1
|
Buelow MT, Moore S, Kowalsky JM, Okdie BM. Cognitive chicken or the emotional egg? How reconceptualizing decision-making by integrating cognition and emotion can improve task psychometrics and clinical utility. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1254179. [PMID: 38034301 PMCID: PMC10687164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1254179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision-making is an executive function, tapping into cognitive, emotional, and personality-based components. This complexity, and the varying operational definitions of the construct, is reflected in the rich array of behavioral decision-making tasks available for use in research and clinical settings. In many cases, these tasks are "subfield-specific," with tasks developed by cognitive psychologists focusing on cognitive aspects of decision-making and tasks developed by clinical psychologists focusing on interactions between emotional and cognitive aspects. Critically, performance across different tasks does not consistently correlate, obfuscating the ability to compare scores between measures and detect changes over time. Differing theories as to what cognitive and/or emotional aspects affect decision-making likely contribute to this lack of consistency across measures. The low criterion-related validity among decision-making tasks and lack of consistent measurement of the construct presents challenges for emotion and decision-making scholars. In this perspective, we provide several recommendations for the field: (a) assess decision-making as a specific cognitive ability versus a taxonomy of cognitive abilities; (b) a renewed focus on convergent validity across tasks; (c) further assessment of test-retest reliability versus practice effects on tasks; and (d) reimagine future decision-making research to consider the research versus clinical implications. We discuss one example of decision-making research applied to clinical settings, acquired brain injury recovery, to demonstrate how some of these concerns and recommendations can affect the ability to track changes in decision-making across time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T. Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Sammy Moore
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Bradley M. Okdie
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spironelli C, Marino M, Mantini D, Montalti R, Craven AR, Ersland L, Angrilli A, Hugdahl K. fMRI fluctuations within the language network are correlated with severity of hallucinatory symptoms in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:75. [PMID: 37903802 PMCID: PMC10616281 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia (SZ) represents a complex multiform psychiatric disorder, one of its most striking symptoms are auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). While the neurophysiological origin of this pervasive symptom has been extensively studied, there is so far no consensus conclusion on the neural correlates of the vulnerability to hallucinate. With a network-based fMRI approach, following the hypothesis of altered hemispheric dominance (Crow, 1997), we expected that LN alterations might result in self-other distinction impairments in SZ patients, and lead to the distressing subjective experiences of hearing voices. We used the independent component analysis of resting-state fMRI data, to first analyze LN connectivity in three groups of participants: SZ patients with and without hallucinations (AVH/D+ and AVH/D-, respectively), and a matched healthy control (HC) group. Then, we assessed the fMRI fluctuations using additional analyses based on fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency-Fluctuations (fALFF), both at the network- and region of interest (ROI)-level. Specific LN nodes were recruited in the right hemisphere (insula and Broca homologous area) for AVH/D+ , but not for HC and AVH/D-, consistent with a left hemisphere deficit in AVH patients. The fALFF analysis at the ROI level showed a negative correlation between fALFF Slow-4 and P1 Delusions PANSS subscale and a positive correlation between the fALFF Slow-5 and P3 Hallucination PANSS subscale for AVH/D+ only. These effects were not a consequence of structural differences between groups, as morphometric analysis did not evidence any group differences. Given the role of language as an emerging property resulting from the integration of many high-level cognitive processes and the underlying cortical areas, our results suggest that LN features from fMRI connectivity and fluctuations can be a marker of neurophysiological features characterizing SZ patients depending on their vulnerability to hallucinate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spironelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marco Marino
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Montalti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alexander R Craven
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- NORMENT Center of Excellence, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Ersland
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alessandro Angrilli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kenneth Hugdahl
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bredikhin D, Agranovich O, Ulanov M, Koriakina M, Shestakova AN, Kadieva D, Kopytin G, Ermolovich E, Bermúdez-Margaretto B, Shtyrov Y, Jääskeläinen IP, Blagovechtchenski E. Altered evoked responses for motor-related words in children with upper limb motor impairments. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 145:11-21. [PMID: 36395708 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP) and amyoplasia, the classical type of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, manifest themselves as highly limited mobility of the upper limb. At the same time, according to the embodiment cognition theories, the motor impairments might lead to the alteration of cognitive functions in OBPP/amyoplasia patients. In the current study, we examined whether OBPP/amyoplasia children exhibit altered processing of motor-related verbs. METHODS We conducted a case-control study using clinical population and control children. Oddball series were used to elicit mismatch negativity (MMN) EEG responses. The series consisted of limb-related verbs (deviant stimuli) and matched pseudowords (standard stimuli). 27 patients and 32 control children were included in the analysis. RESULTS We showed that MMN waveforms differed between OBPP/amyoplasia children and their control peers in the frontal and temporal electrodes when the stimuli contained hand-related verbs. In particular, the MMN peak latency in the OBPP/amyoplasia children was significantly delayed as compared with the healthy controls. At the same time, neither series with leg-related verbs nor series of pseudowords resulted in statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest altered processing of hand-related verbs in OBPP/amyoplasia children with hand-related disabilities. SIGNIFICANCE Our results contribute to the growing evidence in support of the theory of embodied cognition, which proposes that various domains of cognition are shaped by bodily interactions with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Bredikhin
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga Agranovich
- Federal State Budgetary Institution the Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 196603 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Maxim Ulanov
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria Koriakina
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Institution the Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 196603 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna N Shestakova
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dzerassa Kadieva
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Grigory Kopytin
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Evgenia Ermolovich
- Federal State Budgetary Institution the Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 196603 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Beatriz Bermúdez-Margaretto
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Integración en la Comunidad - INICO, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.
