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Valderas-García E, Castilla-Gómez de Agüero V, González Del Palacio L, Galli G, Escala N, Ruiz-Somacarrera M, González-Warleta M, Del Olmo E, Balaña-Fouce R, Martínez-Valladares M. New benzimidazole derivative compounds with in vitro fasciolicidal properties. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:173. [PMID: 38570858 PMCID: PMC10993450 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the zoonotic food-borne parasite Fasciola hepatica remains a major challenge in humans and livestock. It is estimated that annual economic losses due to fasciolosis can reach US$3.2 billion in agriculture and livestock. Moreover, the wide distribution of drug-resistant parasite populations and the absence of a vaccine threaten sustainable control, reinforcing the need for novel flukicides. METHODS The present work analyses the flukicidal activity of a total of 70 benzimidazole derivatives on different stages of F. hepatica. With the aim to select the most potent ones, and screenings were first performed on eggs at decreasing concentrations ranging from 50 to 5 µM and then on adult worms at 10 µM. Only the most effective compounds were also evaluated using a resistant isolate of the parasite. RESULTS After the first screenings at 50 and 10 µM, four hit compounds (BZD31, BZD46, BZD56, and BZD59) were selected and progressed to the next assays. At 5 µM, all hit compounds showed ovicidal activities higher than 71% on the susceptible isolate, but only BZD31 remained considerably active (53%) when they were tested on an albendazol-resistant isolate, even with values superior to the reference drug, albendazole sulfoxide. On the other hand, BZD59 displayed a high motility inhibition when tested on adult worms from an albendazole-resistant isolate after 72 h of incubation. CONCLUSIONS BZD31 and BZD59 compounds could be promising candidates for the development of fasciolicidal compounds or as starting point for the new synthesis of structure-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Valderas-García
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura González Del Palacio
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Giulio Galli
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Nerea Escala
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Somacarrera
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Marta González-Warleta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigacións Agrarias de Mabegondo, AGACAL-Xunta de Galicia, Abegondo, 15318, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Esther Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas: Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, CIETUS, IBSAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, 24346, León, Spain.
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Tashibu A, Inaoka DK, Sakamoto K, Murakami K, Zannatul F, Kita K, Ichikawa-Seki M. Fumarate respiration of Fasciola flukes as a potential drug target. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1302114. [PMID: 38332950 PMCID: PMC10850294 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1302114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a neglected tropical zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes belonging to the genus Fasciola. The emergence of resistance to triclabendazole, the only World Health Organization-recommended drug for this disease, highlights the need for the development of new drugs. Helminths possess an anaerobic mitochondrial respiratory chain (fumarate respiration) which is considered a potential drug target. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of fumarate respiration in Fasciola flukes. We analyzed the properties of the respiratory chain of Fasciola flukes in both adults and newly excysted juveniles (NEJs). Fasciola flukes travel and mature through the stomach, bowel, and abdominal cavity to the liver, where oxygen levels gradually decline. High fumarate reductase activity was observed in the mitochondrial fraction of adult Fasciola flukes. Furthermore, rhodoquinone-10 (RQ10 Em'= -63 mV), a low-potential electron mediator used in fumarate respiration was found to be predominant in adults. In contrast, the activity of oxygen respiration was low in adults. Rotenone, atpenin A5, and ascochlorin, typical inhibitors of mitochondrial enzymes in complexes I, II, and III, respectively, inhibit the activity of each enzyme in the adult mitochondrial fraction. These inhibitors were then used for in vitro viability tests of NEJs. Under aerobic conditions, NEJs were killed by rotenone or ascochlorin, which inhibit aerobic respiration (complex I-III), whereas atpenin A5, which inhibits complex II involved in fumarate respiration, did not affect NEJs. Moreover, ubiquinone-10 (UQ10 Em'= +110 mV), which is used in oxidative respiration, was detected in NEJs, in addition to RQ10. In contrast, under anaerobic conditions, rotenone and atpenin A5, which inhibit fumarate respiration (complex I-II), were crucial for NEJs. These findings demonstrate that NEJs have active hybrid respiration, in which they can properly use both oxygen and fumarate respiration, depending on oxygen availability. Thus, fumarate respiration is a promising drug target for Fasciola flukes, because it plays an essential role in both adults and NEJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tashibu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Daniel Ken Inaoka
- Department of Molecular Infection Dynamics, Shionogi Global Infectious Diseases Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ferdoush Zannatul
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Host-Defense Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Madoka Ichikawa-Seki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Ehsan M, Hu RS, Wang M, Hou JL, Rashid M, Malik MI. Immune modulation of goat monocytes by Fasciola gigantica Legumain-1 protein (Fg-LGMN-1). Exp Parasitol 2024; 256:108671. [PMID: 38081528 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Legumains belonging to C_13 peptidase family of proteins, and are ubiquitously disseminated among all vertebrate and invertebrate organisms, and have been implicated in innumerable biological and cellular functionality. Herein, we characterized and evaluated immunoregulatory characteristics of Legumain-1 from Fasciola gigantica (Fg-LGMN-1) during its interaction with host immune cells. The isopropyl-ß-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) stimulated RFg-LGMN-1 protein was positively detected by rat serum containing anti-RFg-LGMN-1 polyclonal antibodies. Furthermore, the uptake of RFg-LGMN-1 by goat monocytes was successfully confirmed using Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). The immunohistochemical analysis revealed the native localization of LGMN-1 protein on the periphery and internal structures such as suckers, pharynx, and genital pore of the adult parasite, thereby validating its presence in excretory-secretory (ES) products of F. gigantica. The RFg-LGMN-1 co-incubated with concanavalin-A (Con-A) stimulated the increase of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-17 in monocytes derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the concentration-dependent manner. However, the IL-4 cytokine in response to the RFg-LGMN-1 protein declined. These results illuminated the role of LGMN-1 during the parasite-host interface. Our findings elaborated additional evidence that Legumain protein play a role in the manipulating host immune responses during parasite infections. However, further evaluation of RFg-LGMN-1 protein in context of its immunomodulatory roles should be conducted to enhance our understandings of the mechanisms employed by F. gigantica to evade host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab Province 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Rui-Si Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China.
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, China.
| | - Muhammad Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab Province 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Malik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab Province 63100, Pakistan.
