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Li YT, Zhang C, Han JC, Shang YX, Chen ZH, Cui GB, Wang W. Neuroimaging features of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2024; 14:20451253241243290. [PMID: 38708374 PMCID: PMC11070126 DOI: 10.1177/20451253241243290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions are one of the key symptoms of schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD), which exist not only during the onset of diseases but also before the onset, even after the remission of psychiatric symptoms. With the development of neuroimaging techniques, these non-invasive approaches provide valuable insights into the underlying pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and information of cognitive remediation interventions. This review synthesizes existing neuroimaging studies to examine domains of cognitive impairment, particularly processing speed, memory, attention, and executive function in SZ and MDD patients. First, white matter (WM) abnormalities are observed in processing speed deficits in both SZ and MDD, with distinct neuroimaging findings highlighting WM connectivity abnormalities in SZ and WM hyperintensity caused by small vessel disease in MDD. Additionally, the abnormal functions of prefrontal cortex and medial temporal lobe are found in both SZ and MDD patients during various memory tasks, while aberrant amygdala activity potentially contributes to a preference to negative memories in MDD. Furthermore, impaired large-scale networks including frontoparietal network, dorsal attention network, and ventral attention network are related to attention deficits, both in SZ and MDD patients. Finally, abnormal activity and volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and abnormal functional connections between the DLPFC and the cerebellum are associated with executive dysfunction in both SZ and MDD. Despite these insights, longitudinal neuroimaging studies are lacking, impeding a comprehensive understanding of cognitive changes and the development of early intervention strategies for SZ and MDD. Addressing this gap is critical for advancing our knowledge and improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Li
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Han
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Shang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhu-Hong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guang-Bin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
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Wu YC, Yu HE, Yen CF, Yeh YC, Jian CR, Lin CW, Lin IM. The effects of swLORETA Z-score neurofeedback for patients comorbid with major depressive disorder and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2024; 350:340-349. [PMID: 38199411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit atypical brain activities in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. The study aimed to investigate the effects of standardized weighted low-resolution electromagnetic tomography Z-score neurofeedback (swLZNFB) on symptoms of depression and anxiety, electroencephalography (EEG) parameters, and deep brain activities in patients with MDD. METHOD Forty-eight patients with MDD comorbid with anxiety symptoms were assigned to the swLZNFB group and the control group. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and a 5-minute resting EEG at the pre-and post-tests. The swLZNFB group received ten sessions of one-hour treatment twice weekly. The control group received treatment as usual. The scores for BDI-II and BAI, number of EEG abnormalities, percentage of EEG abnormalities, and current source density (CSD) measured in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and amygdala were compared at pre-and post-tests between the two groups. RESULTS There were decreased scores of BDI-II and BAI, number of EEG abnormalities, and percentage of EEG abnormalities at post-test compared with pre-test in the swLZNFB group, and lower scores of BDI-II and BAI at post-test in the swLZNFB group compared with the control group. Moreover, decreased CSD of beta1 and beta3 in the PFC, ACC, PCC, and amygdala at post-test compared to pre-test in the swLZNFB group. LIMITATIONS Not a randomized controlled trial. CONCLUSION Ten sessions of swLZNFB reduced clinical symptoms and atypical brain activities, it serves as a potential psychological intervention for patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chen Wu
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Hong-En Yu
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cian-Ruei Jian
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - I-Mei Lin
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.
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Testa G, Sotgiu I, Rusconi ML, Cauda F, Costa T. The Functional Neuroimaging of Autobiographical Memory for Happy Events: A Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:711. [PMID: 38610134 PMCID: PMC11011908 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies using autobiographical recall methods investigated the neural correlates of happy autobiographical memories (AMs). The scope of the present activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was to quantitatively analyze neuroimaging studies of happy AMs conducted with autobiographical recall paradigms. A total of 17 studies (12 fMRI; 5 PET) on healthy individuals were included in this meta-analysis. During recall of happy life events, consistent activation foci were found in the frontal gyrus, the cingulate cortex, the basal ganglia, the parahippocampus/hippocampus, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. The result of this quantitative coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis provides an objective view of brain responses associated with AM recollection of happy events, thus identifying brain areas consistently activated across studies. This extended brain network included frontal and limbic regions involved in remembering emotionally relevant positive events. The frontal gyrus and the cingulate cortex may be responsible for cognitive appraisal processes during recollection of happy AMs, while the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus may be involved in pleasure reactions associated with recollection of happy life events. These findings shed light on the neural network involved in recalling positive AMs in healthy individuals, opening further avenues for future research in clinical populations with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Testa
- Instituto de Transferencia e Investigación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26004 La Rioja, Spain
| | - Igor Sotgiu
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (I.S.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Rusconi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (I.S.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Franco Cauda
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (T.C.)
- GCS-fMRI Research Group, Koelliker Hospital, 10134 Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (T.C.)
- GCS-fMRI Research Group, Koelliker Hospital, 10134 Turin, Italy
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Miskowiak KW, Petersen JZ, Macoveanu J, Ysbæk-Nielsen AT, Lindegaard IA, Cramer K, Mogensen MB, Hammershøj LG, Stougaard ME, Jørgensen JL, Schmidt LS, Vinberg M, Ehrenreich H, Hageman I, Videbech P, Gbyl K, Kellner CH, Kessing LV, Jørgensen MB. Effect of erythropoietin on cognitive side-effects of electroconvulsive therapy in depression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 79:38-48. [PMID: 38128460 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective and rapid-acting treatment for severe depression but is associated with cognitive side-effects. Identification of add-on treatments that counteract these side-effects would be very helpful. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study investigated the effects of four add-on erythropoietin (EPO; 40,000 IU/ml) or saline (placebo) infusions over 2.5 weeks of ECT (eight ECT sessions) in severely depressed patients with unipolar or bipolar depression. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted pre-ECT, three days after the eighth ECT (week 4), and at a 3-month follow-up. Further, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted after the eighth ECT. The primary outcome was change from pre- to post-ECT in a 'speed of complex cognitive processing' composite. Secondary outcomes were verbal and autobiographical memory. Of sixty randomized patients, one dropped out before baseline. Data were thus analysed for 59 patients (EPO, n = 33; saline, n = 26), of whom 28 had fMRI data. No ECT-related decline occurred in the primary global cognition measure (ps≥0.1), and no effect of EPO versus saline was observed on this outcome (ps≥0.3). However post-ECT, EPO-treated patients exhibited faster autobiographical memory recall than saline-treated patients (p = 0.02), which was accompanied by lower memory-related parietal cortex activity. The absence of global cognition changes with ECT and EPO, coupled with the specific impact of EPO on autobiographical memory recall speed and memory-related parietal cortex activity, suggests that assessing autobiographical memory may provide increased sensitivity in evaluating and potentially preventing cognitive side-effects of ECT. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03339596, EudraCT no.: 2016-002326-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla W Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jeff Z Petersen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julian Macoveanu
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander T Ysbæk-Nielsen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida A Lindegaard
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Cramer
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madel B Mogensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa G Hammershøj
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie E Stougaard
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josefine L Jørgensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lejla Sjanic Schmidt
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Early Multimodular Prevention and Intervention Research Institution (EMPIRI), Mental Health Centre, Northern Zealand, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clincial Neuroscience, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ida Hageman
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Videbech
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Centre Glostrup, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Gbyl
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Centre Glostrup, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles H Kellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lars V Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin B Jørgensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shepardson S, Dahlgren K, Hamann S. Neural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval: An SDM neuroimaging meta-analysis. Cortex 2023; 166:59-79. [PMID: 37315358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is a type of episodic memory that involves the recollection and re-experiencing of personal life events. AM retrieval is a complex process requiring the coordination of multiple memory processes across the brain. Important questions remain regarding the degree to which specific brain regions are consistently recruited during AM retrieval and the influence of methodological factors such as type of AM retrieval task and control task. Neuroimaging meta-analyses can summarize the brain regions associated with AM retrieval, addressing these questions by revealing consistent findings across multiple studies. We used a coordinate-based neuroimaging meta-analysis method, seed-based d mapping (SDM), to assess the largest set of neuroimaging studies of AM retrieval to date. An important advantage of SDM over other methods is that it factors in the effect sizes of the activation coordinates from studies, yielding a more representative summary of activations. Studies were selected if they elicited AM retrieval in the scanner, contrasted AM retrieval with a matched control task, and used univariate whole-brain analyses, yielding a set of 50 papers with 963 participants and 891 foci. The findings confirmed the recruitment of many previously identified core AM retrieval regions including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex and posterior cingulate, and angular gyrus, and revealed additional regions, including bilateral inferior parietal lobule and greater activation extent through the PFC, including lateral PFC activation. Results were robust across different types of AM retrieval tasks (previously rehearsed cues vs. novel cues), and robust across different control tasks (visual/attention vs. semantic retrieval). To maximize the utility of the meta-analysis, all results image files are available online. In summary, the current meta-analysis provides an updated and more representative characterization of the neural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval and how these neural correlates are affected by important experimental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Hamann
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Similarity in activity and laterality patterns in the angular gyrus during autobiographical memory retrieval and self-referential processing. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:219-238. [PMID: 36166073 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Long-term memory is arguably one of the key cognitive functions. At the neural level, the lateral parietal cortex and the angular gyrus, particularly in the left hemisphere, exhibit strong activations during autobiographical and episodic memory retrieval. In a separate sub-field, left-lateralized activations of the angular gyrus are also found during self-referential processing, defined as higher activity when a trait term is judged by participants as being related to them vs. related to someone else. The question is whether episodic/autobiographical memory retrieval and self-referential processing effects are related. In the present study, thirty participants participated in the fMRI study with two separate experiments: autobiographical memory retrieval (Experiment 1) and self-referential processing (Experiment 2). In a series of analyses, including the most critical spatial correlation analysis between experiments, we found neural similarity between autobiographical memory retrieval and self-referential processing. Given that self-referential processing was identified in a selective way, the most plausible interpretation of our findings is that self-referential processing might partly explain the activation of the left angular gyrus during autobiographical memory retrieval. Our results are in line with the seminal view of Endel Tulving that the sense of self is a fundamental attribute of long-term memory recollection. However, it should be emphasized that: a) our results do not imply that the left angular gyrus is not involved in the retrieval of episodic memory details; and b) given that our experiment included an autobiographical memory task, generalization of our results to the episodic memory laboratory tasks has yet to be tested.
