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Wischmeyer PE, Tang H, Ren Y, Bohannon L, Jiang D, Bergens M, Ramirez ZE, Andermann TM, Messina JA, Sung JA, Jensen D, Jung SH, Artica A, Britt A, Bush A, Johnson E, Lew MV, Winthrop H, Pamanes C, Racioppi A, Zhao AT, Wan Z, Surana NK, Sung AD. Efficacy of probiotic treatment as post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19: A double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized trial. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:259-267. [PMID: 38103462 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose unprecedented challenges to worldwide health. While vaccines are effective, additional strategies to mitigate the spread/severity of COVID-19 continue to be needed. Emerging evidence suggests susceptibility to respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects can be reduced by probiotic interventions; thus, probiotics may be a low-risk, low-cost, and easily implementable modality to reduce risk of COVID-19. METHODS In this initial study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial across the United States testing probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) as postexposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in 182 participants who had household exposure to someone with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosed within ≤7 days. Participants were randomized to receive oral LGG or placebo for 28 days. The primary outcome was development of illness symptoms within 28 days of COVID-19 exposure. Stool was collected to evaluate microbiome changes. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analysis showed LGG treatment led to a lower likelihood of developing illness symptoms versus placebo (26.4 % vs. 42.9 %, p = 0.02). Further, LGG was associated with a statistically significant reduction in COVID-19 diagnosis (log rank, p = 0.049) via time-to-event analysis. Overall incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis did not significantly differ between LGG and placebo groups (8.8 % vs. 15.4 %, p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS This data suggests LGG is associated with prolonged time to COVID-19 infection, reduced incidence of illness symptoms, and gut microbiome changes when used as prophylaxis ≤7 days post-COVID-19 exposure, but not overall incidence. This initial work may inform future COVID-19 prevention studies worldwide, particularly in developing nations where Lacticaseibacillus probiotics have previously been utilized to reduce other non-COVID infectious-morbidity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04399252, Date: 22/05/2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04399252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Wischmeyer
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Helen Tang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Bohannon
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Danting Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Zeni E Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tessa M Andermann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julia A Messina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julia A Sung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Jensen
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sin-Ho Jung
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Artica
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anne Britt
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy Bush
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ernaya Johnson
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Meagan V Lew
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hilary Winthrop
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Claudia Pamanes
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alessandro Racioppi
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron T Zhao
- Duke University Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zihan Wan
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Neeraj K Surana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony D Sung
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Batista KS, de Albuquerque JG, de Vasconcelos MHA, Bezerra MLR, da Silva Barbalho MB, Pinheiro RO, Aquino JDS. Probiotics and prebiotics: potential prevention and therapeutic target for nutritional management of COVID-19? Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:181-198. [PMID: 34668465 PMCID: PMC8593414 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422421000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Scientists are working to identify prevention/treatment methods and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nutritional status and diet have a major impact on the COVID-19 disease process, mainly because of the bidirectional interaction between gut microbiota and lung, that is, the gut-lung axis. Individuals with inadequate nutritional status have a pre-existing imbalance in the gut microbiota and immunity as seen in obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other chronic diseases. Communication between the gut microbiota and lungs or other organs and systems may trigger worse clinical outcomes in viral respiratory infections. Thus, this review addresses new insights into the use of probiotics and prebiotics as a preventive nutritional strategy in managing respiratory infections such as COVID-19 and highlighting their anti-inflammatory effects against the main signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19. Literature search was performed through PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases; relevant clinical articles were included. Significant randomised clinical trials suggest that specific probiotics and/or prebiotics reduce diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, cough, sore throat, fever, and viral infection complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. These beneficial effects are linked with modulation of the microbiota, products of microbial metabolism with antiviral activity, and immune-regulatory properties of specific probiotics and prebiotics through Treg cell production and function. There is a need to conduct clinical and pre-clinical trials to assess the combined effect of consuming these components and undergoing current therapies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sabino Batista
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gondim de Albuquerque
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária s/n, Recife, Brazil
- Post Graduate in Biotechnology, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Maria Helena Araújo de Vasconcelos
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Rolim Bezerra
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Mariany Bernardino da Silva Barbalho
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael Oliveira Pinheiro
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Jailane de Souza Aquino
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Cidade Universitária, s/n-Castelo Branco III, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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Erol I, Kotil SE, Ortakci F, Durdagi S. Exploring the binding capacity of lactic acid bacteria derived bacteriocins against RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant by molecular simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10774-10784. [PMID: 36591650 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2158934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome have resulted in the emergence of new variants. Some of the variants have been classified as variants of concern (VOC). These strains have higher transmission rate and improved fitness. One of the prevalent were the Omicron variant. Unlike previous VOCs, the Omicron possesses fifteen mutations on the spike protein's receptor binding domain (RBD). The modifications of spike protein's key amino acid residues facilitate the virus' binding capability against ACE2, resulting in an increase in the infectiousness of Omicron variant. Consequently, investigating the prevention and treatment of the Omicron variant is crucial. In the present study, we aim to explore the binding capacity of twenty-two bacteriocins derived from Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) against the Omicron variant by using protein-peptidedocking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Omicron variant RBD was prepared by introducing fifteen mutations using PyMol. The protein-peptide complexes were obtained using HADDOCK v2.4 docking webserver. Top scoring complexes obtained from HADDOCK webserver were retrieved and submitted to the PRODIGY server for the prediction of binding energies. RBD-bacteriocin complexes were subjected to MD simulations. We discovered promising peptide-based therapeutic candidates for the inhibition of Omicron variant for example Salivaricin B, Pediocin PA 1, Plantaricin W, Lactococcin mmfii and Enterocin A. The lead bacteriocins, except Enterocin A, are biosynthesized by food-grade lactic acid bacteria. Our study puts forth a preliminary information regarding potential utilization of food-grade LAB-derived bacteriocins, particularly Salivaricin B and Pediocin PA 1, for Covid-19 treatment and prophylaxis.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Erol
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfullah Enes Kotil
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Ortakci
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Pharmacy, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Haldar S, Jadhav SR, Gulati V, Beale DJ, Balkrishna A, Varshney A, Palombo EA, Karpe AV, Shah RM. Unravelling the gut-lung axis: insights into microbiome interactions and Traditional Indian Medicine's perspective on optimal health. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad103. [PMID: 37656879 PMCID: PMC10508358 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the human gut is a complex assemblage of microorganisms that are in a symbiotic relationship with one another and profoundly influence every aspect of human health. According to converging evidence, the human gut is a nodal point for the physiological performance matrixes of the vital organs on several axes (i.e. gut-brain, gut-lung, etc). As a result of COVID-19, the importance of gut-lung dysbiosis (balance or imbalance) has been realised. In view of this, it is of utmost importance to develop a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome, as well as its dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the gut-lung axial microbiome and its importance in maintaining optimal health. Human populations have successfully adapted to geophysical conditions through traditional dietary practices from around the world. In this context, a section has been devoted to the traditional Indian system of medicine and its theories and practices regarding the maintenance of optimally customized gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Haldar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Snehal R Jadhav
- Consumer-Analytical-Safety-Sensory (CASS) Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Vandana Gulati
- Biomedical Science, School of Science and Technology Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - David J Beale
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Avinash V Karpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Socio-Eternal Thinking for Unity (SETU), Melbourne, VIC 3805, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rohan M Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora West, VIC 3083, Australia
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5
