first briefly review inflammation, in terms of its types and the relationship between different dietary components and immune responses. Then, we focus on current knowledge about the direct and indirect effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on intestinal and systemic inflammation. Understanding how probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics modulate the immune system and gut microbiota will improve our strategies for preventing and treating dietary component-induced intestinal inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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14
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Vinderola G, Sanders ME, Salminen S. The Concept of Postbiotics. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081077. [PMID: 35454664 PMCID: PMC9027423 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific community has proposed terms such as non-viable probiotics, paraprobiotics, ghostbiotics, heat-inactivated probiotics or, most commonly, postbiotics, to refer to inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer health benefits. This article addresses the various characteristics of different definitions of ‘postbiotics’ that have emerged over past years. In 2021, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) defined a postbiotic as “a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”. This definition of postbiotic requires that the whole or components of inactivated microbes be present, with or without metabolic end products. The definition proposed by ISAPP is comprehensive enough to allow the development of postbiotics from different microorganisms, to be applied in different body sites, encouraging innovation in a promising area for any regulatory category and for companion or production animals, and plant or human health. From a technological perspective, probiotic products may contain inanimate microorganisms, which have the potential to impart a health benefit. However, their contribution to health in most cases has not been established, even if at least one probiotic has been shown to confer the same health benefit by live or inanimate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-9-3426-31-1943
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO 80122, USA;
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland;
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Westaway JAF, Huerlimann R, Kandasamy Y, Miller CM, Norton R, Staunton KM, Watson D, Rudd D. The bacterial gut microbiome of probiotic-treated very-preterm infants: changes from admission to discharge. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:142-150. [PMID: 34621029 PMCID: PMC9411061 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is associated with the development of acute and chronic disease, potentially, through the disruption of normal gut microbiome development. Probiotics may correct for microbial imbalances and mitigate disease risk. Here, we used amplicon sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of probiotic-treated premature infants. We aimed to identify and understand variation in bacterial gut flora from admission to discharge and in association with clinical variables. METHODS Infants born <32 weeks gestation and <1500 g, and who received probiotic treatment, were recruited in North Queensland Australia. Meconium and faecal samples were collected at admission and discharge. All samples underwent 16S rRNA short amplicon sequencing, and subsequently, a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS 71 admission and 63 discharge samples were collected. Univariate analyses showed significant changes in the gut flora from admission to discharge. Mixed-effects modelling showed significantly lower alpha diversity in infants diagnosed with either sepsis or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and those fed formula. In addition, chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis and ROP were also all associated with the differential abundance of several taxa. CONCLUSIONS The lower microbial diversity seen in infants with diagnosed disorders or formula-fed, as well as differing abundances of several taxa across multiple variables, highlights the role of the microbiome in the development of health and disease. This study supports the need for promoting healthy microbiome development in preterm neonates. IMPACT Low diversity and differing taxonomic abundances in preterm gut microbiota demonstrated in formula-fed infants and those identified with postnatal conditions, as well as differences in taxonomy associated with preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis, reinforcing the association of the microbiome composition changes due to maternal and infant disease. The largest study exploring an association between the preterm infant microbiome and ROP. A novel association between the preterm infant gut microbiome and preeclampsia in a unique cohort of very-premature probiotic-supplemented infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. F. Westaway
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Roger Huerlimann
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, QLD 4811 Australia ,grid.250464.10000 0000 9805 2626Marine Climate Change Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Okinawa, 904-0495 Japan ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Yoga Kandasamy
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, QLD 4811 Australia ,grid.417216.70000 0000 9237 0383Department of neonatology, Townsville University Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, QLD 4814 Australia
| | - Catherine M. Miller
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia
| | - Robert Norton
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, QLD 4814 Australia
| | - Kyran M. Staunton
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, 1/14-88 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD 4878 Australia
| | - David Watson
- grid.417216.70000 0000 9237 0383Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Townsville University Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, 4814 Australia
| | - Donna Rudd
- grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, QLD 4811 Australia
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16
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Term Infant Formulas Influencing Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124200. [PMID: 34959752 PMCID: PMC8708119 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.
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Kumar H, Schütz F, Bhardwaj K, Sharma R, Nepovimova E, Dhanjal DS, Verma R, Kumar D, Kuča K, Cruz-Martins N. Recent advances in the concept of paraprobiotics: Nutraceutical/functional properties for promoting children health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34748444 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1996327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics consumption has been associated with various health promoting benefits, including disease prevention and even treatment by modulating gut microbiota. Contrary to this, probiotics may also overstimulate the immune system, trigger systemic infections, harmful metabolic activities, and promote gene transfer. In children, the fragile immune system and impaired intestinal barrier may boost the occurrence of adverse effects following probiotics' consumption. To overcome these health challenges, the key focus has been shifted toward non-viable probiotics, also called paraprobiotics. Cell wall polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, surface proteins and teichoic acid present on cell's surface are involved in the interaction of paraprobiotics with the host, ultimately providing health benefits. Among other benefits, paraprobiotics possess the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immunity, exert anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and antagonistic effects against pathogens, while also enhance clinical impact and general safety when administered in children in comparison to probiotics. Clinical evidence have underlined the paraprobiotics impact in children and young infants against atopic dermatitis, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, in addition to be useful for immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this review focuses on probiotics-related issues in children's health and also discusses the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. qualities for qualifying as paraprobiotics and their role in promoting the children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Francine Schütz
- Department of Medicine/Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kanchan Bhardwaj
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Department of Medicine/Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, Gandra, PRD, Portugal
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Terahara M, Nakamura Y, Tsuboi M, Jinno S, Tsukahara T, Miyake T, Shimojo N. Effects of the intake of non-live Bifidobacterium bifidum on the faecal IgA of full-term infants: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2021; 40:196-203. [PMID: 34631331 PMCID: PMC8484005 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (OLB6378) was selected as a strain that
enhances the production of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) in vitro.