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Carcone D, Gardhouse K, Goghari VM, Lee ACH, Ruocco AC. The transdiagnostic relationship of cumulative lifetime stress with memory, the hippocampus, and personality psychopathology. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 155:483-492. [PMID: 36183602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Stress has a detrimental impact on memory, the hippocampus, and psychological health. Psychopathology research on stress has centered mainly on psychiatric diagnoses rather than symptom dimensions, and less attention has been given to the neurobiological factors through which stress might be translated into psychopathology. The present work investigates the transdiagnostic relationship of cumulative stress with episodic memory and the hippocampus (both structure and function) and explores the extent to which stress mediates the relationship between personality psychopathology and hippocampal size and activation. Cumulative lifetime stress was assessed in a sample of females recruited to vary in stress exposure and severity of personality psychopathology. Fifty-six participants completed subjective and objective tests of episodic memory, a T2-weighted high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the medial-temporal lobe, and functional MRI (fMRI) scanning during a learning and recognition memory task. Higher cumulative stress was significantly related to memory complaints (but not episodic memory performance), lower bilateral hippocampal volume, and greater encoding-related hippocampal activation during the presentation of novel stimuli. Furthermore, cumulative stress significantly mediated the relationship between personality psychopathology and both hippocampal volume and activation, whereas alternative mediation models were not supported. The findings suggest that structural and functional activation differences in the hippocampus observed in case-control studies of psychiatric diagnoses may share cumulative stress as a common factor, which may mediate broadly reported relationships between psychopathology and hippocampal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Carcone
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Katherine Gardhouse
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 60 White Squirrel Way, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Vina M Goghari
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, 3560 Bathurst St, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Anthony C Ruocco
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Hager NM, Judah MR, Rawls E. Win, lose, or draw: Examining salience, reward memory, and depression with the reward positivity. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e13953. [PMID: 34637149 PMCID: PMC8633076 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The reward positivity (RewP) is a putative biomarker of depression. Careful control of stimulus properties and manipulation of both stimulus valence and salience could facilitate interpretation of the RewP. RewP interpretation could further be improved by investigating functional outcomes of a blunted RewP in depression, such as reduced memory for rewarding outcomes. This study sought to advance RewP interpretation first by advancing task design through use of neutral (i.e., draw) control trials and counterbalanced feedback stimuli. Second, we examined the RewP's association with memory and the impact of depression. Undergraduates completed self-report measures of depression and anhedonia prior to a modified doors task in which words were displayed in colored fonts that indicated win, loss, or draw feedback. Memory of the feedback associated with each word (i.e., source memory) was tested. Results showed that RewP response to wins was more positive than to losses, which was more positive than to draws. The RewP was not associated with depression or anhedonia. The low depression group showed a source memory advantage for win words, but the high depression group did not. Source memory showed small relations to the RewP, but these did not survive Bonferroni correction. Results suggest the RewP is sensitive to salience and highlight challenges in detecting an association between the RewP and depression in modified doors tasks. Findings indicate that depression is related to dysfunctional source memory for reward but not loss and that future research should probe the possible associations between the RewP and memory in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Hager
- Old Dominion University,Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology
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Cistaro A, Schiera IG, Fania P, Tognon F, Liava A, Danesino C, Albani G, Guala A, Vogrig A, Quartuccio N. 18F-FDG PET brain findings in disease-discordant monozygotic mosaic twins with Cri du Chat (5p-) syndrome. Neurocase 2021; 27:319-322. [PMID: 34338587 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.1957118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe the first report on the genotype-phenotype patterns and [18F] fluoro-deoxygluycose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) findings in two disease-discordant monozygotic twins with Cri du Chat syndrome (CdcS) presenting deletion of 5p, 46, XY, del(5)(p14)/46, XY. One twin showed a severe phenotype; significant 18F-FDG PET hypometabolism (p=0.001) was revealed in the left and right hemispheres, thalamus, cerebellum, and midbrain, whereas hypermetabolism was detected in the left premotor cortex. The other twin presented a mild phenotype; significant hypometabolism was detected only in the right side (parahippoccampal gyrus and cerebellum). Further studies should investigate the causes of phenotypic discordance in twins with CdcS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Cistaro
- Scientific Committee of Associazione Bambini Cri Du Chat (ABC), Florence, Italy
- AIMN Pediatric Study Group, Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Salus Alliance Medical, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Tognon
- Scientific Committee of Associazione Bambini Cri Du Chat (ABC), Florence, Italy
| | - Alexandra Liava
- Scientific Committee of Associazione Bambini Cri Du Chat (ABC), Florence, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Castelli Hospital, Verbania, Italy
| | - Cesare Danesino
- Scientific Committee of Associazione Bambini Cri Du Chat (ABC), Florence, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Albani
- Scientific Committee of Associazione Bambini Cri Du Chat (ABC), Florence, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Andrea Guala
- Scientific Committee of Associazione Bambini Cri Du Chat (ABC), Florence, Italy
- Division of Paediatrics, Castelli Hospital, Verbania, Italy
| | - Alberto Vogrig
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Santa Maria Della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Natale Quartuccio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, ARNAS Ospedali Civico, Di Cristina E Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
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Hakamata Y, Mizukami S, Izawa S, Moriguchi Y, Hori H, Matsumoto N, Hanakawa T, Inoue Y, Tagaya H. Childhood trauma affects autobiographical memory deficits through basal cortisol and prefrontal-extrastriate functional connectivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105172. [PMID: 33831650 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological trauma can damage the brain, especially in areas where glucocorticoid receptors are expressed, via perturbed secretion of cortisol. Childhood trauma is associated with blunted basal cortisol secretion, brain alterations, and autobiographical memory deficits referred to as overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM). However, it remains unknown whether childhood trauma affects OGM through altered cortisol and brain alterations. METHODS Using resting-state fMRI in 100 healthy humans, we examined whether childhood trauma affects OGM through its related basal cortisol and brain functional connectivity (FC). Trauma and OGM were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), respectively. Basal cortisol levels were measured by 10 points-in-time across two days. Multiple mediation analysis was employed. RESULTS CTQ was associated with greater semantic-associate memory of OGM, a retrieval tendency toward semantic content with no specific contextual details of an experienced event, as well as blunted basal cortisol levels. While CTQ was correlated with decreased FC between the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), it showed a more predominant correlation with increased FC between the lateral and anteromedial PFC and extrastriate cortex. Importantly, the increased prefrontal-extrastriate FC completely mediated the relationship between CTQ and semantic-associate memory, affected by hyposecretion of cortisol. CONCLUSION Childhood trauma may lead to the lack of visuoperceptual contextual details in autobiographical memory by altering basal cortisol secretion and connectivity of the prefrontal-hippocampal-extrastriate regions. The intensified prefrontal-extrastriate connectivity may contribute to OGM formation by strengthening the semantic content in memory retrieval. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the trauma-cortisol-brain-memory link will provide important clinical implications for trauma-related mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Hakamata
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan; Department of Health Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Japan; Department of Clinical Psychology, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan.
