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Landaverde-Mejia K, Dufoo-Hurtado E, Camacho-Vega D, Maldonado-Celis ME, Mendoza-Diaz S, Campos-Vega R. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) consumption improves cognitive performance and mood in overweight young adults: A pilot study. Food Chem 2024; 457:140211. [PMID: 38943918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the impact of pistachio consumption on cognitive performance and mood in overweight young adults. Pistachios were characterized (chemical and nutraceutical), and a baseline-final, uncontrolled nutritional intervention was performed (28 g of pistachio/28 days). Psychometric tests were applied to estimate cognitive performance and mood; anthropometric evaluation, biochemical analysis, and plasma antioxidant activity were included. The main component of nuts was lipids (48.1%). Pistachios consumption significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced waist circumference (-1.47 cm), total cholesterol (-10.21 mg/dL), LDL (-6.57 mg/dL), and triglycerides (-21.07 mg/dL), and increased plasma antioxidant activity. Pistachio supplementation improved risk tolerance (p ≤ 0.006) and decision-making strategy (p ≤ 0.002; BART-task), executive functions (BCST-task; p ≤ 0.006), and selective and sustained attention (Go/No-Go-test; p ≤ 0.016). The mood state was positively modulated (p ≤ 0.05) for anxiety, anger-hostility, and sadness-depression. These results show for the first time the benefits of pistachio consumption on cognitive performance and mood in overweight young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Landaverde-Mejia
- Postgraduate Program in Food of the Center of the Republic (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Elisa Dufoo-Hurtado
- Postgraduate Program in Food of the Center of the Republic (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Diego Camacho-Vega
- Department of Medicine and Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Mexico.
| | | | - Sandra Mendoza-Diaz
- Postgraduate Program in Food of the Center of the Republic (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Rocio Campos-Vega
- Postgraduate Program in Food of the Center of the Republic (PROPAC), Research and Graduate Studies in Food Science, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
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Nijssen KMR, Mensink RP, Plat J, Joris PJ. Longer-term mixed nut consumption improves brain vascular function and memory: A randomized, controlled crossover trial in older adults. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1067-1075. [PMID: 37296019 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nut consumption may reduce age-related cognitive decline, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate in older adults longer-term effects of mixed nut consumption on brain vascular function, which may underlie improvements in cognitive performance. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy individuals (age [mean ± SD]: 65 ± 3 years; BMI: 27.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were included in a randomized, single-blinded, cross-over trial with a 16-week intervention (60 g/d mixed nuts: walnuts, pistachio, cashew, and hazelnuts) and control period (no nuts), separated by 8 weeks of washout. Participants followed the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. At the end of each period, cerebral blood flow (CBF), a marker of brain vascular function, was quantified using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Effects on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and the retinal microvasculature were also assessed. Cognitive performance was measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. RESULTS Body weight remained stable during the study. As compared to the control period, the mixed nut intervention resulted in a higher regional CBF in the right frontal and parietal lobes (treatment effect: 5.0 ± 6.5 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001), left frontal lobe (5.4 ± 7.1 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001), and bilateral prefrontal cortex (5.6 ± 6.6 mL/100 g/min; P < 0.001). Carotid artery reactivity (0.7 PP; 95%CI: 0.2 to 1.2; P = 0.007), brachial flow-mediated vasodilation (1.6 PP; 95%CI: 1.0 to 2.2; P < 0.001) and retinal arteriolar calibers were higher (2 μm; 95%CI: 0 to 3; P = 0.037), and carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity lower (-0.6 m/s; 95%CI: -1.1 to -0.1; P = 0.032). Further, visuospatial memory (-4 errors [16%]; 95%CI: -8 to 0; P = 0.045) and verbal memory (+1 correct [16%]; 0 to 2; P = 0.035) improved, but executive function and psychomotor speed did not change. CONCLUSIONS Longer-term mixed nut consumption as part of a healthy diet beneficially affected brain vascular function, which may relate to the observed beneficial effects on memory in older adults. Moreover, different characteristics of the peripheral vascular tree also improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M R Nijssen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Haskell-Ramsay CF, Dodd FL, Smith D, Cuthbertson L, Nelson A, Lodge JK, Jackson PA. Mixed Tree Nuts, Cognition, and Gut Microbiota: A 4-Week, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Trial in Healthy Nonelderly Adults. J Nutr 2022; 152:2778-2788. [PMID: 36202391 PMCID: PMC9840001 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beneficial effects of nut supplementation on cognitive function have previously been demonstrated in young and older adults. Alterations to gut microbiota have also been shown following tree nut consumption. However, no data exists on the effects of nuts on cognition and intestinal microbial communities assessed within the same study. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to examine the effects of daily consumption of tree nuts for 4 wk on cognitive function (primary outcome), mood, metabolomics, and gut microbial species (secondary outcomes) in healthy, nonelderly adults. METHODS This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced crossover study assessed the effects of 4 wk of supplementation with 30 g/d mixed tree nuts versus placebo on cognition and mood in 79 healthy adults aged 18-49 y. Metabolic responses, gut bacterial community structure, and the potential for these to impact cognition were explored using a multi-omic approach. Bacterial community analysis was conducted in Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology 2 (QIIME2). RESULTS Mixed model analysis indicated that nut consumption led to significant improvements to accuracy (placebo M = 92.2% compared with NUTS M = 94.5%; P = 0.019) and speed of response (placebo M = 788 ms compared with NUTS M = 757 ms; P = 0.004) on a picture recognition task. No significant changes to bacterial community α or β diversity were observed when comparing nut consumption to the placebo arm. However, an unclassified Lachnospiraceae amplicon sequence variant (ASV) was significantly enriched in participants when supplemented with nuts (P = 0.015). No correlations were observed between the changes to picture recognition and the changes to the unclassified Lachnospiraceae ASV. There were no significant changes to the urinary metabolome. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a positive effect of nut on cognition following only 4 wk of consumption in a healthy nonelderly sample, as well as upregulation of a microbial taxa associated with gut health. The effects appear to be independent of one another, but further exploration is required in those experiencing cognitive decline and/or gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona L Dodd