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Garcia-Corredor D, Alvarado M, Pulido-Medellín M, Muñoz M, Cruz-Saavedra L, Hernández C, Giraldo JC, Vásquez-Arteaga LR, Morillo Coronado AC, Ramírez JD. Molecular characterization of Fasciola hepatica in endemic regions of Colombia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1171147. [PMID: 37360412 PMCID: PMC10288157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1171147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a zoonotic trematode that affects a wide range of hosts, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The economic impact of the parasite on the cattle industry is significant, with high losses reported worldwide. While its impact on human health was previously underestimated, recent years have seen a rise in fascioliasis cases, leading to increased interest among researchers globally. To characterize the genetic diversity and intraspecific variation of this parasite in South America, specifically in Colombia, we collected 105 adult parasites from cattle bile ducts in seven Colombian departments (Antioquia, Boyacá, Santander, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Nariño, Norte de Santander, and Santander) to assess the parasite's phenotypic analyses, genetic diversity, and population structure. A computer image analysis system (CIAS) was applied based on standardized morphological measurements. Liver-fluke size was studied by principal component analysis (PCA). DNA sequences were obtained for nuclear markers such as the 28S, β-tubulin 3, ITS1, ITS2, and the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI). Multiple statistical tests were performed, and the parasite's population structure was analyzed. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstructions were carried out using the sequences obtained herein and sequences available in GenBank. Morphological results revealed that all the obtained individuals matched F. hepatica's morphology. There was no evidence of high genetic diversity, and the absence of genetic structure at the country-level was notable, possibly caused by a demographic expansion of this trematode in Colombia or the low resolution of the molecular markers employed. Future studies are still needed to unveil the genetic population structure of F. hepatica across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Garcia-Corredor
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mateo Alvarado
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Martín Pulido-Medellín
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (GIDIMEVETZ), Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lissa Cruz-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Hernández
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Innovaseq SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julio Cesar Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación en Parasitología y Microbiología Tropical, Programa de Biología, Universidad INCCA de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis R. Vásquez-Arteaga
- Centro de Estudios en Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Ana Cruz Morillo Coronado
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Beesley NJ, Cwiklinski K, Allen K, Hoyle RC, Spithill TW, La Course EJ, Williams DJL, Paterson S, Hodgkinson JE. A major locus confers triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica and shows dominant inheritance. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011081. [PMID: 36701396 PMCID: PMC9904461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica infection is responsible for substantial economic losses in livestock worldwide and poses a threat to human health in endemic areas. The mainstay of control in livestock and the only drug licenced for use in humans is triclabendazole (TCBZ). TCBZ resistance has been reported on every continent and threatens effective control of fasciolosis in many parts of the world. To date, understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying TCBZ resistance has been limited to studies of candidate genes, based on assumptions of their role in drug action. Taking an alternative approach, we combined a genetic cross with whole-genome sequencing to localise a ~3.2Mbp locus within the 1.2Gbp F. hepatica genome that confers TCBZ resistance. We validated this locus independently using bulk segregant analysis of F. hepatica populations and showed that it is the target of drug selection in the field. We genotyped individual parasites and tracked segregation and reassortment of SNPs to show that TCBZ resistance exhibits Mendelian inheritance and is conferred by a dominant allele. We defined gene content within this locus to pinpoint genes involved in membrane transport, (e.g. ATP-binding cassette family B, ABCB1), transmembrane signalling and signal transduction (e.g. GTP-Ras-adenylyl cyclase and EGF-like protein), DNA/RNA binding and transcriptional regulation (e.g. SANT/Myb-like DNA-binding domain protein) and drug storage and sequestration (e.g. fatty acid binding protein, FABP) as prime candidates for conferring TCBZ resistance. This study constitutes the first experimental cross and genome-wide approach for any heritable trait in F. hepatica and is key to understanding the evolution of drug resistance in Fasciola spp. to inform deployment of efficacious anthelmintic treatments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Beesley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Allen
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca C Hoyle
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Diana J L Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Exploiting Comparative Omics to Understand the Pathogenic and Virulence-Associated Protease: Anti-Protease Relationships in the Zoonotic Parasites Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101854. [PMID: 36292739 PMCID: PMC9601652 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The helminth parasites, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, are the causative agents of fasciolosis, a global and economically important disease of people and their livestock. Proteases are pivotal to an array of biological processes related to parasitism (development, feeding, immune evasion, virulence) and therefore their action requires strict regulation by parasite anti-proteases (protease inhibitors). By interrogating the current publicly available Fasciola spp. large sequencing datasets, including several genome assemblies and life cycle stage-specific transcriptome and proteome datasets, we reveal the complex profile and structure of proteases and anti-proteases families operating at various stages of the parasite's life cycle. Moreover, we have discovered distinct profiles of peptidases and their cognate inhibitors expressed by the parasite stages in the intermediate snail host, reflecting the different environmental niches in which they move, develop and extract nutrients. Comparative genomics revealed a similar cohort of peptidase inhibitors in F. hepatica and F. gigantica but a surprisingly reduced number of cathepsin peptidases genes in the F. gigantica genome assemblies. Chromosomal location of the F. gigantica genes provides new insights into the evolution of these gene families, and critical data for the future analysis and interrogation of Fasciola spp. hybrids spreading throughout the Asian and African continents.
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Brown TL, Airs PM, Porter S, Caplat P, Morgan ER. Understanding the role of wild ruminants in anthelmintic resistance in livestock. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220057. [PMID: 35506237 PMCID: PMC9065971 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild ruminants are susceptible to infection from generalist helminth species, which can also infect domestic ruminants. A better understanding is required of the conditions under which wild ruminants can act as a source of helminths (including anthelmintic-resistant genotypes) for domestic ruminants, and vice versa, with the added possibility that wildlife could act as refugia for drug-susceptible genotypes and hence buffer the spread and development of resistance. Helminth infections cause significant productivity losses in domestic ruminants and a growing resistance to all classes of anthelmintic drug escalates concerns around helminth infection in the livestock industry. Previous research demonstrates that drug-resistant strains of the pathogenic nematode Haemonchus contortus can be transmitted between wild and domestic ruminants, and that gastro-intestinal nematode infections are more intense in wild ruminants within areas of high livestock density. In this article, the factors likely to influence the role of wild ruminants in helminth infections and anthelmintic resistance in livestock are considered, including host population movement across heterogeneous landscapes, and the effects of climate and environment on parasite dynamics. Methods of predicting and validating suspected drivers of helminth transmission in this context are considered based on advances in predictive modelling and molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul M. Airs
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Siobhán Porter
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul Caplat
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Eric R. Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Lalor R, Cwiklinski K, Calvani NED, Dorey A, Hamon S, Corrales JL, Dalton JP, De Marco Verissimo C. Pathogenicity and virulence of the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola Gigantica that cause the zoonosis Fasciolosis. Virulence 2021; 12:2839-2867. [PMID: 34696693 PMCID: PMC8632118 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica is one of the most important neglected parasitic diseases of humans and animals. The ability of the parasites to infect and multiply in their intermediate snail hosts, and their adaptation to a wide variety of mammalian definitive hosts contribute to their high transmissibility and distribution. Within the mammalian host, the trauma caused by the immature flukes burrowing through the liver parenchyma is associated with most of the pathogenesis. Similarly, the feeding activity and the physical presence of large flukes in the bile ducts can lead to anemia, inflammation, obstruction and cholangitis. The high frequency of non-synonymous polymorphisms found in Fasciola spp. genes allows for adaptation and invasion of a broad range of hosts. This is also facilitated by parasite’s excretory-secretory (ES) molecules that mediate physiological changes that allows their establishment within the host. ES contains cathepsin peptidases that aid parasite invasion by degrading collagen and fibronectin. In the bile ducts, cathepsin-L is critical to hemoglobin digestion during feeding activities. Other molecules (peroxiredoxin, cathepsin-L and Kunitz-type inhibitor) stimulate a strong immune response polarized toward a Treg/Th2 phenotype that favors fluke’s survival. Helminth defense molecule, fatty acid binding proteins, Fasciola-specific glycans and miRNAs modulate host pro-inflammatory responses, while antioxidant scavenger enzymes work in an orchestrated way to deter host oxidant-mediated damage. Combining these strategies Fasciola spp. survive for decades within their mammalian host, where they reproduce and spread to become one of the most widespread zoonotic worm parasites in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lalor