| | - Shinya Mizukami
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kitasato University School of Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Shuhei Izawa
- Occupational Stress and Health Management Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Moriguchi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan; Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Tagaya
- Department of Health Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Japan
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11
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Fang J, Dong Y. Autobiographical memory disturbance in depression. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:1618-1626. [PMID: 33870813 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.1916954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is found that overgeneral Autobiographic Memory (AM) disturbance is related to affective disorder such as depression. This article reviewed the conception and mechanism of overgeneral AM, which including Affection Regulation, Functional Avoidance, Capture & Rumination, Impaired Executive Control and the CaR-FA-X model. The relationship between depression and overgeneral AM is also reviewed, in both adult and adolescent patients, overgeneral AM is a risk factor of depressive disorder and AM deficits might be trait-like in depressive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Shanghai, China
| | - Yourong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai 9th Hospital Affiliated to Medical School, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Barry TJ, Sewart AR, Adam EK, Zinbarg RE, Mineka S, Craske MG. The longitudinal association between individual differences in recall of positive specific autobiographical memories and daily cortisol. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108086. [PMID: 33775736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the longitudinal association between cortisol (dys)regulation - mean cortisol awakening response (CAR) and area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg) for total daily cortisol - and autobiographical memory. 135 participants (mean age at baseline = 16.1; Females = 78.5 %) provided cortisol samples (T1). Seven months later participants retrieved autobiographical memories cued by positive and negative words (T2). Four years subsequently, participants provided cortisol samples again (T3). The retrieval of more specific memories cued by positive words, but not negative words, was associated with higher AUCg four years later, independent of sex, recent life stressors and self-reported negative self-related cognitions. There were no associations between CAR and autobiographical memory. Neither AUC nor CAR at T1 predicted subsequent autobiographical memory abilities. People who retrieve more positive specific memories may be more likely to imagine and seek out positive experiences and this may be associated with higher cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Researching Emotional Disorders and Development Lab, The Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R Sewart
- UCLA Anxiety and Depression Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emma K Adam
- School of Education and Social Policy and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Richard E Zinbarg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Sue Mineka
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Michelle G Craske
- UCLA Anxiety and Depression Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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13
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Kim ES, Kim HE, Kim JJ. The neural influence of autobiographical memory related to the parent-child relationship on psychological health in adulthood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231592. [PMID: 32282812 PMCID: PMC7153857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recollection of childhood memories is affected by the subjects involved, such as father and mother, and by the context. This study aimed to clarify the neural influence of autobiographical memory related to the parent-child relationship on psychological health in adulthood. Twenty-nine healthy volunteers participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment using a childhood memory recollection task, in which they appraised the emotion a parent would have provided in a given situation. Whole-brain univariate and psychophysiological interaction analyses were performed. Neuroimaging results indicated notable involvement of the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and precuneus in autobiographical memory related to the parent-child relationship, and their activities were closely associated with the level of depression and self-esteem, respectively. The functional connectivity results indicated increased connectivity between the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and fusiform gyrus for the father-positive condition compared to the mother-positive condition and there was a positive correlation between the strength of connectivity between the two regions and the anxiety level. Our findings suggest the processing of negative affect and the personalness of autobiographical memories are distinctly engaged depending on the parent in question and the situational valence. The present study illuminates the impact of autobiographical memory processes on various dimensions of psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Chunnam Techno University, Gokseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hesun Erin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wu D, Chen T, Huang X, Chen L, Yue Y, Yang H, Hu X, Gong Q. The Role of Old Photos in Reminiscence Therapy in Elderly Women With Depressive Symptoms: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Biol Res Nurs 2020; 22:234-246. [PMID: 32174161 DOI: 10.1177/1099800420908002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Although evidence shows that reminiscence therapy relieves depression in the elderly, few studies have explored its mechanisms and it is unclear whether old public photos rather than personal photos are effective prompts. Objectives: The aims of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with an event-related design were to explore whether old public photos can evoke autobiographical memories and compare brain-activation responses to photos between elderly women with depressive symptoms (DS) and normal controls (NC). Methods: Elderly women with DS ( n = 16) and NC ( n = 18) were recruited from urban communities in Southwest China. Participants responded with a key press to indicate which of 40 photos evoked autobiographical memories at first sight during 3.0 T scanning. Afterward, they rated photos on a 9-point Likert-type scale on the degrees of recall (DOR), arousal, and pleasure elicited and the degree to which photos felt old. Results: Mean DOR scores were 8.47 ± 0.77 and 1.37 ± 1.09 for high- and low-DOR photos, respectively. Response time was longer in DS compared to NC participants. Brain areas activated by exposure to high-DOR photos differed between groups, with reminiscence leading to decreased activation of the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, left cingulate gyrus, right insular lobe, and bilateral cerebellum anterior lobe in DS compared to NC participants. Conclusion: Old public photos can evoke autobiographical memory. DS are associated with brain dysfunction. Early intervention for DS is recommended in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wu
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share joint first authorship
| | - Taolin Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share joint first authorship
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizhou Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchuan Yue
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Computer Science, Chengdu University of Information Technology, and School of Information and Software Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuying Hu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China School of Medicine / West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2018RU011), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Beran E, Richman MJ, Unoka Z. Autobiographical Memory Impairment in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis Interpreted in Terms of the CaR-FA-X Model. J Pers Disord 2019; 33:818-831. [PMID: 30036172 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2018_32_368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by impaired functioning of autobiographical memory (AM). We use a quantitative meta-analysis to assess AM performance in adults diagnosed with BPD as compared to healthy controls (HC). Moderator variables included type of autobiographical memory as well as clinical and demographic variables. Large significant deficits were seen in the BPD group in comparison to the HC group. In the BPD group, effect sizes were large for overgenerality, omission, and specific memories, while not significant for recall. Age influenced the performance of the BPD group; in addition, there was a significant interaction between age and specificity of memory. Gender and IQ did not influence memory performance. Our results confirm that BPD patients show impairment in AM. We explain these impairments in terms of the CaR-FA-X model, based on mechanisms of capture and rumination, functional avoidance, and impaired executive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Beran
- Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mara J Richman
- Fulbright Program, Washington, DC, and Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
| | - Zsolt Unoka
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychiatry, Semmelweis University, Budapest
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16
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Effects of hydrocortisone on autobiographical memory retrieval in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: the role of childhood trauma. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2038-2044. [PMID: 31279324 PMCID: PMC6898229 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found that patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) showed better autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval after hydrocortisone administration than after placebo administration. Here we investigate the neural correlates of AM retrieval after hydrocortisone administration in patients with PTSD or BPD. We recruited 78 female participants for this placebo-controlled crossover study: 40 healthy controls, 20 patients with PTSD, and 18 patients with BPD (all without medication). All participants received an oral placebo or 10 mg hydrocortisone in a randomized order before performing an AM task. Neural activity was monitored during the task by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neural activation did not differ between the three groups during AM retrieval, neither in the placebo condition nor after hydrocortisone intake. Multiple regression analysis revealed that Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores correlated positively with hydrocortisone effects on activation in the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), angular gyrus, and cerebellum. These results suggest that hydrocortisone-induced neural activation pattern during AM retrieval is related to childhood trauma. Previously described effects in the hippocampus, which were absent in the current study, might be related to PTSD caused by trauma in adulthood. The effects of hydrocortisone on brain activation and how these effects are influenced by childhood trauma, trauma in adulthood, and PTSD symptoms should be determined in future studies.
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17
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Profound and reproducible patterns of reduced regional gray matter characterize major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:176. [PMID: 31341158 PMCID: PMC6656728 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced gray matter (GM) volume may represent a hallmark of major depressive disorder (MDD) neuropathology, typified by wide-ranging distribution of structural alteration. In the study, we aimed to replicate and extend our previous finding of profound and widespread GM loss in MDD, and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a structural biomarker derived from GM volume in an interconnected pattern across the brain. In a sub-study of the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D), two cohorts of clinically defined MDD participants "Test" (n = 98) and "Replication" (n = 131) were assessed alongside healthy controls (n = 66). Using 3T MRI T1-weighted volumes, GM volume differences were evaluated using voxel-based morphometry. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were used to evaluate an MDD diagnostic biomarker based on a precise spatial pattern of GM loss constructed using principal component analysis. We demonstrated a highly conserved symmetric widespread pattern of reduced GM volume in MDD, replicating our previous findings. Three bilateral dominant clusters were observed: Cluster 1: midline/cingulate (GM reduction: Test: 6.4%, Replication: 5.3%), Cluster 2: medial temporal lobe (GM reduction: Test: 8.2%, Replication: 11.9%), Cluster 3: prefrontal cortex (GM reduction: Test: 12.1%, Replication: 23.2%). We developed a biomarker reflecting the global pattern of GM reduction, achieving good diagnostic classification performance (AUC: Test = 0.75, Replication = 0.84). This study establishes that a highly specific pattern of reduced GM volume is a feature of MDD, suggestive of a structural basis for this disease. We introduce and validate a novel diagnostic biomarker based on this pattern.