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Smith
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Cuthbertson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John K Lodge
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa A Jackson
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Li F, Jiang W, Wang J, Zhang T, Gu X, Zhai Y, Wu M, Xu L, Lin J. Beneficial Effects of Nut Consumption on Cognitive Function Among Elderly: Findings From a 6-Year Cohort Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:816443. [PMID: 35493926 PMCID: PMC9045130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.816443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the longitudinal association of nut consumption with cognitive function in Chinese elderly. Methods We analyzed the data from Zhejiang Ageing and Health Cohort Study including 9,028 participants. Nut consumption was evaluated in baseline questionnaire beginning at 2014. Cognitive function was assessed repeatedly through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at baseline and three waves of follow-up (2015, 2016, and 2019–2020). Cognitive impairment was defined using education-specific cut-off points. Log-binomial regression models with the generalized estimating equations, controlled for an extensive range of potential confounders, were utilized to evaluate the association and estimate relative risk (RR). Results After 6 years of follow-up, 3,266 (36.18%) participants were indicated as cognitive impairment by MMSE at least once. Compared with non-consumers or less-than-weekly consumers, participants consuming ≥70 g/week of nuts had 17% lower risks of cognitive impairment (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.91), whereas no association was found in those consuming <70 g/week of nuts. Moreover, relatively infrequent higher-amount consuming (≥70 g within one consuming day each week) was not associated with better cognitive performance. Furthermore, we did not observe significant effect modification caused by frequency of other food intake. Conclusion Higher nut consumption was prospectively related to a lower risk of cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fudong Li
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Jiang
- Department of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Haiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junbiao Wang
- Department of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Haiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Gu
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengna Wu
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junfen Lin
- Department of Public Health Surveillance and Advisory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Junfen Lin,
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George ES, Daly RM, Tey SL, Brown R, Wong THT, Tan SY. Perspective: Is it Time to Expand Research on "Nuts" to Include "Seeds"? Justifications and Key Considerations. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1016-1027. [PMID: 35333288 PMCID: PMC9340969 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of nuts reported throughout the literature are extensive and well established for reducing the risk of, and managing several chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cognition. Despite their comparable nutrient profile to nuts, seeds are often not assessed in clinical and epidemiological studies. Interestingly, dietary guidelines and recommendations often refer to "nuts and seeds" collectively, even though they are not consistently examined together in nutrition research when determining associated health benefits. The purpose of this review is to call for future nutrition research to consider combining nuts and seeds. This review provides justification for this proposal by summarizing current definitions for nuts and seeds and highlighting the similarities or dissimilarities in their nutrient compositions. Following this, we summarize current evidence on the health benefits of nuts and seeds, research gaps that should be addressed, and considerations for future research using both epidemiological and interventional study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S George
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siew Ling Tey
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tommy Hon Ting Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
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Effects of Hazelnut Consumption on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Acceptance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052880. [PMID: 35270573 PMCID: PMC8910742 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite being rich sources of monounsaturated fat and a number of vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients, hazelnuts have received less attention than some other nut types. A qualitative systematic review was carried out to determine the effects of hazelnut consumption on acceptance and markers of cardiometabolic health, including blood lipids and lipoproteins, apolipoproteins A1 and B100, body weight and composition, blood pressure, glycemia, antioxidant status, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial function. In total, 22 intervention studies (25 publications) met our inclusion criteria. The findings indicate some improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors; however, limitations in study design mean interpretation is problematic. The inclusion of hazelnuts in the diet did not adversely affect body weight and composition. Acceptance of hazelnuts remained stable over time confirming nut consumption guidelines are feasible and sustainable. Future studies using more robust study designs in a variety of populations are required to draw more definitive conclusions on the health benefits of hazelnut consumption.
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Higher Habitual Nuts Consumption Is Associated with Better Cognitive Function among Qatari Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103580. [PMID: 34684580 PMCID: PMC8538871 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between nuts intake and cognitive function is inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between habitual nuts consumption and cognition among Qatari adults. Data from 1000 participants aged >20 years who attended Qatar Biobank (QBB) were used. Nuts consumption was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Blood samples were measured for magnesium, lipids and glucose. Mean reaction time (MRT) was used as an indicator of cognitive function. Linear regression was used to assess the association. A total of 21.1% of the participants reported consuming nuts ≥4-6 times/week (high consumption) while 40.2% reported consuming ≤1 time/month (low consumption). The mean MRT was 715.6 milliseconds (SD 204.1). An inverse association was found between nuts consumption and MRT. Compared to those with a low consumption, high consumption of nuts had a regression coefficient of -36.9 (95% CI -68.1 to -5.8) after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. The inverse association between nuts and MRT was mainly seen among those >50 years. There was an interaction between nuts consumption and hypertension. The association between nuts consumption and MRT was not mediated by hypertension, diabetes, or serum magnesium. Habitual higher consumption of nuts is positively associated with cognitive function, especially among old adults.