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Xie J, Zhong Q, Wu WT, Chen JJ. Multi-omics data reveals the important role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the crosstalk between gut and brain in depression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:93. [PMID: 36750892 PMCID: PMC9903503 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota plays a critical role in the onset and development of depression, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. This study was conducted to observe the characteristics of gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and neurotransmitters in Gut-Liver-Brain axis in depressed mice (DM), and identify some novel perceptions on relationships between gut microbiota and depression. METHODS A mouse model of depression was built used chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Fecal samples (measuring gut microbiota compositions, microbial genes and lipid metabolites), liver samples (measuring lipid metabolites), and hippocampus (measuring neurotransmitters) were collected. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to identify the differential gut microbiota, metabolic signatures and neurotransmitters in DM. RESULTS There were significant differences on both microbial and metabolic signatures between DM and control mice (CM): 71 significantly changed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (60.56% belonged to phylum Firmicutes) and 405 differential lipid metabolites (51.11% belonged to Glycerophospholipid (GP) metabolism) were identified. Functional analysis showed that depressive-like behaviors (DLB)-related differential microbial genes were mainly enriched in GP metabolism. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed that DLB-related differential metabolites mainly belonged to GPs. Meanwhile, seven differential neurotransmitters were identified. Comprehensive analysis found that Lachnospiraceae and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were significantly correlated with 94.20% and 53.14% differential GPs, respectively, and GABA was significantly correlated with three main DLB phenotypes. CONCLUSION Our results provided novel perceptions on the role of Gut-Liver-Brain axis in the onset of depression, and showed that GP metabolism might be the bridge between gut microbiota and depression. "Lachnospiraceae-GP metabolism-GABA" held the promise as a potential way between gut microbiota and brain functions in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- grid.190737.b0000 0001 0154 0904Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400010 China
| | - Qi Zhong
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Wen-tao Wu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Jian-jun Chen
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China
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Ahmed LA, Al-Massri KF. Gut Microbiota Modulation for Therapeutic Management of Various Diseases: A New Perspective Using Stem Cell Therapy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:43-59. [PMID: 35196976 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220222105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis has been linked to various diseases ranging from cardiovascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and metabolic illnesses to cancer. Restoring of gut microbiota balance represents an outstanding clinical target for the management of various multidrug-resistant diseases. Preservation of gut microbial diversity and composition could also improve stem cell therapy which now has diverse clinical applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Gut microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy may be considered a highly promising field that could add up towards the improvement of different diseases, increasing the outcome and efficacy of each other through mutual interplay or interaction between both therapies. Importantly, more investigations are required to reveal the cross-talk between microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy to pave the way for the development of new therapies with enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of dysbiosis in various diseases and their management. It also discusses microbiota modulation via antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant to introduce the concept of dysbiosis correction for the management of various diseases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the beneficial interactions between microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy as a way for the development of new therapies in addition to limitations and future challenges regarding the applications of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled F Al-Massri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Palestine, Gaza, Palestine
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Deducing the Interplay Between Gut Flora and Respiratory Diseases: A New Therapeutic Strategy? Indian J Microbiol 2022; 63:1-17. [PMID: 36575670 PMCID: PMC9778463 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal system, also referred to as the gut, is a universe that colonizes trillions of microbes. In addition to its digestive functions, the gut represents a biosystem that determines all the health vectors. It is now recognized as one of the body's defense systems, and good gut health regulates the body's immune responses. Disturbance of this barrier can trigger many diseases, including respiratory tract infections, as there is a close correlation between the gut microbiome and the chances of triggering illness. This review investigates the various factors affecting the gut microbiome, the diseases that can result from the dysregulation of the same, and their molecular mechanisms. The most basic solution to tackle this problem is to maintain the gut microbiome at the desired level. Timely diagnosis and interventions are needed for the proper management of the ensuing conditions. It is important to address the effects of factors on the gut microbiome and thereby regulate this level. The study also found that dysregulation in the system can lead to various diseases such as asthma, COPD, lung cancer following their respective pathways. In short, this paper reinforces the importance of the gut microbiome, the need to maintain its average level, and the need for proper interventions to treat the consequences. The manuscript posit that medications, diet as well and good physiological conditions of the human body can alter the microbiome and can ward off respiratory infections.
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Allen J, Evans CA, Datta S. Probiotics for preventing or treating COVID-19; a systematic review of research evidence and meta-analyses of efficacy for preventing death, severe disease, or disease progression. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18526.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 variants threaten health globally. Despite improving vaccines and treatments, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies to prevent or reduce the severity of COVID-19. Potential strategies include probiotics, which are safe, inexpensive, globally available and have been studied previously in relation to respiratory infections. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of experimental, trial or observational research evidence evaluating probiotics compared with control groups for preventing or treating COVID-19. We searched PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar and Web of Science bibliographic databases for studies published until December 6, 2021. We then performed meta-analyses for outcomes reported consistently across studies. Outcomes reported inconsistently or not amenable to meta-analysis were compared descriptively. Results: We identified six eligible studies, which were all published in 2020 and 2021: one randomized controlled trial and five retrospective cohort studies. The only randomized controlled trial reported that groups that ingested probiotics compared with control groups that did not ingest probiotics did not differ significantly with respect to death, severe disease requiring admission to an intensive care unit or disease progression (all p>0.5). The five retrospective cohort studies reported various apparently beneficial and harmful COVID-19 outcome associations with probiotic ingestion. Meta-analyses revealed no significant associations between probiotic use and death, severe disease, or disease progression caused by COVID-19. Descriptive data revealed that probiotic ingestion was associated with a trend towards worsened duration of hospital stay, improvements in measures of respiratory condition and worsened disease duration. The evidence for these contradictory associations was weak because all studies were prone to bias and none were considered to be of high quality. Conclusions: Current evidence does not suggest that probiotics affect COVID-19 severity or mortality. However, additional higher quality studies need to be conducted to definitively determine if probiotics would be a useful adjunctive treatment for COVID-19.
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Abbasi AF, Marinkovic A, Prakash S, Sanyaolu A, Smith S. COVID-19 and the Human Gut Microbiome: An Under-Recognized Association. Chonnam Med J 2022; 58:96-101. [PMID: 36245770 PMCID: PMC9535107 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2022.58.3.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease with a wide range of respiratory and extrapulmonary symptoms, as well as gastrointestinal symptoms. Despite recent research linking gut microbiota to infectious diseases like influenza, minimal information is known about the gut microbiota's function in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Studies suggest that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and gut barrier dysfunction may play a role in COVID-19 pathogenesis by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Regardless of whether patients had taken medication or disease severity, the gut microbiota composition was significantly altered in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 individuals. Several gut commensals with recognized immunomodulatory potential, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium rectale, and bifidobacteria, were underrepresented in patients and remained low in samples taken several weeks after disease resolution. Furthermore, even with disease resolution, dysbiosis in the gut microbiota may contribute to chronic symptoms, underscoring the need to learn more about how gut microbes play a role in inflammation and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stella Smith
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
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10
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Brahma S, Naik A, Lordan R. Probiotics: A gut response to the COVID-19 pandemic but what does the evidence show? Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:17-27. [PMID: 36184201 PMCID: PMC9393107 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), research has focused on understanding the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Identifying and developing prophylactic and therapeutics strategies to manage the pandemic is still of critical importance. Among potential targets, the role of the gut and lung microbiomes in COVID-19 has been questioned. Consequently, probiotics were touted as potential prophylactics and therapeutics for COVID-19. In this review we highlight the role of the gut and lung microbiome in COVID-19 and potential mechanisms of action of probiotics. We also discuss the progress of ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 that aim to modulate the microbiome using probiotics in an effort to develop prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. To date, despite the large interest in this area of research, there is promising but limited evidence to suggest that probiotics are an effective prophylactic or treatment strategy for COVID-19. However, the role of the microbiome in pathogenesis and as a potential target for therapeutics of COVID-19 cannot be discounted.
