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Kekäläinen T, Koivunen K, Pynnönen K, Portegijs E, Taina Rantanen. Cohort Differences in Depressive Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in 75- and 80-Year-Olds: A Comparison of Two Cohorts 28 Years Apart. J Aging Health 2024; 36:3-13. [PMID: 36947727 PMCID: PMC10693740 DOI: 10.1177/08982643231164739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine birth cohort differences in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in older men and women and the mechanisms underpinning the possible cohort differences. Methods: Two independent cohorts of Finnish men and women aged 75 and 80 were assessed in 1989-1990 (n = 617) and 2017-2018 (n = 794). They reported their depressive symptoms (CES-D), current life satisfaction, and evaluation of life until now. Results: The later-born cohort reported fewer depressive symptoms (8.6 ± 7.1 vs. 13.9 ± 8.3) and the differences were similar for the subdomains of depressive symptoms. The later-born cohort was more often mostly satisfied with life until now (90 vs. 70%) but not with the current life than the earlier-born cohort. Better self-rated health and education of the later-born cohort partly explain the cohort differences. Discussion: Older people in Finland report fewer depressive symptoms and they are more satisfied with their past life compared to their counterparts assessed 28 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kekäläinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Koivunen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja Pynnönen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Erja Portegijs
- Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Taina Rantanen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Moreno-Agostino D, Fisher HL, Hatch SL, Morgan C, Ploubidis GB, Das-Munshi J. Generational, sex, and socioeconomic inequalities in mental and social wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: prospective longitudinal observational study of five UK cohorts. Psychol Med 2023; 53:6403-6414. [PMID: 36345141 PMCID: PMC9874037 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722003348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that there have been inequalities in the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and related non-pharmaceutical interventions on population mental health. We explored generational, sex, and socioeconomic inequalities during the first year of the pandemic using nationally representative cohorts from the UK. METHODS We analysed data from 26772 participants from five longitudinal cohorts representing generations born between 1946 and 2000, collected in May 2020, September-October 2020, and February-March 2021 across all five cohorts. We used a multilevel growth curve modelling approach to investigate generational, sex, and socioeconomic differences in levels of anxiety and depressive symptomatology, loneliness, and life satisfaction (LS) over time. RESULTS Younger generations had worse levels of mental and social wellbeing throughout the first year of the pandemic. Whereas these generational inequalities narrowed between the first and last observation periods for LS [-0.33 (95% CI -0.51 to -0.15)], they became larger for anxiety [0.22 (0.10, 0.33)]. Generational inequalities in depression and loneliness did not change between the first and last observation periods, but initial depression levels of the youngest cohort were worse than expected if the generational inequalities had not accelerated. Women and those experiencing financial difficulties had worse initial mental and social wellbeing levels than men and those financially living comfortably, respectively, and these gaps did not substantially differ between the first and last observation periods. CONCLUSIONS By March 2021, mental and social wellbeing inequalities persisted in the UK adult population. Pre-existing generational inequalities may have been exacerbated with the pandemic onset. Policies aimed at protecting vulnerable groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Moreno-Agostino
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, 55-59 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0NU, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, Melbourne House, 44-46 Aldwych, London WC2B 4LL, UK
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, Melbourne House, 44-46 Aldwych, London WC2B 4LL, UK
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Stephani L. Hatch
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, Melbourne House, 44-46 Aldwych, London WC2B 4LL, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, Melbourne House, 44-46 Aldwych, London WC2B 4LL, UK
- Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - George B. Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Social Research Institute, University College London, 55-59 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0NU, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, Melbourne House, 44-46 Aldwych, London WC2B 4LL, UK
| | - Jayati Das-Munshi
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, Melbourne House, 44-46 Aldwych, London WC2B 4LL, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Bann D, Wright L, Goisis A, Hardy R, Johnson W, Maddock J, McElroy E, Moulton V, Patalay P, Scholes S, Silverwood RJ, Ploubidis GB, O’Neill D. Investigating change across time in prevalence or association: the challenges of cross-study comparative research and possible solutions. DISCOVER SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH 2022; 2:18. [PMID: 36317190 PMCID: PMC9613735 DOI: 10.1007/s44155-022-00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cross-study research initiatives to understand change across time are an increasingly prominent component of social and health sciences, yet they present considerable practical, analytical and conceptual challenges. First, we discuss the key challenges to comparative research as a basis for detecting societal change, as well as possible solutions. We focus on studies which investigate changes across time in outcome occurrence or the magnitude and/or direction of associations. We discuss the use and importance of such research, study inclusion, sources of bias and mitigation, and interpretation. Second, we propose a structured framework (a checklist) that is intended to provide guidance for future authors and reviewers. Third, we outline a new open-access teaching resource that offers detailed instruction and reusable analytical syntax to guide newcomers on techniques for conducting comparative analysis and data visualisation (in both R and Stata formats). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44155-022-00021-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liam Wright
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Goisis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Johnson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jane Maddock
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eoin McElroy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK
| | - Vanessa Moulton
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shaun Scholes
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Silverwood
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - George B. Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dara O’Neill
- Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Gondek D, Bann D, Patalay P, Goodman A, McElroy E, Richards M, Ploubidis GB. Psychological distress from early adulthood to early old age: evidence from the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. Psychol Med 2022; 52:1471-1480. [PMID: 33472020 PMCID: PMC9226427 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000327x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing evidence on profiles of psychological distress across adulthood uses cross-sectional or longitudinal studies with short observation periods. The objective of this research was to study the profile of psychological distress within the same individuals from early adulthood to early old age across three British birth cohorts. METHODS We used data from three British birth cohorts: born in 1946 (n = 3093), 1958 (n = 13 250) and 1970 (n = 12 019). The profile of psychological distress - expressed both as probability of being a clinical case or a count of symptoms based on comparable items within and across cohorts - was modelled using the multilevel regression framework. RESULTS In both 1958 and 1970 cohorts, there was an initial drop in the probability of being a case between ages 23-26 and 33-34. Subsequently, the predicted probability of being a case increased from 12.5% at age 36 to 19.5% at age 53 in the 1946 cohort; from 8.0% at age 33 to 13.7% at age 42 in the 1958 cohort and from 15.7% at age 34 to 19.7% at age 42 in the 1970 cohort. In the 1946 cohort, there was a drop in the probability of caseness between ages 60-64 and 69 (19.5% v. 15.2%). Consistent results were obtained with the continuous version of the outcome. CONCLUSIONS Across three post-war British birth cohorts midlife appears to be a particularly vulnerable phase for experiencing psychological distress. Understanding the reasons for this will be important for the prevention and management of mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Gondek