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Kim KY, Yun JM. Dietary Patterns and Mild Cognitive Impairment Risk in Korean Adults over 50 Years Old. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2021; 26:132-145. [PMID: 34316478 PMCID: PMC8276710 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2021.26.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of age-related diseases such as dementia and cognitive disorders is rapidly increasing. This study aimed to identify the dietary patterns associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in adults aged over 50 years. This cross-sectional study investigated dietary patterns associated with cognitive function among older adults hospitalized in Gwangju province. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Diet information was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire with 112 food items and 24-h dietary recall. Using a principal component analysis, we identified three dietary patterns, “legumes and vegetables”, “beverage and nuts”, and “white rice”. The “beverage and nuts” pattern was inversely associated with the prevalence of high MCI after adjusting for covariates (third vs. first tertile, adjusted odds ratio: 0.333; 95% confidence interval: 0.133∼0.831; P<0.05). The white rice pattern was associated with the prevalence of MCI in the crude analysis. However, after adjusting for all confounding factors, no association was found. The “beverage and nuts” pattern was inversely associated with the prevalence of MCI. In the future, longitudinal population-based studies and randomized clinical trials are required to confirm the effect of potential dietary patterns on cognitive impairment and reveal the underlying mechanism of their association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jung-Mi Yun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Jiang YW, Sheng LT, Feng L, Pan A, Koh WP. Consumption of dietary nuts in midlife and risk of cognitive impairment in late-life: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Age Ageing 2021; 50:1215-1221. [PMID: 33333555 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afaa267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND evidence from prospective studies investigating the association between consumption of nuts in midlife and risk of cognitive impairment in late life is limited. METHODS this study analysed data from 16,737 participants in a population-based cohort, the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Intake of nuts was assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1993-1998), when participants were 45-74 years old (mean age = 53.5 years). Cognitive function was tested using the Singapore modified Mini-Mental State Examination during the third follow-up visit (2014-2016), when participants were 61-96 years old (mean age = 73.2 years). Cognitive impairment was defined using education-specific cut-off points. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between intake and risk of cognitive impairment. RESULTS cognitive impairment was identified in 2,397 (14.3%) participants. Compared with those who consumed <1 serving/month of nuts, participants who consumed 1-3 servings/month, 1 serving/week and ≥2 servings/week had 12% (95% CI 2-20%), 19% (95% CI 4-31%) and 21% (2-36%) lower risk of cognitive impairment, respectively (P-trend = 0.01). Further adjustment for intake of unsaturated fatty acids attenuated the association to non-significance. Mediation analysis showed that the 50.8% of the association between nuts and risk of cognitive impairment was mediated by the intake of total unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION higher intake of nuts in midlife was related to a lower risk of cognitive impairment in late life, which was partly mediated by unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Li-Ting Sheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430030, China
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
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Tan SY, Georgousopoulou EN, Cardoso BR, Daly RM, George ES. Associations between nut intake, cognitive function and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults in the United States: NHANES 2011-14. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:313. [PMID: 34001034 PMCID: PMC8127249 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuts are nutrient-rich and reported to provide some cognitive and cardiometabolic health benefits, but limited studies have focused on older adults. This study investigated the cross-sectional relationship between habitual nut intake, dietary pattern and quality, cognition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in older adults. METHODS Older adults (≥ 60 years) from the NHANES 2011-12 and 2013-14 cohorts, who had complete data on cognitive function (as CERAD total, delayed recall, animal fluency and digit-symbol substitution test) and variables to calculate the Fatty Liver Index (FLI), an indicator of NAFLD, were included (n = 1848). Nut intake and diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2015) were determined using two 24-hour diet recalls. Participants were categorised into one of four groups based on their habitual nut intake: non-consumers (0 g/d), low intake (0.1-15.0 g/d), moderate intake (15.1-30.0 g/d) or met recommendation (> 30 g/d), with all outcomes compared between these nut intake groups. RESULTS Cognitive scores of older adults were the lowest in non-consumers and significantly highest in the moderate intake group, with no further increase in those who consumed nuts more than 30 g/d (p < 0.007). FLI was the lowest among older adults with moderate nut intake but the associations disappeared after adjusting for covariates (p = 0.329). Moderate nut intake was also associated with better immediate and delayed memory in older adults with high risk of NAFLD (FLI ≥ 60) (B = 1.84 and 1.11, p < 0.05 respectively). Higher nutrient intake and better diet quality (p < 0.001) were seen with higher nut intake but did not influence energy from saturated fat intake. Factor analysis revealed 'Nuts and oils' as one of the four major dietary patterns associated with better cognition and lower FLI scores. CONCLUSIONS Moderate nut intake (15.1-30.0 g/d) may be sufficient for better cognitive performance, but not NAFLD risk of older adults in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yen Tan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, 3220, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- School of Medicine Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia, New South Wales, 2010, Darlinghurst Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara R Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, 3220, Geelong, Australia
| | - Elena S George
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, 3220, Geelong, Australia
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Nuts and Older Adults' Health: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041848. [PMID: 33672861 PMCID: PMC7918786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the beneficial effects of nuts on cardiometabolic diseases have been well established, little is known about the effects of nuts on age-related diseases. Given that age-related diseases share many biological pathways with cardiometabolic diseases, it is plausible that diets rich in nuts might be beneficial in ameliorating age-related conditions. The objective of this review was to summarise the findings from studies that have examined the associations or effects of nut consumption, either alone or as part of the dietary pattern, on three major age-related factors—telomere length, sarcopenia, and cognitive function—in older adults. Overall, the currently available evidence suggests that nut consumption, particularly when consumed as part of a healthy diet or over a prolonged period, is associated with positive outcomes such as longer telomere length, reduced risk of sarcopenia, and better cognition in older adults. Future studies that are interventional, long-term, and adequately powered are required to draw definitive conclusions on the effects of nut consumption on age-related diseases, in order to inform dietary recommendations to incorporate nuts into the habitual diet of older adults.
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Associations between Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gastro-Intestinal Microbiota, Diet, and Cognitive Functioning in Dutch Healthy Older Adults: The NU-AGE Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113471. [PMID: 33198235 PMCID: PMC7697493 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary modulation of the gastro-intestinal microbiota is a potential target in improving healthy ageing and age-related functional outcomes, including cognitive decline. We explored the association between diet, gastro-intestinal microbiota and cognition in Dutch healthy older adults of the ‘New dietary strategies addressing the specific needs of the elderly population for healthy aging in Europe’ (NU-AGE) study. The microbiota profile of 452 fecal samples from 226 subjects was determined using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene-targeted microarray. Dietary intake was assessed by 7-day food records. Cognitive functioning was measured with an extensive cognitive test battery. We observed a dietary and microbial pro- to anti-inflammatory gradient associated with diets richer in animal- or plant-based foods. Fresh fruits, nuts, seeds and peanuts, red and processed meat and grain products were most strongly associated to microbiota composition. Plant-rich diets containing fresh fruits, nuts, seeds and peanuts were positively correlated with alpha-diversity, various taxa from the Bacteroidetes phylum and anti-inflammatory species, including those related to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale and E. biforme. Animal product-rich diets associated with pro-inflammatory species, including those related to Ruminococcus gnavus and Collinsella spp.. Cognition was neither associated with microbiota composition nor alpha-diversity. In conclusion, diets richer in animal- and plant-based foods were related to a pro- and anti-inflammatory microbial profile, while cognition was associated with neither.