This ability of non-live OLB6378 has been shown by a clinical trial in preterm infants. In
the present study, we examined whether non-live OLB6378 also enhances the production of
secretory IgA, even in full-term infants. One hundred full-term infants were allocated to
receive formula with (BbF group, 49 infants) or without non-live OLB6378 (PF group, 51
infants). Breastfeeding was prioritised, so infant formula was used for infants with
breastfeeding difficulties. The intervention was initiated by five days of age. The faecal
IgA concentration and OLB6378 level were determined at one, two, four, and eight weeks of
age. Faecal IgA in the BbF group (1.04 ± 0.47 mg/g of faeces, n=45) was significantly
higher than that in the PF group (0.85 ± 0.42 mg/g of faeces, n=49) at four weeks of age
(p=0.047). OLB6378 was not detected in faeces at any age. This indicated that production
of secretory IgA in full-term infants may also be enhanced by non-live OLB6378 intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terahara
- R&D Management Department, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakamura
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Misato Tsuboi
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Shinji Jinno
- Food Microbiology and Function Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 1-29-1 Nanakuni, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0919, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Tsukahara
- Kyoto Institute of Nutrition & Pathology Inc., 7-2 Furuiketani, Tachikawa, Ujitawara, Tsuzuki-gun, Kyoto 610-0231, Japan
| | - Takao Miyake
- Miyake Women's Clinic, 1-18-5 Oyuminochuo, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 266-0032, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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19
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Rashidi K, Razi B, Darand M, Dehghani A, Janmohammadi P, Alizadeh S. Effect of probiotic fermented dairy products on incidence of respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr J 2021; 20:61. [PMID: 34183001 PMCID: PMC8240278 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that the consumption of probiotic fermented dairy products (PFDP) may have a protective effect on respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, the results of studies are inconclusive. We aimed to systematically investigate the effect of PFDP on RTIs by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched up to October 2020 to identify eligible RCTs. Meta-analysis outcomes were risk of incidence of upper (URTIs ) and lower (LRTIs ) respiratory tract infections. A random-effects model was used to pool the relative risks (RR) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for outcomes following conception of PFDP. RESULTS A total of 22 RCTs, with a total sample size of 10,190 participants, were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, consumption of PFDP had a significant protective effect against RTIs in the overall analysis (RR = 0.81, 95 %CI: 0.74 to 0.89) and in children (RR = 0.82, 95 %CI: 0.73 to 0.93), adults (RR = 0.81, 95 %CI: 0.66 to 1.00), and elderly population (RR = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.61 to 0.98). The significant decreased risk of RTIs was also observed for URTIs (RR = 0.83, 95 %CI: 0.73 to 0.93), while, this effect was marginal for LRTIs (RR = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.60 to 1.01, P = 0.06). The disease-specific analysis showed that PFDP have a protective effect on pneumonia (RR = 0.76, 95 %CI: 0.61 to 0.95) and common cold (RR = 0.68, 95 %CI: 0.49 to 0.96). CONCLUSIONS Consumption of PFDP is a potential dietary approach for the prevention of RTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Rashidi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Razi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Darand
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Dehghani
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Janmohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
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Freedman SB, Horne R, Johnson-Henry K, Xie J, Williamson-Urquhart S, Chui L, Pang XL, Lee B, Schuh S, Finkelstein Y, Gouin S, Farion KJ, Poonai N, Hurley K, Schnadower D, Sherman PM. Probiotic stool secretory immunoglobulin A modulation in children with gastroenteritis: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:905-914. [PMID: 34269370 PMCID: PMC8023833 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously conducted the Probiotic Regimen for Outpatient Gastroenteritis Utility of Treatment (PROGUT) study, which identified no improvements in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) administered a probiotic. However, the aforementioned study did not evaluate immunomodulatory benefits. OBJECTIVES The object of this study was to determine if stool secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentrations in children with AGE increase more among participants administered a Lactobacillus rhamnosus/helveticus probiotic compared with those administered placebo. METHODS This a priori planned multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled ancillary study enrolled children presenting for emergency care who received a 5-d probiotic or placebo course. Participants submitted stool specimens on days 0, 5, and 28. The primary endpoint was the change in stool sIgA concentrations on day 5 compared with baseline. RESULTS A total of 133 (n = 66 probiotic, 67 placebo) of 886 PROGUT participants (15.0%) provided all 3 specimens. Median stool sIgA concentrations did not differ between the probiotic and placebo groups at any of the study time points: day 0 median (IQR): 1999 (768, 4071) compared with 2198 (702, 5278) (P = 0.27, Cohen's d = 0.17); day 5: 2505 (1111, 5310) compared with 3207 (982, 7080) (P = 0.19, Cohen's d = 0.16); and day 28: 1377 (697, 2248) compared with 1779 (660, 3977) (P = 0.27, Cohen's d = 0.19), respectively. When comparing measured sIgA concentrations between days 0 and 5, we found no treatment allocation effects [β: -0.24 (-0.65, 0.18); P = 0.26] or interaction between treatment and specimen collection day [β: -0.003 (-0.09, 0.09); P = 0.95]. Although stool sIgA decreased between day 5 and day 28 within both groups (P < 0.001), there were no differences between the probiotic and placebo groups in the median changes in sIgA concentrations when comparing day 0 to day 5 median (IQR) [500 (-1135, 2362) compared with 362 (-1122, 4256); P = 0.77, Cohen's d = 0.075] and day 5 to day 28 [-1035 (-3130, 499) compared with -1260 (-4437, 843); P = 0.70, Cohen's d = 0.067], respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found no effect of an L. rhamnosus/helveticus probiotic, relative to placebo, on stool IgA concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01853124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Freedman
- Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rachael Horne
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathene Johnson-Henry
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jianling Xie
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sarah Williamson-Urquhart
- Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - ProvLab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - ProvLab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bonita Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Suzanne Schuh
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yaron Finkelstein
- Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Serge Gouin
- Departments of Pediatric Emergency Medicine & Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ken J Farion
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, and Pediatric Emergency Department, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Naveen Poonai
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Canada
| | - Katrina Hurley
- Division of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - David Schnadower
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, and the Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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21
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A Fermented Milk Matrix Containing Postbiotics Supports Th1- and Th17-Type Immunity In Vitro and Modulates the Influenza-Specific Vaccination Response In Vivo in Association with Altered Serum Galectin Ratios. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030254. [PMID: 33805597 PMCID: PMC7998404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During a specific milk fermentation process with Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (LactofidusTM), postbiotics with possible immunomodulatory properties are produced. We investigated the effects of this fermentation product (FP) in vitro using a model that allows crosstalk between intestinal epithelial (IEC) and immune cells. IECs were exposed to FP and αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells after which the mediator secretion was measured. Additionally, using a murine influenza vaccination model, immune development was assessed. Mice were fed an AIN93G diet containing FP or lactose as control. Vaccine-specific immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and correlated to intestinal and systemic immunomodulation levels. In vitro, exposure to FP enhanced IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A concentrations. Moreover, IEC-derived galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratios were increased. In vivo, dietary intervention with FP increased vaccine-specific DTH responses as compared to the lactose-receiving group. Although no effects on humoral immunity and vaccine-specific T-cell responses were detected, an enhanced systemic serum galectin-3/galectin-9 and galectin-4/galectin-9 ratio correlated with a shift in RORγ (Th17) mRNA expression over regulatory TGFβ1 in the ileum. This was also positively correlated with the increased DTH response. These results indicate that FP can enhance epithelial galectin-3 and -4 over galectin-9 release, and boost adaptive immunity by promoting Th1- and Th17-type cytokines under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Similar variations in galectin and immune balance were observed in the vaccination model, where FP improved the influenza-specific DTH response.