| | - Evgeny Blagovechtchenski
- Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Federal State Budgetary Institution the Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 196603 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Zhang M, Zou F, Wu X, Wang Y. Deductive-reasoning brain networks: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of the neural signatures in deductive reasoning. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01853. [PMID: 32990371 PMCID: PMC7749517 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deductive reasoning is a complex and poorly understood concept in the field of psychology. Many cognitive neuroscience studies have been published on deductive reasoning but have yielded inconsistent findings. METHODS In this study, we analyzed collected data from 38 articles using a recently proposed activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach and used conjunction analysis to better determine the intersection of the results of meta-analyses. RESULTS First, the left hemispheres in the inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann area 40 [BA40]), middle frontal gyrus (BA6), medial frontal gyrus (BA8), inferior frontal gyrus (BA45/46), caudate, and insula (BA47) were revealed to be significant brain regions via simple-effect analysis (deductive reasoning versus baseline). Furthermore, IFG, insula, and cingulate (the key neural hubs of the cingulo-opercular network) were highlighted in overlapped functional connectivity maps. CONCLUSION The findings of the current study are consistent with the view that deductive reasoning requires a succession of stages, which included decoding of linguistic information, conversion and correction of rules, and transformation of inferential results into conclusive outputs, all of which are putatively processed via a distributed network of brain regions encompassing frontal/parietal cortices, as well as the caudate and other subcortical structures, which suggested that in the process of deductive reasoning, the coding and integration of premise information is indispensable, and it is also crucial to the execution and monitoring of the cognitive processing of reasoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of PsychologyXinxiang Medical UniversityHenanChina
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of PsychologyXinxiang Medical UniversityHenanChina
- Department of PsychiatryHenan Mental HospitalThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Feng Zou
- Department of PsychologyXinxiang Medical UniversityHenanChina
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of PsychologyXinxiang Medical UniversityHenanChina
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of PsychologyXinxiang Medical UniversityHenanChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ngo GH, Eickhoff SB, Nguyen M, Sevinc G, Fox PT, Spreng RN, Yeo BTT. Beyond consensus: Embracing heterogeneity in curated neuroimaging meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2019; 200:142-158. [PMID: 31229658 PMCID: PMC6703957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordinate-based meta-analysis can provide important insights into mind-brain relationships. A popular approach for curated small-scale meta-analysis is activation likelihood estimation (ALE), which identifies brain regions consistently activated across a selected set of experiments, such as within a functional domain or mental disorder. ALE can also be utilized in meta-analytic co-activation modeling (MACM) to identify brain regions consistently co-activated with a seed region. Therefore, ALE aims to find consensus across experiments, treating heterogeneity across experiments as noise. However, heterogeneity within an ALE analysis of a functional domain might indicate the presence of functional sub-domains. Similarly, heterogeneity within a MACM analysis might indicate the involvement of a seed region in multiple co-activation patterns that are dependent on task contexts. Here, we demonstrate the use of the author-topic model to automatically determine if heterogeneities within ALE-type meta-analyses can be robustly explained by a small number of latent patterns. In the first application, the author-topic modeling of experiments involving self-generated thought (N = 179) revealed cognitive components fractionating the default network. In the second application, the author-topic model revealed that the left inferior frontal junction (IFJ) participated in multiple task-dependent co-activation patterns (N = 323). Furthermore, the author-topic model estimates compared favorably with spatial independent component analysis in both simulation and real data. Overall, the results suggest that the author-topic model is a flexible tool for exploring heterogeneity in ALE-type meta-analyses that might arise from functional sub-domains, mental disorder subtypes or task-dependent co-activation patterns. Code for this study is publicly available (https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/tree/master/stable_projects/meta-analysis/Ngo2019_AuthorTopic).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gia H Ngo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, N.1 Institute for Health and Memory Networks Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, N.1 Institute for Health and Memory Networks Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gunes Sevinc
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - B T Thomas Yeo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clinical Imaging Research Centre, N.1 Institute for Health and Memory Networks Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrated Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alexander L, Clarke HF, Roberts AC. A Focus on the Functions of Area 25. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E129. [PMID: 31163643 PMCID: PMC6627335 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcallosal area 25 is one of the least understood regions of the anterior cingulate cortex, but activity in this area is emerging as a crucial correlate of mood and affective disorder symptomatology. The cortical and subcortical connectivity of area 25 suggests it may act as an interface between the bioregulatory and emotional states that are aberrant in disorders such as depression. However, evidence for such a role is limited because of uncertainty over the functional homologue of area 25 in rodents, which hinders cross-species translation. This emphasizes the need for causal manipulations in monkeys in which area 25, and the prefrontal and cingulate regions in which it is embedded, resemble those of humans more than rodents. In this review, we consider physiological and behavioral evidence from non-pathological and pathological studies in humans and from manipulations of area 25 in monkeys and its putative homologue, the infralimbic cortex (IL), in rodents. We highlight the similarities between area 25 function in monkeys and IL function in rodents with respect to the regulation of reward-driven responses, but also the apparent inconsistencies in the regulation of threat responses, not only between the rodent and monkey literatures, but also within the rodent literature. Overall, we provide evidence for a causal role of area 25 in both the enhanced negative affect and decreased positive affect that is characteristic of affective disorders, and the cardiovascular and endocrine perturbations that accompany these mood changes. We end with a brief consideration of how future studies should be tailored to best translate these findings into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Alexander
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Hannah F Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Low-rank network signatures in the triple network separate schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101725. [PMID: 30798168 PMCID: PMC6389685 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Brain imaging studies have revealed that functional and structural brain connectivity in the so-called triple network (i.e., default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN) and central executive network (CEN)) are consistently altered in schizophrenia. However, similar changes have also been found in patients with major depressive disorder, prompting the question of specific triple network signatures for the two disorders. In this study, we proposed Supervised Convex Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (SCNMF) to extract distributed multi-modal brain patterns. These patterns distinguish schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in a latent low-dimensional space of the triple brain network. Specifically, 21 patients of schizophrenia and 25 patients of major depressive disorder were assessed by T1-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and resting-state functional MRIs. Individual structural and functional connectivity networks, based on pre-defined regions of the triple network were constructed, respectively. Afterwards, SCNMF was employed to extract the discriminative patterns. Experiments indicate that SCNMF allows extracting the low-rank discriminative patterns between the two disorders, achieving a classification accuracy of 82.6% based on the extracted functional and structural abnormalities with support vector machine. Experimental results show the specific brain patterns for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder that are multi-modal, complex, and distributed in the triple network. Parts of the prefrontal cortex including superior frontal gyri showed variation between patients with schizophrenia and major depression due to structural properties. In terms of functional properties, the middle cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and cingulate cortex were the most discriminative regions. Specific changes in SZP and MDD are complex but subtle, and distributed in triple networks. Low-rank network signatures on multi-modal data well separate SZP and MDD. Group-specific latent disrupted patterns are uncovered with SCNMF.
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Religion and spirituality (R/S) have been prominent aspects of most human cultures through the ages; however, scientific inquiry into this phenomenon has been limited. We conducted a systematic literature review of research on the neurobiological correlates of R/S, which resulted in 25 reports studying primarily R/S with electroencephalography, structural neuroimaging (MRI), and functional neuroimaging (fMRI, PET). These studies investigated a wide range of religions (e.g., Christianity, Buddhism, Islam) and R/S states and behaviors (e.g., resting state, prayer, judgments) and employed a wide range of methodologies, some of which (e.g., no control group, varying measures of religiosity, small sample sizes) raise concerns about the validity of the results. Despite these limitations, the findings of these studies collectively suggest that the experience of R/S has specific neurobiological correlates and that these correlates are distinct from non-R/S counterparts. The findings implicate several brain regions potentially associated with R/S development and behavior, including the medial frontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, default mode network, and caudate. This research may suggest future clinical applications and interventions related to R/S and various disorders, including mood, anxiety, psychotic, pain, and vertiginous disorders. Further studies with more rigorous study designs are warranted to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms of R/S and their potential clinical applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Wu H, Xu J, Shang J. Abnormal Global Functional Connectivity Patterns in Medication-Free Major Depressive Disorder. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:692. [PMID: 30356761 PMCID: PMC6189368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting studies have applied resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to study major depressive disorder (MDD) and have identified abnormal functional activities. However, how the global functional connectivity patterns change in MDD is still unknown. Using rs-fMRI, we investigated the alterations of global resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) patterns in MDD using weighted global brain connectivity (wGBC) method. First, a whole brain voxel-wise wGBC map was calculated for 23 MDD patients and 34 healthy controls. Two-sample t-tests were applied to compare the wGBC and RSFC maps and the significant level was set at p < 0.05, cluster-level correction with voxel-level p < 0.001. MDD patients showed significantly decreased wGBC in left temporal pole (TP) and increased wGBC in right parahippocampus (PHC). Subsequent RSFC analyses showed decreased functional interaction between TP and right posterior superior temporal cortex and increased functional interaction between PHC and right inferior frontal gyrus in MDD patients. These results revealed the abnormal global FC patterns and its corresponding disrupted functional connectivity in MDD. Our findings present new evidence for the functional interruption in MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Lab of Learning Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huawang Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Hui'ai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Xu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junjie Shang