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Coates AM, Morgillo S, Yandell C, Scholey A, Buckley JD, Dyer KA, Hill AM. Effect of a 12-Week Almond-Enriched Diet on Biomarkers of Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Cardiometabolic Health in Older Overweight Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1180. [PMID: 32340150 PMCID: PMC7230374 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term nut consumption is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease and better cognitive function. This study examined supplementing habitual diets with almonds or carbohydrate-rich snack foods (providing 15% energy) on biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health, mood and cognitive performance. Participants (overweight/obese, 50-80 years) were randomised to an almond-enriched diet (AED) or isocaloric nut-free diet (NFD) for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, cell adhesions molecules, C reactive protein (CRP), mood, and cognitive performance (working memory primary outcome), dietary profiles and energy intake/expenditure were measured at baseline and Week 12 in 128 participants (n = 63 AED, n = 65 NFD). Compared with NFD, AED was associated with altered macro and micronutrient profiles, but no differences in energy intake or expenditure. The AED significantly reduced triglycerides and SBP but there were no other changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers, mood, or cognitive performance. The inclusion of almonds in the diet improves aspects of cardiometabolic health without affecting cognitive performance or mood in overweight/obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Coates
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Samantha Morgillo
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Catherine Yandell
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne 3122, VIC, Australia;
| | - Jonathan David Buckley
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Kathryn Ann Dyer
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Alison Marie Hill
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia
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14
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Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Muñoz-Garcia M, Godos J, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Dietary Patterns and Cognitive Decline: key features for prevention. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2428-2442. [PMID: 31333085 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The decline in cognitive function is generally the result of the complex interaction of several factors. First of all, age, but also demographic, educational, genetic, socio-economic, and environmental determinants, including nutrition. Cognitive decline and dementia prevalence are increasing, and they are projected to continue increasing in the next decades due to the aging of the world population. Currently, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for these devastating and disabling conditions, which emphasize the key role of preventive strategies. There is compelling evidence of the role of diet and lifestyle on cognitive function. Therefore, dietary/ nutritional approaches that contribute to prevent, or slow cognitive decline may have a remarkable public health impact. Numerous studies have explored the role of dietary components and patterns on age-associated cognitive decline, with accruing evidence that combinations of foods and nutrients can have synergistic effects beyond those attributable to individual foods or nutrients. Dietary patterns show the strongest evidence for slowing the development of cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias including the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet, and their combination (the MedDiet-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay - MIND), among others with few positive results. There are also dietary patterns with no evidence of such effects. This review examines the evidence for the effects of some dietary patterns as neuroprotective with a potential to delay cognitive decline and the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariana Muñoz-Garcia
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Angel Martinez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra-IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
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15
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Lambert K, Bird L, Borst AC, Fuller A, Wang Y, Rogers GB, Stanford J, Sanderson-Smith ML, Williams JG, McWhinney BC, Neale EP, Probst Y, Lonergan M. Safety and Efficacy of Using Nuts to Improve Bowel Health in Hemodialysis Patients. J Ren Nutr 2020; 30:462-469. [PMID: 32001127 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Constipation is common in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Nondrug strategies to manage constipation are challenging because of dietary potassium, phosphate, and fluid restrictions. Nuts are a high-fiber food but are excluded from the diet because of the high potassium and phosphate content. The aim of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of using nuts to improve constipation in adults undertaking hemodialysis (HD). DESIGN AND METHODS Adult patients undertaking HD were recruited to this nonrandomized, 10-week repeated measures, within-subject, pragmatic clinical trial, conducted in two HD units. The intervention consisted of consumption of 40g of raw almonds daily for four weeks, followed by a two-week washout and four-week control period. The primary safety outcome measures were change in predialysis serum potassium and phosphate levels. The primary efficacy outcome was reduction in constipation, measured using the Bristol Stool Form Scale and Palliative Care Outcome Scale (POS-S) renal symptom score. Secondary outcomes included quality of life, selected uremic toxins, cognition, gut microbiota profile, and symptom burden. RESULTS Twenty patients completed the trial (median age: 67 [interquartile range: 57.5-77.8] years, 51% male). After controlling for dialysis adequacy, anuria, dietary intake, bicarbonate, and parathyroid hormone, there were no statistically significant changes in serum potassium (P = 0.21) or phosphate (P = 0.16) associated with daily consumption of almonds. However, statistically significant improvements in constipation were seen at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 10. There were statistically significant improvements in quality of life (P = 0.030), overall symptom burden (P = 0.002), vomiting (P = 0.020), itching (P = 0.006), and skin changes (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Daily consumption of almonds for four weeks was safe, effective, and well tolerated. Improvements in quality of life and symptom burden warrant further research to elucidate potential mechanisms. The findings support the potential reinclusion of foods such as nuts into the diet of patients who underwent HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lambert
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Luke Bird
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Addison C Borst
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Fuller
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yanan Wang
- Microbiome and Host Health Programme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geraint B Rogers
- Microbiome and Host Health Programme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jordan Stanford
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina L Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan G Williams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett C McWhinney
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasmine Probst
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maureen Lonergan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Can Improving the Nutritional Content of Bread Enhance Cognition? Cognitive Outcomes from a Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Johnson SA, Litwin NS, Seals DR. Age-Related Vascular Dysfunction: What Registered Dietitian Nutritionists Need to Know. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019; 119:1785-1796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Introduction Antioxidant-rich diet patterns could contribute to the prevention and treatment of early stages of dementia. Nuts have an appreciable antioxidant load and there is evidence of their positive effects on several chronic diseases incidence and death rates. Moreover, they are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which might also play a positive role in neurogenesis. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence from studies related to the effects of nut consumption on cognitive function among adults. We conducted a systematic search of articles published in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. A total of 19 articles met the inclusion criteria (seven cross-sectional, four prospective cohorts and eight experimental); these were independently extracted and reviewed by two reviewers. The evidence from the cross-sectional and cohort studies was uncertain, due to the disparity of results and risk of bias. However, in most experimental studies a protective effect of nut consumption on some dimension of cognitive function was observed and the methodological quality of these studies was acceptable. In addition, the effects appear to be independent of nut type, amount of intake, age and baseline status of subjects. In summary, these results suggest that the inclusion of daily nut consumption in the healthy diet pattern of adults could have positive effects on their cognitive function. Nevertheless, more well-designed longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to provide strength to this suggestive evidence.