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22
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Abbasi A, Rad AH, Ghasempour Z, Sabahi S, Kafil HS, Hasannezhad P, Rahbar Saadat Y, Shahbazi N. The biological activities of postbiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5983-6004. [PMID: 33715539 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to outcomes from clinical studies, an intricate relationship occurs between the beneficial microbiota, gut homeostasis, and the host's health status. Numerous studies have confirmed the health-promoting effects of probiotics, particularly in gastrointestinal diseases. On the other hand, the safety issues regarding the consumption of some probiotics are still a matter of debate, thus to overcome the problems related to the application of live probiotic cells in terms of clinical, technological, and economic aspects, microbial-derived biomolecules (postbiotics) were introducing as a potential alternative agent. Presently scientific literature confirms that the postbiotic components can be used as promising tools for both prevention and treatment strategies in gastrointestinal disorders with less undesirable side-effects, particularly in infants and children. Future head-to-head trials are required to distinguish appropriate strains of parent cells, optimal dosages of postbiotics, and assessment of the cost-effectiveness of postbiotics compared to alternative drugs. This review provides an overview of the concept and safety issues regarding postbiotics, with emphasis on their biological role in the treatment of some important gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abbasi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasempour
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabahi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paniz Hasannezhad
- Department of Medical Engineering Science, University College of Rouzbahan, Sari, Iran
| | - Yalda Rahbar Saadat
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nayyer Shahbazi
- Faculty of Agriculture Engineering, Department of Food Science, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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23
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Westaway JAF, Huerlimann R, Miller CM, Kandasamy Y, Norton R, Rudd D. Methods for exploring the faecal microbiome of premature infants: a review. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2021; 7:11. [PMID: 33685524 PMCID: PMC7941982 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-021-00131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The premature infant gut microbiome plays an important part in infant health and development, and recognition of the implications of microbial dysbiosis in premature infants has prompted significant research into these issues. The approaches to designing investigations into microbial populations are many and varied, each with its own benefits and limitations. The technique used can influence results, contributing to heterogeneity across studies. This review aimed to describe the most common techniques used in researching the preterm infant microbiome, detailing their various limitations. The objective was to provide those entering the field with a broad understanding of available methodologies, so that the likely effects of their use can be factored into literature interpretation and future study design. We found that although many techniques are used for characterising the premature infant microbiome, 16S rRNA short amplicon sequencing is the most common. 16S rRNA short amplicon sequencing has several benefits, including high accuracy, discoverability and high throughput capacity. However, this technique has limitations. Each stage of the protocol offers opportunities for the injection of bias. Bias can contribute to variability between studies using 16S rRNA high throughout sequencing. Thus, we recommend that the interpretation of previous results and future study design be given careful consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A F Westaway
- James Cook University, 1 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Roger Huerlimann
- James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Catherine M Miller
- James Cook University, 1 McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Yoga Kandasamy
- Townsville University Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Dr, Douglas, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Robert Norton
- Pathology Queensland, 100 Angus Smith Dr, Douglas, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Donna Rudd
- James Cook University, 1 James Cook Dr, Douglas, QLD, 4811, Australia
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24
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Postbiotic Supplementation for Children and Newborn's Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030781. [PMID: 33673553 PMCID: PMC7997220 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well known how the microbiota can positively or negatively influence humans health, depending on its composition. The microbiota's countless beneficial effects have allowed it to be defined as a genuine symbiont for our species. In an attempt to positively influence the microbiota, research has focused on probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are viable beneficial bacteria of various strains. Prebiotics are specific substances able to favor the development of advantageous bacteria strains. Postbiotics are a new category of compounds capable of affecting the microbiota. According to the different definitions, postbiotics include both nonviable bacteria and substances deriving from bacterial metabolism. Postbiotics are particularly promising in pediatric settings, as they offer some advantages over probiotics, including the absence of the risk of intestinal translocation or worsening of local inflammation. For these reasons, their use in fragile population categories such as newborns, and even more prematures, seems to be the best solution for improving microbiota's health in this population. This narrative review aims to collect the research conducted so far on postbiotics' potential in the first stages of life.
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26
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Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley EMM, Sanders ME, Shamir R, Swann JR, Szajewska H, Vinderola G. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:649-667. [PMID: 33948025 PMCID: PMC8387231 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 235.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of experts specializing in nutrition, microbial physiology, gastroenterology, paediatrics, food science and microbiology to review the definition and scope of postbiotics. The term 'postbiotics' is increasingly found in the scientific literature and on commercial products, yet is inconsistently used and lacks a clear definition. The purpose of this panel was to consider the scientific, commercial and regulatory parameters encompassing this emerging term, propose a useful definition and thereby establish a foundation for future developments. The panel defined a postbiotic as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host". Effective postbiotics must contain inactivated microbial cells or cell components, with or without metabolites, that contribute to observed health benefits. The panel also discussed existing evidence of health-promoting effects of postbiotics, potential mechanisms of action, levels of evidence required to meet the stated definition, safety and implications for stakeholders. The panel determined that a definition of postbiotics is useful so that scientists, clinical triallists, industry, regulators and consumers have common ground for future activity in this area. A generally accepted definition will hopefully lead to regulatory clarity and promote innovation and the development of new postbiotic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Salminen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- grid.419051.80000 0001 1945 7738Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Akihito Endo
- grid.410772.70000 0001 0807 3368Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Colin Hill
- grid.7872.a0000000123318773School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland ,grid.7872.a0000000123318773APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eamonn M. M. Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO USA
| | - Raanan Shamir
- grid.414231.10000 0004 0575 3167Institute of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel ,grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan R. Swann
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hania Szajewska
- grid.13339.3b0000000113287408Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- grid.10798.370000 0001 2172 9456Instituto de Lactología Industrial (CONICET-UNL), Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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27
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Inatomi T, Otomaru K. Effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis T-110 supplementation on gut immunity, gut flora, and intestinal infection in naturally aged hamsters. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240773. [PMID: 33378402 PMCID: PMC7773277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a threat to elderly individuals, whose immune systems weaken with age. Among the various infectious diseases, Clostridium difficile infection is associated with a high rate of mortality in elderly individuals and is a serious health problem worldwide, owing to the increasing infection rates. Probiotic use has been proposed as an effective countermeasure for C. difficile infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis T-110 on intestinal immunity, intestinal flora, and intestinal infections, especially C. difficile infections, in naturally ageing animals, for extrapolating the results to elderly human subjects. Twenty female hamsters were randomly distributed into two groups. Group 1 was fed a basal diet and group 2 was fed a basal diet supplemented with heat-killed E. faecalis for 7 days. Heat-killed E. faecalis T-110 improved the gut immunity and microflora, especially Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile, in naturally aged hamsters. Therefore, heat-killed E. faecalis T-110 use may be a countermeasure against age-related immune dysfunction and intestinal infections, especially C. difficile infection, in elderly humans. However, further investigation in this regard is needed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
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28