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alissa Goodman
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eoin McElroy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - George B. Ploubidis
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
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Iranpour S, Sabour S, Koohi F, Saadati HM. The trend and pattern of depression prevalence in the U.S.: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2016. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:508-515. [PMID: 34785265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the trend and pattern of depression prevalence among adult population by demographic characteristics and severity of disease from 2005 to 2016. METHODS We used six cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to measure of depression with the total score ranges 0-27. Socio-demographic variables including age, gender, marital status, race, education, and poverty income ratio (PIR) were used. The weighted prevalence was calculated for each cycle. Logistic regression was used for assessing time-trends in the prevalence of depression. RESULTS A total of 31,191 participants aged>20 years were included. The intensity of prevalence trend was different among subgroups of demographic characteristics. Prevalence in females was 1.5-fold more than that in males and increased approximately 2-fold during the study period. The prevalence in "never married" and "other marital status" subgroups was almost 1.5-fold and 2-fold more than that in "married" subgroup, respectively. Prevalence in the never married subgroup increased 2-fold from the first cycle to the latest one. The prevalence of depression was more in the aged<60 years, race group other than white, low education and PIR≤1 subgroups. But, the intensity of the increasing trend was more in the subgroups of aged≥60 years, white race and PIR>1. LIMITATIONS the possibility of age-period-cohort (APC) effect that we were unable to assess and control them. CONCLUSIONS In sum, there was an overall increasing trend of depression which was different by demographic characteristics based on subtype of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Iranpour
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Koohi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mozafar Saadati
- Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Chamran Highway, Velenjak, Daneshjoo Blvd, Tehran, Iran.
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Gondek D, Lacey RE, Blanchflower DG, Patalay P. How is the distribution of psychological distress changing over time? Who is driving these changes? Analysis of the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1007-1016. [PMID: 34807287 PMCID: PMC9042977 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The main objective of this study was to investigate distributional shifts underlying observed age and cohort differences in mean levels of psychological distress in the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. METHODS This study used data from the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts (n = 24,707). Psychological distress was measured by the Malaise Inventory at ages 23, 33, 42 and 50 in the 1958 cohort and 26, 34, 42 and 46-48 in the 1970 cohort. RESULTS The shifts in the distribution across age appear to be mainly due to changing proportion of those with moderate symptoms, except for midlife (age 42-50) when we observed polarisation in distress- an increase in proportions of people with no symptoms and multiple symptoms. The elevated levels of distress in the 1970 cohort, compared with the 1958 cohort, appeared to be due to an increase in the proportion of individuals with both moderate and high symptoms. For instance, at age 33/34 42.3% endorsed at least two symptoms in the 1970 cohort vs 24.7% in 1958, resulting in a shift in the entire distribution of distress towards the more severe end of the spectrum. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the importance of studying not only mean levels of distress over time, but also the underlying shifts in its distribution. Due to the large dispersion of distress scores at any given measurement occasion, understanding the underlying distribution provides a more complete picture of population trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Gondek
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca E Lacey
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dawid G Blanchflower
- Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA
- Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - Praveetha Patalay
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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Sialino LD, van Oostrom SH, Wijnhoven HAH, Picavet S, Verschuren WMM, Visser M, Schaap LA. Sex differences in mental health among older adults: investigating time trends and possible risk groups with regard to age, educational level and ethnicity. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:2355-2364. [PMID: 33222516 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1847248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older women report lower mental health compared to men, yet little is known about the nature of this sex difference. Therefore, this study investigates time trends and possible risk groups. METHOD Data from the Doetinchem Cohort Study (DCS) and the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) were used. General mental health was assessed every 5 years, from 1995 to 1998 onwards (DCS, n = 1412, 20-year follow-up, baseline age 55-64 years). Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed for two birth cohorts, from 1992/1993 onwards (LASA cohort 1, n = 967, 24-year follow-up, age 55-65 years,) and 2002/2003 onwards (LASA cohort 2, n = 1002, 12-year follow-up, age 55-65 years) with follow-up measurements every 3-4 years. RESULTS Mixed model analyses showed that older women had a worse general mental health (-6.95; -8.36 to 5.53; range 0-100, ∼10% lower), more depressive symptoms (2.09; 1.53-2.63; range 0-60, ∼30% more) and more anxiety symptoms (0.86; 0.54-1.18; range 0-11, ∼30% more) compared to men. These sex differences remained stable until the age of 75 years, where after they decreased due to an accelerated decline in mental health for men compared to women. Sex differences and their course by age were consistent over successive birth cohorts, educational levels and ethnic groups (Caucasian vs. Turkish/Moroccan). CONCLUSION There is a consistent female disadvantage in mental health across different sociodemographic groups and over decennia (1992 vs. 2002) with no specific risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena D Sialino
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandra H van Oostrom
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke A H Wijnhoven
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Picavet
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Services and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura A Schaap
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kawamoto T. Stability and Change in Psychological Distress and Early Adverse Environments in Japanese Adults. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gondek D, Moltrecht B, Ploubidis G. Mental health crisis in midlife – a proposed research agenda. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.7.e66204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing amount of evidence indicating increased levels of psychological distress, suicide rates and decreased well-being in midlife (age 45-55). We refer to this phenomenon as the ‘midlife mental health crisis’. As there is little empirical evidence or theoretical grounds to explain the midlife mental health crisis, we propose a research agenda.