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichola Eliza Davies Calvani
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amber Dorey
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Hamon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jesús López Corrales
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Pius Dalton
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolina De Marco Verissimo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for One Health and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Rinaldi G, Dell'Oca N, Castillo E, Tort JF. Gene Silencing in the Liver Fluke Fasciola hepatica: RNA Interference. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2137:67-92. [PMID: 32399922 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0475-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chronic infection with the liver fluke of the genus Fasciola spp. is the most prevalent foodborne trematodiasis, affecting at least one-fourth of the world livestock grazing in areas where the parasite is present. Moreover, fascioliasis is considered a major zoonosis mainly in rural areas of central South America, Northern Africa, and Central Asia. Increasing evidences of resistance against triclabendazole may compromise its use as drug of choice; thus, novel control strategies are desperately needed. Functional genomic approaches play a key role in the validation and characterization of new targets for drug and vaccine development. So far, RNA interference has been the only gene silencing approach successfully employed in liver flukes of the genus Fasciola spp. Herein, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol to perform gene silencing mediated by RNAi in Fasciola hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Rinaldi
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - Nicolás Dell'Oca
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estela Castillo
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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10
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Hodgkinson JE, Kaplan RM, Kenyon F, Morgan ER, Park AW, Paterson S, Babayan SA, Beesley NJ, Britton C, Chaudhry U, Doyle SR, Ezenwa VO, Fenton A, Howell SB, Laing R, Mable BK, Matthews L, McIntyre J, Milne CE, Morrison TA, Prentice JC, Sargison ND, Williams DJL, Wolstenholme AJ, Devaney E. Refugia and anthelmintic resistance: Concepts and challenges. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 10:51-57. [PMID: 31125837 PMCID: PMC6531808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a threat to global food security. In order to alleviate the selection pressure for resistance and maintain drug efficacy, management strategies increasingly aim to preserve a proportion of the parasite population in 'refugia', unexposed to treatment. While persuasive in its logic, and widely advocated as best practice, evidence for the ability of refugia-based approaches to slow the development of drug resistance in parasitic helminths is currently limited. Moreover, the conditions needed for refugia to work, or how transferable those are between parasite-host systems, are not known. This review, born of an international workshop, seeks to deconstruct the concept of refugia and examine its assumptions and applicability in different situations. We conclude that factors potentially important to refugia, such as the fitness cost of drug resistance, the degree of mixing between parasite sub-populations selected through treatment or not, and the impact of parasite life-history, genetics and environment on the population dynamics of resistance, vary widely between systems. The success of attempts to generate refugia to limit anthelmintic drug resistance are therefore likely to be highly dependent on the system in hand. Additional research is needed on the concept of refugia and the underlying principles for its application across systems, as well as empirical studies within systems that prove and optimise its usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5BL, UK
| | - Andrew W Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Nicola J Beesley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Sue B Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Louise Matthews
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jennifer McIntyre
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Catherine E Milne
- SRUC, Peter Wilson Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Thomas A Morrison
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jamie C Prentice
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Adrian J Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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11
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Khademvatan S, Majidiani H, Khalkhali H, Taghipour A, Asadi N, Yousefi E. Prevalence of fasciolosis in livestock and humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:116-123. [PMID: 31300099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a re-emerging disease of livestock and rarely human, being endemic in Iran. Herein, we aimed to quantitatively assess the human seropositivity and prevalence of animal fasciolosis in our country. English and Persian databases were searched for online literature. In total, 10 human seroprevalence studies and 49 animal investigations were obtained from January 1999 to March 2019. Only animal studies were included in meta-analysis. The highest human seroprevalence was detected in Guilan province (326/452; 50%). The pooled prevalence of the animal infections was calculated as 6.2% (95% CI = 5.8%-6.5%). In detail, the prevalence ranges in three hosts included as 4.2% (95% CI = 3.8%-4.5%) in sheep, 9% (95% CI = 8.0%-9.9%) in cattle and 3.1% (95% CI = 2.4%-3.7%) in goat. The highest prevalence rate was observed in the north, 11.8% (95% CI = 8.4%-15.1%), while the lowest prevalence was detected in the central Iran with 1.8% (95% CI = 1.3%-2.3%). Egger's regression test revealed no significant publication bias (P = 0.307). Also, there was no remarkable correlation between weighted prevalence and sample size (P = 0.249) as well as year of study (P = 0.172). These findings would be necessary for better preventive strategies in case of human and animal Fasciola infections as well as snail intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Khalkhali
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Inpatient's Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Asadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Genome-wide Approaches to Investigate Anthelmintic Resistance. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:289-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Musah-Eroje M, Flynn RJ. Fasciola hepatica, TGF-β and host mimicry: the enemy within. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:80-85. [PMID: 30317150 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Helminths parasites undergo developmental changes and migration within their definitive host, in addition to establishing chronic infection. Essential to this is the evasion of host immune responses; the canonical Th2 response is effective at removing parasites resident in the intestine. Conversely, helminths also promote the development of antigen-specific anergy and regulation. This often limits pathology but allows parasite survival, parasite effectors mediating this are the subject of intense study. They may be useful as future vaccine targets or xenogenic therapeutics. Fasciola hepatica possesses a family of TGF-like molecules of which one member, FhTLM, is capable of promoting intrinsic and extrinsic effects. Here we review the extrinsic effects of FhTLM on the host macrophage and its consequences for protective immunity. This review also discusses the specificities of FhTLM in light a very recent description of a nematode TGF-β mimic and the effects of endogenous TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayowa Musah-Eroje
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom.
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14
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Anderson TJC, LoVerde PT, Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD. Genetic Crosses and Linkage Mapping in Schistosome Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:982-996. [PMID: 30150002 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Linkage mapping - utilizing experimental genetic crosses to examine cosegregation of phenotypic traits with genetic markers - is now 100 years old. Schistosome parasites are exquisitely well suited to linkage mapping approaches because genetic crosses can be conducted in the laboratory, thousands of progeny are produced, and elegant experimental work over the last 75 years has revealed heritable genetic variation in multiple biomedically important traits such as drug resistance, host specificity, and virulence. Application of this approach is timely because the improved genome assembly for Schistosoma mansoni and developing molecular toolkit for schistosomes increase our ability to link phenotype with genotype. We describe current progress and potential future directions of linkage mapping in schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Winka Le Clec'h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78227, USA
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15
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Solana MV, Domínguez MF, Scarcella S, Radio S, Smircich P, Fernández S, Solana H, Tort JF. Different SNPs in Fasciola hepatica P-glycoprotein from diverse Latin American populations are not associated with Triclabendazole resistance. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 224:57-60. [PMID: 30055185 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of Triclabendazole for controlling fasciolosis is compromised by increased drug resistance affecting livestock and humans. Although the mode of action of TCBZ is still unknown, putative candidates and markers of resistance have been advanced. A single nucleotide polymorphism (T687 G) in F. hepatica PGP was proposed as marker of resistance in a small scale study of European susceptible and resistant flukes, but the association was not found in Australian samples. The T687 G SNP was absent in more than 40 samples from 2 TCBZ-resistant and 3 susceptible isolates across Latin America here analyzed. While the American samples showed more variable SNPs than the previous ones, none of the SNPs detected showed a marked association with resistance. Analyzing the 42 kb of the FhPGP gene based on RNAseq data highlights that the variation has been underestimated, suggesting that more detailed efforts are needed in order to identify markers of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Solana
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - María Fernanda Domínguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Silvana Scarcella
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Radio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Silvina Fernández
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Hugo Solana
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina.