- Lab of Learning Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Telzer EH, Miernicki ME, Rudolph KD. Chronic peer victimization heightens neural sensitivity to risk taking. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:13-26. [PMID: 28393755 PMCID: PMC6029691 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although behavioral and experimental studies have shown links between victimization and antisocial behavior, the neural correlates explaining this link are relatively unknown. In the current study, we recruited adolescent girls from a longitudinal study that tracked youths' reports of peer victimization experiences annually from the second through eighth grades. Based on these reports, 46 adolescents were recruited: 25 chronically victimized and 21 nonvictimized. During a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan, participants completed a risk-taking task. Chronic peer victimization was associated with greater risk-taking behavior during the task and higher levels of self-reported antisocial behavior in everyday life. At the neural level, chronically victimized girls showed greater activation in regions involved in affective sensitivity, social cognition, and cognitive control, which significantly mediated victimization group differences in self-reported antisocial behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill
| | | | - Karen D. Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lukic S, Barbieri E, Wang X, Caplan D, Kiran S, Rapp B, Parrish TB, Thompson CK. Right Hemisphere Grey Matter Volume and Language Functions in Stroke Aphasia. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5601509. [PMID: 28573050 PMCID: PMC5441122 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5601509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the right hemisphere (RH) in recovery from aphasia is incompletely understood. The present study quantified RH grey matter (GM) volume in individuals with chronic stroke-induced aphasia and cognitively healthy people using voxel-based morphometry. We compared group differences in GM volume in the entire RH and in RH regions-of-interest. Given that lesion site is a critical source of heterogeneity associated with poststroke language ability, we used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) to examine the relation between lesion site and language performance in the aphasic participants. Finally, using results derived from the VLSM as a covariate, we evaluated the relation between GM volume in the RH and language ability across domains, including comprehension and production processes both at the word and sentence levels and across spoken and written modalities. Between-subject comparisons showed that GM volume in the RH SMA was reduced in the aphasic group compared to the healthy controls. We also found that, for the aphasic group, increased RH volume in the MTG and the SMA was associated with better language comprehension and production scores, respectively. These data suggest that the RH may support functions previously performed by LH regions and have important implications for understanding poststroke reorganization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Lukic
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elena Barbieri
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Caplan
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swathi Kiran
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, College of Health & Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda Rapp
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Todd B. Parrish
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cynthia K. Thompson
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Svob C, Liu J, Wickramaratne P, Hao X, Talati A, Kayser J, Tenke C, Warner V, Yang J, Anderson M, Weissman MM. Neuroanatomical correlates of familial risk-for-depression and religiosity/spirituality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [PMID: 28642885 DOI: 10.1037/scp0000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential neural substrates that underlie the interplay between religiosity/spirituality and risk-for-depression. A new wave of data from a longitudinal, three generation study of individuals at high risk for depression is presented. In addition to providing new longitudinal data, we extend previous findings by employing additional (surface-based) methods for examining cortical volume. MEASURES PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected on 106 second and third generation family members at high or low risk for major depression defined by the presence or absence of depression in the first generation. Religiosity/spirituality measures were collected at the same time as the MRI scans and comprised self-report ratings of personal religious/spiritual (R/S) importance and frequency of religious attendance. Analyses were carried out with Freesurfer. Interactive effects of religiosity/spirituality and risk-for-depression were examined on measures of cortical thickness and cortical surface area. RESULTS A high degree of belief in the importance of religion/spirituality was associated with both a thicker cortex and a larger pial surface area in persons at high risk for familial depression. No significant association was found between cortical regions and religious attendance in either risk group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results support previous findings of an association between R/S importance and cortical thickness in individuals at high risk for depression, and extend the findings to include an association between R/S importance and greater pial surface area. Moreover, the findings suggest these cortical changes may confer protective benefits to religious/spiritual individuals at high risk for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie Svob
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejun Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jürgen Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig Tenke
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginia Warner
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hinojosa JA, Fernández-Folgueiras U, Albert J, Santaniello G, Pozo MA, Capilla A. Negative induced mood influences word production: An event-related potentials study with a covert picture naming task. Neuropsychologia 2016; 95:227-239. [PMID: 28025016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present event-related potentials (ERPs) study investigated the effects of mood on phonological encoding processes involved in word generation. For this purpose, negative, positive and neutral affective states were induced in participants during three different recording sessions using short film clips. After the mood induction procedure, participants performed a covert picture naming task in which they searched letters. The negative compared to the neutral mood condition elicited more negative amplitudes in a component peaking around 290ms. Furthermore, results from source localization analyses suggested that this activity was potentially generated in the left prefrontal cortex. In contrast, no differences were found in the comparison between positive and neutral moods. Overall, current data suggest that processes involved in the retrieval of phonological information during speech generation are impaired when participants are in a negative mood. The mechanisms underlying these effects were discussed in relation to linguistic and attentional processes, as well as in terms of the use of heuristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Hinojosa
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - J Albert
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - G Santaniello
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Pozo
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - A Capilla
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Guglielmi RS. Psychophysiological Assessment of Prejudice: Past Research, Current Status, and Future Directions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 3:123-57. [PMID: 15647143 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0302_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Many early studies of prejudice adopted psychophysiological measures as a way to circumvent the limitations of self-report instruments. Despite serious methodological weaknesses, that literature consistently points to the value of physiological probes as nonreactive indexes of affective responses to target stimuli. Possible reasons for the virtual abandonment of psychophysiological approaches in the study of prejudice over the last 15 years are outlined, and their reintroduction is advocated on methodological and conceptual grounds. Theoretical perspectives and empirical research in a closely related area, the psychophysiology of emotion, are reviewed and the implications of this literature for the study of prejudice are discussed. Several psychophysiological approaches have been found valuable for assessing the valence and intensity of emotional responses. The availability of these tools, together with the shifting theoretical zeitgeist, make prejudice research ready for a return to psychophysiological methodologies. A multimethod prejudice assessment model is proposed and its theoretical and heuristic advantages are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Guglielmi
- Department of Psychology, Lake Forest College, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Joshi SH, Vizueta N, Foland-Ross L, Townsend JD, Bookheimer SY, Thompson PM, Narr KL, Altshuler LL. Relationships Between Altered Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activation and Cortical Thickness in Patients With Euthymic Bipolar I Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:507-517. [PMID: 27990494 PMCID: PMC5157843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Performance during cognitive control functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks are associated with frontal lobe hypoactivation in patients with bipolar disorder, even while euthymic. Here, we study the structural underpinnings for this functional abnormality simultaneously with brain activation data. METHODS In a sample of ninety adults (45 with inter-episode Bipolar I disorder and 45 healthy controls), we explored whether abnormal functional activation patterns in bipolar euthymic subjects during a Go-NoGo fMRI task are associated with regional deficits in cortical gray matter thickness in the same regions. Cross-sectional differences in fMRI activation were used to form a-priori hypotheses for region-of-interest cortical gray matter thickness analyses. fMRI BOLD to structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) thickness correlations were conducted across the sample and within patients and controls separately. RESULTS During response inhibition (NoGo minus Go), bipolar subjects showed significant hypoactivation and reduced thickness in the inferior frontal cortex (IFC), superior frontal gyrus and cingulate compared to controls. Cingulate hypoactivation corresponded with reduced regional thickness. A significant activation by disease state interaction was observed with thickness in left prefrontal areas. CONCLUSIONS Reduced cingulate fMRI activation is associated with reduced cortical thickness. In the left frontal lobe, a thinner cortex was associated with increased fMRI activation in patients, but showed a reverse trend in controls. These findings suggest that reduced activation in the IFC and cingulate during a response inhibition task may have an underlying structural etiology, which may explain task-related functional hypoactivation that persists even when patients are euthymic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu H. Joshi
- Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of
Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nathalie Vizueta
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jennifer D. Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California,
Marina del Rey, CA
| | - Katherine L. Narr
- Ahmanson Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of
Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG, Nicholas CL, Drummond KJ, Moffat BA, Phal PM, Desmond P. Emotional reactivity following surgery to the prefrontal cortex. J Neuropsychol 2016; 12:120-141. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne M. Jenkins
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - David G. Andrewes
- Psychiatry Department; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Christian L. Nicholas
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Katharine J. Drummond
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
- Melbourne Brain Centre; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Bradford A. Moffat
- Melbourne Brain Centre; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Pramit M. Phal
- Department of Radiology; The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Patricia Desmond
- Department of Radiology; The University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Telzer EH, Ichien NT, Qu Y. Mothers know best: redirecting adolescent reward sensitivity toward safe behavior during risk taking. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1383-91. [PMID: 25759470 PMCID: PMC4590537 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the healthiest developmental periods, morbidity and mortality rates increase dramatically during adolescence, largely due to preventable, risky behaviors. Heightened reward sensitivity, coupled with ineffective cognitive control, has been proposed to underlie adolescents' risk taking. In this study, we test whether reward sensitivity can be redirected to promote safe behavior. Adolescents completed a risk-taking task in the presence of their mother and alone during fMRI. Adolescents demonstrated reduced risk-taking behavior when their mothers were present compared with alone, which was associated with greater recruitment of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) when making safe decisions, decreased activation in the ventral striatum following risky decisions and greater functional coupling between the ventral striatum and VLPFC when making safe decisions. Importantly, the very same neural circuitry (i.e. ventral striatum) that has been linked to greater risk-taking can also be redirected toward thoughtful, more deliberative and safe decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Yang Qu
- Department of Psychology and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mikita N, Mehta MA, Zelaya FO, Stringaris A. Using arterial spin labeling to examine mood states in youth. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00339. [PMID: 26085964 PMCID: PMC4467773 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the neural correlates of mood states and the specific physiological changes associated with their valence and duration, especially in young people. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging is particularly well-suited to study sustained cerebral states in young people, due to its robustness to low-frequency drift, excellent interscan reliability, and noninvasiveness. Yet, it has so far been underutilized for understanding the neural mechanisms underlying mood states in youth. METHODS In this exploratory study, 21 healthy adolescents aged 16 to 18 took part in a mood induction experiment. Neutral, sad, and happy mood states were induced using film clips and explicit instructions. An ASL scan was obtained following presentation of each film clip. RESULTS Mood induction led to robust changes in self-reported mood ratings. Compared to neutral, sad mood was associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the left middle frontal gyrus and anterior prefrontal cortex, and decreased rCBF in the right middle frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule. A decrease in self-reported mood from neutral to sad condition was associated with increased rCBF in the precuneus. Happy mood was associated with increased rCBF in medial frontal and cingulate gyri, the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and ventral striatum, and decreased rCBF in the inferior parietal lobule. The level of current self-reported depressive symptoms was negatively associated with rCBF change in the cerebellum and lingual gyrus following both sad and happy mood inductions. CONCLUSIONS Arterial spin labeling is sensitive to experimentally induced mood changes in healthy young people. The effects of happy mood on rCBF patterns were generally stronger than the effects of sad mood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mikita
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondon, UK
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondon, UK
| | - Fernando O Zelaya
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondon, UK
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceLondon, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Frontal lobe hypoactivation in medication-free adults with bipolar II depression during response inhibition. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:202-9. [PMID: 25555505 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In executive function, specifically in response inhibition, numerous studies support the essential role for the inferior frontal cortex (IFC). Hypoactivation of the IFC during response-inhibition tasks has been found consistently in subjects with bipolar disorder during manic and euthymic states. The aim of this study was to examine whether reduced IFC activation also exists in unmedicated subjects with bipolar disorder during the depressed phase of the disorder. Participants comprised 19 medication-free bipolar II (BP II) depressed patients and 20 healthy control subjects who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a Go/NoGo response-inhibition task. Whole-brain analyses were conducted to assess activation differences within and between groups. The BP II depressed group, compared with the control group, showed significantly reduced activation in right frontal regions, including the IFC (Brodmann's area (BA) 47), middle frontal gyrus (BA 10), as well as other frontal and temporal regions. IFC hypoactivation may be a persistent deficit in subjects with bipolar disorder in both acute mood states as well as euthymia, thus representing a trait feature of bipolar disorder.
Collapse
|
21
|
Rattray B, Argus C, Martin K, Northey J, Driller M. Is it time to turn our attention toward central mechanisms for post-exertional recovery strategies and performance? Front Physiol 2015; 6:79. [PMID: 25852568 PMCID: PMC4362407 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Key PointsCentral fatigue is accepted as a contributor to overall athletic performance, yet little research directly investigates post-exercise recovery strategies targeting the brain Current post-exercise recovery strategies likely impact on the brain through a range of mechanisms, but improvements to these strategies is needed Research is required to optimize post-exercise recovery with a focus on the brain
Post-exercise recovery has largely focused on peripheral mechanisms of fatigue, but there is growing acceptance that fatigue is also contributed to through central mechanisms which demands that attention should be paid to optimizing recovery of the brain. In this narrative review we assemble evidence for the role that many currently utilized recovery strategies may have on the brain, as well as potential mechanisms for their action. The review provides discussion of how common nutritional strategies as well as physical modalities and methods to reduce mental fatigue are likely to interact with the brain, and offer an opportunity for subsequent improved performance. We aim to highlight the fact that many recovery strategies have been designed with the periphery in mind, and that refinement of current methods are likely to provide improvements in minimizing brain fatigue. Whilst we offer a number of recommendations, it is evident that there are many opportunities for improving the research, and practical guidelines in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Rattray
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia ; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christos Argus
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia ; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joseph Northey
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia ; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew Driller
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, The University of Waikato Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Yokoyama K, Matsumura H, Nagata I, Kaneko K. Prefrontal activation predicts social functioning improvement after initial treatment in late-onset depression. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 62:62-70. [PMID: 25659188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) has been shown to be lacking in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of patients with late-onset depression (LOD), in verbal fluency task (VFT)-related near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). In our previous studies, we have emphasized the connection between the lack of activation in the frontopolar cortex and social functioning disorder in patients with LOD. In this study, we investigated whether the responsiveness to medical treatment of untreated patients with LOD, particularly social functioning improvements, could be predicted by NIRS findings at the initial examination. The subjects were 29 patients with LOD who were diagnosed with major depression at 65 years or older at the initial examination (mean age ± standard deviation, 72.4 ± 5.71 years). We measured the changes in hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal and temporal cortex regions during a VFT by using 52-channel NIRS. In addition, depression status and social functioning were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale, respectively, at the initial examination and 8 weeks after the treatment. A negative correlation was found between the NIRS activation in the right ventrolateral PFC region before treatment and the improvement in social functioning. These results suggested that the social functioning improvements were greater in LOD with initially lower NIRS activation in the right ventrolateral PFC region. NIRS is a simple technique that can be used before treatment to evaluate the social functioning levels of patients with LOD, and predict social functioning improvement after treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Nakagome
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Yokoyama
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsumura
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Koichi Kaneko
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The interplay between sleep and emotion regulation: conceptual framework empirical evidence and future directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16:500. [PMID: 25200984 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are biologically-based responses that help an organism meet challenges and opportunities, and involve changes in subjective experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotions arise when something important to us is at stake. Although many factors have been associated with healthy emotional regulation, the role of sleep in this process has been largely ignored. Recent studies, however, have begun to delineate how sleep critically affects emotional functioning. Nighttime sleep affects daytime mood, emotional reactivity and the capacity to regulate positive and negative emotions; conversely, daytime experiences affect sleep. Hence, there is a complex interplay between sleep and emotional regulation. The objective of this article is to examine this interplay in adults. This objective is addressed by utilizing a framework that identifies key aspects of the relationship between sleep and emotion. We propose that the connectivity between the emotional centers of the brain--the prefontal cortex and the amygdala--is in part dependent on the homeostatic sleep system such that connectivity between these brain networks is higher when rested and lower when sleep deprived. High connectivity drives more efficient executive functioning, while a disconnect leads to poor executive functioning capacity including emotional reactivity and impulsivity. The cognitive effects of the homeostatic system are couple with the mood regulation effects of the circadian system together dictating the degree to which one experiences emotional regulation or dysregulation. Further, the affective brain systems of individuals with clinical symptomology and/or pathology are suggested to be more vulnerable to homeostatic pressure and circadian lows or misalignment resulting in increased affective clinical symptomology. We review empirical evidence that supports this framework and explore the implications of this framework. Finally, we describe future directions for this type of work.