In order to facilitate further research, we consulted members of public, mental health professionals and researchers on potential reasons for the midlife mental health crisis. Subsequently, we translated those into research questions testable with the British birth cohorts. We propose a series of studies using three statistical modelling approaches: descriptive (what is the midlife mental health crisis?), predictive (who is at increased risk of experiencing the midlife mental health crisis?) and explanatory (what are the processes leading to the midlife mental health crisis?).
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Gondek D, Moltrecht B, Ploubidis G. Mental health crisis in midlife – a proposed research agenda. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.7.e62024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing amount of evidence indicating increased levels of psychological distress, suicide rates and decreased well-being in midlife (age 45-55). We refer to this phenomenon as the ‘midlife mental health crisis’. As there is little empirical evidence or theoretical grounds to explain the midlife mental health crisis, we propose a research agenda.
In order to facilitate further research, we consulted members of public, mental health professionals and researchers on potential reasons for the midlife mental health crisis. Subsequently, we translated those into research questions testable with the British birth cohorts. We propose a series of studies using three statistical modelling approaches: descriptive (what is the midlife mental health crisis?), predictive (who is at increased risk of experiencing the midlife mental health crisis?) and explanatory (what are the processes leading to the midlife mental health crisis?).
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Moreno-Agostino D, Wu YT, Daskalopoulou C, Hasan MT, Huisman M, Prina M. Global trends in the prevalence and incidence of depression:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 281:235-243. [PMID: 33338841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mixed evidence regarding the change in the prevalence of depression in the general population over time. This study aimed to synthesise the evidence on studies that use equivalent approaches in equivalent populations across different time points. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify studies focused on the change over time in depression incidence and prevalence in the general population. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to obtain a pooled effect for the change in the prevalence estimates between the first and last time points considered. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were used to ascertain differences in the effect sizes by gender, age group, prevalence type, elapsed time between cross-sections, and depression operationalisation. RESULTS 19 studies provided information on the change in depression prevalence over time, whereas none provided such information regarding incidence. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) were estimated by using 17 studies: OR=1.35 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.61). Similar pooled effects were obtained for females and males, separately. The high heterogeneity across studies was not explained by any of the design variables considered. No evidence for publication bias was found. LIMITATIONS The review included published articles up to August 2018, and the information of studies with more than two time points was summarised in a single estimate of change. CONCLUSIONS There is a predominant increasing trend in the likelihood of experiencing depression over time that seems not to be explainable by study design differences or publication bias alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Moreno-Agostino
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK.
| | - Yu-Tzu Wu
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Christina Daskalopoulou
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - M Tasdik Hasan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Sociology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Prina
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
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Hsieh KY, Wang CJ, Huang LL, Chang YS, Tsai CH, Wu YH, Lin YF, Lin WH. Correlates Related to Probable Common Mental Disorders among Ketamine Users: Cognitive and Urinary Impairments. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_36_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Arthur A, Savva GM, Barnes LE, Borjian-Boroojeny A, Dening T, Jagger C, Matthews FE, Robinson L, Brayne C. Changing prevalence and treatment of depression among older people over two decades. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 216:49-54. [PMID: 31587673 PMCID: PMC7557614 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a leading cause of disability, with older people particularly susceptible to poor outcomes. AIMS To investigate whether the prevalence of depression and antidepressant use have changed across two decades in older people. METHOD The Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies (CFAS I and CFAS II) are two English population-based cohort studies of older people aged ≥65 years, with baseline measurements for each cohort conducted two decades apart (between 1990 and 1993 and between 2008 and 2011). Depression was assessed by the Geriatric Mental State examination and diagnosed with the Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer-Assisted Taxonomy algorithm. RESULTS In CFAS I, 7635 people aged ≥65 years were interviewed, of whom 1457 were diagnostically assessed. In CFAS II, 7762 people were interviewed and diagnostically assessed. Age-standardised depression prevalence in CFAS II was 6.8% (95% CI 6.3-7.5%), representing a non-significant decline from CFAS I (risk ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.64-1.07, P = 0.14). At the time of CFAS II, 10.7% of the population (95% CI 10.0-11.5%) were taking antidepressant medication, more than twice that of CFAS I (risk ratio 2.79, 95% CI 1.96-3.97, P < 0.0001). Among care home residents, depression prevalence was unchanged, but the use of antidepressants increased from 7.4% (95% CI 3.8-13.8%) to 29.2% (95% CI 22.6-36.7%). CONCLUSIONS A substantial increase in the proportion of the population reporting taking antidepressant medication is seen across two decades for people aged ≥65 years. However there was no evidence for a change in age-specific prevalence of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Arthur
- Professor of Nursing Science, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK,Correspondence: Antony Arthur, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - George M. Savva
- Statistician, Core Science Resources, Quadram Institute Biosciences, UK
| | - Linda E. Barnes
- CFAS National Co-ordinator, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tom Dening
- Professor of Dementia Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Carol Jagger
- Professor of Epidemiology and Ageing, Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Fiona E. Matthews
- Professor of Epidemiology, Newcastle University; and University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise Robinson
- Professor of Primary Care and Ageing, Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Professor of Public Health Medicine, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
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Rydberg Sterner T, Gudmundsson P, Sigström R, Ahlner F, Seidu N, Zettergren A, Kern S, Östling S, Waern M, Skoog I. Depression and neuroticism decrease among women but not among men between 1976 and 2016 in Swedish septuagenarians. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2019; 139:381-394. [PMID: 30697686 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated birth-cohort differences in depressive symptom burden, prevalence of depression diagnoses, and neuroticism, among Swedish 70-year-olds examined between 1976 and 2016. METHODS We used a repeated cross-sectional design examining four representative population samples of Swedish 70-year-olds (total n = 2279) with identical methods in 1976-77 (n = 392), 1992-93 (n = 226), 2000-02 (n = 487), and 2014-16 (n = 1166). Depressive symptom burden was rated with the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Major depression was diagnosed according to DSM-5, and minor depression according to DSM-IV-TR research criteria. Neuroticism was rated with the Eysenck Personality Inventory. RESULTS For women in 2014-16, MADRS score (4.4 vs. 6.1 vs. 5.8; P < 0.05) and neuroticism (6.6 vs. 7.7 vs. 9.2; P < 0.05) were lower compared with 1992-93 and 1976-77, and the prevalence of any depression was lower compared with 2000-02 and 1992-93 (10.9% vs. 16.9% vs. 18.1%; P < 0.05). For men, we observed no birth-cohort differences in depression, while neuroticism was found to be lower in 2014-16 compared with 1976-77 among men without depression (5.1 vs. 5.9; P < 0.01). The sex difference for MADRS and neuroticism declined between 1976-77 and 2014-16 (cohort*sex P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Depressive burden and neuroticism decreased in 70-year-old women between 1976 and 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rydberg Sterner