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19
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Morgillo S, Hill AM, Coates AM. The Effects of Nut Consumption on Vascular Function. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010116. [PMID: 30626111 PMCID: PMC6356931 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular stiffness can be measured using numerous techniques including assessments of central haemodynamics, aortic arterial stiffness, and indices of aortic wave reflection and endothelial dilatation. Impaired vascular function is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological studies indicate that regular nut consumption reduces CVD risk, with one of the proposed mechanisms being via improvements in vascular function. This narrative review summarizes the evidence from a systematic search of the literature of the effects of tree nut and peanut consumption on measures of vascular function excluding flow mediated dilatation. A total of 16 studies were identified, with a mix of acute controlled studies (n = 3), an uncontrolled pre/post chronic study (n = 1), chronic crossover (n = 7) and parallel studies (n = 5). Nut types tested included almonds, peanuts, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts, with dose and length of supplementation varying greatly across studies. Most studies (n = 13) included individuals at risk for CVD, according to various criteria. Findings were inconsistent, with ten studies reporting no significant changes in vascular function and six studies (one acute and five chronic studies) reporting improvements in at least one measure of vascular function. In summary, nuts have the potential to improve vascular function and future studies should consider the population, dose and length of nut supplementation as well as suitability of the different vascular function techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Morgillo
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Alison M Hill
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Alison M Coates
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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20
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Li M, Shi Z. A Prospective Association of Nut Consumption with Cognitive Function in Chinese Adults aged 55+ _ China Health and Nutrition Survey. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:211-216. [PMID: 30697633 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the association of nut intake with cognitive function in Chinese adults aged 55 and over. DESIGN This was a prospective open cohort study with repeated measurements of diet and cognition scores. Participants/settings: 4822 adults aged 55 and over participating in the China Health Nutrition Survey during 1991-2006. MEASUREMENTS Global cognitive function measured repeatedly in 1997, 2001, 2004, and 2006 using a subset of modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; poor cognitive function was defined as cognition score<7. Nut consumption was collected using 3-day 24 recall method in 1991, 1993, and at surveys of cognition assessment. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Multilevel mixed effect linear regression and logistic regression analysis were conducted to assess the association with cognitive function. RESULTS The unadjusted cognitive score decreased by 0.29 (95% CI 0.22-0.28) with one-year aging during 1997-2006. Nut intake of more than 10g/d was associated with higher cognition score by 0.63 points (95% CI 0.15-1.12) or 40% less likely to have poor cognitive function (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.43-0.84) after adjusted for demographic, lifestyle behavioural, BMI, and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Nut consumption was inversely associated with cognition decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Ming Li, Centre for Population Health Research, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, IPC CWE-48, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001. . Tel: +61 (8) 83021051
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21
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Tan SY, Tey SL, Brown R. Can Nuts Mitigate Malnutrition in Older Adults? A Conceptual Framework. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1448. [PMID: 30301198 PMCID: PMC6213172 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proportion of adults aged over 60 years in the world is expected to reach 20% by the year 2050. Ageing is associated with several physiological changes that increase the risk of malnutrition among this population. Malnutrition is characterized by deficiencies or insufficiencies of macro- and micronutrients. Malnutrition has detrimental effects on the health, wellbeing, and quality of life in older adults. Nuts are rich in energy, unsaturated fats, and protein, as well as other nutrients that provide a range of health benefits. While the effects of nuts on overnutrition have been studied extensively, very few studies have been specifically designed to understand the role of nuts in mitigating undernutrition in the elderly. Therefore, this review explores the potential role of nuts in improving the nutritional status of older adults who are at risk of undernutrition. Several properties of whole nuts, some of which appear important for addressing overnutrition, (e.g., hardness, lower-than-expected nutrient availability, satiety-enhancing effects) may limit their effectiveness as a food to combat undernutrition. However, we propose that modifications such as transforming the physical form of nuts, addressing the timing of nut ingestion, and introducing variety may overcome these barriers. This review also discusses the feasibility of using nuts to prevent and reverse undernutrition among older adults. We conclude with a recommendation to conduct clinical studies in the future to test this conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Yen Tan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Siew Ling Tey
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Rachel Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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22
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Effects of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Brain Function in Mildly Hypertensive Older Adults. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101413. [PMID: 30279397 PMCID: PMC6213246 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purported benefits of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn-3PUFA) for brain function may be attributable, at least in part, to improved cerebral perfusion. A pilot randomised controlled trial was undertaken to investigate effects of taking a DHA-rich fish oil supplement for 20 weeks on cerebrovascular function, mood and cognitive performance. Borderline hypertensives aged 40–85 years with low habitual LCn-3PUFA intake took four capsules/day of EPAX (1600 mg DHA + 400 mg EPA) or placebo (corn oil). Cerebrovascular function was assessed at baseline and after 20 weeks in 38 completers (19 on each supplement) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound of blood flow in the middle cerebral artery at rest and whilst performing a battery of cognitive tasks (neurovascular coupling). The primary outcome, cerebrovascular responsiveness (CVR) to hypercapnia, increased 26% (p = 0.024) in women; there was no change in men. In contrast, neurovascular coupling increased significantly (p = 0.01 for the overall response) in men only; the latter correlated with an increase of EPA in erythrocytes (r = 0.616, p = 0.002). There was no associated improvement of mood or cognition in either men or women. These preliminary observations indicate that LCn-3PUFA supplementation has the potential to enhance blood flow in the brain in response to both hypercapnic and cognitive stimuli. Future studies should examine differential effects of EPA and DHA and take account of the gender differences in responsiveness to supplementation.