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18
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Altered regional homogeneity in patients with somatic depression: A resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:498-505. [PMID: 30599374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic symptoms are common among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and are known to negatively impact the course and severity of the disease. Although previous studies have attempted to explore the neuropathology of MDD, little is known regarding the neural basis of somatic symptoms in MDD. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance images of 28 MDD patients with somatic symptoms (somatic depression, SD), 30 patients without somatic symptoms (non-somatic depression, NSD) and 30 healthy controls (HC) were obtained. We investigated the neural basis of MDD with somatic symptoms based on the measure of regional homogeneity (ReHo). We also investigated whether the altered regional homogeneity may be correlated to any clinical features of depression. These comparison were also carried out in female and male subjects respectively. RESULTS The SD exhibited higher ReHo in the bilateral parahippocampus and left lingual gyrus than HC, as well as lower ReHo in the right frontal gyrus. Relative to NSD, the SD exhibited lower ReHo in the right middle frontal gyrus and left precentral gyrus. Furthermore, in the SD, ReHo in the left precentral gyrus was positively correlated with cognitive factor scores of the HAMD-17. In female subjects, SD exhibited increased ReHo in the right STG and decreased ReHo in the right MFG, relative to women of the NSD group. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary findings indicated that abnormal ReHo in the frontal and temporal regions may play an important role in the neural basis of somatic depression.
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19
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Hymen EA, Rao JA, Peters AT, Jenkins LM, Weisenbach SL, Kassel MT, Farah LB, Skerrett KA, Haywood JT, Angers K, Pester B, Baker A, Zubieta JK, Ryan KA, Langenecker SA. Memory differences by sex, but not by previous diagnosis of major depressive disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:134-142. [PMID: 30811264 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1496334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Memory difficulties are consistently reported in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Nonetheless, it has not been thoroughly investigated as to whether these deficits persist during remission from MDD. A group of 32 healthy young adults with no history of a mood disorder (Mage = 20.8, SD = 2.1) and 62 remitted depressed young adults (Mage = 21.1, SD = 1.9) completed a neuropsychological battery. The test battery included two measures of nonverbal memory, two measures of verbal memory, and a measure of performance validity. The testing session was repeated three to six weeks later to determine performance stability. No differences were found between healthy controls and remitted depressed patients in either memory domain (all ps > .05) and improvement in performance was exhibited over time for both groups (p = 0.004). Potential practice effects are examined. We found a stronger performance for women than men (p = 0.003), particularly for the Semantic List Learning Task (SLLT) (p = .047). Verbal and nonverbal memory and effort may not be impacted in those who are in a remitted state of MDD, early in the course of the illness. Women demonstrated auditory memory superiority over men, similar to prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Hymen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julia A Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy T Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lisanne M Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sara L Weisenbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Administration Hospital Research & Development Program, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle T Kassel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura B Farah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristy A Skerrett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua T Haywood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kaley Angers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bethany Pester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amanda Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelly A Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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Chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores aberrant plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:752-766. [PMID: 30765272 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of chronic rewarding self-stimulation of LH-MFB in neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and saline administered rats were implanted with bilateral electrodes stereotaxically in the LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. The rats were tested for depressive-like behaviors, learning and memory followed by estimation of PFC volumes, levels of monoamines and its metabolites in the PFC. RESULTS We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced behavioral despair and anhedonia. Interestingly, self-stimulation normalizes the impaired novel object and location recognition memory in CLI rats. The amelioration of learning impairments in CLI rats was associated with the reversal of volume loss and restoration of monoamine metabolism in the PFC. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that repeated intracranial self-stimulation of LH-MFB ameliorates CLI-induced learning deficits, reverses altered monoamine metabolism and the atrophy of PFC. Our results support the hypothesis that chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a potential treatment strategy for reversal of learning deficits in depression and associated disorders.
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21
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Fleischer J, Metz S, Düsenberg M, Grimm S, Golde S, Roepke S, Renneberg B, Wolf OT, Otte C, Wingenfeld K. Neural correlates of glucocorticoids effects on autobiographical memory retrieval in healthy women. Behav Brain Res 2019; 359:895-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Qiu H, Li X, Luo Q, Li Y, Zhou X, Cao H, Zhong Y, Sun M. Alterations in patients with major depressive disorder before and after electroconvulsive therapy measured by fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF). J Affect Disord 2019; 244:92-99. [PMID: 30326347 PMCID: PMC6239214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important treatment option for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the mechanisms of ECT in MDD are still unclear. METHODS Twenty-four patients with severe MDD and 14 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Eight ECT sessions were conducted for MDD patients using brief-pulse square-wave signal at bitemporal locations. To investigate the regional cerebral blood flow in MDD patients before and after ECT treatments by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), the patients were scanned twice (before the first ECT and after the eighth ECT) for data acquisition. Afterward, we adopted fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) to assess the alterations of regional brain activity. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, the fALFF in the cerebellum lobe, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, and thalamus in MDD patients before ECT (pre-ECT) was significantly increased. In another comparison, the fALFF in the cerebellum anterior lobe, fusiform gyrus, insula, parahippocampal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus in pre-ECT patients was significantly greater than the post-ECT fALFF. LIMITATIONS Only two rs-fMRI scans were conducted at predefined times: before the first and after the eighth ECT treatment. More scans during the ECT sessions would yield more information. In addition, the sample size in this study was limited. The number of control subjects was relatively small. A larger number of subjects would produce more robust findings. CONCLUSIONS The fALFF of both healthy controls and post-ECT patients in cerebellum anterior lobe, fusiform gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus is significantly lower than the fALFF of pre-ECT patients. This finding demonstrates that ECT treatment is effective on these brain areas in MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Qiu
- Mental Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xinke Li
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Collaborative innovation center for brain science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, USA.
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Mental Health Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yongming Li
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Collaborative innovation center for brain science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xichuan Zhou
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hailin Cao
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Zhong
- College of Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Mingui Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213, PA, USA
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Matsumoto N, Mochizuki S. Retrieval process of overgeneral memory and the capture and executive control hypothesis: using Autobiographical Memory Test with thought sampling. Memory 2018; 27:673-685. [PMID: 30489212 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1552708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The retrieval process for underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory remains unclear. In this study, we identified what leads to self-referential and categoric thoughts and examined the influence error-monitoring ability has on the reporting of categoric memories. We also examined whether cue self-relevance and/or executive control task performance are related to the number of specific memories reported. Using thought sampling, 94 college students completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, as well as a verbal fluency task and a depression scale. The results indicated that depressive symptoms and negative highly self-relevant cues were associated with self-referential/categoric thoughts during memory retrieval. Further, preceding self-referential/categoric thoughts and low error-monitoring ability predicted immediate after-reporting of categoric memories. Simultaneously, highly self-relevant cues and executive control task performance predicted the reporting of many specific memories. Subdividing the retrieval process and examining the process involved in depression are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Matsumoto
- a Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan.,b Graduate School of Informatics , Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochizuki
- c Faculty of Social Policy and Administration , Hosei University , Tokyo , Japan
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Barry TJ, Chiu CP, Raes F, Ricarte J, Lau H. The Neurobiology of Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1038-1049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rouine J, Callaghan CK, O'Mara SM. Opioid modulation of depression: A focus on imaging studies. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 239:229-252. [PMID: 30314568 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with over 300 million people affected. Almost all currently available antidepressant treatments target monoamine neurotransmitter systems and have a delayed onset of action up to several weeks that can be associated with low rates of treatment response. The endogenous opioid system has been identified as a potential target for the development of novel antidepressants due to its high opioid receptor concentrations in central limbic areas that are also implicated in physiological processes including regulation of mood and emotion. Genetic depletion, pharmacological manipulation, and preclinical models have been widely used to characterize the role of opioid transmission in depressive states. Neuroimaging studies have been carried out in clinical populations to investigate opioid transmission in mood and emotion in an attempt to identify those regional anatomical and functional brain changes that are associated with depression. Great insight has been provided into the cerebral structural and functional changes associated with depression but there remains a need to tie the functional theories of depression to anatomical localization and further neuroimaging studies are best placed to do this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rouine
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Charlotte K Callaghan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Shane M O'Mara
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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26
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Parlar M, Densmore M, Hall GB, Lanius R, McKinnon MC. Neural and behavioural correlates of autobiographical memory retrieval in patients with major depressive disorder and a history of trauma exposure. Neuropsychologia 2018; 110:148-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Glutamatergic stimulation of the left dentate gyrus abolishes depressive-like behaviors in a rat learned helplessness paradigm. Neuroimage 2017; 159:207-213. [PMID: 28025131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodic experiences of stress have been identified as the leading cause of major depressive disorder (MDD). The occurrence of MDD is profoundly influenced by the individual's coping strategy, rather than the severity of the stress itself. Resting brain activity has been shown to alter in several mental disorders. However, the functional relationship between resting brain activity and coping strategies has not yet been studied. In the present study, we observed different patterns of resting brain activity in rats that had determined either positive (resilient to stress) or negative (vulnerable to stress) coping strategies, and examined whether modulation of the preset resting brain activity could influence the behavioral phenotype associated with negative coping strategy (i.e., depressive-like behaviors). METHODS We used a learned helplessness paradigm-a well-established model of MDD-to detect coping strategies. Differences in resting state brain activity between animals with positive and negative coping strategies were assessed using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Glutamatergic stimulation was used to modulate resting brain activity. RESULTS After exposure to repeated uncontrollable stress, seven of 23 rats exhibited positive coping strategies, while eight of 23 rats exhibited negative coping strategies. Increased resting brain activity was observed only in the left ventral dentate gyrus of the positive coping rats using FDG-PET. Furthermore, glutamatergic stimulation of the left dentate gyrus abolished depressive-like behaviors in rats with negative coping strategies. CONCLUSION Increased resting brain activity in the left ventral dentate gyrus helps animals to select positive coping strategies in response to future stress.