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Ho CY, Majid HA, Jamhuri N, Ahmad AF, Selvarajoo TA. Lower Ileostomy Output among Postoperative Colorectal Cancer Patients After Supplemented with Partially Hydrolysed Guar Gum: Outcome of a Pilot Study. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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12
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Ziyaei K, Ataie Z, Mokhtari M, Adrah K, Daneshmehr MA. An insight to the therapeutic potential of algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Focusing on the COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:244-257. [PMID: 35306019 PMCID: PMC8924028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic severely affected human health worldwide. The rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases and successive mutations of the virus have made it a major challenge for scientists to find the best and efficient drug/vaccine/strategy to counteract the virus pathogenesis. As a result of research in scientific databases, regulating the immune system and its responses with nutrients and nutritional interventions is the most critical solution to prevent and combat this infection. Also, modulating other organs such as the intestine with these compounds can lead to the vaccines' effectiveness. Marine resources, mainly algae, are rich sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds with known immunomodulatory properties and the gut microbiome regulations. According to the purpose of the review, algae-derived bioactive compounds with immunomodulatory activities, sulfated polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have a good effect on the immune system. In addition, they have probiotic/prebiotic properties in the intestine and modulate the gut microbiomes; therefore, they can increase the effectiveness of vaccines produced. Thus, they with respectable safety, immune regulation, and modulation of microbiota have potential therapeutic against infections, especially COVID-19. They can also be employed as promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of viral infections, such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Ziyaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Ataie
- Evidence-based Phytotherapy & Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Laboratory of System Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Kelvin Adrah
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Daneshmehr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Arancibia-Hernández YL, Aranda-Rivera AK, Cruz-Gregorio A, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect of Mg 2+ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2348. [PMID: 35357063 PMCID: PMC9111052 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), characterised by high levels of inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress induces oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, causing tissue damage. Both inflammation and OS contribute to multi-organ failure in severe cases. Magnesium (Mg2+ ) regulates many processes, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, as well as the proper functioning of other micronutrients such as vitamin D. In addition, Mg2+ participates as a second signalling messenger in the activation of T cells. Therefore, Mg2+ deficiency can cause immunodeficiency, exaggerated acute inflammatory response, decreased antioxidant response, and OS. Supplementation with Mg2+ has an anti-inflammatory response by reducing the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin (IL) -6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, Mg2+ supplementation improves mitochondrial function and increases the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) content, reducing OS. Therefore, Mg2+ supplementation is a potential way to reduce inflammation and OS, strengthening the immune system to manage COVID-19. This narrative review will address Mg2+ deficiency associated with a worse disease prognosis, Mg2+ supplementation as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy during and after COVID-19 disease, and suggest that randomised controlled trials are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio F-315, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Bai S, Bai H, Li D, Zhong Q, Xie J, Chen JJ. Gut Microbiota-Related Inflammation Factors as a Potential Biomarker for Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:831186. [PMID: 35372107 PMCID: PMC8965553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.831186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although many works have been done, the objectively measured diagnostic biomarkers are not available. Thus, we conducted this study to identify potential biomarkers for objectively diagnosing depression and explore the role of gut microbiota in the onset of depression. Methods Major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (n=56) and demographic data-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n=56) were included in this study. The gut microbiota in fecal samples and inflammation-related factors in serum were measured. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify the differential gut microbiota and inflammation-related factors. Results Finally, 46 differential operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (60.9% OTUs belonging to Firmicutes) and ten differential inflammation-related factors were identified. Correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between 14 differential OTUs (9 OTUs belonging to Firmicutes and 5 OTUs belonging to family Lachnospiraceae under Firmicutes) and seven differential inflammation-related factors. Meanwhile, 14 differential OTUs (9 OTUs belonging to Firmicutes and 5 OTUs belonging to family Lachnospiraceae under Firmicutes) and five differential inflammation-related factors (adiponectin, apolipoprotein A1, alpha 1-antitrypsin, neutrophilicgranulocyte count/white blood cell count and basophil count) were significantly correlated to depression severity. A panel consisting of these five differential inflammation-related factors could effectively diagnose MDD patients from HCs. Conclusions Our results suggested that Firmicutes, especially family Lachnospiraceae, might play a role in the onset of depression via affecting the inflammation levels of host, and these five differential inflammation-related factors could be potential biomarkers for objectively diagnosing MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjie Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huili Bai
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical Detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Detao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chongqing, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-jun Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-jun Chen,
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15
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Farsi Y, Tahvildari A, Arbabi M, Vazife F, Sechi LA, Shahidi Bonjar AH, Jamshidi P, Nasiri MJ, Mirsaeidi M. Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:804644. [PMID: 35310853 PMCID: PMC8930898 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.804644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019. Considering the important role of gut microbiota in maturation, regulation, and induction of the immune system and subsequent inflammatory processes, it seems that evaluating the composition of gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy individuals may have potential value as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for the disease. Also, therapeutic interventions affecting gut microbial flora may open new horizons in the treatment of COVID-19 patients and accelerating their recovery. Methods A systematic search was conducted for relevant studies published from December 2019 to December 2021 using Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Articles containing the following keywords in titles or abstracts were selected: "SARS-CoV-2" or "COVID-19" or "Coronavirus Disease 19" and "gastrointestinal microbes" or "dysbiosis" or "gut microbiota" or "gut bacteria" or "gut microbes" or "gastrointestinal microbiota". Results Out of 1,668 studies, 22 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and a total of 1,255 confirmed COVID-19 patients were examined. All included studies showed a significant association between COVID-19 and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The most alteration in bacterial composition of COVID-19 patients was depletion in genera Ruminococcus, Alistipes, Eubacterium, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Fusicathenibacter, and Blautia and enrichment of Eggerthella, Bacteroides, Actinomyces, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Rothia, and Collinsella. Also, some gut microbiome alterations were associated with COVID-19 severity and poor prognosis including the increment of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, Campylobacter, Rothia, Corynebacterium, Megasphaera, Enterococcus, and Aspergillus spp. and the decrement of Roseburia, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Conclusion Our study showed a significant change of gut microbiome composition in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy individuals. This great extent of impact has proposed the gut microbiota as a potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. There is much evidence about this issue, and it is expected to be increased in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Farsi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azin Tahvildari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Arbabi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Vazife
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonardo A. Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Struttura Complessa (SC), Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Sassari, Italy
| | - Amir Hashem Shahidi Bonjar
- Clinician Scientist of Dental Materials and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Jamshidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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16
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Lange KW. The contribution of food bioactives and nutrition to the management of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF FUTURE FOODS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9012071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor nutrition predisposes to infection, and various food compounds, such as micronutrients, are key elements of immune competence. A large number of scientific publications have suggested a role of phytochemicals, food bioactives and nutrition in combating the current coronavirus pandemic. Various dietary components and specific food supplements have been proposed to be helpful in the prevention or therapy of COVID-19. While findings in preclinical models suggest that food bioactives and micronutrients may potentially augment viral defense, evidence supporting antiviral and immunomodulatory efficacy of these compounds in the prevention or management of COVID-19 is non-existent. Large-scale epidemiological and well-designed clinical studies investigating dosage and combinations of food compounds in different age groups and populations are needed before any recommendations can be made. Both malnutrition and overnutrition can adversely affect the immune system. Malnutrition at population level appears to be associated with elevated rates of fatal outcomes of COVID-19. Obesity and non-communicable diseases have been found to be a prognostic risk factor associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. A focus on obesity and nutrition-related chronic diseases should be a key element of public health. This approach would be more effective than the far less promising search for food bioactives with potential immune-supportive efficacy.