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Mantziari A, Salminen S, Szajewska H, Malagón-Rojas JN. Postbiotics against Pathogens Commonly Involved in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1510. [PMID: 33008065 PMCID: PMC7601467 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sustainable Development goals for 2020 included reducing all causes associated with infant and perinatal mortality in their priorities. The use of compounds with bioactive properties has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy due to their stimulating effect on the host's immune system. Additionally, biotherapeutic products such as postbiotics, tentatively defined as compounds produced during a fermentation process that support health and well-being, promote intestinal barrier integrity without posing considerable risks to children's health. Although this is a concept in development, there are increasing studies in the field of nutrition, chemistry, and health that aim to understand how postbiotics can help prevent different types of infections in priority populations such as minors under the age of five. The present review aims to describe the main mechanisms of action of postbiotics. In addition, it presents the available current evidence regarding the effects of postbiotics against pathogens commonly involved in pediatric infections. Postbiotics may constitute a safe alternative capable of modulating the cellular response and stimulating the host's humoral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Mantziari
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jeadran Nevardo Malagón-Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogotá, Colombia;
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
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29
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Fernández S, Fraga M, Castells M, Colina R, Zunino P. Effect of the administration of Lactobacillus spp. strains on neonatal diarrhoea, immune parameters and pathogen abundance in pre-weaned calves. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:477-488. [PMID: 32877228 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea is one of the challenges faced by intensive farming, and probiotics are considered a promising approach to improve calves' health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of potential probiotic lactobacilli on new-born dairy calves' growth, diarrhoea incidence, faecal score, cytokine expression in blood cells, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels in plasma and faeces, and pathogen abundance in faeces. Two in vivo assays were conducted at the same farm in two annual calving seasons. Treated calves received one daily dose of the selected lactobacilli (Lactobacillus reuteri TP1.3B or Lactobacillus johnsonii TP1.6) for 10 consecutive days. A faecal score was recorded daily, average daily gain (ADG) was calculated, and blood and faeces samples were collected. Pathogen abundance was analysed by absolute qPCR in faeces using primers directed at Salmonella enterica, rotavirus, coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum and three Escherichia coli virulence genes (eae, clpG and Stx1). The faecal score was positively affected by the administration of both lactobacilli strains, and diarrhoea incidence was significantly lower in treated calves. No differences were found regarding ADG, cytokine expression, IgA levels and pathogen abundance. Our findings showed that oral administration of these strains could improve gastrointestinal health, but results could vary depending on the calving season, which may be related to pathogen seasonality and other environmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - M Fraga
- Animal Health Unit, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Ruta 50 Km 11, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - M Castells
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, University of Uruguay, Rivera 1350, 50000 Salto, Uruguay
| | - R Colina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, CENUR Litoral Norte, University of Uruguay, Rivera 1350, 50000 Salto, Uruguay
| | - P Zunino
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Rocha-Ramírez LM, Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S, Marcial-Quino J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Centeno-Leija S, García-Garibay M. Impact of Heat-Killed Lactobacillus casei Strain IMAU60214 on the Immune Function of Macrophages in Malnourished Children. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2303. [PMID: 32751919 PMCID: PMC7468933 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is commonly associated with immunological deregulation, increasing the risk of infectious illness and death. The objective of this work was to determine the in vitro effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus casei IMAU60214 on monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from well-nourished healthy children, well-nourished infected children and malnourished infected children, which was evaluated by an oxygen-dependent microbicidal mechanism assay of luminol-increase chemiluminescence and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10, as well as phagocytosis using zymosan and as its antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. We found that reactive oxygen species (ROS), secretion cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 levels), phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity increased in all groups after pre-treatment with heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 at a ratio of 500:1 (bacteria:MDM) over 24 h compared with MDM cells without pre-treatment. The results could indicate that heat-killed L. casei IMAU60214 is a potential candidate for regulating the immune function of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud. Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sara Centeno-Leija
- Consejo Nacional Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28629, Mexico;
| | - Mariano García-Garibay
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Unidad Lerma, Departamento de Biotecnología, Unidad Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 186. Col Vicentina, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
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Vallejo-Cordoba B, Castro-López C, García HS, González-Córdova AF, Hernández-Mendoza A. Postbiotics and paraprobiotics: A review of current evidence and emerging trends. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 94:1-34. [PMID: 32892831 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new probiotic-related concepts such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have been coined to indicate that non-viable microorganisms or bacterial-free extracts may provide benefits to the host by offering additional bioactivities to probiotics, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities. Despite in vitro and in vivo studies that support the promising use of postbiotics and paraprobiotics as health promoters, the mechanism of action and the signaling pathway involved have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of novel probiotic-related concepts and the scientific evidence that supports their bioactivities as well as the possible mechanisms underlying their health-promoting effects. Additionally, current trends in food, feed, and pharmaceutical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Castro-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Hugo S García
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD, A.C.), Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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Salminen S, Stahl B, Vinderola G, Szajewska H. Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1952. [PMID: 32629970 PMCID: PMC7400136 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant's specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is influenced by several factors, such as maternal diet and health, body composition, and geographic region. Human milk stands as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother's milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as oligosaccharides, bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the most recent developments in infant formula with a special focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina;
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland
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Malagón-Rojas JN, Mantziari A, Salminen S, Szajewska H. Postbiotics for Preventing and Treating Common Infectious Diseases in Children: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E389. [PMID: 32024037 PMCID: PMC7071176 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics have recently been tentatively defined as bioactive compounds produced during a fermentation process (including microbial cells, cell constituents and metabolites) that supports health and/or wellbeing. Postbiotics are currently available in some infant formulas and fermented foods. We systematically reviewed evidence on postbiotics for preventing and treating common infectious diseases among children younger than 5 years. The PubMed, Embase, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect databases were searched up to March 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing postbiotics with placebo or no intervention. Seven RCTs involving 1740 children met the inclusion criteria. For therapeutic trials, supplementation with heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus LB reduced the duration of diarrhea (4 RCTs, n = 224, mean difference, MD, -20.31 h, 95% CI -27.06 to -13.57). For preventive trials, the pooled results from two RCTs (n = 537) showed that heat-inactivated L. paracasei CBA L74 versus placebo reduced the risk of diarrhea (relative risk, RR, 0.51, 95% CI 0.37-0.71), pharyngitis (RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.83) and laryngitis (RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.67). There is limited evidence to recommend the use of specific postbiotics for treating pediatric diarrhea and preventing common infectious diseases among children. Further studies are necessary to determine the effects of different postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas
- Doctorado en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, 110121 Bogota, Colombia
- Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia, 111321 Bogota, Colombia
| | - Anastasia Mantziari
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics at the Medical University of Warsaw, 02091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Kang LJ, Vu KN, Koleva PT, Field CJ, Chow A, Azad MB, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Moraes TJ, Sears MR, Lefebvre DL, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Lou WYW, Scott JA, Kozyrskyj AL. Maternal psychological distress before birth influences gut immunity in mid-infancy. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 50:178-188. [PMID: 31845414 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal pre-postnatal psychosocial distress increases the risk for childhood allergic disease. This may occur through a host immunity pathway that involves intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Experimental animal models show changes in the gut microbiome and immunity of offspring when exposed to direct or prenatal maternal stress, but little is known in humans. OBJECTIVE We determined the association between maternal depression and stress symptom trajectories and infant fecal sIgA concentrations. METHODS 1043 term infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort were studied. Trajectories of maternal perceived stress and depression were based on scored scales administered in pregnancy and postpartum. sIgA was quantified in infant stool (mean age 3.7 months) with Immundiagnostik ELISA. Linear regression and logistic regression were employed to test associations. RESULTS Very low fecal sIgA concentrations were more common in infants of mothers in the antepartum and persistent depression trajectories (6% and 2% of women, respectively). Independent of breastfeeding status at fecal sampling, infant antibiotic exposure or other covariates, the antepartum depressive symptom trajectory was associated with reduced mean infant sIgA concentrations (β=-0.07, P < .01) and a two fold risk for lowest quartile concentrations (OR, 1.86; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.40). This lowering of sIgA yielded a large effect size in older infants (4-8 months)-breastfed and not. No associations were seen with postpartum depressive symptoms (7% of women) or with any of the perceived stress trajectories. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite improved mood postpartum and independent of breastfeeding status, mothers experiencing antepartum depressive symptoms delivered offspring who exhibited lower fecal sIgA concentrations especially in later infancy. The implications of lowered sIgA concentrations in infant stool are altered microbe-sIgA interactions, greater risk for C difficile colonization and atopic disease in later years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane J Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khanh N Vu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Petya T Koleva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Angela Chow