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Begovic E, Panaite V, Bylsma LM, George C, Kovacs M, Yaroslavsky I, Baji I, Benák I, Dochnal R, Kiss E, Vetró Á, Kapornai K, Rottenberg J. Positive autobiographical memory deficits in youth with depression histories and their never-depressed siblings. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 56:329-346. [PMID: 28543280 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impaired positive autobiographical memory (AM) is closely linked to emotional disorders. AM impairments are often found in depressed adults and may be related to the difficulties such persons have in regulating their dysphoric mood. By contrast, less is known about AM disturbances among adolescents, or about the functional relationship of AM disturbances to early-onset depression. DESIGN A high-risk family design served to compare four groups of youth who differed in depression histories and familial depression risk. METHODS Thirty-one currently depressed probands, 185 remitted probands, 204 never-depressed siblings of probands, and 180 healthy control youth were induced into a negative mood prior to recalling positive AMs via a novel memory elicitation procedure. Several positive AM characteristics were assessed. RESULTS Relative to control youth, unaffected siblings and probands exhibited consistently impaired positive AMs. Moreover, we also found some evidence that probands were more impaired than siblings, who were in turn more impaired than controls, consistent with a gradient effect. CONCLUSIONS Positive AM disturbances may not only precede the onset of depression in vulnerable youth, but also continue to persist after remission of a depressive episode. Clinical and basic research implications of the findings are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS Positive AM impairments may be trait-like, persist in the euthymic phase of depression, and may serve as a risk marker for early-onset depression among vulnerable adolescents. Disturbances in positive AM may negatively impact the mood-regulatory functions of positive memory recall and contribute to persistent sadness and anhedonia, which are core features of depression. Our sample of currently depressed youth was relatively small, tempering our conclusions. Although we collected data on some important covariates (e.g., socioeconomic status), we lacked information on other relevant variables such as youths' executive functioning or IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Begovic
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Vanessa Panaite
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren M Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles George
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria Kovacs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilya Yaroslavsky
- Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ildikó Baji
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Benák
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roberta Dochnal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kiss
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Vetró
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kapornai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Szeged, Hungary
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Liu Y, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Zhang F, Chang J, Wang H, Xie R, Wang Z, Cao L, Wang G. Regional homogeneity associated with overgeneral autobiographical memory of first-episode treatment-naive patients with major depressive disorder in the orbitofrontal cortex: A resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2017; 209:163-168. [PMID: 27923192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is involved in the onset and maintenance of depression. Recent studies have shown correlations between OGM and alterations of some brain regions by using task-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the correlation between OGM and spontaneous brain activity in depression remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) show abnormal regional homogeneity (ReHo) and, if so, whether the brain areas with abnormal ReHo are associated with OGM. METHODS Twenty five patients with MDD and 25 age-matched, sex-matched, and education-matched healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI. All participants were also assessed by 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and autobiographical memory test. The ReHo method was used to analyze regional synchronization of spontaneous neuronal activity. RESULTS Patients with MDD, compared to healthy controls, exhibited extensive ReHo abnormalities in some brain regions, including the frontal, temporal, and occipital cortex. Moreover, ReHo value of the orbitofrontal cortex was negatively correlated with OGM scores in patients with MDD. LIMITATIONS The sample size of this study was relatively small, and the influence of physiological noise was not completely excluded. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that abnormal ReHo of spontaneous brain activity in the orbitofrontal cortex may be involved in the pathophysiology of OGM in patients with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Liu
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Wuxi Third People's Hospital, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haosen Wang
- Department of Science and Education, The Fourth People's Hospital, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rukui Xie
- Department of Medical Imaging, Wuxi Third People's Hospital, Wuxi 214041, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Leiming Cao
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214151, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Tozzi L, Doolin K, Farrel C, Joseph S, O'Keane V, Frodl T. Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of emotion recognition and voluntary attentional regulation in depression: A generalized psycho-physiological interaction study. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:535-544. [PMID: 27814960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression is characterized by an impaired ability to evaluate and modify emotional responses as well as attention deficits, however the neural origins of these features are unresolved. The aim of the study was to investigate activation and functional connectivity changes during recognition and voluntary attentional regulation of emotion in 34 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to 35 controls. METHODS We employed an fMRI task in which participants assessed the valence or the shape of emotional stimuli. Then we analysed BOLD responses and functional connectivity using psycho-physiological interaction during the two conditions. RESULTS Patients showed more incorrect responses across both trial types. Recognition trials recruited areas belonging to the ventral system, which is involved in the generation and automatic processing of emotion. Shift of attention away from the emotional content activated areas belonging to the dorsal emotion regulation system. Patients showed hyper-connectivity between and within the default mode and task positive networks. While shifting attention away from emotion, patients had a reduced response of the anterior insula and increased connectivity across areas involved in emotion generation and regulation. Connectivity between the amygdala and visual areas was also altered in patients compared to controls during evaluation of negative and positive pictures, which might be related to biased valence processing. Finally, during regulation of negative trials and recognition of positive trials patients showed decreased coupling in areas involved in attention allocation and emotional regulation. LIMITATIONS Most of the patients were medicated, although potential effects of treatment were investigated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings are compatible with abnormal functional coupling in MDD of regions involved in perception, recognition and attention allocation, especially during regulation of negative images and valence evaluation of positive images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Tozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Kelly Doolin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chloe Farrel
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sojo Joseph
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Veronica O'Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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Knight MJ, Baune BT. Psychosocial Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder-Rationale, Design, and Characteristics of the Cognitive and Emotional Recovery Training Program for Depression (CERT-D). Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:280. [PMID: 29312014 PMCID: PMC5732931 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychosocial dysfunction is associated with poor longitudinal course of depression and is not sufficiently addressed by existing pharmaceutical or psychological treatments. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the efficacy of a novel intervention designed to improve psychosocial function in depressed individuals. Impaired cognition, emotion processing, and social cognition appear to underlie (i.e., cause) psychosocial dysfunction in depression. The current treatment will target functioning in these domains (i.e., cognition, emotion, social cognition) with repeated training tasks, following the rationale that therapeutic benefits will arise in psychosocial functioning. It is expected that personalizing treatment by participants' baseline functioning will enhance clinical efficacy, by comparison with standard treatment in which baseline functioning is not considered. METHODS The study is a randomized, controlled treatment (RCT), in which the efficacy of a personalized and standard intervention will be compared. Sixteen treatment sessions will be administered over an 8-week period. These treatments are designed to improve cognition, emotion processing and social cognition. Assessments of psychosocial functioning, as well as a number of secondary outcomes, will occur at baseline, 4 weeks (mid-RCT), 8 weeks (end of RCT), and in the observational period at baseline (week 9) and 3 and 6 months post-RCT. Recruitment will commence in July 2017, including subjects diagnosed with major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. DISCUSSION This research will provide new insight into the roles of cognition, emotion processing, and social cognition in psychosocial dysfunction in depression. In addition, the relative clinical efficacy of personalized versus standard treatment approaches will be assessed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the human research ethics committees of the Royal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Adelaide (ethics code: R20170611). The study has been registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry Registration number: ACTRN12617000899347, web link: http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12617000899347p. The results of the current study will be published in academic journals following completion of recruitment in 2019. Data will be owned and retained by the University of Adelaide, with access restricted to the research team responsible for the study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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32