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P Gudmundsson
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Sigström
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - F Ahlner
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - N Seidu
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Östling
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Waern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - I Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Paid employment and common mental disorders in 50-64-year olds: analysis of three cross-sectional nationally representative survey samples in 1993, 2000 and 2007. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2019; 28:88-99. [PMID: 28835299 PMCID: PMC6998942 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796017000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Associations between employment status and mental health are well recognised, but evidence is sparse on the relationship between paid employment and mental health in the years running up to statutory retirement ages using robust mental health measures. In addition, there has been no investigation into the stability over time in this relationship: an important consideration if survey findings are used to inform future policy. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between employment status and common mental disorder (CMD) in 50-64-year old residents in England and its stability over time, taking advantage of three national mental health surveys carried out over a 14-year period. METHODS Data were analysed from the British National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity of 1993, 2000 and 2007. Paid employment status was the primary exposure of interest and CMD the primary outcome - both ascertained identically in all three surveys (CMD from the revised Clinical Interview Schedule). Multivariable logistic regression models were used. RESULTS The prevalence of CMD was higher in people not in paid employment across all survey years; however, this association was only present for non-employment related to poor health as an outcome and was not apparent in those citing other reasons for non-employment. Odds ratios for the association between non-employment due to ill health and CMD were 3.05 in 1993, 3.56 in 2000, and 2.80 in 2007, after adjustment for age, gender, marital status, education, social class, housing tenure, financial difficulties, smoking status, recent physical health consultation and activities of daily living impairment. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CMD was higher in people not in paid employment for health reasons, but was not associated with non-employment for other reasons. Associations had been relatively stable in strength from 1993 to 2007 in those three cross-sectional nationally representative samples.
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Bretschneider J, Janitza S, Jacobi F, Thom J, Hapke U, Kurth T, Maske UE. Time trends in depression prevalence and health-related correlates: results from population-based surveys in Germany 1997-1999 vs. 2009-2012. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:394. [PMID: 30572872 PMCID: PMC6302526 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although an "epidemic" of depression is frequently claimed, empirical evidence is inconsistent, depending on country, study design and depression assessment. Little is known about changes in depression over time in Germany, although health insurance companies report frequency increases. Here we examined time trends in depression prevalence, severity and health-related correlates in the general population. METHODS Data were obtained from the mental health module of the "German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults" (2009-2012, n = 3265) and the mental health supplement of the "German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998" (1997-1999, n = 4176), excluding respondents older than 65. 12-month major depressive disorder (MDD), severity and symptoms were assessed based on the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Health-related quality of life (SF-36), self-reported sick days or days with limitations in normal daily life activities were examined, too. Calculations were carried out population-weighted. Additional age-standardized analyses were conducted to account for demographic changes. RESULTS Overall, MDD 12-month prevalence remained stable at 7.4%. Women showed a shifted age distribution with increased prevalence at younger ages, and increasing MDD severity. Time trends in health-related correlates occurred both in participants with and without MDD. Mental health disability increased over time, particularly among men with MDD, reflected by the mental component score of the SF-36 and days with activity limitation due to mental health problems. Demographic changes had a marginal impact on the time trends. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the ongoing international debate regarding increased depression rates in western countries, we found no increase in overall MDD prevalence in Germany over a long period. In conclusion, increased depression frequencies in national health insurance data and growing health care costs associated with depression are not attributable to overall prevalence changes at a population level. However, shifted age distribution and increased severity among women may reflect a rising depression risk within this specific subgroup, and changes in health-related correlates indicate a growing mental health care need for depression, particularly among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bretschneider
- Unit 26 Mental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Janitza
- Unit 26 Mental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Jacobi
- Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Thom
- Unit 26 Mental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulfert Hapke
- Unit 26 Mental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Kurth
- Institute of Public Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike E. Maske
- Unit 26 Mental Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Jeuring HW, Comijs HC, Deeg DJH, Stek ML, Huisman M, Beekman ATF. Secular trends in the prevalence of major and subthreshold depression among 55-64-year olds over 20 years. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1824-1834. [PMID: 29198199 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studying secular trends in the exposure to risk and protective factors of depression and whether these trends are associated with secular trends in the prevalence of depression is important to estimate future healthcare demands and to identify targets for prevention. METHODS Three birth cohorts of 55-64-year olds from the population-based Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were examined using identical methods in 1992 (n = 944), 2002 (n = 964) and 2012 (n = 957). A two-stage screening design was used to identify subthreshold depression (SUBD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to identify secular trends in depression prevalence and to identify factors from the biopsychosocial domains of functioning that were associated with these trends. RESULTS Compared with 1992, MDD became more prevalent in 2002 (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.10-3.28, p = 0.022) and 2012 (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.03-3.14, p = 0.039). This was largely attributable to an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and functional limitations. Socioeconomic and psychosocial improvements, including an increase in labor market participation, social support and mastery, hampered MDD rates to rise more and were also associated with a 32% decline of SUBD-rates in 2012 as compared with 2002 (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.96, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among late middle-aged adults, there is a substantial net increase of MDD, which is associated with deteriorating physical health. If morbidity and disability continue to increase, a further expansion of MDD rates may be expected. Improving socioeconomic and psychosocial conditions may benefit public health, as these factors were protective against a higher prevalence of both MDD and SUBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans W Jeuring
- Department of Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hannie C Comijs