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Diana L Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Y W Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James A Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Rawls M, Ellis AK. The microbiome of the nose. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 122:17-24. [PMID: 30579432 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Rawls
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Allergy Research Unit, Kingston General Health Research Institute, Kingston, Canada
| | - Anne K Ellis
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Allergy Research Unit, Kingston General Health Research Institute, Kingston, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
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Gómez-Rodríguez G, Amador-Licona N, Daza-Benítez L, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Carballo-Magdaleno D, Aguilar-Padilla R, González-Ramirez E. Single strain versus multispecies probiotic on necrotizing enterocolitis and faecal IgA levels in very low birth weight preterm neonates: A randomized clinical trial. Pediatr Neonatol 2019; 60:564-569. [PMID: 30898471 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the literature, probiotics are an attractive alternative to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, due to differences in probiotic composition, randomized controlled trials are necessary to compare different probiotic mixtures. The objective of this study was to compare single strain (Lactobacillus acidophilus boucardii) versus multispecies probiotics on NEC incidence and faecal secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in very low preterm newborns. METHODS We performed a double-blind randomized trial in 90 newborns. L. acidophilus boucardii strain or multispecies probiotics were randomly assigned to preterm newborns. As the primary outcome, we evaluated NEC incidence on the total length of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay. As the secondary outcome, we measured the change in faecal sIgA levels from baseline to 3 weeks following the use of probiotics. RESULTS NEC incidence was similar between groups (0% vs. 2.2% for the single strain and multispecies probiotic, respectively). Faecal sIgA levels increased significantly (p < 0.001) within groups (31% for single strain and 47% for multispecies probiotic), but this increase was not different between groups. Neonates with a faecal sIgA level increment >0.45 mg/dl showed higher gestational age, birth weight, and weight at the second and third weeks of follow up than neonates with a faecal sIgA level increment ≤0.45 mg/dl. No adverse effects were found after probiotics use. CONCLUSIONS No difference between strains of probiotics used was found on NEC incidence or in the increase of faecal sIgA levels. Faecal sIgA levels were positively related to gestational age and body weight in very low preterm infants. ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT02245815.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonel Daza-Benítez
- Neonatology Department, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social-UMAE HGOP No. 48, Leon, Mexico
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Wegh CAM, Geerlings SY, Knol J, Roeselers G, Belzer C. Postbiotics and Their Potential Applications in Early Life Nutrition and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4673. [PMID: 31547172 PMCID: PMC6801921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds, generated in a matrix during fermentation, which may be used to promote health. The term postbiotics can be regarded as an umbrella term for all synonyms and related terms of these microbial fermentation components. Therefore, postbiotics can include many different constituents including metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial cell fractions, functional proteins, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), cell lysates, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides and pili-type structures. Postbiotics is also a rather new term in the '-biotics' field. Where consensus exists for the definitions of pre- and probiotics, this is not yet the case for postbiotics. Here we propose a working definition and review currently known postbiotic compounds, their proposed mechanisms, clinical evidence and potential applications. Research to date indicates that postbiotics can have direct immunomodulatory and clinically relevant effects and evidence can be found for the use of postbiotics in healthy individuals to improve overall health and to relief symptoms in a range of diseases such as infant colic and in adults atopic dermatitis and different causes of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A M Wegh
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sharon Y Geerlings
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Danone-Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Guus Roeselers
- Danone-Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Gastrointestinal Tolerance, Growth and Safety of a Partly Fermented Formula with Specific Prebiotics in Healthy Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071530. [PMID: 31284424 PMCID: PMC6683277 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a partly fermented infant formula (using the bacterial strains Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) with a specific prebiotic mixture (short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS; 9:1)) on the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms, stool characteristics, sleeping and crying behaviour, growth adequacy and safety. Two-hundred infants ≤28 days of age were assigned either to experimental infant formula containing 30% fermented formula and 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS or to non-fermented control infant formula without scGOS/lcFOS. A group of breastfed infants served as a reference. No relevant differences in parent-reported gastrointestinal symptoms were observed. Stool consistency was softer in the experimental versus control group with values closer to the breastfed reference group. Daily weight gain was equivalent for both formula groups (0.5 SD margins) with growth outcomes close to breastfed infants. No clinically relevant differences in adverse events were observed, apart from a lower investigator-reported prevalence of infantile colic in the experimental versus control group (1.1% vs. 8.7%; p < 0.02). Both study formulae are well-tolerated, support an adequate infant growth and are safe for use in healthy term infants. Compared to the control formula, the partly fermented formula with prebiotics induces stool consistencies closer to breastfed infants.
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Piqué N, Berlanga M, Miñana-Galbis D. Health Benefits of Heat-Killed (Tyndallized) Probiotics: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2534. [PMID: 31126033 PMCID: PMC6566317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the oral use of probiotics is widespread. However, the safety profile with the use of live probiotics is still a matter of debate. Main risks include: Cases of systemic infections due to translocation, particularly in vulnerable patients and pediatric populations; acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes; or interference with gut colonization in neonates. To avoid these risks, there is an increasing interest in non-viable microorganisms or microbial cell extracts to be used as probiotics, mainly heat-killed (including tyndallized) probiotic bacteria (lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria). Heat-treated probiotic cells, cell-free supernatants, and purified key components are able to confer beneficial effects, mainly immunomodulatory effects, protection against enteropathogens, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. At the clinical level, products containing tyndallized probiotic strains have had a role in gastrointestinal diseases, including bloating and infantile coli-in combination with mucosal protectors-and diarrhea. Heat-inactivated probiotics could also have a role in the management of dermatological or respiratory allergic diseases. The reviewed data indicate that heat-killed bacteria or their fractions or purified components have key probiotic effects, with advantages versus live probiotics (mainly their safety profile), positioning them as interesting strategies for the management of common prevalent conditions in a wide variety of patients´ characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Piqué
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària de la UB (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Berlanga
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - David Miñana-Galbis
- Microbiology Section, Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Rigo-Adrover MDM, Knipping K, Garssen J, van Limpt K, Knol J, Franch À, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. Prevention of Rotavirus Diarrhea in Suckling Rats by a Specific Fermented Milk Concentrate with Prebiotic Mixture. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010189. [PMID: 30669251 PMCID: PMC6356616 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several microbial modulatory concepts, such as certain probiotics and prebiotics, confer protection against gastrointestinal infections, among which is acute diarrhea caused by the rotavirus (RV). Other microbiota modulators, such as postbiotics, produced during fermentation, might also have the potential to counteract RV infection. In light of this, a fermented milk, made by using Bifidobacterium breve C50 (BbC50) and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (St065) with a prebiotic mixture-short chain galactooligosaccharides/long chain fructooligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS 9:1)-with potential to impact the intestinal microbiota composition was tested. An RV infected rat model was used to evaluate the amelioration of the infectious process and the improvement of the immune response induced by the fermented milk with prebiotic mixture. The dietary intervention caused a reduction in the clinical symptoms of diarrhea, such as severity and incidence. Furthermore, a modulation of the immune response was observed, which might enhance the reduction of the associated diarrhea. In addition, the fermented milk with prebiotic mixture was able to bind the virus and reduce its clearance. In conclusion, the postbiotic components in the fermented milk in combination with the prebiotics used here showed protective properties against RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Rigo-Adrover