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Young KD, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Differential neural correlates of autobiographical memory recall in bipolar and unipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:571-582. [PMID: 27813234 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autobiographical memory (AM) recall is impaired in both bipolar depression (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate differences between healthy controls (HCs) and depressed participants with either BD or MDD as they recalled AMs that varied in emotional valence. METHODS Unmedicated adults in a current major depressive episode who met criteria for either MDD or BD and HCs (n=16/group) underwent fMRI while recalling AMs in response to emotionally valenced cue words. Control tasks involved generating examples from a given category and counting the number of risers in a letter string. RESULTS Both participants with BD and those with MDD recalled fewer specific and more categorical memories than HC participants. During specific AM recall of positive memories, participants with BD showed increased hemodynamic activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, middle temporal gyrus, parahippocampus, and amygdala relative to MDD and HC participants, as well as decreased dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) activity relative to MDD participants. During specific AM recall of negative memories, participants with BD manifested decreased activity in the precuneus, amygdala, anterior cingulate, and DLPFC along with increased activity in the dorsomedial PFC relative to MDD participants. CONCLUSIONS While depressed participants with BD and MDD exhibited similar depression ratings and memory deficits, the brain regions underlying successful AM recall significantly differentiated these patient groups. Differential amygdala activity during emotional memory recall (particularly increased activity in participants with BD for positive AMs) may prove useful in the differentiation of individuals with MDD and BD experiencing a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly D Young
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Center, University of Oklahoma College of Engineering, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC of Johnson & Johnson Inc., Titusville, NJ, USA
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Kynurenine pathway metabolites are associated with hippocampal activity during autobiographical memory recall in patients with depression. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:335-42. [PMID: 27091600 PMCID: PMC4917447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-related changes in the concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 1β (IL-1), and IL-6 as well as kynurenine metabolites are associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and affect depressive behavior, cognition, and hippocampal plasticity in animal models. We previously reported that the ratios of kynurenic acid (KynA) to the neurotoxic metabolites, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and quinolinic acid (QA), were positively correlated with hippocampal volume in depression. The hippocampus is critical for autobiographical memory (AM) recall which is impaired in MDD. Here we tested whether the ratios, KynA/3HK and KynA/QA were associated with AM recall performance as well as hippocampal activity during AM recall. Thirty-five unmedicated depressed participants and 25 healthy controls (HCs) underwent fMRI scanning while recalling emotionally-valenced AMs and provided serum samples for the quantification of kynurenine metabolites, CRP, and cytokines (IL-1 receptor antagonist - IL-1RA; IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha - TNF, interferon gamma -IFN-γ, IL-10). KynA/3HK and KynA/QA were lower in the MDD group relative to the HCs. The concentrations of the CRP and the cytokines did not differ significantly between the HCs and the MDD group. Depressed individuals recalled fewer specific AMs and displayed increased left hippocampal activity during the recall of positive and negative memories. KynA/3HK was inversely associated with left hippocampal activity during specific AM recall in the MDD group. Further, KynA/QA was positively correlated with percent negative specific memories recalled in the MDD group and showed a non-significant trend toward a positive correlation with percent positive specific memories recalled in HCs. In contrast, neither CRP nor the cytokines were significantly associated with AM recall or activity of the hippocampus during AM recall. Conceivably, an imbalance in levels of KynA versus QA-pathway metabolites may adversely impact the function of the hippocampus and AM recall, raising the possibility that kynurenine pathway may affect emotion-dependent memory within the context of depression.
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Dunbar-Jacob J, Rohay JM. Predictors of medication adherence: fact or artifact. J Behav Med 2016; 39:957-968. [PMID: 27306683 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined socio-demographic, psychosocial, and other factors as potential contributors to poor adherence. Variability exists in the strength and consistency of findings. We speculated that the method of measuring adherence might be a factor in the variability in identification of predictor variables. We examined the identification of predictors of adherence by method of measurement in two randomized, controlled trials of adherence interventions. Both studies used the Aardex Medication Event Monitor and the Morisky Self-Report Scale. Twenty-one days of baseline data from 698 subjects were examined in relation to measures of depression, functional status, perceived therapeutic efficacy, number of co-morbidities, and socio-demographic indices. Analysis included Spearman rho, Pearson r, and multiple logistic regression. Differences in the identification of predictors between adherence measurement methods were identified. These data support the hypothesis that different measurement methods yield different predictors of adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Dunbar-Jacob
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, 3500 Victoria Street, Room 350, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Rohay
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, 3500 Victoria Street, Room 412, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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35
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Macdonald B, Murray L, Moutsiana C, Fearon P, Cooper PJ, Halligan SL, Johnstone T. Altered engagement of autobiographical memory networks in adult offspring of postnatally depressed mothers. Biol Psychol 2016; 118:147-153. [PMID: 27208693 PMCID: PMC4962770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal depression is associated with increased risk for offspring mood and anxiety disorders. One possible impact of maternal depression during offspring development is on the emotional autobiographical memory system. We investigated the neural mechanisms of emotional autobiographical memory in adult offspring of mothers with postnatal depression (N=16) compared to controls (N=21). During fMRI, recordings of participants describing one pleasant and one unpleasant situation with their mother and with a companion, were used as prompts to re-live the situations. Compared to controls we predicted the PND offspring would show: greater activation in medial and posterior brain regions implicated in autobiographical memory and rumination; and decreased activation in lateral prefrontal cortex and decreased connectivity between lateral prefrontal and posterior regions, reflecting reduced control of autobiographical recall. For negative situations, we found no group differences. For positive situations with their mothers, PND offspring showed higher activation than controls in left lateral prefrontal cortex, right frontal pole, cingulate cortex and precuneus, and lower connectivity of right middle frontal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, thalamus and lingual gyrus with the posterior cingulate. Our results are consistent with adult offspring of PND mothers having less efficient prefrontal regulation of personally relevant pleasant autobiographical memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Macdonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Lynne Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Christina Moutsiana
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, School of Social & Behavioural Sciences, University of Kingston, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter J Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Sarah L Halligan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, J-Block, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tom Johnstone
- Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AL, United Kingdom.
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Talarowska M, Berk M, Maes M, Gałecki P. Autobiographical memory dysfunctions in depressive disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:100-8. [PMID: 26522618 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) is a ubiquitous human experience that belongs to long-term declarative memory. It plays interpersonal and intrapsychic functions. The main aim of this study is to present results of contemporary research on AM in recurrent depressive disorders. The available research literature suggests that AM dysfunctions are a precursor and risk factor for recurrent depressive disorders and that they also appear to be a consequence of depressive symptoms in a bidirectional and interacting manner. These data suggest that AM might be a viable therapeutic target for cognitive remediation strategies, given the impact of cognition on diverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Talarowska
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Piotr Gałecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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37
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Thomas SA. Neuromodulatory signaling in hippocampus-dependent memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2015; 25:415-31. [PMID: 25475876 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made toward understanding the molecular signaling events that underlie memory acquisition and consolidation. In contrast, less is known about memory retrieval, despite its necessity for utilizing learned information. This review focuses on neuromodulatory and intracellular signaling events that underlie memory retrieval mediated by the hippocampus, for which the most information is currently available. Among neuromodulators, adrenergic signaling is required for the retrieval of various types of hippocampus-dependent memory. Although they contribute to acquisition and/or consolidation, cholinergic and dopaminergic signaling are generally not required for retrieval. Interestingly, while not required for retrieval, serotonergic and opioid signaling may actually constrain memory retrieval. Roles for histamine and non-opioid neuropeptides are currently unclear but possible. A critical effector of adrenergic signaling in retrieval is reduction of the slow afterhyperpolarization mediated by β1 receptors, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, Epac, and possibly ERK. In contrast, stress and glucocorticoids impair retrieval by decreasing cyclic AMP, mediated in part by the activation of β2 -adrenergic receptors. Clinically, alterations in neuromodulatory signaling and in memory retrieval occur in Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, and recent evidence has begun to link changes in neuromodulatory signaling with effects on memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Thomas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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38
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Cognition-related brain networks underpin the symptoms of unipolar depression: Evidence from a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 61:53-65. [PMID: 26562681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review sources the latest neuroimaging evidence for the role of cognition-related brain networks in depression, and relates their abnormal functioning to symptoms of the disorder. Using theoretically informed and rigorous inclusion criteria, we integrate findings from 59 functional neuroimaging studies of adults with unipolar depression using a narrative approach. Results demonstrate that two distinct neurocognitive networks, the autobiographic memory network (AMN) and the cognitive control network (CCN), are central to the symptomatology of depression. Specifically, hyperactivity of the introspective AMN is linked to pathological brooding, self-blame, rumination. Anticorrelated under-engagement of the CCN is associated with indecisiveness, negative automatic thoughts, poor concentration, distorted cognitive processing. Downstream effects of this imbalance include reduced regulation of networks linked to the vegetative and affective symptoms of depression. The configurations of these networks can change between individuals and over time, plausibly accounting for both the variable presentation of depressive disorders and their fluctuating course. Framing depression as a disorder of neurocognitive networks directly links neurobiology to psychiatric practice, aiding researchers and clinicians alike.