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17
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Govers C, Calder PC, Savelkoul HFJ, Albers R, van Neerven RJJ. Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841532. [PMID: 35296080 PMCID: PMC8918570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections place a heavy burden on the health care system, particularly in the winter months. Individuals with a vulnerable immune system, such as very young children and the elderly, and those with an immune deficiency, are at increased risk of contracting a respiratory infection. Most respiratory infections are relatively mild and affect the upper respiratory tract only, but other infections can be more serious. These can lead to pneumonia and be life-threatening in vulnerable groups. Rather than focus entirely on treating the symptoms of infectious disease, optimizing immune responsiveness to the pathogens causing these infections may help steer towards a more favorable outcome. Nutrition may have a role in such prevention through different immune supporting mechanisms. Nutrition contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system, with various nutrients acting as energy sources and building blocks during the immune response. Many micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) act as regulators of molecular responses of immune cells to infection. It is well described that chronic undernutrition as well as specific micronutrient deficiencies impair many aspects of the immune response and make individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, other dietary components such as proteins, pre-, pro- and synbiotics, and also animal- and plant-derived bioactive components can further support the immune system. Both the innate and adaptive defense systems contribute to active antiviral respiratory tract immunity. The initial response to viral airway infections is through recognition by the innate immune system of viral components leading to activation of adaptive immune cells in the form of cytotoxic T cells, the production of neutralizing antibodies and the induction of memory T and B cell responses. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of a range different dietary components on anti-infective innate as well as adaptive immune responses and to propose mechanisms by which they may interact with the immune system in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Govers
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Research & Development, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: R. J. Joost van Neerven,
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18
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Najmi N, Megantara I, Andriani L, Goenawan H, Lesmana R. Importance of gut microbiome regulation for the prevention and recovery process after SARS‑CoV‑2 respiratory viral infection (Review). Biomed Rep 2022; 16:25. [PMID: 35251612 PMCID: PMC8889546 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been reported to affect organs other than the lungs, including the liver, brain, kidneys and intestine, and gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal discomfort, have also been reported. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 could potentially directly or indirectly regulate the gut microbiome profile and its homeostasis. The abundance of Coprobacillus, Clostridium ramosum and Clostridium are associated with the severity of COVID-19, and Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are also related to COVID-19 infection. The four phyla are correlated with the severity of COVID-19 infection in patients. The modulation of factors that control the physiological growth of the gut microbiome will determine the proportionate ratio of microbiome types (profile). Taken together, gut microbiome profile alterations in COVID-19 patients may have a cross effect with the modulation of cytokine levels in COVID-19 infection. With these findings, several factors that regulate gut microbiome homeostasis may support the degree of the clinical symptoms and hasten the recovery process after COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuroh Najmi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Imam Megantara
- Division of Biological Activty Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Lovita Andriani
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Division of Biological Activty Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- Division of Biological Activty Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java 45363, Indonesia
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Xavier-Santos D, Padilha M, Fabiano GA, Vinderola G, Gomes Cruz A, Sivieri K, Costa Antunes AE. Evidences and perspectives of the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as adjuvants for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 120:174-192. [PMID: 35002079 PMCID: PMC8720301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease transmitted by the virus responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which exhibit several clinical manifestations including gastrointestinal symptoms. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review aimed to provide insights and perspectives for the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as adjuvants for prevention/treatment and/or modulation of the microbiota in COVID-19 patients. Eighty-four studies published in the Scopus database from the onset of the pandemic until December 2021 were assessed and submitted to a bibliometric analysis adapted from VOSviewer software. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Through bibliometric analysis, it might be suggested that the modulation of the gut/lung microbiome is promising as an adjuvant for the prevention/treatment of COVID-19 patients, due to immunomodulation properties related to probiotics and prebiotics. So far, few clinical studies involving the application of probiotics in COVID-19 patients have been completed, but reduction in the duration of the disease and the severity of symptoms as fatigue, olfactory dysfunction and breathlessness, nausea and vomiting and other gastrointestinal symptoms were some of the main findings. However, probiotics are not recommended to immunocompromised patients in corticosteroid therapy. The future perspectives point to the modulation of the intestinal microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics represent a promising adjuvant approach for improving the health of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Xavier-Santos
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Padilha
- Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Zip Code 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Alexandre Fabiano
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santiago Del Estero 2829, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Adriano Gomes Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 121/125 Senador Furtado St, Zip Code 20270-021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú Km 1, Zip Code 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriane Elisabete Costa Antunes
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350, Limeira, SP, Brazil,Corresponding author
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20
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Perez-Araluce R, Martínez-González MÁ, Gea A, Carlos S. Components of the Mediterranean Diet and Risk of COVID-19. Front Nutr 2022; 8:805533. [PMID: 35141266 PMCID: PMC8819171 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.805533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet has been customarily assessed with the Mediterranean diet score (MDS or Trichopolou Index), with values of 0 or 1 assigned to each of the nine elements, and with the use of the sex-specific median as the cutoff. The value of persons whose consumption of the six beneficial items (ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids, vegetables, legumes, fruits and nuts, cereal, and fish) is at or above the median and is assigned a value of 1. Otherwise they receive 0 points. For detrimental elements (meats and dairy products) persons whose consumption is below the median are assigned a value of 1. An additional ninth point is assigned to moderate ethanol intake. We assessed the effect of each of the nine components of the MDS (replacing the fats ratio with olive oil, the main source of monounsaturated fats in the Mediterranean diet) on the risk of COVID-19 infection, symptomatic and severe COVID-19. From March to December 2020, 9,699 participants of the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) cohort answered a COVID-19 questionnaire. After excluding doctors and nurses, 5,194 participants were included in the main statistical analyses. Among them, we observed 382 cases of COVID-19 based on symptoms and clinical diagnosis; 167 of them with test confirmation. For the two COVID-19 definitions used, we found a significant decrease in risk for a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42–0.98, p for trend = 0.040; and OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22–0.88, p for trend = 0.020, for test-diagnosed cases). A protective effect was also found for symptomatic COVID-19 (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.41–1.00, p for trend = 0.050). Among the different individual food groups, only the consumption of whole dairy products showed a harmful direct association. The Mediterranean diet as a whole seems more important than each of its components in preventing the infection and symptoms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Perez-Araluce
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Perez-Araluce
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alfredo Gea
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Carlos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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21
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Precup G, Pocol CB, Teleky BE, Vodnar DC. Awareness, Knowledge, and Interest about Prebiotics-A Study among Romanian Consumers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031208. [PMID: 35162231 PMCID: PMC8834855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumer awareness towards healthier diets and the impact of nutrition on health has triggered an increase in the production and commercialization of foods with health claims. The scientific literature classifies these food products as functional foods, with a role in promoting health and preventing diseases, and they had a market share of almost 200 million EUR in 2019. Prebiotics are considered functional foods, referring to substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit, as defined by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Several health benefits are associated with the consumption of prebiotics; however, specific requirements must demonstrate the causality between the specific ingredient and the claimed effect. Health claims associated with food products are assessed in the European Union and need to be supported by rigorous scientific evidence before being authorized and permitted on the market. Consumers’ perception of this topic is influenced by the various stakeholders involved. The current work aimed to study the consumers’ perception and interest and to assess the knowledge on the prebiotic concept in Romania. The consumer interest level was quantified by using the web-based data tool Google Trends, and a questionnaire-based investigation was designed. The collected data were analyzed with the help of the SPSS program, and crosstabulation was used to identify the influence of socio-demographic characteristics on diet choice and awareness of prebiotics. A total of 303 persons answered the online applied questionnaire, grouped as young consumers (15–24 years old) and adults (25–64 years old). Even if most responders were familiar with the term of prebiotics (74% of total responders), some results were contradictory regarding their knowledge. The work emphasized the need to carry out educational campaigns and inform consumers on the relationship between certain food ingredients and health outcomes in a clear way and based on a rigorous assessment of the scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Precup
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.P.); (B.-E.T.)