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3512 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3512 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kees van Limpt
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria J Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA), C/ Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramanet, 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chi C, Buys N, Li C, Sun J, Yin C. Effects of prebiotics on sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, mortality, feeding intolerance, time to full enteral feeding, length of hospital stay, and stool frequency in preterm infants: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:657-670. [PMID: 30568297 PMCID: PMC6760619 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Prebiotics are increasingly recognized as an effective measure to promote health and prevent adverse health outcomes in preterm infants. We aimed to systematically review the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this area. SUBJECTS/METHODS Relevant studies from January 2000 to June 2018 were searched and selected from PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. RCTs were included if they involved preterm infant participants, included a prebiotic intervention group, measured incidence of sepsis, feeding intolerance, mortality, time to full enteral feeding, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), length of hospital stay, and stool frequency as outcomes. RESULTS Eighteen RCTs (n = 1322) were included in the final meta-analysis. Participants who took prebiotics showed significant decreases in the incidence of sepsis (with a risk ratio (RR) of 0.64, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.78), mortality (RR = 0.58. 95% CI: 0.36, 0.94), length of hospital stay (mean difference (MD): -5.18, 95% CI: -8.94, -1.11), and time to full enteral feeding (MD: -0.99, 95% CI: -1.15, 0.83). The pooled effects showed no significant differences between intervention and control groups in relation to the morbidity rate of NEC (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.44, 1.44) or feeding intolerance (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.52, 1.45). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that the use of prebiotics with preterm infants is safe and can decrease the incidence of sepsis, mortality, length of hospital stay, and time to full enteral feeding but not NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas Buys
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Gordon M, Biagioli E, Sorrenti M, Lingua C, Moja L, Banks SSC, Ceratto S, Savino F. Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 10:CD011029. [PMID: 30306546 PMCID: PMC6394439 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011029.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infantile colic is typically defined as full-force crying for at least three hours per day, on at least three days per week, for at least three weeks. This condition appears to be more frequent in the first six weeks of life (prevalence range of 17% to 25%), depending on the specific location reported and definitions used, and it usually resolves by three months of age. The aetiopathogenesis of infantile colic is unclear but most likely multifactorial. A number of psychological, behavioural and biological components (food hypersensitivity, allergy or both; gut microflora and dysmotility) are thought to contribute to its manifestation. The role of diet as a component in infantile colic remains controversial. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of dietary modifications for reducing colic in infants less than four months of age. SEARCH METHODS In July 2018 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase , 17 other databases and 2 trials registers. We also searched Google, checked and handsearched references and contacted study authors. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs evaluating the effects of dietary modifications, alone or in combination, for colicky infants younger than four months of age versus another intervention or placebo. We used specific definitions for colic, age of onset and the methods for performing the intervention. We defined 'modified diet' as any diet altered to include or exclude certain components. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Our primary outcome was duration of crying, and secondary outcomes were response to intervention, frequency of crying episodes, parental/family quality of life, infant sleep duration, parental satisfaction and adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS We included 15 RCTs involving 1121 infants (balanced numbers of boys and girls) aged 2 to 16 weeks. All studies were small and at high risk of bias across multiple design factors (e.g. selection, attrition). The studies covered a wide range of dietary interventions, and there was limited scope for meta-analysis. Using the GRADE approach, we assessed the quality of the evidence as very low.Low-allergen maternal diet versus a diet containing known potential allergens: one study (90 infants) found that 35/47 (74%) of infants responded to a low-allergen maternal diet, compared with 16/43 (37%) of infants on a diet containing known potential allergens.Low-allergen diet or soy milk formula versus dicyclomine hydrochloride: one study (120 infants) found that 10/15 (66.6%) breastfed babies responded to dicyclomine hydrochloride, compared with 24/45 (53.3%) formula-fed babies. There was little difference in response between breastfed babies whose mother changed their diet (10/16; 62.5%) and babies who received soy milk formula (29/44; 65.9%).Hydrolysed formula versus standard formula: two studies (64 infants) found no difference in duration of crying, reported as a dichotomous outcome: risk ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 5.10; very low-quality evidence. The author of one study confirmed there were no adverse effects. One study (43 infants) reported a greater reduction in crying time postintervention with hydrolysed formula (104 min/d, 95% CI 55 to 155) than with standard formula (3 min/d, 95% CI -63 to 67).Hydrolysed formula versus another hydrolysed formula: one study (22 infants) found that two types of hydrolysed formula were equally effective in resolving symptoms for babies who commenced with standard formula (Alimentum reduced crying to 2.21 h/d (standard deviation (SD) 0.40) and Nutramigen to 2.93 h/d (SD 0.70)).Hydrolysed formula or dairy- and soy-free maternal diet versus addition of parental education or counselling: one study (21 infants) found that crying time decreased to 2.03 h/d (SD 1.03) in the hydrolysed or dairy- and soy-free group compared with 1.08 h/d (SD 0.7) in the parent education or counselling group, nine days into the intervention.Partially hydrolysed, lower lactose, whey-based formulae containing oligosaccharide versus standard formula with simethicone: one study (267 infants) found that both groups experienced a decrease in colic episodes (secondary outcome) after seven days (partially hydrolysed formula: from 5.99 episodes (SD 1.84) to 2.47 episodes (SD 1.94); standard formula: from 5.41 episodes (SD 1.88) to 3.72 episodes (SD 1.98)). After two weeks the difference between the two groups was significant (partially hydrolysed: 1.76 episodes (SD 1.60); standard formula: 3.32 episodes (SD 2.06)). The study author confirmed there were no adverse effects.Lactase enzyme supplementation versus placebo: three studies (138 infants) assessed this comparison, but none reported data amenable to analysis for any outcome. There were no adverse effects in any of the studies.Extract of Foeniculum vulgare, Matricariae recutita, and Melissa officinalis versus placebo: one study (93 infants) found that average daily crying time was lower for infants given the extract (76.9 min/d (SD 23.5), than infants given placebo (169.9 min/d (SD 23.1), at the end of the one-week study. There were no adverse effects.Soy protein-based formula versus standard cows' milk protein-based formula: one study (19 infants) reported a mean crying time of 12.7 h/week (SD 16.4) in the soy formula group versus 17.3 h/week (SD 6.9) in the standard cows' milk group, and that 5/10 (50%) responded in the soy formula group versus 0/9 (0%) in the standard cows' milk group.Soy protein formula with polysaccharide versus standard soy protein formula: one study (27 infants) assessed this comparison but did not provide disaggregated data for the number of responders in each group after treatment.No study reported on our secondary outcomes of parental or family quality of life, infant sleep duration per 24 h, or parental satisfaction. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently, evidence of the effectiveness of dietary modifications for the treatment of infantile colic is sparse and at significant risk of bias. The few available studies had small sample sizes, and most had serious limitations. There were insufficient studies, thus limiting the use of meta-analysis. Benefits reported for hydrolysed formulas were inconsistent.Based on available evidence, we are unable to recommend any intervention. Future studies of single interventions, using clinically significant outcome measures, and appropriate design and power are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Gordon
- University of Central LancashireSchool of MedicinePrestonLancashireUK
| | - Elena Biagioli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSLaboratory Methodology for Clinical ResearchVia La Masa, 19MilanItaly
| | - Miriam Sorrenti
- Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsP.zza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
| | - Carla Lingua
- University of TurinDepartment of Public and Pediatric Health SciencesPiazza Polonia 94TurinTurinItaly10126
| | - Lorenzo Moja
- University of MilanDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for HealthVia Pascal 36MilanSwitzerland20133
| | - Shel SC Banks
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustDepartment of Child HealthWhinney Heys RoadBlackpoolUKFY3 8NR
| | - Simone Ceratto
- Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsP.zza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
- University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of Sciences of Public Health and PediatricsPiazza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
| | - Francesco Savino
- Regina Margherita Children's HospitalDepartment of PediatricsP.zza Polonia 94TurinItaly10126