Collapse
|
24
|
Llano DA. Functional imaging of the thalamus in language. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2013; 126:62-72. [PMID: 22981716 PMCID: PMC4836874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the literature regarding functional imaging of the thalamus during language tasks is reviewed. Fifty studies met criteria for analysis. Two of the most common task paradigms associated with thalamic activation were generative tasks (e.g. word or sentence generation) and naming, though activation was also seen in tasks that involve lexical decision, reading and working memory. Typically, thalamic activation was seen bilaterally, left greater than right, along with activation in frontal and temporal cortical regions. Thalamic activation was seen with perceptually challenging tasks, though few studies rigorously correlated thalamic activation with measures of attention or task difficulty. The peaks of activation loci were seen in virtually all thalamic regions, with a bias towards left-sided and midline activation. These analyses suggest that the thalamus may be involved in processes that involve manipulations of lexical information, but point to the need for more systematic study of the thalamus using language tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Llano
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Townsend JD, Torrisi SJ, Lieberman MD, Sugar CA, Bookheimer SY, Altshuler LL. Frontal-amygdala connectivity alterations during emotion downregulation in bipolar I disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:127-35. [PMID: 22858151 PMCID: PMC3525751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The symptoms of bipolar disorder suggest dysfunction of emotion regulatory networks. In healthy control populations, downregulation of emotional responses activates the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and dampens amygdala activation. This study investigated frontal and limbic function and connectivity during emotion downregulation in euthymic subjects with bipolar I disorder (BPI) and healthy control subjects. METHODS Thirty BPI and 26 control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning while performing an emotion processing task with passive viewing and emotion downregulation conditions. Contrasts were made for each group comparing the downregulation and passive viewing conditions, and these were entered into a between-group random effects analysis to assess group differences in activation. Psychophysiological interaction analyses were conducted to test for significant group differences in functional connectivity between the amygdala and inhibitory frontal regions (i.e., vlPFC). RESULTS Control subjects showed the expected robust bilateral activation of frontal and limbic regions during passive viewing and emotion downregulation tasks. Between-group analyses revealed similar activation of BPI and control subjects during passive viewing but significantly decreased activation in bilateral vlPFC, bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus, and bilateral dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex during emotion downregulation in subjects with BPI. Connectivity analysis demonstrated that control subjects had significantly greater negative functional connectivity between the left amygdala and bilateral vlPFC compared with subjects with BPI. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that dysfunction in the neural networks responsible for emotion regulation, including the prefrontal cortex, cingulate, and subcortical structures, are present in BPI subjects, even while euthymic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Salvatore J. Torrisi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nixon E, Liddle PF, Nixon NL, Liotti M. On the interaction between sad mood and cognitive control: the effect of induced sadness on electrophysiological modulations underlying Stroop conflict processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 87:313-26. [PMID: 23246586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study employed high-density ERPs to examine the effect of induced sad mood on the spatiotemporal correlates of conflict monitoring and resolution in a colour-word Stroop interference task. Neuroimaging evidence and dipole modelling implicates the involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) regions in conflict-laden interference control. On the basis that these structures have been found to mediate emotion-cognition interactions in negative mood states, it was predicted that Stroop-related cognitive control, which relies heavily on anterior neural sources, would be affected by effective sad mood provocation. Healthy participants (N=14) were induced into transient sadness via use of autobiographical sad scripts, a well-validated mood induction technique (Liotti et al., 2000a, 2002). In accord with previous research, interference effects were shown at both baseline and sad states while Stroop conflict was associated with early (N450) and late (Late Positive Component; LPC) electrophysiological modulations at both states. Sad mood induction attenuated the N450 effect in line with our expectation that it would be susceptible to modulation by mood, given its purported anterior limbic source. The LPC effect was displayed at the typical posterior lateral sites but, as predicted, was not affected by sad mood. However, frontocentral LPC activity-presumably generated from an additional anterior limbic source-was affected at sad state, hinting a role in conflict monitoring. Although the neurophysiological underpinnings of interference control are yet to be clarified, this study provided further insight into emotion-cognition interactions as indexed by Stroop conflict-laden processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nixon
- Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham University Innovation Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gur RE, Gur RC. Gender differences in aging: cognition, emotions, and neuroimaging studies. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22033483 PMCID: PMC3181676 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2002.4.2/rgur] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gender and aging moderate brain-behavior relationships. Advances in neuroscience enable integration of neurobehavioral, neuroanatomic, and neurophysiology measures. Here we present neurobehavioral studies thai examine cognitive and emotion processing in healthy men and women and highlight the effects of sex differences and aqinq. Neuroanatomic studies with maqnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicate that the progressive decrease in brain volume affects froniotemporal brain regions in men more than in Vi/omen, Functional imaging methods suggest sex differences in rate of blood flow, pattern of glucose metabolism, and receptor activity. The role of ovarian hormones is important in elucidating the observed relationships. A life span perspective on gender differences through the integration of available methodologies will advance understanding healthy people and the effects of brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel E Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Egidi G, Nusbaum HC. Emotional language processing: how mood affects integration processes during discourse comprehension. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2012; 122:199-210. [PMID: 22325258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This research tests whether mood affects semantic processing during discourse comprehension by facilitating integration of information congruent with moods' valence. Participants in happy, sad, or neutral moods listened to stories with positive or negative endings during EEG recording. N400 peak amplitudes showed mood congruence for happy and sad participants: endings incongruent with participants' moods demonstrated larger peaks. Happy and neutral moods exhibited larger peaks for negative endings, thus showing a similarity between negativity bias (neutral mood) and mood congruence (happy mood). Mood congruence resulted in differential processing of negative information: happy mood showed larger amplitudes for negative endings than neutral mood, and sad mood showed smaller amplitudes. N400 peaks were also sensitive to whether ending valence was communicated directly or as a result of inference. This effect was moderately modulated by mood. In conclusion, the notion of context for discourse processing should include comprehenders' affective states preceding language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Egidi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fontenelle LF, Harrison BJ, Pujol J, Davey CG, Fornito A, Bora E, Pantelis C, Yücel M. Brain functional connectivity during induced sadness in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2012; 37:231-40. [PMID: 22452963 PMCID: PMC3380094 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a range of emotional abnormalities linked to its defining symptoms, comorbid illnesses and cognitive deficits. The aim of this preliminary study was to examine functional changes in the brain that are associated with experimentally induced sad mood in patients with OCD compared with healthy controls in a frontolimbic circuit relevant to both OCD and mood regulation. METHODS Participants underwent a validated sad mood induction procedure during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Analyses focused on mapping changes in the functional connectivity of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) within and between the 2 groups in response to successfully induced sadness. RESULTS We enrolled 11 patients with OCD and 10 age-, sex- and IQ-matched controls in our study. Unlike controls, patients with OCD did not demonstrate predicted increases in functional connectivity between the subgenual ACC and other frontal regions during mood induction. Instead, patients demonstrated heightened connectivity between the subgenual ACC and ventral caudate/nucleus accumbens region and the hypothalamus. LIMITATIONS Our study included a small, partially medicated patient cohort that precluded our ability to investigate sex or drug effects, evaluate behavioural differences between the groups and perform a whole-brain analysis. CONCLUSION The ventral striatum and ventral frontal cortex were distinctly and differentially modulated in their connectivity with the subgenual ACC during the experience of sad mood in patients with OCD. These results suggest that, in patients with OCD, induced sadness appears to have provoked a primary subcortical component of the hypothesized "OCD circuit," which may offer insights into why OCD symptoms tend to develop and worsen during disturbed emotional states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo F. Fontenelle