| | - José F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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16
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Hodgkinson JE, Cwiklinski K, Beesley N, Hartley C, Allen K, Williams DJL. Clonal amplification of Fasciola hepatica in Galba truncatula: within and between isolate variation of triclabendazole-susceptible and -resistant clones. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:363. [PMID: 29941045 PMCID: PMC6020221 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica is of worldwide significance, impacting on the health, welfare and productivity of livestock and regarded by WHO as a re-emerging zoonosis. Triclabendazole (TCBZ), the drug of choice for controlling acute fasciolosis in livestock, is also the drug used to treat human infections. However TCBZ-resistance is now considered a major threat to the effective control of F. hepatica. It has yet to be demonstrated whether F. hepatica undergoes a genetic clonal expansion in the snail intermediate host, Galba truncatula, and to what extent amplification of genotypes within the snail facilitates accumulation of drug resistant parasites. Little is known about genotypic and phenotypic variation within and between F. hepatica isolates. Results Six clonal isolates of F. hepatica (3× triclabendazole-resistant, TCBZ-R and 3× triclabendazole-susceptible, TCBZ-S) were generated. Snails infected with one miracidium started to shed cercariae 42–56 days post-infection and shed repeatedly up to a maximum of 11 times. A maximum of 884 cercariae were shed by one clonally-infected snail (FhLivS1) at a single time point, with > 3000 clonal metacercariae shed over its lifetime. Following experimental infection all 12 sheep were FEC positive at the time of TCBZ treatment. Sheep infected with one of three putative TCBZ-S clones and treated with TCBZ had no parasites in the liver at post-mortem, whilst sheep each infected with putative TCBZ-R isolates had 35–165 adult fluke at post-mortem, despite TCBZ treatment. All six untreated control animals had between 15–127 parasites. A single multi-locus genotype was reported for every fluke from each of the six clonal isolates. Adult F. hepatica showed considerable variation in weight, ranging from 20–280 mg, with variation in weight evident within and amongst clonal isolates. Conclusions A genetic clonal expansion occurs within G. truncatula, highlighting the potential for amplification of drug resistant genotypes of F. hepatica. Variation in the weight of parasites within and between clonal isolates and when comparing isolates that are either susceptible or resistant to TCBZ represent inherent variation in liver fluke and cannot be attributed to their resistance or susceptibility traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Dept Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.
| | - Krystyna Cwiklinski
- Veterinary Parasitology, Dept Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nicola Beesley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Dept Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Catherine Hartley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Dept Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Katherine Allen
- Veterinary Parasitology, Dept Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Dept Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
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17
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Beesley NJ, Caminade C, Charlier J, Flynn RJ, Hodgkinson JE, Martinez‐Moreno A, Martinez‐Valladares M, Perez J, Rinaldi L, Williams DJL. Fasciola and fasciolosis in ruminants in Europe: Identifying research needs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:199-216. [PMID: 28984428 PMCID: PMC6190748 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite with a global distribution, which is responsible for considerable disease and production losses in a range of food producing species. It is also identified by WHO as a re-emerging neglected tropical disease associated with endemic and epidemic outbreaks of disease in human populations. In Europe, F. hepatica is mostly associated with disease in sheep, cattle and goats. This study reviews the most recent advances in our understanding of the transmission, diagnosis, epidemiology and the economic impact of fasciolosis. We also focus on the impact of the spread of resistance to anthelmintics used to control F. hepatica and consider how vaccines might be developed and applied in the context of the immune-modulation driven by the parasite. Several major research gaps are identified which, when addressed, will contribute to providing focussed and where possible, bespoke, advice for farmers on how to integrate stock management and diagnosis with vaccination and/or targeted treatment to more effectively control the parasite in the face of increasing the prevalence of infection and spread of anthelmintic resistance that are likely to be exacerbated by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Beesley
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - C. Caminade
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Health Protection Research Unit in
Emerging and Zoonotic InfectionsUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - R. J. Flynn
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - J. E. Hodgkinson
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | | | - J. Perez
- Universidad de CordobaCordobaSpain
| | - L. Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine
and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples Federico IINapoliItaly
| | - D. J. L. Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global
HealthUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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18
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Ibarra-Velarde F, Vera-Montenegro Y, Flores-Ramos M, Cantó-Alarcon GJ, Hernández-Campos A, Alcala-Canto Y, Castillo R. Assessment of the effective dose of an experimental intramuscular formulation against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2018; 260:38-44. [PMID: 30197011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effective dose of an injectable prodrug, named compound alpha prodrug, against immature and adult Fasciola hepatica in experimentally infected sheep was determined. In a first experiment, 30 sheep were infected with Fasciola hepatica on day 0 and 50. After microscopic detection of faecal eggs on day 80, groups (n = 6) 1 to 3 were treated with 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg of the experimental water-soluble prodrug compound alpha intramuscularly, respectively. Group 4 was treated with closantel and group 5 remained untreated. Copromicroscopical examinations were made on day 0, 80 and 108. On day 110, trematodes were collected from the bile ducts. Fasciolicide efficacy was assessed as a percentage of fluke-egg and adult-fluke reduction. Fluke length was also recorded. In a second experiment aimed to assess the fasciolicide activity of compound alpha prodrug against four-week-old flukes, 12 sheep were infected on day 0 and allocated into two groups (n = 6). On day 50 post infection, group A was treated with the experimental water-soluble prodrug compound alpha at 6 mg/kg/IM and B remained untreated. Fasciolicide activity was assessed on day 80 after collection, microscopic observation and measurement of flukes present in the parenchyma for immature stages and on day 108 for adults. Egg output decreased 91.2, 96.0, 98.8 and 94.9% for groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Compound alpha prodrug cleared 97.6%, 98.51% and 100% of adult stages in a dose-dependent manner. Closantel killed 81.95% flukes. Regarding the second experiment, 81.2% efficacy was achieved. Immature flukes were significantly smaller in the treated group. It is concluded that the intramuscular application of compound alpha prodrug exerted fasciolicide efficacy against adults of Fasciola hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ibarra-Velarde
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico.