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Chen B, Chen H, Shu X, Yin Y, Li J, Qin J, Chen L, Peng K, Xu F, Gu W, Zhao H, Jiang L, Li L, Song J, Elitsur Y, Yu HD, Jiang M, Wang X, Xiang C. Presence of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria in Human Children and Its Potential Role in the Modulation of Human Gut Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1403. [PMID: 30008704 PMCID: PMC6034559 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are commensal organisms that grow by anchoring a specialized holdfast structure to the intestinal walls of a variety of animals. Interaction of SFB with Peyer's patches in mice promotes the post-natal maturation of the immune system. We previously reported that the colonization of SFB in humans mainly occurs by 36 months of age, and is difficult to be detected afterward. In this study, we measured the level of SFB in intestinal fluids of human children. SFB were found via qPCR to represent a small fraction of the whole SFB-positive microbiota (105 SFB in 1011 total bacteria). Bacteria with filamentous segmented morphology were observed in intestinal fluids via fluorescent in situ hybridization, and from gut biopsies via scanning electron microscopy. SFB-specific DNA and peptide fragments were also identified via multiple displacement amplification PCR and mass spectrometry. There was an overall positive correlation between the presence of SFB and the titer of total secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which is more apparent in intestinal fluids of the age group of 8-36 months. Afterward there was a decline of SFB in numbers correlated with a reduction of total sIgA. RT-qPCR analysis of the terminal ileal biopsies revealed that the expression of Th17 pathway genes were induced in SFB-positive samples, while the markers of T and B cell receptor signaling pathways were also upregulated. Collectively, these data suggest that SFB is a rare member of microbiota, and may play an important role in the development of human gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeshi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kerong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- Advanced Information Systems, Exelis, Herndon, VA, United States
| | - Yoram Elitsur
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Hongwei D. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest–Key Laboratory for Food Microbial Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases–Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Fassio F, Guagnini F. House dust mite-related respiratory allergies and probiotics: a narrative review. Clin Mol Allergy 2018; 16:15. [PMID: 29946225 PMCID: PMC6006752 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-018-0092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The socio-economic burden of allergic respiratory conditions on continental Europe is even higher than that of mainstream diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, as allergic rhinitis alone accounts for billions of Euros in healthcare expenses across Europe. House dust mites (HDM) are one of the most common triggers behind allergic rhinitis and asthma. The role of probiotics in the treatment and prevention of some allergic conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, is already well recognized, whereas evidence about their efficacy in patients with respiratory allergies—while increasing—is still limited. Here the current evidence for the use of probiotics in patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fassio
- 1SOC Allergologia e Immunologica Clinica, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Nuovo Ospedale S. Giovanni di Dio, Via di Torregalli, 3, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Guagnini
- Allergy Therapeutics Italia, via IV Novembre 76, 20019 Settimo Milanese, Milan Italy
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Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis CECT7210-supplemented formula reduces diarrhea in healthy infants: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Res 2018. [PMID: 29538368 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2018.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundIntestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants is plenty of beneficial bifidobacteria. We aimed to determine whether an infant formula supplemented with probiotic Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT7210 (B. infantis IM1) is effective at reducing diarrhea incidence in healthy term infants.MethodsDouble-blinded, randomized, multicenter, controlled clinical trial, where formula-fed infants (<3 months) received an infant formula supplemented (Probiotic) or not (Control) with 107 cfu/g of B. infantis IM1 over 12 weeks. Diarrheas, growth, digestive symptoms, stool bifidobacteria, and microbiota were assessed.ResultsIn all, 97 (Control) and 93 (Probiotic) infants were randomized, and 78 (Control) and 73 (Probiotic) completed the 12 week-follow-up. In the overall study period, a median of 0.29±1.07 and 0.05±0.28 diarrhea events/infant was observed in the Control and Probiotic groups, respectively (P=0.059). This trend to less diarrhea episodes in the Probiotic group reached statistical significance at 8 weeks (0.12±0.47 vs. 0.0±0.0 events/infant, P=0.047). Constipation incidence was higher (odds ratio (OR) 2.67 (1.09-6.50)) and stool frequency lower (2.0±1.0 vs. 2.6±1.3 stools/day, P=0.038) in the Control group after 4 weeks. No differences were found at other time points nor in other digestive symptoms, growth, or formula intake.ConclusionA B. infantis IM1-supplemented infant formula may reduce diarrhea episodes, being safe, well tolerated, and associated with lower constipation prevalence.
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De Andrés J, Manzano S, García C, Rodríguez JM, Espinosa-Martos I, Jiménez E. Modulatory effect of three probiotic strains on infants' gut microbial composition and immunological parameters on a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:573-584. [PMID: 29726280 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in gastrointestinal health. Current use of probiotics is aimed at modulating the bacterial gut composition to alleviate specific diseases. The safety and tolerance of three probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis R0033, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071) has recently been described. The objective of the present study was to analyse the microbiological composition and immunological parameters of faecal samples obtained from healthy infants from 3 to 12 months of age after receiving either one of the three probiotic strains or placebo for 8 weeks. 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and multiplexing technology was used for analysis. Faecal sample analysis showed that the most abundant genus in all four groups of infants pre- and post-intervention was Bifidobacterium, representing approximately 50% of the sequences. After the intervention period the microbial composition of faecal samples in the probiotic groups did not display notable changes. In contrast, a decrease in different Bifidobacterium species, such as B. bifidum and Bifidobacterium breve and an increase in Bacteroides, Blautia, Clostridium, Coprococcus and Faecalibacterium genera was observed in the placebo group. The analysis of a wide range of immune factors in faecal samples suggests a modulatory effect by these three probiotic strains during the intervention period. The anti-inflammatory ratio interleukin (IL)-10/IL-12 increased at the end of the intervention period in the B. infantis R0033 group while the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio increased in the L. helveticus R0052 group. The decrease of the IL-10/IL-12 ratio together with the increase of the tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/IL-10 ratio demonstrated a pro-inflammatory profile in the placebo group. In conclusion, the species profile of the microbiome observed in all three probiotic groups resembled that of a younger infant, similar to an unweaned infant, when compared to the placebo group which may also be related with an anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Andrés
- 1 Dpto. Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de hierro s/n, 28040Madrid, Spain
| | - S Manzano
- 1 Dpto. Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de hierro s/n, 28040Madrid, Spain.,2 Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - C García
- 2 Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - J M Rodríguez
- 1 Dpto. Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de hierro s/n, 28040Madrid, Spain
| | - I Espinosa-Martos
- 2 Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - E Jiménez
- 1 Dpto. Nutrición, Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Puerta de hierro s/n, 28040Madrid, Spain.,2 Probisearch S.L.U., C/Santiago Grisolía, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
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Xu W, Judge MP, Maas K, Hussain N, McGrath JM, Henderson WA, Cong X. Systematic Review of the Effect of Enteral Feeding on Gut Microbiota in Preterm Infants. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2018; 47:451-463. [PMID: 29040820 PMCID: PMC5899689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of feeding type on microbial patterns among preterm infants and to identify feeding factors that promote the colonization of beneficial bacteria. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and the Cummulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature were thoroughly searched for articles published between January 2000 and January 2017, using the keywords gut microbiome, gut microbiota, enteral microbiome, enteral microbiota, premature infant, preterm infant, extremely low birth weight infant, ELBW infant, very low birth weight infant, feeding, breast milk, breastfeeding, formula, prebiotic, probiotic, and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid. STUDY SELECTION Primary studies written in English and focused on the association between enteral feeding and gut microbiome patterns of preterm infants were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION We independently reviewed the selected articles and extracted information using predefined data extraction criteria including study design, study participants, type of feeding, type and frequency of biospecimen (e.g., feces, gastric aspirate) collection, microbiological analysis method, and major results. DATA SYNTHESIS In 4 of the 18 studies included in the review, researchers described the effects of milk products (mothers' own milk, donor human milk, and formula). In 5 studies, the effects of prebiotics were assessed, and in 9 studies, the effects of probiotics on the gut microbiome were described. Mothers' own breast milk feeding influenced the compositional structure of preterm infants' gut microbial community and increased diversity of gut microbiota compared with donor human milk and formula feeding. The results of the use of prebiotics and probiotics varied among studies; however, the majority of the researchers reported positive bifidogenic effects on the development of beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSION Mothers' own milk is considered the best form of nutrition for preterm infants and the gut microbial community. Variation in fatty acid composition across infant feeding types can affect microbial composition. The evidence for supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics to promote the gut microbial community structure is compelling; however, additional research is needed in this area.