- Correspondence to: L.F. Fontenelle, Rua Visconde de Pirajá 547, 719, Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP: 22410-003;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sad mood reduces inadvertent plagiarism: Effects of affective state on source monitoring in cryptomnesia. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-012-9309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
31
|
Beacher FDCC, Radulescu E, Minati L, Baron-Cohen S, Lombardo MV, Lai MC, Walker A, Howard D, Gray MA, Harrison NA, Critchley HD. Sex differences and autism: brain function during verbal fluency and mental rotation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38355. [PMID: 22701630 PMCID: PMC3373504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) affect more males than females. This suggests that the neurobiology of autism: 1) may overlap with mechanisms underlying typical sex-differentiation or 2) alternately reflect sex-specificity in how autism is expressed in males and females. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test these alternate hypotheses. Fifteen men and fourteen women with Asperger syndrome (AS), and sixteen typically developing men and sixteen typically developing women underwent fMRI during performance of mental rotation and verbal fluency tasks. All groups performed the tasks equally well. On the verbal fluency task, despite equivalent task-performance, both males and females with AS showed enhanced activation of left occipitoparietal and inferior prefrontal activity compared to controls. During mental rotation, there was a significant diagnosis-by-sex interaction across occipital, temporal, parietal, middle frontal regions, with greater activation in AS males and typical females compared to AS females and typical males. These findings suggest a complex relationship between autism and sex that is differentially expressed in verbal and visuospatial domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix D. C. C. Beacher
- Psychiatry, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Eugenia Radulescu
- Psychiatry, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovico Minati
- Psychiatry, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Scientific Department and Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, Milano, Italy
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael V. Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Walker
- Neurobehavioural Clinic, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, c/o Sussex Education Centre, Mill View Hospital Site, Hove, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Howard
- Neurobehavioural Clinic, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, c/o Sussex Education Centre, Mill View Hospital Site, Hove, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus A. Gray
- Psychiatry, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Experimental Neuropsychology Research Unit School of Psychology, Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil A. Harrison
- Psychiatry, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Neurobehavioural Clinic, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, c/o Sussex Education Centre, Mill View Hospital Site, Hove, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo D. Critchley
- Psychiatry, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Neurobehavioural Clinic, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, c/o Sussex Education Centre, Mill View Hospital Site, Hove, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder (BP) is characterized by a dysfunction of mood, alternating between states of mania/hypomania and depression. Thus, the primary abnormality appears to be an inability to regulate emotion, the result of which is emotional extremes. The purpose of this paper is to review the current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature on adult patients with BP using emotion processing or regulation paradigms. METHODS A search was conducted on PubMed using the keywords: bipolar disorder, fMRI, mania, bipolar depression, bipolar euthymia, emotion, and amygdala. Only those studies that were conducted in adult patients using an emotion activation task were included in the final review. RESULTS Using tasks that assess neural functioning during emotion processing and emotion regulation, many fMRI studies have examined BP subjects during mania and euthymia. Fewer fMRI studies have been conducted during depression, and fewer still have included the same subjects in multiple mood states. Despite these limitations, these studies have demonstrated specific abnormalities in frontal-limbic regions. Using a variety of paradigms, investigators have specifically evaluated the amygdala (a structure within the limbic system known to be critical for emotion) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (a region known to have a regulatory function over the limbic system). CONCLUSIONS These investigations reveal that amygdala activation varies as a function of mood state, while the PFC remains persistently hypoactivated across mood states. Emotional dysregulation and lability in mania and depression may reflect disruption of a frontal-limbic functional neuroanatomical network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7057, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Townsend JD, Bookheimer SY, Foland-Ross LC, Moody TD, Eisenberger NI, Fischer JS, Cohen MS, Sugar CA, Altshuler LL. Deficits in inferior frontal cortex activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a response inhibition task. Bipolar Disord 2012; 14:442-50. [PMID: 22631623 PMCID: PMC4412746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inferior frontal cortical-striatal network plays an integral role in response inhibition in normal populations. While inferior frontal cortex (IFC) impairment has been reported in mania, this study explored whether this dysfunction persists in euthymia. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation was evaluated in 32 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder and 30 healthy subjects while performing the Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Behavioral data were collected to evaluate accuracy and response time. Within-group and between-group comparisons of activation were conducted using whole-brain analyses to probe significant group differences in neural function. RESULTS Both groups activated bilateral IFC. However, between-group comparisons showed a significantly reduced activation in this brain region in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder compared to healthy subjects. Other frontal and basal ganglia regions involved in response inhibition were additionally significantly reduced in bipolar disorder patients, in both the medicated and the unmedicated subgroups. No areas of greater activation were observed in bipolar disorder patients versus healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Bipolar disorder patients, even during euthymia, have a persistent reduction in activation of brain regions involved in response inhibition, suggesting that reduced activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and striatum is not solely related to the state of mania. These findings may represent underlying trait abnormalities in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Townsend
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Lara C Foland-Ross
- Laboratory of NeuroImaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford
| | - Teena D Moody
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,Jane and Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Naomi I Eisenberger
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jeffrey S Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lori L Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,Jane and Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tripathi M, Vibha D, Gupta P, Bhatia R, Srivastava MVP, Vivekanandhan S, Bhushan Singh M, Prasad K, Dergalust S, Mendez MF. Risk factors of dementia in North India: a case-control study. Aging Ment Health 2012; 16:228-35. [PMID: 21714688 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2011.583632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of dementia in northern India is among the lowest in the world but reasons are unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk and protective factors for dementia in North India. METHODS In a case-control study, we investigated demographic, medical, genetic, dietary, lifestyle, and sociocultural protective and risk factors associated with dementia. RESULTS 150 patients of dementia (118 males and 32 females) and 150 healthy controls (112 males and 38 females) were included in the study. Diabetes, depression, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipidemia, APOE ε4 gene, BMI, use of saturated fatty acids, pickles in diet, urban living, and lack of exercise were associated with independent risk of dementia. Various dietary factors and sociocultural factors, like cognitively stimulating activities, active socialization, living in joint families, increased intake of polyunsaturated fats, fruits, and salads conferred protection against dementia. CONCLUSIONS Dietary, lifestyle, and sociocultural interventions may be protective against dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khundakar AA, Morris CM, Oakley AE, Thomas AJ. Cellular pathology within the anterior cingulate cortex of patients with late-life depression: a morphometric study. Psychiatry Res 2011; 194:184-9. [PMID: 21924875 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous imaging and morphometric studies have identified volumetric and cellular abnormalities in prefrontal areas in late-life depression. This study aimed to examine cellular morphology using stereological methodology in the supragenual region of the anterior cingulate cortex in late-life depressed patients compared with age-matched controls. Post-mortem tissue was acquired from nine patients with depression and 11 control patients and analyzed using the optical disector and nucleator methods. No changes were found in glial, non-pyramidal and pyramidal cell density, or in non-pyramidal or pyramidal cell volume within individual layers (2-5) or the supragenual anterior cortex as a whole. This study, therefore, does not provide further evidence for cellular abnormalities in late-life depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Adam Khundakar