| | - Y Vera-Montenegro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - M Flores-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - G J Cantó-Alarcon
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Qro. CP., 76230, Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, UNAM, México City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yazmin Alcala-Canto
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Departamento de Parasitología, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - R Castillo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, UNAM, México City 04510, Mexico
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19
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Cwiklinski K, Dalton JP. Advances in Fasciola hepatica research using 'omics' technologies. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:321-331. [PMID: 29476869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is an economically important pathogen of livestock worldwide, as well as being an important neglected zoonosis. Parasite control is reliant on the use of drugs, particularly triclabendazole, which is effective against multiple parasite stages. However, the spread of parasites resistant to triclabendazole has intensified the pursuit for novel control strategies. Emerging 'omics' technologies are helping advance our understanding of liver fluke biology, specifically the molecules that act at the host-parasite interface and are central to infection, virulence and long-term survival within the definitive host. This review discusses the technological sequencing advances that have facilitated the unbiased analysis of liver fluke biology, resulting in an extensive range of 'omics' datasets. In addition, we highlight the 'omics' studies of host responses to F. hepatica infection that, when combined with the parasite datasets, provide the opportunity for integrated analyses of host-parasite interactions. These extensive datasets will form the foundation for future in-depth analysis of F. hepatica biology and development, and the search for new drug or vaccine interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Cwiklinski
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - John P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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20
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Radio S, Fontenla S, Solana V, Matos Salim AC, Araújo FMG, Ortiz P, Hoban C, Miranda E, Gayo V, Pais FSM, Solana H, Oliveira G, Smircich P, Tort JF. Pleiotropic alterations in gene expression in Latin American Fasciola hepatica isolates with different susceptibility to drugs. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:56. [PMID: 29368659 PMCID: PMC5781333 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fasciola hepatica is the main agent of fasciolosis, a zoonotic disease affecting livestock worldwide, and an emerging food-borne disease in humans. Even when effective treatments are available, drugs are costly and can result in tolerance, liver damage and normally they do not prevent reinfection. Drug-resistant strains in livestock have been reported in various countries and, more worryingly, drug resistance in human cases has emerged in South America. The present study aims to characterize the transcriptome of two South American resistant isolates, the Cajamarca isolate from Peru, resistant to both triclabendazole and albendazole (TCBZR/ABZR) and the Rubino isolate from Uruguay, resistant to ABZ (TCBZS/ABZR), and compare them to a sensitive strain (Cenapa, Mexico, TCBZS/ABZS) to reveal putative molecular mechanisms leading to drug resistance. Results We observed a major reduction in transcription in the Cajamarca TCBZR/ABZR isolate in comparison to the other isolates. While most of the differentially expressed genes are still unannotated, several trends could be detected. Specific reduction in the expression levels of cytoskeleton proteins was consistent with a role of tubulins as putative targets of triclabendazole (TCBZ). A marked reduction of adenylate cyclase might be underlying pleiotropic effects on diverse metabolic pathways of the parasite. Upregulation of GST mu isoforms suggests this detoxifying mechanism as one of the strategies associated with resistance. Conclusions Our results stress the value of transcriptomic approaches as a means of providing novel insights to advance the understanding of drug mode of action and drug resistance. The results provide evidence for pleiotropic variations in drug-resistant isolates consistent with early observations of TCBZ and ABZ effects and recent proteomic findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2553-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Radio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Present address: Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente 28 Estable. MEC, Montevideo 29, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Fontenla
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Solana
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anna C Matos Salim
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Cristian Hoban
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Estefan Miranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Valeria Gayo
- Departamento de Parasitología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios (DILAVE), "Miguel C. Rubino", Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Hugo Solana
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guilherme Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Present address: Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay. .,Present address: Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente 28 Estable. MEC, Montevideo 29, Uruguay. .,Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - José F Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Identification of Fasciola spp. in the East of Iran, Based on the Spermatogenesis and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA (ITS1) and Mitochondrial (ND1) Genes. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.57283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Beesley NJ, Williams DJL, Paterson S, Hodgkinson J. Fasciola hepatica demonstrates high levels of genetic diversity, a lack of population structure and high gene flow: possible implications for drug resistance. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:11-20. [PMID: 27940066 PMCID: PMC5264428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-fertilisation does occur but is rare in field populations of Fasciola hepatica. Some hosts harboured genotypically identical parasites (clones). The presence of clones is consistent with clonal expansion and clumped transmission. 84% of 1579 F. hepatica had unique genotypes, indicating high genetic diversity. We found high gene flow, no population structure and low self-fertilisation rate.
Fasciola hepatica, the liver fluke, is a trematode parasite of considerable economic importance to the livestock industry and is a re-emerging zoonosis that poses a risk to human health in F. hepatica-endemic areas worldwide. Drug resistance is a substantial threat to the current and future control of F. hepatica, yet little is known about how the biology of the parasite influences the development and spread of resistance. Given that F. hepatica can self-fertilise and therefore inbreed, there is the potential for greater population differentiation and an increased likelihood of recessive alleles, such as drug resistance genes, coming together. This could be compounded by clonal expansion within the snail intermediate host and aggregation of parasites of the same genotype on pasture. Alternatively, widespread movement of animals that typically occurs in the UK could promote high levels of gene flow and prevent population differentiation. We identified clonal parasites with identical multilocus genotypes in 61% of hosts. Despite this, 84% of 1579 adult parasites had unique multilocus genotypes, which supports high levels of genotypic diversity within F. hepatica populations. Our analyses indicate a selfing rate no greater than 2%, suggesting that this diversity is in part due to the propensity for F. hepatica to cross-fertilise. Finally, although we identified high genetic diversity within a given host, there was little evidence for differentiation between populations from different hosts, indicating a single panmictic population. This implies that, once those emerge, anthelmintic resistance genes have the potential to spread rapidly through liver fluke populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Beesley
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Diana J L Williams
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Steve Paterson
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