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48
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Paparo L, Aitoro R, Nocerino R, Fierro C, Bruno C, Canani RB. Direct effects of fermented cow's milk product with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on human enterocytes. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:165-172. [PMID: 29065709 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 (FM-CBAL74) exerts a preventive effect against infectious diseases in children. We evaluated if this effect is at least in part related to a direct modulation of non-immune and immune defence mechanisms in human enterocytes. Human enterocytes (Caco-2) were stimulated for 48 h with FM-CBAL74 at different concentrations. Cell growth was assessed by colorimetric assay; cell differentiation (assessed by lactase expression), tight junction proteins (zonula occludens1 and occludin), mucin 2, and toll-like receptor (TRL) pathways were analysed by real-time PCR; innate immunity peptide synthesis, beta-defensin-2 (HBD-2) and cathelicidin (LL-37) were evaluated by ELISA. Mucus layer thickness was analysed by histochemistry. FMCBA L74 stimulated cell growth and differentiation, tight junction proteins and mucin 2 expression, and mucus layer thickness in a dose-dependent fashion. A significant stimulation of HBD-2 and LL-37 synthesis, associated with a modulation of TLR pathway, was also observed. FM-CBAL74 regulates non-immune and immune defence mechanisms through a direct interaction with the enterocytes. These effects could be involved in the preventive action against infectious diseases demonstrated by this fermented product in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Paparo
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Aitoro
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Nocerino
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - C Fierro
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - C Bruno
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - R Berni Canani
- 1 Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.,2 European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.,3 CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples 'Federico II', via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Teng X, Gao C, Sun M, Wu J. Clinical significance of fecal calprotectin for the early diagnosis of abdominal type of Henoch-Schonlein purpura in children. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:1667-1673. [PMID: 29018973 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the value of fecal calprotectin (FC) for early screening of the abdominal type of Henoch-Schonlein purpura (AHSP) in children. The study cohort included 40 children with AHSP treated at Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from November 2014 to November 2015, and 40 children hospitalized in the Division of Pediatric Orthopedics in the corresponding period were selected as a control group. Fresh fecal samples were collected in the acute phase of the first visit (FC1), 3 days after treatment (FC2), and 7 days after treatment (FC3) from the AHSP group and the control group. Calprotectin levels in the fecal samples were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the same time, gastrointestinal performance and the laboratory examination indicators white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP) level were recorded. The median levels of FC1 (3053 μg/g) and FC2 (2778.3 μg/g) were higher than in the control group (102.5 μg/g), with significant differences among the three groups (p < 0.001). FC levels gradually decreased in remission, and the level of FC3 on day 7 was close to that of the control samples (p > 0.05). When the optimal cut-off was 264.5 μg/g, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of FC for diagnosis of AHSP was 0.961 with a corresponding sensitivity and specificity of 93.1 and 87.5%, respectively. The levels of FC in children with AHSP were positively correlated with WBC count (r s = 0.688) and CRP value (r s = 0.513). The area under the ROC curve of WBC count for screening AHSP was 0.785 when the optimal cut-off value was 11.1 × 109/L with a corresponding sensitivity and specificity of 81.5 and 62.5%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of CRP was 0.963 when the optimal cut-off value was 5.72 mg/dL with a corresponding sensitivity and specificity of 88.9 and 100%, respectively. Comparisons of FC, WBC count, and CRP level as diagnostic indicators of AHSP showed that the sensitivity of FC was higher than that of the WBC count and CRP level, and its diagnostic value was better than that of the WBC count. The levels of FC began to increase in the early stages of AHSP, showing a decreasing tendency in remission and tending to be within a normal range after a week or so. For the early diagnosis of AHSP, FC with a cut-off level of 264.5 μg/g has good sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity of FC is better than that of the traditional inflammation indicators CRP and WBC count, and its diagnostic performance is better than WBC count; FC can be suitable as a new marker for the early diagnosis of AHSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Teng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Cuiyun Gao
- Department of Pediatric, Central Hospital Affiliated To ShengYang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, China.
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Specific Signatures of the Gut Microbiota and Increased Levels of Butyrate in Children Treated with Fermented Cow's Milk Containing Heat-Killed Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01206-17. [PMID: 28733284 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01206-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that cow's milk fermented with the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 (FM-CBAL74) reduces the incidence of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections in young children attending school. This effect apparently derives from a complex regulation of non-immune and immune protective mechanisms. We investigated whether FM-CBAL74 could regulate gut microbiota composition and butyrate production. We randomly selected 20 healthy children (12 to 48 months) from the previous randomized controlled trial, before (t0) and after 3 months (t3) of dietary treatment with FM-CBAL74 (FM) or placebo (PL). Fecal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and the fecal butyrate concentration was also measured. Microbial alpha and beta diversities were not significantly different between groups prior to treatment. FM-CBAL74 but not PL treatment increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus Individual Blautia, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium oligotypes were associated with FM-CBAL74 treatment and demonstrated correlative associations with immune biomarkers. Accordingly, PICRUSt analysis predicted an increase in the proportion of genes involved in butyrate production pathways, consistent with an increase in fecal butyrate observed only in the FM group. Dietary supplementation with FM-CBAL74 induces specific signatures in gut microbiota composition and stimulates butyrate production. These effects are associated with changes in innate and acquired immunity.IMPORTANCE The use of a fermented milk product containing the heat-killed probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei CBAL74 induces changes in the gut microbiota, promoting the development of butyrate producers. These changes in the gut microbiota composition correlate with increased levels of innate and acquired immunity biomarkers.
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