| | - Cristina Bianca Pocol
- Department of Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Bernadette-Emőke Teleky
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.P.); (B.-E.T.)
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (G.P.); (B.-E.T.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-747-341-881
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22
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Prolonged viral shedding in feces of children with COVID-19: a systematic review and synthesis of data. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:4011-4017. [PMID: 36114833 PMCID: PMC9483442 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, many reports have indicated that children shed the virus longer than adults in stool, and that most of the children had mild or even asymptomatic infections, which increased the potential risk for feces to be a source of contamination and may play an important role in the spread of the virus. In this review, we collected relevant literature to summarize the duration of fecal viral shedding in children with COVID-19. We found that in about 60% of the cases, the fecal shedding time was between 28 and 42 days, which was much longer than that of adults. We further explored the possible reason for prolonged shedding and its the potential impact. The poor hand hygiene practices of children, their tendency to swallow sputum and/or saliva, the significant difference in expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in intestine between children and adults, and the variance in immune status and intestinal microbiome could be considered as potential casual agents of longer fecal viral shedding duration of children. Conclusion: Children with COVID-19 show prolonged fecal shedding compared to adults. Several mechanisms may be involved in the longer fecal viral shedding. Viral shedding in the stool could be contributing to a possible route of transmission. Therefore, we think that further preventive measures in children should be taken to reduce the spread of the disease. What is Known: • Children with COVID-19 are more likely to have asymptomatic infections and to experience mild symptoms. • Some patients continue to shed the virus in feces, despite respiratory samples testing negative. What is New: • Children with COVID-19 carried a longer-term fecal viral shedding than adults. • The poor hand hygiene practices of children, their tendency to swallow sputum and/or saliva, the difference in expression of ACE2 in intestine between children and adults, and the variance in immune status and intestinal microbiome could be considered as potential casual agents of longer fecal viral shedding duration of children.
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Asrani P, Tiwari K, Eapen MS, McAlinden KD, Haug G, Johansen MD, Hansbro PM, Flanagan KL, Hassan MI, Sohal SS. Clinical features and mechanistic insights into drug repurposing for combating COVID-19. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 142:106114. [PMID: 34748991 PMCID: PMC8570392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan in China before it spread to the entire globe. It causes coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) where mostly individuals present mild symptoms, some remain asymptomatic and some show severe lung inflammation and pneumonia in the host through the induction of a marked inflammatory 'cytokine storm'. New and efficacious vaccines have been developed and put into clinical practice in record time, however, there is a still a need for effective treatments for those who are not vaccinated or remain susceptible to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. Despite this, effective therapeutic interventions against COVID-19 remain elusive. Here, we have reviewed potential drugs for COVID-19 classified on the basis of their mode of action. The mechanisms of action of each are discussed in detail to highlight the therapeutic targets that may help in reducing the global pandemic. The review was done up to July 2021 and the data was assessed through the official websites of WHO and CDC for collecting the information on the clinical trials. Moreover, the recent research papers were also assessed for the relevant data. The search was mainly based on keywords like Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, drugs (specific name of the drugs), COVID-19, clinical efficiency, safety profile, side-effects etc.This review outlines potential areas for future research into COVID-19 treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Tiwari
- ICAR - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Clinical School, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Tasmania Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
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Post-acute Sequelae in COVID-19 Survivors: an Overview. SN COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL MEDICINE 2022; 4:91. [PMID: 35411333 PMCID: PMC8985741 DOI: 10.1007/s42399-022-01172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, varying degrees of clinical manifestations have been noticed in patients. Some patients who recovered from the infection developed long-term effects which have become of interest to the scientific and medical communities, as it relates to pathogenesis and the multidisciplinary approach to treatment. Long COVID (long-term or long-haul) is the collective term used to define recovered individuals of SARS-CoV-2 infection who have presented with persistent COVID symptoms, as well as the emergence of disorders and complications. Following the review of literature from major scientific databases, this paper investigated long COVID and the resulting post-sequela effects on survivors, regardless of initial disease severity. The clinical manifestations and multisystem complications of the disease specifically, cardiovascular, neurologic and psychologic, hematologic, pulmonary, dermatologic, and other ailments were discussed. Patients with chronic COVID-19 were found to experience heart thrombosis leading to myocardial infarction, inflammation, lung fibrosis, stroke, venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, "brain fog", general mood dysfunctions, dermatological issues, and fatigue. As the disease continues to progress and spread, and with the emergence of new variants the management of these persisting symptoms will pose a challenge for healthcare providers and medical systems in the next period of the pandemic. However, more information is needed about long COVID, particularly concerning certain patient populations, variability in follow-up times, the prevalence of comorbidities, and the evolution of the spread of infection. Thus, continued research needs to be conducted concerning the disease pathology to develop preventative measures and management strategies to treat long COVID.