- Department of Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorly J H Deeg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max L Stek
- Department of Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aartjan T F Beekman
- Department of Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest/VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull 2017; 143:783-822. [PMID: 28447828 PMCID: PMC5532074 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1163] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2 meta-analyses on gender differences in depression in nationally representative samples, we advance previous work by including studies of depression diagnoses and symptoms to (a) estimate the magnitude of the gender difference in depression across a wide array of nations and ages; (b) use a developmental perspective to elucidate patterns of gender differences across the life span; and (c) incorporate additional theory-driven moderators (e.g., gender equity). For major depression diagnoses and depression symptoms, respectively, we meta-analyzed data from 65 and 95 articles and their corresponding national data sets, representing data from 1,716,195 and 1,922,064 people in over 90 different nations. Overall, odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.88, 2.03], and d = 0.27 [0.26, 0.29]. Age was the strongest predictor of effect size. The gender difference for diagnoses emerged earlier than previously thought, with OR = 2.37 at age 12. For both meta-analyses, the gender difference peaked in adolescence (OR = 3.02 for ages 13-15, and d = 0.47 for age 16) but then declined and remained stable in adulthood. Cross-national analyses indicated that larger gender differences were found in nations with greater gender equity, for major depression, but not depression symptoms. The gender difference in depression represents a health disparity, especially in adolescence, yet the magnitude of the difference indicates that depression in men should not be overlooked. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Salk
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin –
Madison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine
| | - Janet S. Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin –
Madison
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19
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Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY. Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull 2017. [PMID: 28447828 DOI: 10.1037/bu10000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
In 2 meta-analyses on gender differences in depression in nationally representative samples, we advance previous work by including studies of depression diagnoses and symptoms to (a) estimate the magnitude of the gender difference in depression across a wide array of nations and ages; (b) use a developmental perspective to elucidate patterns of gender differences across the life span; and (c) incorporate additional theory-driven moderators (e.g., gender equity). For major depression diagnoses and depression symptoms, respectively, we meta-analyzed data from 65 and 95 articles and their corresponding national data sets, representing data from 1,716,195 and 1,922,064 people in over 90 different nations. Overall, odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.88, 2.03], and d = 0.27 [0.26, 0.29]. Age was the strongest predictor of effect size. The gender difference for diagnoses emerged earlier than previously thought, with OR = 2.37 at age 12. For both meta-analyses, the gender difference peaked in adolescence (OR = 3.02 for ages 13-15, and d = 0.47 for age 16) but then declined and remained stable in adulthood. Cross-national analyses indicated that larger gender differences were found in nations with greater gender equity, for major depression, but not depression symptoms. The gender difference in depression represents a health disparity, especially in adolescence, yet the magnitude of the difference indicates that depression in men should not be overlooked. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Salk
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Janet S Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Lyn Y Abramson
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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20
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Skovlund CW, Kessing LV, Mørch LS, Lidegaard Ø. Increase in depression diagnoses and prescribed antidepressants among young girls. A national cohort study 2000-2013. Nord J Psychiatry 2017; 71:378-385. [PMID: 28362191 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1305445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse trends in depression diagnoses and antidepressant use according to age and gender. METHODS Nationwide cohort study including all women and men of 10-49 years living in Denmark during 2000-2013. The Psychiatric Registry and Prescription Registry provided data on depression diagnoses and antidepressant medication, respectively. Incidence rates as well as 1-year prevalence rates were calculated. RESULTS The incidence and 1-year prevalence rates of depression diagnoses increased during 2000-2013. The women/men rates were 2.0 for both 1-year prevalence of depressions diagnoses and antidepressant use. For adolescent girls, the absolute increase was 3 per 1000 for depression diagnoses and 8 per 1000 for first use of antidepressants, compared to boys who had an increase of 1.1 and 3 per 1000, respectively. Before puberty, boys and girls had almost the same incidence rates of both depression diagnoses and antidepressant use throughout the period. After puberty, girls had significantly higher incidence rates than boys, and experienced during the study period a steeper increase than boys. According to age, the girls/boys incidence rate ratio of a depression diagnosis increased from 0.8 in the 10-11 year age group to 2.7 at age 12-19 years and hereafter decreased with increasing age to 1.5 at age 45-49. CONCLUSIONS Depression diagnosed and first use of antidepressants increased more for girls of 12-19 years than for boys during 2000-2013, and the incidences were similar for girls and boys before puberty, but higher after puberty for girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wessel Skovlund
- a Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science , University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- b Psychiatric Centre, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science , University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lina Steinrud Mørch
- a Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science , University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Øjvind Lidegaard
- a Department of Gynaecology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Science , University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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21
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Parkin L, Balkwill A, Sweetland S, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V. Antidepressants, Depression, and Venous Thromboembolism Risk: Large Prospective Study of UK Women. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005316. [PMID: 28515116 PMCID: PMC5524086 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some investigators have reported an excess risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with depression and with use of antidepressant drugs. We explored these associations in a large prospective study of UK women. METHODS AND RESULTS The Million Women Study recruited 1.3 million women through the National Health Service Breast Screening Programme in England and Scotland. Three years after recruitment, women were sent a second questionnaire that enquired about depression and regular use of medications in the previous 4 weeks. The present analysis included those who responded and did not have prior VTE, cancer, or recent surgery. Follow-up for VTE was through linkage to routinely collected National Health Service statistics. Cox regression analyses yielded adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs. A total of 734 092 women (mean age 59.9 years) were included in the analysis; 6.9% reported use of antidepressants, 2.7% reported use of other psychotropic drugs, and 1.8% reported being treated for depression or anxiety but not use of psychotropic drugs. During follow-up for an average of 7.3 years, 3922 women were hospitalized for and/or died from VTE. Women who reported antidepressant use had a significantly higher risk of VTE than women who reported neither depression nor use of psychotropic drugs (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.56). VTE risk was not significantly increased in women who reported being treated for depression or anxiety but no use of antidepressants or other psychotropic drugs (hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.95-1.49). CONCLUSIONS Use of antidepressants is common in UK women and is associated with an increased risk of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Parkin