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Smith AB, Halari R, Giampetro V, Brammer M, Rubia K. Developmental effects of reward on sustained attention networks. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1693-704. [PMID: 21300162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is typified by significant maturation in higher-level attention functions coupled with less developed control over motivation, and enhanced sensitivity to novelty and reward. This study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in seventy male and female participants aged between 10 and 43 years to identify age-related linear changes in cognitive sustained attention systems and the impact of reward on these systems, using a sustained attention task with and without a rewarded condition. For the non-rewarded sustained attention contrast, increasing age was associated with activation increases in typical regions of sustained attention including right inferior frontal, superior temporo-parietal and cerebellar cortices. Age-related activation decreases were observed within more posterior regions including posterior cingulate, insula and posterior cerebellar cortices, presumably mediating visual-spatial saliency detection. The effect of reward on sustained attention networks was associated with increased activation with age in regions associated with both executive attention control and reward processing, including dorsolateral, inferior and ventromedial prefrontal cortices (PFC), striatum, and temporo-parietal regions, suggestive of greater integration and executive control of motivation and cognition with maturity. Activation in paralimbic posterior cingulate and inferior temporal brain regions of visual-spatial saliency processing was progressively reduced in activation with increasing development. Thus, with increasing development between adolescence and adulthood, reward appears to enhance maturing cognitive sustained attention and executive reward-processing networks, whilst reducing paralimbic regions of saliency detection. These findings may be the neural underpinnings for the progressive maturation of motivational control over risk taking behaviours between adolescence and adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Smith
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heinzel A, Northoff G, Boeker H, Boesiger P, Grimm S. Emotional processing and executive functions in major depressive disorder: dorsal prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the intra-extra dimensional set shift. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2010; 22:269-79. [PMID: 25385213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Heinzel A, Northoff G, Boeker H, Boesiger P, Grimm S. Emotional processing and executive functions in major depressive disorder: dorsal prefrontal activity correlates with performance in the intra-extra dimensional set shift. OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by predominately negatively valenced emotional symptoms that are often accompanied by cognitive impairments. We posited that cognitive impairments in MDD are related to altered emotional processing in prefrontal cortex. METHODS We compared 20 medication-free patients with MDD and 29 matched healthy controls. Both groups performed an emotional task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Furthermore, they completed the intra-extra dimensional set shift (IED) test probing for cognitive impairments. Then we correlated the results of the IED with the changes in fMRI BOLD signal in MDD patients and healthy subjects. RESULTS The subcategory of the IED applying extradimensional shift (EDS) showed a divergent performance of the MDD group committing significantly more errors than the control group. Correlating the EDS errors with fMRI signal changes, the healthy subjects showed a positive correlation with the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the right orbitofrontal cortex. MDD subjects, in contrast, showed a positive correlation in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and a negative correlation in the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). CONCLUSION We hypothesise that the differential correlation in healthy controls and MDD patients may reflect the use of different strategies in their performance. The impaired executive functions, as reflected by altered processing in right DLPFC and left DMPFC, may implicitly influence emotional processing in patients suffering from MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heinzel
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Düsseldorf, Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Northoff
- 2Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heinz Boeker
- 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Boesiger
- 4Institute of Biomedical Engineering, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Grimm
- 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vytal K, Hamann S. Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions: a voxel-based meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 2010; 22:2864-85. [PMID: 19929758 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
What is the basic structure of emotional experience and how is it represented in the human brain? One highly influential theory, discrete basic emotions, proposes a limited set of basic emotions such as happiness and fear, which are characterized by unique physiological and neural profiles. Although many studies using diverse methods have linked particular brain structures with specific basic emotions, evidence from individual neuroimaging studies and from neuroimaging meta-analyses has been inconclusive regarding whether basic emotions are associated with both consistent and discriminable regional brain activations. We revisited this question, using activation likelihood estimation (ALE), which allows spatially sensitive, voxelwise statistical comparison of results from multiple studies. In addition, we examined substantially more studies than previous meta-analyses. The ALE meta-analysis yielded results consistent with basic emotion theory. Each of the emotions examined (fear, anger, disgust, sadness, and happiness) was characterized by consistent neural correlates across studies, as defined by reliable correlations with regional brain activations. In addition, the activation patterns associated with each emotion were discrete (discriminable from the other emotions in pairwise contrasts) and overlapped substantially with structure-function correspondences identified using other approaches, providing converging evidence that discrete basic emotions have consistent and discriminable neural correlates. Complementing prior studies that have demonstrated neural correlates for the affective dimensions of arousal and valence, the current meta-analysis results indicate that the key elements of basic emotion views are reflected in neural correlates identified by neuroimaging studies.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kuhbandner C, Pekrun R, Maier MA. The role of positive and negative affect in the “mirroring” of other persons' actions. Cogn Emot 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930903119196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
40
|
Delineating the psychic structure of substance abuse and addictions: should anxiety, mood and impulse-control dysregulation be included? J Affect Disord 2010; 122:185-97. [PMID: 19584019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current "official" nosology (e.g. DSM IV) is largely limited to physical manifestations of addiction that can be objectively observed and are suited to the maintaining of an "atheoretical" perspective. However, addicted subjects display additional psychiatric symptoms that affect their well-being and social functioning and, in accordance with DSM IV, are typically relegated to the domain of psychiatric "comorbidity." We contend that the relationship of these psychiatric symptoms with addiction is very close, as demonstrated by the high frequency of association observed. We further assert that substance use may modify pre-existing psychic structures such as temperament and related subthreshold conditions and lead to addiction as a specific mental disorder, inclusive also of symptoms pertaining to mood/anxiety, or impulse-control dimensions. The present contribution addresses the weaknesses of the current DSM-based nosology of addiction-related mental comorbidity. We highlight the overlap of the biological substrates and the neurophysiology of addictive processes and psychiatric symptoms associated with addiction, and propose the inclusion of specific mood, anxiety, and impulse-control dimensions in the psychopathology of addictive processes. We postulate that addiction reaches beyond the mere result of drug-elicited effects on the brain and cannot be peremptorily equated only with the use of drugs despite the adverse consequences produced. We infer that mood, anxiety and impulse-control dysregulation is at the very core of both the origins and clinical manifestations of addiction and should be incorporated into the nosology of the same, emphasising how addiction is a relapsing chronic condition in which psychiatric manifestations play a crucial role. To conclude, addictionology cannot be severed from its psychopathological connotations, in view of the undeniable presence of symptoms, of their manifest contribution to the way addicted patients feel and behave, and to the role they play in maintaining the continued use of substances.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cognitive estimation in aged patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2010; 176:26-9. [PMID: 20064666 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life, we often estimate rather than know. It was the goal of this study to assess the effect of depressed mood on cognitive estimation in old age. Cognitive estimation was performed in 44 subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD; DSM-IV) and 48 age-matched healthy subjects (HS). Severity of depressive symptoms was rated with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS, mean=18.6+/-S.D. 4.85). Estimation tasks comprised the dimensions length (coin diameter), weight (pile of paper), quantity (number of marbles in a glass jar), and time (estimation of time it takes for a marble to roll down a marble track both before and after having observed it). Other than the procedure followed in previous tests on cognitive estimation, the tasks were performed by observing objects rather than pictures thereof. MDD patients overestimated time (before and after observation) and underestimated quantity. Cognitive estimation was not correlated to measures of frontal functioning or semantic knowledge. We conclude that MDD patients in old age are impaired to some extent in cognitive estimation and in the ability to correct themselves, deficits that are likely to affect the performance of everyday activities.