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Sulaiman AA, Zolnierczyk K, Japa O, Owen JP, Maddison BC, Emes RD, Hodgkinson JE, Gough KC, Flynn RJ. A Trematode Parasite Derived Growth Factor Binds and Exerts Influences on Host Immune Functions via Host Cytokine Receptor Complexes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005991. [PMID: 27806135 PMCID: PMC5091765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The trematode Fasciola hepatica is responsible for chronic zoonotic infection globally. Despite causing a potent T-helper 2 response, it is believed that potent immunomodulation is responsible for rendering this host reactive non-protective host response thereby allowing the parasite to remain long-lived. We have previously identified a growth factor, FhTLM, belonging to the TGF superfamily can have developmental effects on the parasite. Herein we demonstrate that FhTLM can exert influence over host immune functions in a host receptor specific fashion. FhTLM can bind to receptor members of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) superfamily, with a greater affinity for TGF-β RII. Upon ligation FhTLM initiates the Smad2/3 pathway resulting in phenotypic changes in both fibroblasts and macrophages. The formation of fibroblast CFUs is reduced when cells are cultured with FhTLM, as a result of TGF-β RI kinase activity. In parallel the wound closure response of fibroblasts is also delayed in the presence of FhTLM. When stimulated with FhTLM blood monocyte derived macrophages adopt an alternative or regulatory phenotype. They express high levels interleukin (IL)-10 and arginase-1 while displaying low levels of IL-12 and nitric oxide. Moreover they also undergo significant upregulation of the inhibitory receptor PD-L1 and the mannose receptor. Use of RNAi demonstrates that this effect is dependent on TGF-β RII and mRNA knock-down leads to a loss of IL-10 and PD-L1. Finally, we demonstrate that FhTLM aids newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) in their evasion of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by reducing the NO response of macrophages—again dependent on TGF-β RI kinase. FhTLM displays restricted expression to the F. hepatica gut resident NEJ stages. The altered fibroblast responses would suggest a role for dampened tissue repair responses in facilitating parasite migration. Furthermore, the adoption of a regulatory macrophage phenotype would allow for a reduced effector response targeting juvenile parasites which we demonstrate extends to an abrogation of the ADCC response. Thus suggesting that FhTLM is a stage specific evasion molecule that utilises host cytokine receptors. These findings are the first to clearly demonstrate the interaction of a helminth cytokine with a host receptor complex resulting in immune modifications that facilitate the non-protective chronic immune response which is characteristic of F. hepatica infection. Parasitic worms, helminths, can cause long-lived chronic infection in many hosts that they infection. The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is one such parasite causing global infection of both humans and animals. F. hepatica exerts an influence over the immune system such that it avoids effector mechanisms and prevents the development of effective immunity. Here we characterise a molecule—FhTLM—derived from juvenile parasites that is similar to the regulatory cytokine TGF-β. We show that FhTLM will bind to host TGF-β receptors with a reduced affinity when compared with mammalian TGF-β. Despite this FhTLM can induce Smad2/3 signalling in host leukocytes, which is key to initiating gene transcription. Phenotypically FhTLM causes fibroblasts to slow their growth and replication response resulting in slower wound healing. Importantly FhTLM induces a macrophage phenotype that resembles a regulatory macrophage phenotype identified in other species undergoing helminth infection. Finally we Our work highlights the potential of FhTLM to play important roles in controlling host immunity when initially infected with juvenile parasites, thereby preventing the development of effective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad A. Sulaiman
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Zolnierczyk
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ornampai Japa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Jonathan P. Owen
- ADAS UK, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ben C. Maddison
- ADAS UK, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C. Gough
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, the University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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Stimulating Neoblast-Like Cell Proliferation in Juvenile Fasciola hepatica Supports Growth and Progression towards the Adult Phenotype In Vitro. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004994. [PMID: 27622752 PMCID: PMC5021332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis (or fasciolosis) is a socioeconomically important parasitic disease caused by liver flukes of the genus Fasciola. Flukicide resistance has exposed the need for new drugs and/or a vaccine for liver fluke control. A rapidly improving ‘molecular toolbox’ for liver fluke encompasses quality genomic/transcriptomic datasets and an RNA interference platform that facilitates functional genomics approaches to drug/vaccine target validation. The exploitation of these resources is undermined by the absence of effective culture/maintenance systems that would support in vitro studies on juvenile fluke development/biology. Here we report markedly improved in vitro maintenance methods for Fasciola hepatica that achieved 65% survival of juvenile fluke after 6 months in standard cell culture medium supplemented with 50% chicken serum. We discovered that this long-term maintenance was dependent upon fluke growth, which was supported by increased proliferation of cells resembling the “neoblast” stem cells described in other flatworms. Growth led to dramatic morphological changes in juveniles, including the development of the digestive tract, reproductive organs and the tegument, towards more adult-like forms. The inhibition of DNA synthesis prevented neoblast-like cell proliferation and inhibited growth/development. Supporting our assertion that we have triggered the development of juveniles towards adult-like fluke, mass spectrometric analyses showed that growing fluke have an excretory/secretory protein profile that is distinct from that of newly-excysted juveniles and more closely resembles that of ex vivo immature and adult fluke. Further, in vitro maintained fluke displayed a transition in their movement from the probing behaviour associated with migrating stage worms to a slower wave-like motility seen in adults. Our ability to stimulate neoblast-like cell proliferation and growth in F. hepatica underpins the first simple platform for their long-term in vitro study, complementing the recent expansion in liver fluke resources and facilitating in vitro target validation studies of the developmental biology of liver fluke. Parasitic worms require a host organism in order to survive and reproduce. As such, it is difficult to study them outside of a host. Some parasites can be maintained in vitro using cell culture methods; in the case of F. hepatica, previously-reported methods are unsatisfactory because they are difficult to reproduce and unable to support long term growth and development. Here we have developed a new set of methods for maintaining F. hepatica juveniles in vitro. These methods use simple, commonly available reagents and techniques, enabling us to keep fluke alive in vitro for at least 6 months, as well as stimulating the development of characteristics that resemble adult parasites. Over time, our in vitro fluke show changes in the structure and complexity of individual tissues, and the proteins they produce, such that they are more reminiscent of adult, than juvenile fluke. Additionally, we demonstrate that fluke growth is supported by the division of cells resembling stem cells, which have not been reported previously for F. hepatica. This work will support the study of liver fluke, enabling the development of new drugs and vaccines for the treatment of liver fluke infections of humans and animals.
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25
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Abstract
Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica severely affects the efficiency of livestock production systems worldwide. In addition to the economic impact inflicted on livestock farmers, fasciolosis is an emergent zoonosis. This review emphasizes different aspects of the disease in South America. Available data on epidemiology in bovines and ovines in different countries, as well as a growing body of information on other domestic and wildlife definitive hosts, are summarized. The issue of drug resistance that compromises the long-term sustainability of current pharmacological strategies is examined from a regional perspective. Finally, efforts to develop a single-antigen recombinant vaccine in ruminants are reviewed, focusing on the cases of leucine aminopeptidase or thioredoxin glutathione reductase.