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39
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Van Overwalle F, D'aes T, Mariën P. Social cognition and the cerebellum: A meta-analytic connectivity analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:5137-54. [PMID: 26419890 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) study explores the functional connectivity of the cerebellum with the cerebrum in social cognitive processes. In a recent meta-analysis, Van Overwalle, Baetens, Mariën, and Vandekerckhove (2014) documented that the cerebellum is implicated in social processes of "body" reading (mirroring; e.g., understanding other persons' intentions from observing their movements) and "mind" reading (mentalizing, e.g., inferring other persons' beliefs, intentions or personality traits, reconstructing persons' past, future, or hypothetical events). In a recent functional connectivity study, Buckner et al. (2011) offered a novel parcellation of cerebellar topography that substantially overlaps with the cerebellar meta-analytic findings of Van Overwalle et al. (2014). This overlap suggests that the involvement of the cerebellum in social reasoning depends on its functional connectivity with the cerebrum. To test this hypothesis, we explored the meta-analytic co-activations as indices of functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the cerebrum during social cognition. The MACM results confirm substantial and distinct connectivity with respect to the functions of (a) action understanding ("body" reading) and (b) mentalizing ("mind" reading). The consistent and strong connectivity findings of this analysis suggest that cerebellar activity during social judgments reflects distinct mirroring and mentalizing functionality, and that these cerebellar functions are connected with corresponding functional networks in the cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Van Overwalle
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Tine D'aes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Peter Mariën
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, CLIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim Hospital, Lindendreef 1, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
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40
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Autobiographical Memory Disturbances in Depression: A Novel Therapeutic Target? Neural Plast 2015; 2015:759139. [PMID: 26380121 PMCID: PMC4561987 DOI: 10.1155/2015/759139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a dysfunctional processing of autobiographical memories. We review the following core domains of deficit: systematic biases favoring materials of negative emotional valence; diminished access and response to positive memories; a recollection of overgeneral memories in detriment of specific autobiographical memories; and the role of ruminative processes and avoidance when dealing with autobiographical memories. Furthermore, we review evidence from functional neuroimaging studies of neural circuits activated by the recollection of autobiographical memories in both healthy and depressive individuals. Disruptions in autobiographical memories predispose and portend onset and maintenance of depression. Thus, we discuss emerging therapeutics that target memory difficulties in those with depression. We review strategies for this clinical domain, including memory specificity training, method-of-loci, memory rescripting, and real-time fMRI neurofeedback training of amygdala activity in depression. We propose that the manipulation of the reconsolidation of autobiographical memories in depression might represent a novel yet largely unexplored, domain-specific, therapeutic opportunity for depression treatment.
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41
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Yuan H, Young KD, Phillips R, Zotev V, Misaki M, Bodurka J. Resting-state functional connectivity modulation and sustained changes after real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback training in depression. Brain Connect 2015; 4:690-701. [PMID: 25329241 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amygdala hemodynamic responses to positive stimuli are attenuated in major depressive disorder (MDD) and normalize with remission. Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) training with the goal of upregulating amygdala activity during recall of happy autobiographical memories (AMs) has been suggested, and recently explored, as a novel therapeutic approach that resulted in improvement in self-reported mood in depressed subjects. In this study, we assessed the possibility of sustained brain changes as well as the neuromodulatory effects of rtfMRI-nf training of the amygdala during recall of positive AMs in MDD and matched healthy subjects. MDD and healthy subjects went through one visit of rtfMRI-nf training. Subjects were assigned to receive active neurofeedback from the left amygdale (LA) or from a control region putatively not modulated by AM recall or emotion regulation, that is, the left horizontal segment of the intraparietal sulcus. To assess lasting effects of neurofeedback in MDD, the resting-state functional connectivity before and after rtfMRI-nf in 27 depressed subjects, as well as in 27 matched healthy subjects before rtfMRI-nf was measured. Results show that abnormal hypo-connectivity with LA in MDD is reversed after rtfMRI-nf training by recalling positive AMs. Although such neuromodulatory changes are observed in both MDD groups receiving feedback from respective active and control brain regions, only in the active group are larger decreases of depression severity associated with larger increases of amygdala connectivity and a significant, positive correlation is found between the connectivity changes and the days after neurofeedback. In addition, active neurofeedback training of the amygdala enhances connectivity with temporal cortical regions, including the hippocampus. These results demonstrate lasting brain changes induced by amygdala rtfMRI-nf training and suggest the importance of reinforcement learning in rehabilitating emotion regulation in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yuan
- 1 Laureate Institute for Brain Research , Tulsa, Oklahoma
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42
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Distinct and common cerebral activation changes during mental time travel in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:296-313. [PMID: 25972116 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mental time travel (MTT) entails the ability to mentally travel into autobiographical memory (AM) and episodic future thinking (EFT). While AM and EFT share common phenomenological and cerebral functional properties, distinctive characteristics have been documented in healthy and clinical populations. No report, to our knowledge, has informed on the functional underpinnings of MTT impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, hence the aim of this work. We studied 22 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 22 matched controls. Participants underwent an AM/EFT assessment using the Autobiographical Interview (Levine et al. 2002), followed by a functional MRI session. The latter consisted in AM and EFT tasks, distinguishing the construction and elaboration phases of events. The results showed impaired performance for AM and EFT in patients, accompanied by increased cerebral activations mostly located in the frontal regions, which extended to the parietal, lateral temporal and posterior regions during AM/EFT tasks, relative to healthy controls. Enhanced brain activations in MS patients were particularly evident during the EFT task and involved the hippocampus, frontal, external temporal, and cingulate regions. The construction phase required greater fronto-parieto-temporal activations in MS patients relative to both healthy controls, and the elaboration phase. Taking together, our results suggested the occurrence of cerebral activation changes in the context of MTT in MS patients, expressed by distinct and common mechanisms for AM and EFT. This study may provide new insights in terms of cerebral activation changes in brain lesion and their application to clinical settings, considering AM/EFT's central role in everyday life.
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Young KD, Bellgowan PSF, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Functional neuroimaging correlates of autobiographical memory deficits in subjects at risk for depression. Brain Sci 2015; 5:144-64. [PMID: 25919972 PMCID: PMC4493461 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci5020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Overgeneral autobiographical memory (AM) manifests in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) tested during depressed (dMDD) or remitted phases (rMDD), and healthy individuals at high-risk (HR) for developing MDD. The current study aimed to elucidate differences in hemodynamic correlates of AM recall between rMDDs, HRs, and controls (HCs) to identify neural changes following previous depressive episodes without the confound of current depressed mood. HCs, HRs, and unmedicated rMDDs (n = 20/group) underwent fMRI while recalling AMs in response to emotionally valenced cue words. HRs and rMDDs recalled fewer specific and more categorical AMs relative to HCs. During specific AM recall, HRs had increased activity relative to rMDDs and HCs in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex. During positive specific AM recall, HRs and HCs had increased activity relative to rMDDs in bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) and left precuneus. During negative specific AM recall HRs and HCs had increased activity in left VLPFC and right DMPFC, while rMDDs had increased activity relative to HRs and HCs in right DLPFC and precuneus. Differential recruitment of medial prefrontal regions implicated in emotional control suggests experiencing a depressive episode may consequently reduce one’s ability to regulate emotional responses during AM recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kymberly D Young
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA.
| | - Patrick S F Bellgowan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Center, College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA.
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, NJ 08560, USA.