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Wang J, Zhu K, Xue Y, Wen G, Tao L. Research Progress in the Treatment of Complications and Sequelae of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:757605. [PMID: 34926504 PMCID: PMC8674502 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.757605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improvement in the understanding of COVID-19 and the widespread vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines in various countries, the epidemic will be brought under control soon. However, multiple viruses could result in the post-viral syndrome, which is also common among patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the long-term consequences and the corresponding treatment of COVID-19 should be the focus in the post-epidemic era. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for the complications and sequelae of eight major systems caused by COVID-19, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, neurological system, digestive system, urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system and skeletal complication. In addition, we also sorted out the side effects reported in the vaccine trials. The purpose of this article is to remind people of possible complications and sequelae of COVID-19 and provide robust guidance on the treatment. It is extremely important to conduct long-term observational prognosis research on a larger scale, so as to have a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the human body and reduce complications to the greatest extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kuoyun Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangfu Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Chen J, Vitetta L, Henson JD, Hall S. The intestinal microbiota and improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. J Funct Foods 2021; 87:104850. [PMID: 34777578 PMCID: PMC8578005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 cases are mild or asymptomatic and recover well, suggesting that effective immune responses ensue, which successfully eliminate SARS-CoV-2 viruses. However, a small proportion of patients develop severe COVID-19 with pathological immune responses. This indicates that a strong immune system balanced with anti-inflammatory mechanisms is critical for the recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections. Many vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have now been developed for eliciting effective immune responses to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infections or reduce the severity of the disease if infected. Although uncommon, serious morbidity and mortality have resulted from both COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, and further improvement of efficacy and prevention of adverse effects are urgently warranted. Many factors could affect efficacy of these vaccines to achieve optimal immune responses. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota (gut dysbiosis) could be an important risk factor as the gut microbiota is associated with the development and maintenance of an effective immune system response. In this narrative review, we discuss the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, how COVID-19 vaccines elicit protective immune responses, gut dysbiosis involvement in inefficacy and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and the modulation of the gut microbiota by functional foods to improve COVID-19 vaccine immunisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Henson
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
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Hawryłkowicz V, Lietz-Kijak D, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Stachowska L, Folwarski M, Parczewski M, Stachowska E. Patient Nutrition and Probiotic Therapy in COVID-19: What Do We Know in 2021? Nutrients 2021; 13:3385. [PMID: 34684384 PMCID: PMC8538178 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main nutritional consequences of COVID-19 include reduced food intake, hypercatabolism, and rapid muscle wasting. Some studies showed that malnutrition is a significant problem among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection, and the outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2 is strongly associated with their nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to collect useful information about the possible elements of nutritional and probiotic therapy in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS A narrative review of the literature, including studies published up to 13 September 2021. RESULTS Probiotics may support patients by inhibiting the ACE2 receptor, i.e., the passage of the virus into the cell, and may also be effective in suppressing the immune response caused by the proinflammatory cytokine cascade. In patients' diet, it is crucial to ensure an adequate intake of micronutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids (at 2-4 g/d), selenium (300-450 μg/d) and zinc (30-50 mg/d), and vitamins A (900-700 µg/d), E (135 mg/d), D (20,000-50,000 IU), C (1-2 g/d), B6, and B12. Moreover, the daily calorie intake should amount to ≥1500-2000 with 75-100 g of protein. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the treatment of gut dysbiosis involving an adequate intake of prebiotic dietary fiber and probiotics could turn out to be an immensely helpful instrument for immunomodulation, both in COVID-19 patients and prophylactically in individuals with no history of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Hawryłkowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Danuta Lietz-Kijak
- Department of Propedeutics, Physiodiagnostics and Dental Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | | | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical and Acquired Immunological Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (L.S.)
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Neither inflammatory bowel disease nor immunosuppressants are associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19: an observational Dutch cohort study. Clin Exp Med 2021; 22:465-476. [PMID: 34542781 PMCID: PMC8450711 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting data about inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] and immunosuppressants are risk factors for severe COVID-19 confuse patients and healthcare providers. Clinical reports with longer follow-up are lacking. A retrospective search was performed for severe COVID-19 (hospital admission and/or mortality) one year after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in an IBD cohort from one of the most affected Dutch regions. Cohort characteristics were explored by value-based healthcare data, including immunotherapy. COVID-19 cases were detected by ICD-10 codes and further examined for IBD determinants (including medication) and COVID-19 characteristics (intensive care admission, respiratory support, treatment, mortality). The national mortality register was consulted, ensuring detection of patients that died without admission. Results were compared with regional and national general population registries. The IBD cohort consisted of 1453 patients (51% Crohn’s disease, 54% women, 39.9% using immunotherapy), including children. Biologics use increased during the study. Eight cases (0.55%) had severe COVID-19: seven were hospitalized (0.48%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21–1.04), and two died (0.14%, CI 0.002–0.55). Six patients had comorbidity, one used immunotherapy, and four had no medication. Both deceased patients were older than 80 years, had severe comorbidity, but used no immunotherapy. Hospitalization occurred significantly more in the IBD cohort than regionally (0.18%, CI 0.17–0.19, p = 0.015), but not significantly more than nationally (0.28%, CI 0.279–0.284). Mortality was equal in IBD patients, regionally (0.11%, CI 0.10–0.12) and nationally (0.13%, CI 0.125–0.128). Neither IBD nor immunosuppressants are associated with increased risks of severe COVID-19 in an observational study with one-year follow-up.
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Novel Insights into the Role of Probiotics in Respiratory Infections, Allergies, Cancer, and Neurological Abnormalities. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9030060. [PMID: 34562967 PMCID: PMC8482260 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, probiotics have attracted public attention and transformed the social perception of microorganisms, convening a beneficial role/state on human health. With aging, the immune system, body physiology, and intestinal microbiota tend to change unfavorably, resulting in many chronic conditions. The immune-mediated disorders can be linked to intestinal dysbiosis, consequently leading to immune dysfunctions and a cluster of conditions such as asthma, autoimmune diseases, eczema, and various allergies. Probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are considered probiotic species that have a great immunomodulatory and anti-allergic effect. Moreover, recent scientific and clinical data illustrate that probiotics can regulate the immune system, exert anti-viral and anti-tumoral activity, and shields the host against oxidative stress. Additionally, microbiota programming by probiotic bacteria can reduce and prevent the symptoms of respiratory infections and ameliorate the neurological status in humans. This review describes the most recent clinical findings, including safe probiotic therapies aiming to medicate respiratory infections, allergies, cancer, and neurological disorders due to their physiological interconnection. Subsequently, we will describe the major biological mechanism by which probiotic bacteriotherapy expresses its anti-viral, anti-allergic, anticancer, and neuro-stimulatory effects.
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El-Sayed A, Aleya L, Kamel M. Microbiota and epigenetics: promising therapeutic approaches? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49343-49361. [PMID: 34319520 PMCID: PMC8316543 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The direct/indirect responsibility of the gut microbiome in disease induction in and outside the digestive tract is well studied. These results are usually from the overpopulation of certain species on the cost of others, interaction with beneficial microflora, interference with normal epigenetic control mechanisms, or suppression of the immune system. Consequently, it is theoretically possible to cure such disorders by rebalancing the microbiome inside our bodies. This can be achieved by changing the lifestyle pattern and diet or by supplementation with beneficial bacteria or their metabolites. Various approaches have been explored to manipulate the normal microbial inhabitants, including nutraceutical, supplementations with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and antibiotics, or through microbiome transplantation (fecal, skin, or vaginal microbiome transplantation). In the present review, the interaction between the microbiome and epigenetics and their role in disease induction is discussed. Possible future therapeutic approaches via the reestablishment of equilibrium in our internal micro-ecosystem are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Dalamaga M, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Vallianou N, Apovian CM. Understanding the Co-Epidemic of Obesity and COVID-19: Current Evidence, Comparison with Previous Epidemics, Mechanisms, and Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives. Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:214-243. [PMID: 33909265 PMCID: PMC8080486 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity and increased visceral adiposity are strongly and independently linked to adverse outcomes and death due to COVID-19. This review summarizes current epidemiologic data, highlights pathogenetic mechanisms on the association between excess body weight and COVID-19, compares data from previous pandemics, discusses why COVID-19 challenges the "obesity paradox," and presents implications in prevention and treatment as well as future perspectives. RECENT FINDINGS Data from meta-analyses based on recent observational studies have indicated that obesity increases the risks of infection from SARS-CoV-2, severe infection and hospitalization, admission to the ICU and need of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and the risk of mortality, particularly in severe obesity. The risks of IMV and mortality associated with obesity are accentuated in younger individuals (age ≤ 50 years old). The meta-inflammation in obesity intersects with and exacerbates underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in COVID-19 through the following mechanisms and factors: (i) impaired innate and adaptive immune responses; (ii) chronic inflammation and oxidative stress; (iii) endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and aberrant activation of the complement; (iv) overactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; (v) overexpression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor in the adipose tissue; (vi) associated cardiometabolic comorbidities; (vii) vitamin D deficiency; (viii) gut dysbiosis; and (ix) mechanical and psychological issues. Mechanistic and large epidemiologic studies using big data sources with omics data exploring genetic determinants of risk and disease severity as well as large randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are necessary to shed light on the pathways connecting chronic subclinical inflammation/meta-inflammation with adverse COVID-19 outcomes and establish the ideal preventive and therapeutic approaches for patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Second Department of Critical Care, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini St, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia Vallianou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, 45-47 Ypsilantou street, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Caroline M. Apovian
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Doctor’s Office Building, 720 Harrison Avenue, Suite, Boston, MA 8100 USA
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Martínez JE, Vargas A, Pérez-Sánchez T, Encío IJ, Cabello-Olmo M, Barajas M. Human Microbiota Network: Unveiling Potential Crosstalk between the Different Microbiota Ecosystems and Their Role in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:2905. [PMID: 34578783 PMCID: PMC8466470 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is host to a large number of microorganisms which conform the human microbiota, that is known to play an important role in health and disease. Although most of the microorganisms that coexist with us are located in the gut, microbial cells present in other locations (like skin, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and the vaginal zone in women) also play a significant role regulating host health. The fact that there are different kinds of microbiota in different body areas does not mean they are independent. It is plausible that connection exist, and different studies have shown that the microbiota present in different zones of the human body has the capability of communicating through secondary metabolites. In this sense, dysbiosis in one body compartment may negatively affect distal areas and contribute to the development of diseases. Accordingly, it could be hypothesized that the whole set of microbial cells that inhabit the human body form a system, and the dialogue between the different host microbiotas may be a contributing factor for the susceptibility to developing diseased states. For this reason, the present review aims to integrate the available literature on the relationship between the different human microbiotas and understand how changes in the microbiota in one body region can influence other microbiota communities in a bidirectional process. The findings suggest that the different microbiotas may act in a coordinated way to decisively influence human well-being. This new integrative paradigm opens new insights in the microbiota field of research and its relationship with human health that should be taken into account in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miriam Cabello-Olmo
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.E.M.); (A.V.); (T.P.-S.); (I.J.E.)