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23
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Radd-Vagenas S, Duffy SL, Naismith SL, Brew BJ, Flood VM, Fiatarone Singh MA. Effect of the Mediterranean diet on cognition and brain morphology and function: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:389-404. [PMID: 29566197 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies of the Mediterranean diet suggest cognitive benefits, potentially reducing dementia risk. Objective We performed the first published review to our knowledge of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating Mediterranean diet effects on cognition or brain morphology and function, with an additional focus on intervention diet quality and its relation to "traditional" Mediterranean dietary patterns. Design We searched 9 databases from inception (final update December 2017) for RCTs testing a Mediterranean compared with alternate diet for cognitive or brain morphology and function outcomes. Results Analyses were based on 66 cognitive tests and 1 brain function outcome from 5 included studies (n = 1888 participants). The prescribed Mediterranean diets varied considerably between studies, particularly with regards to quantitative food advice. Only 8/66 (12.1%) of individual cognitive outcomes at trial level significantly favored a Mediterranean diet for cognitive performance, with effect sizes (ESs) ranging from small (0.32) to large (1.66), whereas 2 outcomes favored controls. Data limitations precluded a meta-analysis. Of 8 domain composite cognitive scores from 2 studies, the 3 (Memory, Frontal, and Global function) from PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) were significant, with ESs ranging from 0.39 to 1.29. A posttest comparison at a second PREDIMED site found that the Mediterranean diet modulates the effect of several genotypes associated with dementia risk for some cognitive outcomes, with mixed results. Finally, the risk of low-plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor was reduced by 78% (OR = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.90) in those who consumed a Mediterranean diet compared to control diet at 3 y in this trial. There was no benefit of the Mediterranean diet for incident cognitive impairment or dementia. Conclusions Five RCTs of the Mediterranean diet and cognition have been published to date. The data are mostly nonsignificant, with small ESs. However, the significant improvements in cognitive domain composites in the most robustly designed study warrant additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Radd-Vagenas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shantel L Duffy
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, 3Charles Perkins Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, and 4Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, 3Charles Perkins Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, and 4Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria M Flood
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria A Fiatarone Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Brain and Mind Centre, Charles Perkins Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, and Charles Perkins Centre, School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Hebrew SeniorLife and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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24
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Sun K, Hu H, Yang C, Wang L, Ai Y, Dong X, Shi Y, Li M, Yao Q, Zhang Y. Dietary Intake is Positively Associated with Cognitive Function of a Chinese Older Adults Sample. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:805-810. [PMID: 30080224 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between cognitive function and dietary intake in older adults was under-studied in China. This study examined this relationship in a Chinese sample while controlling for the effects of sleep quality and socio demographic confounders. METHODS The sample consisted of 340 Chinese older adults (age > 60) who were randomly selected from Wuhan city in central China. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-mental State Examination [MMSE], sleep quality by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], and dietary intake by frequencies of intake of meat products, fruits, fish/seafood/aquatic products, nuts and mushroom/algae over the past year. First, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the measurement properties of cognitive function, dietary intake, and sleep quality. Second, structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to examine the relations of cognitive function, dietary intake, and sleep quality. RESULTS Dietary intake was found to be positively related to cognitive function. Older age, lower education status, monthly income, and living alone or without a spouse were significantly associated with poorer cognitive function. SES status had an indirect effect on cognitive function via dietary intake. CONCLUSION Dietary intake may be critical to maintain normal cognitive function of older adults in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sun
- Hui Hu, College of Nursing, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1 Huangjiahu West Street, Wuhan 430065, China; , Tel.: +86-27-68890390
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25
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Neale EP, Tapsell LC, Guan V, Batterham MJ. The effect of nut consumption on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016863. [PMID: 29170286 PMCID: PMC5719316 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of nut consumption on inflammatory biomarkers and endothelial function. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (all years to 13 January 2017). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (with a duration of 3 weeks or more) or prospective cohort designs conducted in adults; studies assessing the effect of consumption of tree nuts or peanuts on C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion protein 1 and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Relevant data were extracted for summary tables and analyses by two independent researchers. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to explore weighted mean differences (WMD) in change or final mean values for each outcome. RESULTS A total of 32 studies (all randomised controlled trials) were included in the review. The effect of nut consumption on FMD was explored in nine strata from eight studies (involving 652 participants), with consumption of nuts resulting in significant improvements in FMD (WMD: 0.79%(95% CI 0.35 to 1.23)). Nut consumption resulted in small, non-significant differences in CRP (WMD: -0.01 mg/L (95% CI -0.06 to 0.03)) (26 strata from 25 studies), although sensitivity analyses suggest results for CRP may have been influenced by two individual studies. Small, non-significant differences were also found for other biomarkers of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of nut consumption on inflammation and endothelial function found evidence for favourable effects on FMD, a measure of endothelial function. Non-significant changes in other biomarkers indicate a lack of consistent evidence for effects of nut consumption on inflammation. The findings of this analysis suggest a need for more research in this area, with a particular focus on randomised controlled trials. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42016045424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Neale
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Linda C Tapsell
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vivienne Guan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- Statistical Consulting Service, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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Brown RC, Gray AR, Tey SL, Chisholm A, Burley V, Greenwood DC, Cade J. Associations between Nut Consumption and Health Vary between Omnivores, Vegetarians, and Vegans. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9111219. [PMID: 29113145 PMCID: PMC5707691 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular nut consumption is associated with reduced risk factors for chronic disease; however, most population-based studies lack consideration of effect modification by dietary pattern. The UK Women’s Cohort Study (UKWCS) provides an ideal opportunity to examine relationships between nut consumption and chronic disease risk factors in a large sample with diverse dietary patterns. Nut and nutrient intake from 34,831 women was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire among self-identified omnivores, vegetarians and vegans. In this cross-sectional analysis, higher nut consumption was associated with lower body weight (difference between highest and lowest consumption categories from adjusted model: 6.1 kg; 95% CI: 4.7, 7.6) body mass index (BMI, 2.4 units difference; 95% CI: 1.9, 2.9), and waist circumference (2.6 cm difference; 95% CI: 1.4, 3.8) (all p for linear trend < 0.001). Higher nut consumption was also associated with reduced prevalence of high cholesterol and high blood pressure; having a history of heart attack, diabetes and gallstones; and markers of diet quality (all adjusted p for linear trend ≤ 0.011). Higher nut consumption appeared overall to be associated with greater benefits amongst omnivores compared to vegetarians and vegans. Findings support existing literature around beneficial effects of nut consumption and suggest that benefits may be larger among omnivores. Nut promotion strategies may have the highest population impact by specifically targeting this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9014, New Zealand.
- Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Whanganui 4543, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew R Gray
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Siew Ling Tey
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9014, New Zealand.
| | - Alexandra Chisholm
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9014, New Zealand.
| | - Victoria Burley
- Nutrition Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Janet Cade
- Nutrition Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Godos J, Sinatra D, Blanco I, Mulè S, La Verde M, Marranzano M. Association between Dietary Phenolic Acids and Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101069. [PMID: 28953227 PMCID: PMC5691686 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Certain foods rich in phenolic acids have been shown to reduce the risk of hypertension, but evidence from epidemiological studies focused on dietary phenolic acid intake is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dietary phenolic acid intake, as well as their major food sources, and hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort. Methods: Demographic and dietary data of 2044 adults living in Southern Italy were collected. Food frequency questionnaires and Phenol-Explorer were used to calculate dietary intake of polyphenols. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to test associations. Results: The mean intake of total phenolic acids in the cohort was 362.6 mg/day. Individuals in the highest quartile of phenolic acid intake (median intake = 522.2 mg/day) were less likely to have hypertension (OR (odds ratio) = 0.68, 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.46, 1.00). When taking into account individual subclasses of phenolic acids, only hydroxyphenylacetic acid was inversely associated with hypertension (highest vs. lowest quartile, OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.96). Among dietary sources of phenolic acids considered in the analysis, only beer was significantly inversely associated with hypertension (highest vs. lowest quartile, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.68). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that dietary phenolic acids may be inversely associated with hypertension, irrespectively of their dietary source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Godos
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Dario Sinatra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Isabella Blanco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Serena Mulè
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Melania La Verde
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Marina Marranzano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Dhillon J, Ferreira CR, Sobreira TJP, Mattes RD. Multiple Reaction Monitoring Profiling to Assess Compliance with an Almond Consumption Intervention. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e001545. [PMID: 29955720 PMCID: PMC5998771 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.117.001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Almonds are extremely rich sources of lipids and flavonoids, and their consumption is associated with several health benefits. However, there are no analytical methods available to document compliance with prescribed or self-reported chronic almond consumption. Objective: The aim was to use an analytical approach that identifies metabolic profiles associated with long-term almond consumption to ascertain compliance with prescribed consumption. Methods: A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-profiling strategy was designed to isolate metabolic changes in erythrocytes after 12 wk of almond consumption. MRM-profiling data acquisition and analysis involve performing separate discovery and screening steps to detect molecular features related to metabolic changes between experimental groups. Samples used for this research were erythrocytes recovered at baseline, after 12 wk of almond consumption (W12-almond group), and after 12 wk of a nut-free diet (W12-control group). For the MRM-profiling discovery step, representative samples (pools) of erythrocytes from individuals of all groups were interrogated by precursor ion and neutral loss scan experiments on the basis of previous knowledge of chemical functional groups present in the samples. The outputs of the discovery phase were methods used for the MRM-profiling screening phase to interrogate individual samples on the basis of fast-MRM measurements. In addition, we screened the literature for flavonoids identified in almond skins and included them for individual sample screening. Results: Of the 254 m/z values monitored, 5 ratios and combinations of specific ions with receiver operating characteristic curve AUCs >0.89 provided a sensitivity of 74.2% and a specificity of 90% for blind samples presented in the model. Eight of the 31 participants (25.8%) in the W12-almond group and 3 of the 30 (10%) participants in the W12-control group were misclassified by all 5 ratios. Ratios and combinations of specific transitions were mainly related to membrane lipids. Conclusion: The misclassifications observed as a result of ratio performance evaluation may indicate noncompliance as supported by the dietary intake data. The parent trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02360787.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaapna Dhillon
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | | | | | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Barbour JA, Stojanovski E, Moran LJ, Howe PRC, Coates AM. The addition of peanuts to habitual diets is associated with lower consumption of savory non-core snacks by men and sweet non-core snacks by women. Nutr Res 2017; 41:65-72. [PMID: 28506518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Snacking is associated with intakes of non-core foods which may predispose to obesity. Peanuts have potential satiety benefits and may assist with weight management; we hypothesized that peanut consumption would reduce intake of non-core snack foods due to compensation. We investigated the effects of adding peanuts to a habitual diet on snacking habits and energy intake. Sixty-one healthy participants (65±7years, body mass index 31±4kg/m2) consumed their habitual diet with or without peanuts (56g/d for 32 women, 84g/d for 29 men) for 12weeks each in a randomized crossover design. Food diaries were analyzed at baseline and after each 12-week period for meal and snack content and timing. Total energy intake was higher (17% for men [P<.001], 9% for women [P<.001]) during the peanut phase. Body weight was 0.5±0.2kg (P=.010) greater during the peanut phase. Snacking occasions increased during the peanut phase (53% for men [P=.001], 14% for women [P=.01]). Servings of other snack foods did not change during the peanut phase (P=.6) compared with control. However, sex-specific analysis revealed that men and women consumed less savory (P<.001) and sweet (P=.01) non-core snacks, respectively, during the peanut phase. Despite increased energy intake and snacking frequency, peanuts may improve the diet through sex-specific reductions of non-core foods; for optimal energy balance, peanuts should be substituted rather than added to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Barbour
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, GPO box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Emilija Stojanovski
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, GPO box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Lisa J Moran
- The Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, 55 King William St, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia.