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Cwiklinski K, O'Neill SM, Donnelly S, Dalton JP. A prospective view of animal and human Fasciolosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:558-68. [PMID: 27314903 PMCID: PMC5053257 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fasciolosis, a food-borne trematodiasis, results following infection with the parasites, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. These trematodes greatly affect the global agricultural community, infecting millions of ruminants worldwide and causing annual economic losses in excess of US $3 billion. Fasciolosis, an important zoonosis, is classified by WHO as a neglected tropical disease with an estimated 17 million people infected and a further 180 million people at risk of infection. The significant impact on agriculture and human health together with the increasing demand for animal-derived food products to support global population growth demonstrate that fasciolosis is a major One Health problem. This review details the problematic issues surrounding fasciolosis control, including drug resistance, lack of diagnosis and the threat that hybridization of the Fasciola species poses to future animal and human health. We discuss how these parasites may mediate their long-term survival through regulation and modulation of the host immune system, by altering the host immune homeostasis and/or by influencing the intestinal microbiome particularly in respect to concurrent infections with other pathogens. Large genome, transcriptome and proteomic data sets are now available to support an integrated One Health approach to develop novel diagnostic and control strategies for both animal and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cwiklinski
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - S M O'Neill
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - S Donnelly
- The i3 Institute & School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J P Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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27
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Novobilský A, Amaya Solis N, Skarin M, Höglund J. Assessment of flukicide efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in Sweden in the absence of a standardised test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2016; 6:141-147. [PMID: 27380550 PMCID: PMC4933035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance (AR) to Fasciola hepatica is emerging worldwide. Recently, AR to the adulticide compound albendazole (ABZ) was shown in Argentina and Spain. In Sweden, ABZ treatment failure against F. hepatica was first reported in sheep in 2012. The present study tested the efficacy of ABZ and triclabendazole (TCBZ) in sheep naturally infected with F. hepatica using a combination of three different diagnostic methods: faecal egg counts (FEC), coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) and Fasciola egg hatch test (FEHT). Two deworming trials, in November 2014 and January 2015, were performed on two sheep farms (farms A and B) in south-western Sweden. Except ABZ in November, treatment with ABZ or TCBZ achieved sufficient efficacy (97-100%) against adult F. hepatica on farm A. In contrast, ABZ treatment failed in the sheep flock on farm B, despite low initial faecal egg output. On farm B, ABZ efficacy based on FEC was 67% (95% CI: 35-84) and four of eight ewes tested were coproantigen-positive 21 days post-treatment. Ovicidal activity of ABZ against Fasciola eggs in isolates from both farms and one additional bovine isolate were tested by FEHT to exclude the presence of juvenile flukes and other factors such as dosing failure and poor quality of drug product. Irrespective of drug trial, data from FEHT showed significantly lower ovicidal activity of ABZ for the ovine farm B isolate than for the isolate from farm A. This confirms that the low efficacy of ABZ in sheep flock B was associated with ABZ resistance. Overall, the usefulness of three complementary methods for detection of ABZ resistance in the field was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Novobilský
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Natalia Amaya Solis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Moa Skarin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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The omic approach to parasitic trematode research—a review of techniques and developments within the past 5 years. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2523-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kelley JM, Elliott TP, Beddoe T, Anderson G, Skuce P, Spithill TW. Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:458-469. [PMID: 27049013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the only chemical that kills early immature and adult Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) but widespread resistance to the drug greatly compromises fluke control in livestock and humans. The mode of action of TCBZ and mechanism(s) underlying parasite resistance to the drug are not known. Due to the high prevalence of TCBZ resistance (TCBZ-R), effective management of drug resistance is now critical for sustainable livestock production. Here, we discuss the current status of TCBZ-R in F. hepatica, the global distribution of resistance observed in livestock, the possible mechanism(s) of drug action, the proposed mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance, and the prospects for future control of liver fluke infections using an integrated parasite management (IPM) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Kelley
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, UK
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
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Turner J, Howell A, McCann C, Caminade C, Bowers RG, Williams D, Baylis M. A model to assess the efficacy of vaccines for control of liver fluke infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23345. [PMID: 27009747 PMCID: PMC4806326 DOI: 10.1038/srep23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, common liver fluke, infects cattle and sheep causing disease and production losses costing approximately $3 billion annually. Current control relies on drugs designed to kill the parasite. However, resistance is evident worldwide and widespread in some areas. Work towards a vaccine has identified several antigens of F. hepatica that show partial efficacy in terms of reducing worm burden and egg output. A critical question is what level of efficacy is required for such a vaccine to be useful? We have created the first mathematical model to assess the effectiveness of liver fluke vaccines under simulated field conditions. The model describes development of fluke within a group of animals and includes heterogeneity in host susceptibility, seasonal exposure to metacercariae and seasonal changes in temperature affecting metacercarial survival. Our analysis suggests that the potential vaccine candidates could reduce total fluke burden and egg output by up to 43% and 99%, respectively, on average under field conditions. It also suggests that for a vaccine to be effective, it must protect at least 90% of animals for the whole season. In conclusion, novel, partial, vaccines could contribute substantially towards fasciolosis control, reducing usage of anthelmintics and thus delaying the spread of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Turner
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Alison Howell
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Cathy McCann
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Cyril Caminade
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - Roger G. Bowers
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Mathematical Sciences Building, Liverpool, L69 7ZL, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Liverpool Science Park IC2, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
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31
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Howell A, Baylis M, Smith R, Pinchbeck G, Williams D. Epidemiology and impact of Fasciola hepatica exposure in high-yielding dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:41-8. [PMID: 26093971 PMCID: PMC4528078 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica is a trematode parasite with a worldwide distribution and is the cause of important production losses in the dairy industry. The aim of this observational study was to assess the prevalence of exposure to F. hepatica in a group of high yielding dairy herds, to determine the risk factors and investigate their associations with production and fertility parameters. Bulk milk tank samples from 606 herds that supply a single retailer with liquid milk were tested with an antibody ELISA for F. hepatica. Multivariable linear regression was used to investigate the effect of farm management and environmental risk factors on F. hepatica exposure. Higher rainfall, grazing boggy pasture, presence of beef cattle on farm, access to a stream or pond and smaller herd size were associated with an increased risk of exposure. Univariable regression was used to look for associations between fluke exposure and production-related variables including milk yield, composition, somatic cell count and calving index. Although causation cannot be assumed, a significant (p<0.001) negative association was seen between F. hepatica exposure and estimated milk yield at the herd level, representing a 15% decrease in yield for an increase in F. hepatica exposure from the 25th to the 75th percentile. This remained significant when fertility, farm management and environmental factors were controlled for. No associations were found between F. hepatica exposure and any of the other production, disease or fertility variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Howell
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Matthew Baylis
- NIHR Health protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rob Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
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Abstract
Diploid (2n = 2x = 20) and triploid (2n = 3x = 30) Fasciola hepatica have been reported in the UK, and in Asia diploid, triploid and mixoploid (2x/3x) Fasciola spp. exist but there is little information to indicate how common triploidy is, particularly in UK fluke. Here the ploidy of 565 adult F. hepatica from 66 naturally infected British sheep and 150 adult F. hepatica from 35 naturally infected British cattle was determined. All 715 of these parasites were diploid, based on observation of 10 bivalent chromosomes and sperm (n = 335) or, since triploids are aspermic, sperm alone (n = 380). This constitutes the first extensive analysis of the ploidy of F. hepatica field isolates from Great Britain and shows that most F. hepatica isolated from cattle and sheep are diploid and have the capacity to sexually reproduce. These data suggest that triploidy, and by extension parthenogenesis, is rare or non-existent in wild British F. hepatica populations. Given that F. hepatica is the only species of Fasciola present in Britain our results indicate that the parasite is predominantly diploid in areas where F. hepatica exists in isolation and suggests that triploidy may only originate in natural populations where co-infection of F. hepatica and its sister species Fasciola gigantica commonly occurs.
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Characterisation of a novel panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, using a next generation sequencing approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:298-304. [PMID: 25796359 PMCID: PMC4424948 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
2448 microsatellite loci were identified within 83 Mb of F. hepatica genome sequence data. A panel of 15 polymorphic loci were developed and validated using genomic DNA from 46 parasites. The panel was developed and optimised as a multiplex PCR protocol. All loci could be amplified from several F. hepatica lifecycle stages with the multiplex approach.