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Biochemistry Area, Department of Health Science, Public University of Navarre, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.E.M.); (A.V.); (T.P.-S.); (I.J.E.)
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El-Sayed A, Aleya L, Kamel M. Microbiota's role in health and diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36967-36983. [PMID: 34043164 PMCID: PMC8155182 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome is a term that usually refers to the community of various microorganisms that inhabit/live inside human/animal bodies or on their skin. It forms a complex ecosystem that includes trillions of commensals, symbiotics, and even pathogenic microorganisms. The external environment, diet, and lifestyle are the major determinants influencing the microbiome's composition and vitality. Recent studies have indicated the tremendous influence of the microbiome on health and disease. Their number, constitution, variation, and viability are dynamic. All these elements are responsible for the induction, development, and treatment of many health disorders. Serious diseases such as cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and even psychological disorders such as schizophrenia are influenced directly or indirectly by microbiota. In addition, in the last few weeks, accumulating data about the link between COVID-19 and the microbiota were published. In the present work, the role of the microbiome in health and disease is discussed. A deep understanding of the exact role of microbiota in disease induction enables the prevention of diseases and the development of new therapeutic concepts for most diseases through the correction of diet and lifestyle. The present review brings together evidence from the most recent works and discusses suggested nutraceutical approaches for the management of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, F-25030, Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Peng J, Zhang M, Yao G, Kwok LY, Zhang W. Probiotics as Adjunctive Treatment for Patients Contracted COVID-19: Current Understanding and Future Needs. Front Nutr 2021; 8:669808. [PMID: 34179059 PMCID: PMC8222530 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.669808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which rages all over the world and seriously threatens human life and health. Currently, there is no optimal treatment for COVID-19, and emerging evidence found that COVID-19 infection results in gut microbiota dysbiosis. The intestinal microbial richness of patients of COVID-19 does not return to normal levels even six months after recovery, but probiotic adjunctive treatment has been found to restore gut homeostasis. An updated PubMed search returned four finished clinical trials that supported the use of probiotics as adjunctive treatment for COVID-19, while at least six clinical trials aiming to investigate beneficial effects of probiotic intake in managing COVID-19 are currently in progress worldwide. Here in we tentatively summarized the understanding of the actions and potential mechanisms of probiotics in the management of COVID-19. We also highlighted some future needs for probiotic researchers in the field. The success in using probiotics as adjunctive treatment for COVID-19 has expanded the scope of application of probiotics, meanwhile deepening our knowledge in the physiological function of probiotics in modulating the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guoqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Wenyi Zhang
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Strauss M, Mičetić-Turk D, Pogačar MŠ, Fijan S. Probiotics for the Prevention of Acute Respiratory-Tract Infections in Older People: Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:690. [PMID: 34200435 PMCID: PMC8228160 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to present the indirect influence of probiotics on the incidence and duration of acute upper respiratory-tract infections in older people, by regulating the immune system. Eight randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials met the inclusion criteria, considering the threshold of older people being 60 years and over. Single strain probiotics were used in all studies, including three probiotic strains used in fermented foods: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and Lacticaseibacillusparacasei Shirota, and three probiotic strains used as food supplements: Loigolactobacillus coryniformis K8 CECT5711, Bacillus subtilis CU1 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. Current evidence showed that certain probiotic strains were better than a placebo in lowering the incidence or number of older people experiencing acute upper respiratory tract infections; however, not all probiotic strains were efficient, and not all studies reported statistically significant outcomes. More high quality large-scale properly controlled clinical studies focusing on older people are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Strauss
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
| | - Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Maja Šikić Pogačar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Sabina Fijan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Health and Nutrition, University of Maribor, Žitna ulica 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.S.); (D.M.-T.)