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Angela Balkwill
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siân Sweetland
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jane Green
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Beral
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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The persisting burden of psychiatric disorder. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2016; 25:35-7. [PMID: 26515474 PMCID: PMC6998765 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796015000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Patten SB, Williams JVA, Lavorato DH, Bulloch AGM, Wiens K, Wang J. Why is major depression prevalence not changing? J Affect Disord 2016; 190:93-97. [PMID: 26485311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing provision of treatment should theoretically lead to a decreased burden of major depressive episodes (MDE) in the population. However, there is no evidence yet that this has occurred. Among possible explanations are that: (1) treatment may not be sufficiently accessible, effective or effectively delivered to make a difference at the population level or (2) treatment benefits such as diminished episode duration may be offset by other trends such as increasing episode incidence, or vice versa. METHODS MDE prevalence has been assessed in a series of national surveys and in a single national longitudinal study in Canada. These studies included a short form version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview module for major depression. Indicators of incidence and episode duration of MDE were estimated. Meta-regression methods were used to examine trends over time. RESULTS No evidence of increasing incidence nor of diminishing duration of MDE was found. The analysis failed to uncover evidence that the epidemiology of this condition has been changing. LIMITATIONS Most studies included in this analysis used an abbreviated interview for MDE which may lack sensitivity and/or specificity. These studies could not address potential benefits of treatment on prevention of suicide. Some potentially offsetting effects could not be assessed, e.g. economic or societal changes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that more effective efforts to prevent MDE, or to improve the volume or quality of treatment, are necessary to reduced burden of MDE in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Member, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jeanne V A Williams
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dina H Lavorato
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew G M Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta; Member, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathryn Wiens
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - JianLi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Member, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Brugha TS, Smith J, Austin J, Bankart J, Patterson M, Lovett C, Morgan Z, Morrell CJ, Slade P. Can community midwives prevent antenatal depression? An external pilot study to test the feasibility of a cluster randomized controlled universal prevention trial. Psychol Med 2016; 46:345-356. [PMID: 26482473 PMCID: PMC4682479 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171500183x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated epidemiological surveys show no decline in depression although uptake of treatments has grown. Universal depression prevention interventions are effective in schools but untested rigorously in adulthood. Selective prevention programmes have poor uptake. Universal interventions may be more acceptable during routine healthcare contacts for example antenatally. One study within routine postnatal healthcare suggested risk of postnatal depression could be reduced in non-depressed women from 11% to 8% by giving health visitors psychological intervention training. Feasibility and effectiveness in other settings, most notably antenatally, is unknown. METHOD We conducted an external pilot study using a cluster trial design consisting of recruitment and enhanced psychological training of randomly selected clusters of community midwives (CMWs), recruitment of pregnant women of all levels of risk of depression, collection of baseline and outcome data prior to childbirth, allowing time for women 'at increased risk' to complete CMW-provided psychological support sessions. RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of eligible women approached agreed to take part. Two hundred and ninety-eight women in eight clusters participated and 186 termed 'at low risk' for depression, based on an Edinburgh Perinatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score of <12 at 12 weeks gestation, provided baseline and outcome data at 34 weeks gestation. All trial protocol procedures were shown to be feasible. Antenatal effect sizes in women 'at low risk' were similar to those previously demonstrated postnatally. Qualitative work confirmed the acceptability of the approach to CMWs and intervention group women. CONCLUSION A fully powered trial testing universal prevention of depression in pregnancy is feasible, acceptable and worth undertaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Brugha
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Adult Social and Epidemiological Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, UK
| | - J. Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Adult Social and Epidemiological Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, UK
| | - J. Austin
- Division of Women's and Children's CMG, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Jarvis Building, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UK
| | - J. Bankart
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Adult Social and Epidemiological Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, UK
| | - M. Patterson
- Division of Women's and Children's CMG, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Jarvis Building, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UK
| | - C. Lovett
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Adult Social and Epidemiological Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, UK
| | - Z. Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Adult Social and Epidemiological Psychiatry, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, UK
| | - C. J. Morrell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - P. Slade
- Clinical Psychology – Ground Floor Whelan Building, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Kendrick T, Stuart B, Newell C, Geraghty AWA, Moore M. Changes in rates of recorded depression in English primary care 2003-2013: Time trend analyses of effects of the economic recession, and the GP contract quality outcomes framework (QOF). J Affect Disord 2015; 180:68-78. [PMID: 25881283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression may be increasing, particularly since the economic recession. Introduction of quality outcomes framework (QOF) performance indicators may have altered GP recording of depression. METHODS Time trend analyses of GP recording of depression before and after the recession (from April 2008), and the QOF (from April 2006) were conducted on anonymised consultation data from 142 English practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, April 2003-March 2013. RESULTS 293,596 patients had computer codes for depressive diagnoses or symptoms in the 10 years. Prevalence of depression codes fell from 44.6 (95% CI 44.2, 45.0) per 1000 person years at risk (PYAR) in 2003/2004 to 38.0 (37.7, 38.3) in 2008/2009, rising to 39.5 (39.2, 39.9) in 2012/2013. Incidence of first-ever depression codes fell from 11.9 (95% CI 11.7, 12.1) per 1000 PYAR in 2003/2004 to 9.5 (9.3, 9.7) in 2008/2009, rising to 10.0 (9.8, 10.2) in 2012/1203. Prevalence increased in men but not women following the recession, associated with increased unemployment. Following introduction of the QOF, GPs used more non-QOF-qualifying symptom or other codes than QOF-qualifying diagnostic codes for new episodes. LIMITATIONS Clinical data recording is probably incomplete. Participating practices were relatively large and not representative across English regions. CONCLUSIONS Rates of recorded depression in English general practices were falling prior to the economic recession but increased again subsequently, among men, associated with increased unemployment. GPs responded to the QOF by switching from diagnostic to symptom codes, removing most depressed patients from the denominator for measuring GP performance in assessing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Kendrick
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK.