The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica is an economically important pathogen of sheep and cattle and has been described by the WHO as a re-emerging zoonosis. Control is heavily reliant on the use of drugs, particularly triclabendazole and as a result resistance has now emerged. The population structure of F. hepatica is not well known, yet it can impact on host–parasite interactions and parasite control with drugs, particularly regarding the spread of triclabendazole resistance. We have identified 2448 potential microsatellites from 83 Mb of F. hepatica genome sequence using msatfinder. Thirty-five loci were developed and optimised for microsatellite PCR, resulting in a panel of 15 polymorphic loci, with a range of three to 15 alleles. This panel was validated on genomic DNA from 46 adult F. hepatica; 38 liver flukes sourced from a Northwest abattoir, UK and 8 liver flukes from an established isolate (Shrewsbury; Ridgeway Research). Evidence for null alleles was found at four loci (Fh_1, Fh_8, Fh_13 and Fh_14), which showed markedly higher levels of homozygosity than the remaining 11 loci. Of the 38 liver flukes isolated from cattle livers (n = 10) at the abattoir, 37 genotypes were identified. Using a multiplex approach all 15 loci could be amplified from several life cycle stages that typically yield low amounts of DNA, including metacercariae, the infective life cycle stage present on pasture, highlighting the utility of this multiplex microsatellite panel. This study reports the largest panel of microsatellite markers available to date for population studies of F. hepatica and the first multiplex panel of microsatellite markers that can be used for several life cycle stages.
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Japa O, Hodgkinson JE, Emes RD, Flynn RJ. TGF-β superfamily members from the helminth Fasciola hepatica show intrinsic effects on viability and development. Vet Res 2015; 46:29. [PMID: 25879787 PMCID: PMC4354977 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The helminth Fasciola hepatica causes fasciolosis throughout the world, a major disease of livestock and an emerging zoonotic disease in humans. Sustainable control mechanisms such as vaccination are urgently required. To discover potential vaccine targets we undertook a genome screen to identify members of the transforming growth factor (TGF) family of proteins. Herein we describe the discovery of three ligands belonging to this superfamily and the cloning and characterisation of an activin/TGF like molecule we term FhTLM. FhTLM has a limited expression pattern both temporally across the parasite stages but also spatially within the worm. Furthermore, a recombinant form of this protein is able to enhance the rate (or magnitude) of multiple developmental processes of the parasite indicating a conserved role for this protein superfamily in the developmental biology of a major trematode parasite. Our study demonstrates for the first time the existence of this protein superfamily within F. hepatica and assigns a function to one of the three identified ligands. Moreover further exploration of this superfamily may yield future targets for diagnostic or vaccination purposes due to its stage restricted expression and functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornampai Japa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Jane E Hodgkinson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Richard D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Robin J Flynn
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK.
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Elliott TP, Spithill TW. The T687G SNP in a P-glycoprotein gene of Fasciola hepatica is not associated with resistance to triclabendazole in two resistant Australian populations. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 198:45-7. [PMID: 25481750 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is widely used for control of Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) in animals and humans and resistance to this drug is now widespread. However, the mechanism of resistance to TCBZ is not known. A T687G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in a P-glycoprotein gene was proposed as a molecular marker for TCBZ resistance in F. hepatica (Wilkinson et al., 2012). We analyzed this Pgp gene from TCBZ-susceptible and TCBZ-resistant populations from Australia to determine if the SNP was a marker for TCBZ resistance. From the 21 parasites studied we observed 27 individual haplotypes in the Pgp sequences which comprised seven haplotypic groups (A-G), with haplotypes A and B representing 81% of the total observed. The T687G SNP was not observed in either of the resistant or susceptible populations. We conclude that the T687G SNP in this Pgp gene is not associated with TCBZ resistance in these Australian F. hepatica populations and therefore unlikely to be a universal molecular marker for TCBZ resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Elliott
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry W Spithill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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Kotze AC, Hunt PW, Skuce P, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Martin RJ, Sager H, Krücken J, Hodgkinson J, Lespine A, Jex AR, Gilleard JS, Beech RN, Wolstenholme AJ, Demeler J, Robertson AP, Charvet CL, Neveu C, Kaminsky R, Rufener L, Alberich M, Menez C, Prichard RK. Recent advances in candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to the discovery of anthelmintic resistance markers and the description of drug/receptor interactions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2014; 4:164-84. [PMID: 25516826 PMCID: PMC4266812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance has a great impact on livestock production systems worldwide, is an emerging concern in companion animal medicine, and represents a threat to our ongoing ability to control human soil-transmitted helminths. The Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance and Susceptibility (CARS) provides a forum for scientists to meet and discuss the latest developments in the search for molecular markers of anthelmintic resistance. Such markers are important for detecting drug resistant worm populations, and indicating the likely impact of the resistance on drug efficacy. The molecular basis of resistance is also important for understanding how anthelmintics work, and how drug resistant populations arise. Changes to target receptors, drug efflux and other biological processes can be involved. This paper reports on the CARS group meeting held in August 2013 in Perth, Australia. The latest knowledge on the development of molecular markers for resistance to each of the principal classes of anthelmintics is reviewed. The molecular basis of resistance is best understood for the benzimidazole group of compounds, and we examine recent work to translate this knowledge into useful diagnostics for field use. We examine recent candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to understanding anthelmintic resistance and identify markers. We also look at drug transporters in terms of providing both useful markers for resistance, as well as opportunities to overcome resistance through the targeting of the transporters themselves with inhibitors. Finally, we describe the tools available for the application of the newest high-throughput sequencing technologies to the study of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Kotze
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Skuce
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Heinz Sager
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anne Lespine
- INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robin N. Beech
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Adrian J. Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Claude L. Charvet
- INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Cedric Neveu
- INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Ronald Kaminsky
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Rufener
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Alberich
- INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Cecile Menez
- INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JPY. Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: room for improvement. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 85:65-107. [PMID: 24928180 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800182-0.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The common liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis, a significant disease in mammals, including livestock, wildlife and humans, with a major socioeconomic impact worldwide. In spite of its impact, and some advances towards the development of vaccines and new therapeutic agents, limited attention has been paid to the need for practical and reliable methods for the diagnosis of infection or disease. Accurate diagnosis is central to effective control, particularly given an emerging problem with drug resistance in F. hepatica. Traditional coprological techniques have been widely used, but are often unreliable. Although there have been some advances in establishing immunologic techniques, these tools can suffer from a lack of diagnostic specificity and/or sensitivity. Nonetheless, antigen detection tests seem to have considerable potential, but have not yet been adequately evaluated in the field. Moreover, advanced nucleic acid-based methods appear to offer the most promise for the diagnosis of current infection. This chapter (i) provides a brief account of the biology and significance of F. hepatica/fascioliasis, (ii) describes key techniques currently in use, (iii) compares their advantages/disadvantages and (iv) reviews polymerase chain reaction-based methods for specific diagnosis and/or the genetic characterization of Fasciola species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian A Alvarez Rojas
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jean-Pierre Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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