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Battaglini D, Robba C, Fedele A, Trancǎ S, Sukkar SG, Di Pilato V, Bassetti M, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Patroniti N, Ball L, Brunetti I, Torres Martí A, Rocco PRM, Pelosi P. The Role of Dysbiosis in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:671714. [PMID: 34150807 PMCID: PMC8211890 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.671714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread worldwide, and the syndrome it causes, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has reached pandemic proportions. Around 30% of patients with COVID-19 experience severe respiratory distress and are admitted to the intensive care unit for comprehensive critical care. Patients with COVID-19 often present an enhanced immune response with a hyperinflammatory state characterized by a "cytokine storm," which may reflect changes in the microbiota composition. Moreover, the evolution to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may increase the severity of COVID-19 and related dysbiosis. During critical illness, the multitude of therapies administered, including antibiotics, sedatives, analgesics, body position, invasive mechanical ventilation, and nutritional support, may enhance the inflammatory response and alter the balance of patients' microbiota. This status of dysbiosis may lead to hyper vulnerability in patients and an inappropriate response to critical circumstances. In this context, the aim of our narrative review is to provide an overview of possible interaction between patients' microbiota dysbiosis and clinical status of severe COVID-19 with ARDS, taking into consideration the characteristic hyperinflammatory state of this condition, respiratory distress, and provide an overview on possible nutritional strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19-ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Battaglini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Fedele
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
| | - Sebastian Trancǎ
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care II, Clinical Emergency County Hospital of Cluj, Iuliu Hatieganu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Samir Giuseppe Sukkar
- Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Pilato
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DISSAL), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute (DISSAL), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Vena
- Clinica Malattie Infettive, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicolò Patroniti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ball
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Iole Brunetti
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
| | - Antoni Torres Martí
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Division of Animal Experimentation, Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- COVID-19-Network, Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communication, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) per l'Oncologia e le Neuroscienze, Genova, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Ramos-Campo DJ, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Dalamitros AA, Nikolaidis PA, Hormeño-Holgado A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:1924. [PMID: 34205138 PMCID: PMC8228835 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shocked world health authorities generating a global health crisis. The present study discusses the main finding in nutrition sciences associated with COVID-19 in the literature. We conducted a consensus critical review using primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. The method was a narrative literature review of the available literature regarding nutrition interventions and nutrition-related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found how the COVID-19 lockdown promoted unhealthy dietary changes and increases in body weight of the population, showing obesity and low physical activity levels as increased risk factors of COVID-19 affection and physiopathology. In addition, hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamin C, D, B12 selenium, iron, omega-3, and medium and long-chain fatty acids highlighting the potential health effect of vitamin C and D interventions. Further investigations are needed to show the complete role and implications of nutrition both in the prevention and in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain;
| | | | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | | | | | - Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), 45007 Toledo, Spain;
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Tang H, Bohannon L, Lew M, Jensen D, Jung SH, Zhao A, Sung AD, Wischmeyer PE. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Probiotics To Eliminate COVID-19 Transmission in Exposed Household Contacts (PROTECT-EHC): a clinical trial protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047069. [PMID: 33952552 PMCID: PMC8102858 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be an unprecedented challenge to worldwide health, and strategies to mitigate the spread and severity of COVID-19 infection are urgently needed. Emerging evidence suggests that the composition of the gut microbiome and modification of microbial ecology via probiotics can affect susceptibility to a wide range of infections, including respiratory tract infections. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) versus placebo on COVID-19 infection status and the gut microbiome in subjects with a household contact who has tested positive for COVID-19. METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, we will randomise 1132 subjects having a household contact who has recently (≤7 days) tested positive for COVID-19 to daily oral LGG or placebo for 28 days. We hypothesise that taking LGG as a probiotic will protect against COVID-19 infection and reduce the severity of disease in those who become infected (primary endpoint: decreased symptoms), and will be associated with beneficial changes in the composition of the gut microbiome. Stool samples and nasal swabs will be collected to evaluate the microbiome by 16S rRNA sequencing and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 by PCR, respectively. We will also conduct multivariate analysis of demographic, behavioural, temporal, and other variables that may predict development of symptoms and other outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial is conducted under a Food and Drug Administration Investigational New Drug for LGG, has received ethics approval by the institutional review board of Duke University and enrolment has begun. We plan to disseminate the results in peer-reviewed journals and at national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04399252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Tang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Bohannon
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meagan Lew
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Jensen
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sin-Ho Jung
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aaron Zhao
- Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony D Sung
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul E Wischmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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K NK, Patil P, Bhandary SK, Haridas V, N SK, E S, Shetty P. Is butyrate a natural alternative to dexamethasone in the management of CoVID-19? F1000Res 2021; 10:273. [PMID: 34046165 PMCID: PMC8108555 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51786.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 has affected more than 100 million lives. Severe CoVID-19 infection may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death of the patient, and is associated with hyperinflammation and cytokine storm. The broad spectrum immunosuppressant corticosteroid, dexamethasone, is being used to manage the cytokine storm and hyperinflammation in CoVID-19 patients. However, the extensive use of corticosteroids leads to serious adverse events and disruption of the gut-lung axis. Various micronutrients and probiotic supplementations are known to aid in the reduction of hyperinflammation and restoration of gut microbiota. The attenuation of the deleterious immune response and hyperinflammation could be mediated by short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota. Butyric acid, the most extensively studied short chain fatty acid, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, butyric acid has been shown to ameliorate hyperinflammation and reduce oxidative stress in various pathologies, including respiratory viral infections. In this review, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of butyric acid that aid in cytokine storm depletion, and its usefulness in effective management of critical illness related to CoVID-19 have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin K. K
- Division of Proteomics and Cancer Biology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Prakash Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Bhandary
- Department of ENT, Justice K S Hegde Charitable Hospital, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Vikram Haridas
- Arthritis Superspeciality Center, Hublic, Karnataka, 580020, India
| | - Suchetha Kumari N
- Department of Biochemistry/Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Sarathkumar E
- Division of Proteomics and Cancer Biology, Nitte University Center for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Praveenkumar Shetty
- Department of Biochemistry/Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, 575018, India
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Santacroce L, Inchingolo F, Topi S, Del Prete R, Di Cosola M, Charitos IA, Montagnani M. Potential beneficial role of probiotics on the outcome of COVID-19 patients: An evolving perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:295-301. [PMID: 33484986 PMCID: PMC7804381 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Probiotics can support the body's systems in fighting viral infections. This review is aimed to focus current knowledge about the use of probiotics as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients. METHODS We performed an extensive research using the PubMed-LitCovid, Cochrane Library, Embase databases, and conducting manual searches on Google Scholar, Elsevier Connect, Web of Science about this issue. RESULTS We have found several papers reporting data about the potential role of probiotics as well as contrasting experimental data about it. CONCLUSIONS Most data show good results demonstrating that probiotics can play a significant role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection, also compared with their use in the past for various diseases. They seem effective in lowering inflammatory status, moreover in patients with chronic comorbidities such as cancer and diabetes, improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy; Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, "A. Xhuvani" University of Elbasan, Rruga Ismail Zyma, 3001, Elbasan, Albania
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Dentistry Unit, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, "A. Xhuvani" University of Elbasan, Rruga Ismail Zyma, 3001, Elbasan, Albania
| | - Raffaele Del Prete
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Di Cosola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Department of Emergency and Urgency, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto 1, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, p.zza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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Mullish BH, Marchesi JR, McDonald JA, Pass DA, Masetti G, Michael DR, Plummer S, Jack AA, Davies TS, Hughes TR, Wang D. Probiotics reduce self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in overweight and obese adults: should we be considering probiotics during viral pandemics? Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-9. [PMID: 33764850 PMCID: PMC8007143 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1900997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome manipulation to alter the gut-lung axis may potentially protect humans against respiratory infections, and clinical trials of probiotics show promise in this regard in healthy adults and children. However, comparable studies are lacking in overweight/obese people, who have increased risks in particular of viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This Addendum further analyses our recent placebo-controlled trial of probiotics in overweight/obese people (focused initially on weight loss) to investigate the impact of probiotics upon the occurrence of URTI symptoms. As well as undergoing loss of weight and improvement in certain metabolic parameters, study participants taking probiotics experienced a 27% reduction in URTI symptoms versus control, with those ≥45 years or BMI ≥30 kg/m2 experiencing greater reductions. This symptom reduction is apparent within 2 weeks of probiotic use. Gut microbiome diversity remained stable throughout the study in probiotic-treated participants. Our data provide support for further trials to assess the potential role of probiotics in preventing viral URTI (and possibly also COVID-19), particularly in overweight/obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julie A.K. McDonald
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Giulia Masetti
- Cultech Limited, Unit 2 Christchurch Road, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, UK
- Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Daryn R. Michael
- Cultech Limited, Unit 2 Christchurch Road, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, UK
| | - Sue Plummer
- Cultech Limited, Unit 2 Christchurch Road, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, UK
| | - Alison A. Jack
- Cultech Limited, Unit 2 Christchurch Road, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, UK
| | - Thomas S. Davies
- Cultech Limited, Unit 2 Christchurch Road, Baglan Industrial Park, Port Talbot, UK
| | - Timothy R. Hughes
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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