| | - Beth Stuart
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Colin Newell
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Adam W A Geraghty
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Michael Moore
- Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
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Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, Anderson IM, Christmas D, Cowen PJ, Dickens C, Ferrier IN, Geddes J, Gilbody S, Haddad PM, Katona C, Lewis G, Malizia A, McAllister-Williams RH, Ramchandani P, Scott J, Taylor D, Uher R. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:459-525. [PMID: 25969470 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115581093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants was undertaken in order to incorporate new evidence and to update the recommendations where appropriate. A consensus meeting involving experts in depressive disorders and their management was held in September 2012. Key areas in treating depression were reviewed and the strength of evidence and clinical implications were considered. The guidelines were then revised after extensive feedback from participants and interested parties. A literature review is provided which identifies the quality of evidence upon which the recommendations are made. These guidelines cover the nature and detection of depressive disorders, acute treatment with antidepressant drugs, choice of drug versus alternative treatment, practical issues in prescribing and management, next-step treatment, relapse prevention, treatment of relapse and stopping treatment. Significant changes since the last guidelines were published in 2008 include the availability of new antidepressant treatment options, improved evidence supporting certain augmentation strategies (drug and non-drug), management of potential long-term side effects, updated guidance for prescribing in elderly and adolescent populations and updated guidance for optimal prescribing. Suggestions for future research priorities are also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cleare
- Professor of Psychopharmacology & Affective Disorders, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - C M Pariante
- Professor of Biological Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - A H Young
- Professor of Psychiatry and Chair of Mood Disorders, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Centre for Affective Disorders, London, UK
| | - I M Anderson
- Professor and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, University of Manchester Department of Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D Christmas
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Advanced Interventions Service, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - P J Cowen
- Professor of Psychopharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Neurosciences Building, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - C Dickens
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School and Devon Partnership Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - I N Ferrier
- Professor of Psychiatry, Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist, School of Neurology, Neurobiology & Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Geddes
- Head, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S Gilbody
- Director of the Mental Health and Addictions Research Group (MHARG), The Hull York Medical School, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - P M Haddad
- Consultant Psychiatrist, Cromwell House, Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - C Katona
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - G Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Malizia
- Consultant in Neuropsychopharmacology and Neuromodulation, North Bristol NHS Trust, Rosa Burden Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - R H McAllister-Williams
- Reader in Clinical Psychopharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Ramchandani
- Reader in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J Scott
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - D Taylor
- Professor of Psychopharmacology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Uher
- Associate Professor, Canada Research Chair in Early Interventions, Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Change in depressive symptoms and mental health-related quality of life in northeast Germany between 1997–2001 and 2008–2012. Int J Public Health 2014; 60:33-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Geoffroy MC, Li L, Power C. Depressive symptoms and body mass index: co-morbidity and direction of association in a British birth cohort followed over 50 years. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2641-2652. [PMID: 25055177 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unhealthy body mass index (BMI) has been associated with depression but the direction of association is uncertain. Our aim was to estimate the co-morbidity and direction of association between BMI and depressive symptoms at several ages, from childhood to mid-adulthood. METHOD The data were from 18,558 individuals born in 1 week in March 1958, in England, Scotland and Wales, with follow-up at ages 7, 11, 16, 23, 33, 42, 45 and 50 years. Depression (scores>or=90th percentile) was identified from child/adolescent (teacher questionnaires) and adult (self-complete questionnaires and clinical interview) measures. BMI (kg/m2) measured in child/adolescence and adulthood was classified as underweight, normal, overweight or obese. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, obesity and underweight (not overweight) from 11 to 45 years were associated respectively with 1.3-2.1 and 1.5-2.3 times the risk of depression compared with normal weight. Using the time-lagged generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach, we tested (a) whether underweight or obesity at prior ages (7 to 45 years) predicted subsequent risk of depression (11 to 50 years), adjusting for baseline depression; and (b) whether depression at prior ages (7 to 42 years) predicted subsequent risk of underweight or obesity (11 to 45 years), adjusting for baseline BMI. In longitudinal analyses, underweight predicted subsequent depression in both sexes [odds ratio (OR) 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.40] and depression predicted subsequent underweight in males only (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.52-2.23). Obesity predicted subsequent depressive symptoms in females only (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.14-1.56), but depression did not predict obesity. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider screening routinely for depression patients with unhealthy BMI, namely underweight and obesity, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Geoffroy
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College London,UK
| | - L Li
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College London,UK
| | - C Power
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College London,UK