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Palmer SM, Crewther SG, Carey LM. A meta-analysis of changes in brain activity in clinical depression. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 8:1045. [PMID: 25642179 PMCID: PMC4294131 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into neurobiological mechanisms of depression are increasingly being sought via brain imaging studies. Our aim was to quantitatively summarize overlap and divergence in regions of altered brain activation associated with depression under emotionally valenced compared to cognitively demanding task conditions, and with reference to intrinsic functional connectivity. We hypothesized differences reflective of task demands. A co-ordinate-based meta-analysis technique, activation likelihood estimation, was used to analyze relevant imaging literature. These studies compared brain activity in depressed adults relative to healthy controls during three conditions: (i) emotionally valenced (cognitively easy) tasks (n = 29); (ii) cognitively demanding tasks (n = 15); and (iii) resting conditions (n = 21). The meta-analyses identified five, eight, and seven significant clusters of altered brain activity under emotion, cognition, and resting conditions, respectively, in depressed individuals compared to healthy controls. Regions of overlap and divergence between pairs of the three separate meta-analyses were quantified. There were no significant regions of overlap between emotion and cognition meta-analyses, but several divergent clusters were found. Cognitively demanding conditions were associated with greater activation of right medial frontal and insula regions while bilateral amygdala was more significantly altered during emotion (cognitively undemanding) conditions; consistent with task demands. Overlap was present in left amygdala and right subcallosal cingulate between emotion and resting meta-analyses, with no significant divergence. Our meta-analyses highlight alteration of common brain regions, during cognitively undemanding emotional tasks and resting conditions but divergence of regions between emotional and cognitively demanding tasks. Regions altered reflect current biological and system-level models of depression and highlight the relationship with task condition and difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Palmer
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Leeanne M. Carey
- Neurorehabilitation and Recovery, Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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45
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Hach S, Tippett LJ, Addis DR. Neural changes associated with the generation of specific past and future events in depression. Neuropsychologia 2014; 65:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Young KD, Bellgowan PSF, Bodurka J, Drevets WC. Neurophysiological correlates of autobiographical memory deficits in currently and formerly depressed subjects. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2951-2963. [PMID: 25065602 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) tested in either the depressed (dMDD) or remitted phase (rMDD) recall fewer specific and more categorical autobiographical memories (AMs) compared to healthy controls (HCs). The current study aimed to replicate findings of AM overgenerality in dMDD or rMDD, and to elucidate differences in neurophysiological correlates of AM recall between these MDD samples and HCs. METHOD Unmedicated participants who met criteria for the dMDD, rMDD or HC groups (n = 16/group) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while recalling AMs in response to emotionally valenced cue words. Control tasks involved generating examples from an assigned semantic category and counting the number of risers in a letter string. RESULTS The results showed fewer specific and more categorical AMs in both MDD samples versus HCs; dMDDs and rMDDs performed similarly on these measures. The neuroimaging results showed differences between groups in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior insula, inferior temporal gyrus and parahippocampus/hippocampus during specific AM recall versus example generation. During specific AM recall cued by positively valenced words, group differences were evident in the DMPFC, middle temporal gyrus, parahippocampus/hippocampus and occipital gyrus, whereas differences during specific AM recall cued by negatively valenced words were evident in the DMPFC, superior temporal gyrus and hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS AM deficits exist in rMDDs, suggesting that these impairments constitute trait-like abnormalities in MDD. We also found distinct patterns of hemodynamic activity for each group as they recalled specific AMs, raising the possibility that each group used a partly unique strategy for self-referential focus during successful retrieval of specific memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Young
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research,Tulsa, OK,USA
| | | | - J Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research,Tulsa, OK,USA
| | - W C Drevets
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research,Tulsa, OK,USA
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47
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Zhu X, Li R, Wang P, Li J. Aberrant functional connectivity of the hippocampus in older adults with subthreshold depression. Psych J 2014; 3:245-53. [PMID: 26272116 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Major depression disorder (MDD) is closely associated with functional and structural changes in the hippocampus (HC). Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated abnormal functional connectivity (FC) of the HC in patients with MDD, but it remains unknown whether this abnormal hippocampal FC pattern occurs in individuals with subthreshold depression (StD) who are at high risk of MDD. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 19 elderly individuals with StD and 18 normal controls. Whole brain voxel-wise FC analyses were conducted to investigate the hippocampal FC pattern by selecting the HC as the region of interest, and correlation analyses were performed to explore the association of altered FC of the HC with self-reported depressive symptoms. The results showed that elderly individuals with StD had substantially decreased FC of the HC to the prefrontal and cuneus cortices compared with healthy normal controls. Moreover, the strength of HC-cuneus connectivity was correlated with self-reported depressive symptoms in elderly individuals with StD. These findings suggest that dysfunctional integration within the HC and cortical regions may occur at an early stage of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhu
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Emotion Regulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyun Wang
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Research Center of Emotion Regulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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48
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Cerqueira CT, Sato JR, de Almeida JRC, Amaro E, Leite CC, Gorenstein C, Gentil V, Busatto GF. Healthy individuals treated with clomipramine: an fMRI study of brain activity during autobiographical recall of emotions. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e405. [PMID: 24984192 PMCID: PMC4080327 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various functional magnetic resonance imaging studies addressed the effects of antidepressant drugs on brain functioning in healthy subjects; however, none specifically investigated positive mood changes to antidepressant drug. Sixteen subjects with no personal or family history of psychiatric disorders were selected from an ongoing 4-week open trial of small doses of clomipramine. Follow-up interviews documented clear positive treatment effects in six subjects, with reduced irritability and tension in social interactions, improved decision making, higher self-confidence and brighter mood. These subjects were then included in a placebo-controlled confirmatory trial and were scanned immediately after 4 weeks of clomipramine use and again 4 weeks after the last dose of clomipramine. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were run during emotion-eliciting stimuli. Repeated-measures analysis of variance of brain activity patterns showed significant interactions between group and treatment status during induced irritability (P<0.005 cluster-based) but not during happiness. Individuals displaying a positive subjective response do clomipramine had higher frontoparietal cortex activity during irritability than during happiness and neutral emotion, and higher temporo-parieto-occipital cortex activity during irritability than during happiness. We conclude that antidepressants not only induce positive mood responses but also act upon autobiographical recall of negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Cerqueira
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, Rua Dr Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, São Paulo, SP 05430-010, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - J R Sato
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Federal University of the ABC, Santo André, Brazil,Department and Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J R C de Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E Amaro
- Department and Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C C Leite
- Department and Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Gorenstein
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Laboratory of Psychopharmacology (LIM 23), School of Medicine, USP, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V Gentil
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Busatto
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Foland-Ross LC, Cooney RE, Joormann J, Henry ML, Gotlib IH. Recalling happy memories in remitted depression: a neuroimaging investigation of the repair of sad mood. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:818-26. [PMID: 24146315 PMCID: PMC3995858 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurrent mood disorder. The high rate of recurrence of MDD suggests the presence of stable vulnerability factors that place individuals with a history of major depression at an increased risk for the onset of another episode. Previous research has linked the remitted state, and therefore increased vulnerability for depressive relapse, with difficulties in the use of pleasant autobiographical memories to repair sad mood. In the present study, we examined the neural correlates of these difficulties. Groups of 16 currently euthymic, remitted depressed individuals and 16 healthy (control) women underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during sad mood induction and during recovery from a sad mood state through recall of mood-incongruent positive autobiographical memories. Sad mood was induced in participants by using film clips; participants then recalled positive autobiographical memories, a procedure previously shown to repair negative affect. During both the sad mood induction and automatic mood regulation, control participants exhibited activation in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and cuneus; in contrast, remitted participants exhibited a decrease in activation in these regions. Furthermore, exploratory analyses revealed that reduced activation levels during mood regulation predicted a worsening of depressive symptoms at a 20-month follow-up assessment. These findings highlight a dynamic role of the vlPFC and cuneus in the experience and modulation of emotional states and suggest that functional anomalies of these brain regions are associated with a history of, and vulnerability to, depression.
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50
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Dietsche B, Backes H, Stratmann M, Konrad C, Kircher T, Krug A. Altered neural function during episodic memory encoding and retrieval in major depression. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4293-302. [PMID: 24639328 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory impairments are common in major depression. Neural processing during non-emotional episodic memory in depressed patients has only sparsely been investigated, since the majority of studies have focused on emotional stimuli. The aim of this study was to explore neural correlates of episodic memory in depressive patients and to assess brain regions related to subsequent memory performance. Forty-six participants (23 depressed patients) performed a non-emotional episodic memory encoding and retrieval task while brain activation was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patients with depression showed decreased activation in the right prefrontal cortex and right cingulate cortex during memory encoding, but increased activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during recognition memory. While a strong association between hippocampal and parahippocampal activation during memory encoding with subsequent memory performance became evident in healthy controls, this relationship was absent in patients with depression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that memory related brain regions are affected in their appropriate functioning during memory encoding in depressed patients. Therefore, patients with depression may rely to a greater degree on other brain regions such as the IFG during episodic memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dietsche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
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