Collapse
|
42
|
Controversy About Brain Damage Following Cranio-Cervical Acceleration-Deceleration Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1300/j094v08n01_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
43
|
Richter A, Grimm S, Northoff G. Lorazepam modulates orbitofrontal signal changes during emotional processing in catatonia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010; 25:55-62. [PMID: 20041475 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome characterized by concomitant emotional, behavioural and motor symptoms. In many cases clinical symptoms disappear almost immediately with administration of lorazepam, which acts on GABA(A) receptors. METHODS Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we investigated prefrontal activation patterns during emotion processing in catatonic patients with and without lorazepam in a double-blind study design. For emotional stimulation the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) was used. BOLD-signals were determined using regions of interest (ROI) and were statistically compared between groups. RESULTS For negative emotional pictures lorazepam induced higher signal decreases in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in catatonic patients than in healthy subjects resulting in a regularization of activity patterns comparable to healthy subjects with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate disturbances in the functioning of OFC in catatonia. GABAergic modified emotion regulation with decreased inhibition of affective stimuli could lead to the intense emotions reported by many catatonic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Richter
- University Hospital of Psychiatry (Burghoelzli Hospital), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Brázdil M, Roman R, Urbánek T, Chládek J, Špok D, Mareček R, Mikl M, Jurák P, Halámek J, Daniel P, Rektor I. Neural correlates of affective picture processing — A depth ERP study. Neuroimage 2009; 47:376-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
45
|
Regional homogeneity in depression and its relationship with separate depressive symptom clusters: a resting-state fMRI study. J Affect Disord 2009; 115:430-8. [PMID: 19007997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using a newly reported regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach, we were to explore the features of brain activity of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in resting state, and further to examine the relationship between abnormal brain activity of depressed patients and specific symptom clusters derived from ratings on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). METHODS 22 patients with MDD and 22 gender-, age-, and education-matched healthy subjects participated in the fMRI scans. LIMITATION The influence of antidepressant medication to the brain activity of depressed patients was not fully excluded. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated abnormal brain activity was distributed extensively in depressed patients during resting state, and some symptom domains of depression are separately related to specific abnormal patterns of brain activity.
Collapse
|
46
|
Social psychology as a natural kind. Trends Cogn Sci 2009; 13:246-51. [PMID: 19427258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although typically defined as the study of how people and groups interact, the field of social psychology comprises several disparate domains that make only indirect contributions to understanding interpersonal interaction, such as emotion, attitudes and the self. Although these various phenomena seem to have little in common, recent evidence indicates that the topics at the core of social psychology form a natural group of domains with a common functional neuroanatomy, centered on the medial prefrontal cortex. That self-referential, attitudinal, affective and other social phenomena converge on this region might reflect their shared reliance on inexact and internally generated estimates that differ from the more precise representations underlying other psychological phenomena.
Collapse
|
47
|
Hooley JM, Gruber SA, Parker HA, Guillaumot J, Rogowska J, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Cortico-limbic response to personally challenging emotional stimuli after complete recovery from depression. Psychiatry Res 2009; 172:83-91. [PMID: 19452633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
People vulnerable to depression are at increased risk of relapse if they live in highly critical family environments. To explore this link, we used neuroimaging methods to examine cortico-limbic responding to personal criticisms in healthy participants and participants with known vulnerability to major depression. Healthy controls and fully recovered participants with a past history of major depression were scanned while they heard praising, critical, and neutral comments from their own mothers. Prior to scanning, the formerly depressed and the control participants were indistinguishable with respect to self-reported positive, negative, or anxious mood. They also reported similar mood changes after being praised or criticized. However, formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with greater activation in the amygdala and less activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) than did controls. During praise and neutral commentary, amygdala activation was comparable in both groups, although lower levels of activation in the DLPFC and ACC still characterized formerly depressed participants. Vulnerability to depression may be associated with abnormalities in cortico-limbic activation that are independent of mood state and that remain even after full recovery. Criticism may be a risk factor for relapse because it activates the amygdala and perturbs the affective circuitry that underlies depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Hooley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cortico-limbic response to personally challenging emotional stimuli after complete recovery from depression. Psychiatry Res 2009; 171:106-19. [PMID: 19176279 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
People vulnerable to depression are at increased risk of relapse if they live in highly critical family environments. To explore this link, we used neuroimaging methods to examine cortico-limbic responding to personal criticisms in healthy participants and participants with known vulnerability to major depression. Healthy controls and fully recovered participants with a past history of major depression were scanned while they heard praising, critical, and neutral comments from their own mothers. Prior to scanning, the formerly depressed and the control participants were indistinguishable with respect to self-reported positive, negative, or anxious mood. They also reported similar mood changes after being praised or criticized. However, formerly depressed participants responded to criticism with greater activation in the amygdala and less activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) than did controls. During praise and neutral commentary, amygdala activation was comparable in both groups, although lower levels of activation in the DLPFC and ACC still characterized formerly depressed participants. Vulnerability to depression may be associated with abnormalities in cortico-limbic activation that are independent of mood state and that remain even after full recovery. Criticism may be a risk factor for relapse because it activates the amygdala and perturbs the affective circuitry that underlies depression.
Collapse
|
49
|
Metabolic changes in the brain of patients with late-onset major depression. Psychiatry Res 2008; 164:48-57. [PMID: 18804352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose-F18 was used to examine glucose metabolism in patients with late-onset major depression, all hospitalized non-responders to antidepressant medication. The three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection (3D-SSP) method provided 3D-SSP images and relative metabolic values with minimal partial volume effects. The 3D-SSP score map showed decreased relative metabolism in the prefontal, cingulate and parietal regions in both hemispheres, and in the temporal region on the right, and increased relative metabolism in the occipital pole, vermis, cerebellum, dorsal-frontal, central convexity areas and basal ganglia in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. The ratio of the parietal to occipital values in right plus left hemispheres was significantly decreased. Correlation coefficients of the anterior cingulate-primary sensorimotor, posterior cingulate-primary sensorimotor and occipital-media frontal in both hemispheres, of the frontal-primary sensorimotor, occipital-parahippocampal, primary visual-medial frontal and parahippocampal-amygdala in the right, and the frontal-vermis, parietal-thalamus, temporal-vermis, occipital-putamen, primary visual-putamen, thalamus-vermis and thalamus-cerebellum in the left were significantly different in patients compared with controls. Patients with late-onset depression who were treatment non-responders showed alterations not only in limbic-cortical circuits, but also in a wider network of thalamo-cortical circuits.
Collapse
|
50
|
Altshuler L, Bookheimer S, Townsend J, Proenza MA, Sabb F, Mintz J, Cohen MS. Regional brain changes in bipolar I depression: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Bipolar Disord 2008; 10:708-17. [PMID: 18837865 PMCID: PMC3260079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate neural activity in prefrontal cortex and amygdala during bipolar depression. METHODS Eleven bipolar I depressed and 17 normal subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a task known to activate prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Whole brain activation patterns were determined using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) when subjects matched faces displaying neutral or negative affect (match condition) or matched a geometric form (control condition). Contrasts for each group for the match versus control conditions were used in a second-level random effects analysis. RESULTS Random effects between-group analysis revealed significant attenuation in right and left orbitofrontal cortex (BA47) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (BA9) in bipolar depressed subjects. Additionally, random effects analysis showed a significantly increased activation in left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (BA10) in the bipolar depressed versus control subjects. Within-group contrasts demonstrated significant amygdala activation in the controls and no significant amygdala activation in the bipolar depressed subjects. The amygdala between-group difference, however, was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Bipolar depression is associated with attenuated bilateral orbitofrontal (BA47) activation, attenuated right DLPFC (BA9) activation and heightened left orbitofrontal (BA10) activation. BA47 attenuation has also been reported in mania and may thus represent a trait feature of the disorder. Increased left prefrontal (BA10) activation may be a state marker to bipolar depression. Our findings suggest dissociation between mood-dependent and disease-dependent functional brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Susan Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles
,Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Townsend
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Manuel A Proenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles
| | - Fred Sabb
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jim Mintz
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center
,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles
| | - Mark S Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles
,Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|