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Green BH, Griffiths EC. Hospital admission and community treatment of mental disorders in England from 1998 to 2012. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:442-8. [PMID: 24726764 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of psychiatric hospital beds in England has declined since the 1950s. Since the early 2000s, mental health staff increasingly work in community treatment teams. We analysed recent trends in hospital and community treatment in England for eight mental health diagnoses. METHOD We obtained data from the UK Government Health and Social Care Information Centre covering the period 1998 to 2012. We analysed hospital admissions and length of stay for each diagnosis each year using linear regression. We studied associations among admissions, community treatment and hospital bed availability each year using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The number of mental health beds fell 39%, from 37,000 in 1998 to 22,300 in 2012. Hospital admissions for five diagnoses declined significantly (depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, dementia and obsessive compulsive disorder, P<.01 or P<.001). The strongest decline for depression involved 1000 fewer admissions each year. Admissions for three disorders increased significantly (posttraumatic stress disorder, eating disorders and alcohol-related disorders, P<.01 or P<.001). Alcohol-related admissions increased most strongly, by more than 1700 a year, and were significantly associated with increasing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis admissions (Pearson's r=0.89, P<.001) across the National Health Service (NHS) and the affordability of alcohol (Pearson's r=0.76, P<.01). The median length of stay declined significantly for four diagnoses (P<.001); the other four diagnoses did not change significantly. Depression had the steepest decline of almost 1 less day in hospital per admission per year. Almost 300 more patients were sectioned under the Mental Health Act each year. Community activity had relatively little effect on admissions, and its direct effect was not significantly different from zero. Years with more psychiatric beds had more admissions. CONCLUSIONS Mental health bed numbers have declined significantly in England. Annual admissions and lengths of stay declined for a range of severe mental disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. The fall in available beds can account for much of the decline in admissions. National reports of crisis team activity are not associated with declines in hospital admissions. There may be significant needs, especially of depressive patients, not being met by secondary community services, such as 24-hour observation and care. This calls for policy review and further epidemiological study of morbidity, mortality and health needs associated with mental disorder in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Green
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - E C Griffiths
- Department of Entomology, Gardner Hall, Derieux Place, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
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Pantzar A, Laukka EJ, Atti AR, Fastbom J, Fratiglioni L, Bäckman L. Cognitive deficits in unipolar old-age depression: a population-based study. Psychol Med 2014; 44:937-947. [PMID: 23842200 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is substantial variability in the degree of cognitive impairment among older depressed persons. Inconsistencies in previous findings may be due to differences in clinical and demographic characteristics across study samples. We assessed the influence of unipolar depression and severity of depression on cognitive performance in a population-based sample of elderly persons aged ⩾60 years. METHOD Eighty-nine persons fulfilled ICD-10 criteria for unipolar depression (mild, n = 48; moderate, n = 38; severe, n = 3) after thorough screening for dementia (DSM-IV criteria), psychiatric co-morbidities and antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Participants (n = 2486) were administered an extensive cognitive test battery. RESULTS Moderate/severe unipolar depression was associated with poorer performance on tasks assessing processing speed, attention, executive function, verbal fluency, episodic memory and vocabulary. Mild depression was associated with poorer performance in processing speed, and few differences between mild and moderate/severe depression were observed. No association between depression and short-term memory, general knowledge or spatial ability was observed. Increasing age did not exacerbate the depression-related cognitive deficits, and the deficits remained largely unchanged after excluding persons in a preclinical phase of dementia. Furthermore, depression-related cognitive deficits were not associated with other pharmacological treatments that may affect cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive deficits in unipolar old-age depression involve a range of domains and the cognitive deficits seem to follow the spectrum of depression severity. The finding that mild depression was also associated with poorer cognitive functioning underscores the importance of detecting mild depression in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pantzar
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E J Laukka
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A R Atti
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Fastbom
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wiberg P, Waern M, Billstedt E, Ostling S, Skoog I. Secular trends in the prevalence of dementia and depression in Swedish septuagenarians 1976-2006. Psychol Med 2013; 43:2627-2634. [PMID: 23480822 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear whether the prevalence of dementia and depression among the elderly has changed during the past 30 years. METHOD Population-based samples from Gothenburg, Sweden were examined with identical psychiatric and neuropsychiatric examinations at age 70 years in 1976-1977 (n = 404, response rate 78.8%) and 2000-2001 (n = 579, response rate 66.4%), and at age 75 in 1976-1977 (n = 303, response rate 78%) and 2005-2006 (n = 753, response rate 63.4%). Depression was diagnosed according to DSM-IV and dementia according to Kay's criteria. General linear models (GLMs) were used to test for differences between groups. RESULTS Dementia was related to age but not to birth cohort or sex. Major depression was related to sex (higher in women) but not to birth cohort or age. Minor depression was related to birth cohort, sex (higher in women), age (higher at age 75) and the interaction effect of birth cohort × age; that is, the prevalence of minor depression increased with age in the 2000s but not in the 1970s. Thus, the prevalence of minor depression was higher in 2005-2006 than in 1976-1977 among 75-year-olds for both men (12.4% v. 3.7%) and women (19.1% v. 5.6%) whereas there were no birth cohort differences at age 70. CONCLUSIONS Secular changes were observed only for minor depression, which is considered to be related more to psychosocial factors than major depression. The high prevalence of minor depression in later-born birth cohorts emphasizes the importance of detecting minor depression in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wiberg
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Fu TST, Lee CS, Gunnell D, Lee WC, Cheng ATA. Changing trends in the prevalence of common mental disorders in Taiwan: a 20-year repeated cross-sectional survey. Lancet 2013; 381:235-41. [PMID: 23151370 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrosocial changes might affect mental health. We investigated whether the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) changed over a 20-year period of industrialisation in Taiwan. METHODS We used the 12-item Chinese Health Questionnaire to assess mental status of Taiwanese adults in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010. Respondents with scores of 3 or higher were classified as having probable CMDs. We assessed trends of probable CMDs with the Cochran-Armitage test and their risk factors (sex, age, marital status, educational level, employment status, and physical health) with multivariable logistic regression. The trends were compared with national rates of unemployment, divorce, and suicide. FINDINGS Of 10,548 respondents, 9079 (86·1%) completed questionnaires. The prevalence of probable CMDs doubled from 11·5% in 1990 to 23·8% in 2010 (time trend p<0·001). Increases paralleled rises in national rates of unemployment, divorce, and suicide at all five timepoints. Significant risk factors for probable CMDs were female sex (adjusted odds ratio 1·6, 95% CI 1·4-1·8), 6 or fewer years of education (1·3, 1·1-1·5), unemployment (1·4, 1·1-1·7), and poor physical health that limited daily activities (6·5, 5·4-8·0). When we controlled for these factors in multivariable models, the time trends remained significant (p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION National rates of unemployment, divorce, and suicide increased in parallel with prevalence of probable CMDs in Taiwan. Therefore, clinical and social preventive measures both seem important during times of change to the economy and labour market. FUNDING Taiwan National Science Council.
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