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
| | - Alison M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, GPO box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Perceptions and Knowledge of Nuts amongst Health Professionals in New Zealand. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030220. [PMID: 28257045 PMCID: PMC5372883 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their nutritional value, population-level nut consumption remains low. Studies suggest that individuals would eat more nuts on their doctor’s advice, making health professionals potentially important for promoting nut consumption. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the perceptions and knowledge of nuts and the predictors of nut promotion among health professionals in New Zealand. Dietitians, general practitioners (GPs), and practice nurses were identified from the Electoral Roll and invited to complete a questionnaire (n = 318, 292, and 149 respondents respectively). Over one-fifth of GPs and practice nurses believed that eating nuts could increase blood cholesterol concentrations and cause weight gain. The most common perceptions overall were that nuts are healthy; high in protein, fat, and calories; and are satiating. Nut consumption was recommended for reasons relating to these perceptions and because of nuts’ selenium content. Conversely, reasons for suggesting the consumption of fewer nuts included that they were high in calories and fat, would cause weight gain, and concerns regarding allergies and cost. All groups of health professionals were more likely to promote nut consumption if they perceived nuts to reduce the risk of diabetes (all p ≤ 0.034). Education could improve health professionals’ knowledge regarding the effects of nut consumption on blood cholesterol and body weight, alongside other health benefits, which should improve the advice given to patients and may thereby increase nut consumption.
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31
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Effects of almond consumption on the post-lunch dip and long-term cognitive function in energy-restricted overweight and obese adults. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:395-402. [PMID: 28183366 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The post-lunch dip in cognition is a well-established phenomenon of decreased alertness, memory and vigilance after lunch consumption. Lunch composition reportedly influences the post-lunch dip. Moreover, dieting is associated with cognitive function impairments. The negative effects of dieting have been reversed with nut-supplemented diets. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the acute effect of an almond-enriched high-fat lunch or high-carbohydrate lunch on the post-lunch decline in cognitive function, and (2) evaluate the effects of chronic almond consumption as part of an energy-restricted diet on the memory and attention domains of cognitive function. In total, eighty-six overweight and obese adults were randomised to consume either an almond-enriched diet (AED) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) over a 12-week weight loss intervention. Participants were also randomised to receive either an almond-enriched high-fat lunch (A-HFL) (>55 % energy from fat, almonds contributing 70-75 % energy) or a high-carbohydrate lunch (HCL) (>85 % energy from carbohydrates) at the beginning and end of the weight loss intervention. Memory and attention performance indices decreased after lunch consumption (P<0·001). The A-HFL group ameliorated the decline in memory scores by 57·7 % compared with the HCL group (P=0·004). Both lunch groups had similar declines in attention. Moreover, memory and attention performance indices increased after the 12-week intervention period (P<0·05) with no difference between the AED and NFD groups. In conclusion, almond consumption at a midday meal can reduce the post-lunch dip in memory. However, long-term almond consumption may not further improve cognitive function outcomes in a weight loss intervention.
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32
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Rajaram S, Valls-Pedret C, Cofán M, Sabaté J, Serra-Mir M, Pérez-Heras AM, Arechiga A, Casaroli-Marano RP, Alforja S, Sala-Vila A, Doménech M, Roth I, Freitas-Simoes TM, Calvo C, López-Illamola A, Haddad E, Bitok E, Kazzi N, Huey L, Fan J, Ros E. The Walnuts and Healthy Aging Study (WAHA): Protocol for a Nutritional Intervention Trial with Walnuts on Brain Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 8:333. [PMID: 28119602 PMCID: PMC5222811 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An unwanted consequence of population aging is the growing number of elderly at risk of neurodegenerative disorders, including dementia and macular degeneration. As nutritional and behavioral changes can delay disease progression, we designed the Walnuts and Healthy Aging (WAHA) study, a two-center, randomized, 2-year clinical trial conducted in free-living, cognitively healthy elderly men and women. Our interest in exploring the role of walnuts in maintaining cognitive and retinal health is based on extensive evidence supporting their cardio-protective and vascular health effects, which are linked to bioactive components, such as n-3 fatty acids and polyphenols. Methods: The primary aim of WAHA is to examine the effects of ingesting walnuts daily for 2 years on cognitive function and retinal health, assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests and optical coherence tomography, respectively. All participants followed their habitual diet, adding walnuts at 15% of energy (≈30-60 g/day) (walnut group) or abstaining from walnuts (control group). Secondary outcomes include changes in adiposity, blood pressure, and serum and urinary biomarkers in all participants and brain magnetic resonance imaging in a subset. Results: From May 2012 to May 2014, 708 participants (mean age 69 years, 68% women) were randomized. The study ended in May 2016 with a 90% retention rate. Discussion: The results of WAHA might provide high-level evidence of the benefit of regular walnut consumption in delaying the onset of age-related cognitive impairment and retinal pathology. The findings should translate into public health policy and sound recommendations to the general population (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01634841).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Rajaram
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Cinta Valls-Pedret
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cofán
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Joan Sabaté
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Mercè Serra-Mir
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Pérez-Heras
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Adam Arechiga
- Department of Psychology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Ricardo P Casaroli-Marano
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Socorro Alforja
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Doménech
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Irene Roth
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Tania M Freitas-Simoes
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Calvo
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Anna López-Illamola
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Ella Haddad
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Edward Bitok
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Natalie Kazzi
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Lynnley Huey
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Joseph Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda CA, USA
| | - Emilio Ros
- Lipid Clinic, Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i SunyerBarcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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Catalán L, Alvarez‐Ortí M, Pardo‐Giménez A, Gómez R, Rabadán A, Pardo JE. Pistachio oil: A review on its chemical composition, extraction systems, and uses. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Catalán
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de MontesUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
| | - Manuel Alvarez‐Ortí
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de MontesUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
| | - Arturo Pardo‐Giménez
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón (CIES)Quintanar del ReyCuencaSpain
| | - Ricado Gómez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de MontesUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
| | - Adrián Rabadán
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de MontesUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
| | - José E. Pardo
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de MontesUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaAlbaceteSpain
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Pribis P. Effects of Walnut Consumption on Mood in Young Adults-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2016; 8:E668. [PMID: 27792133 PMCID: PMC5133056 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnuts contain a number of potentially neuroprotective compounds like vitamin E, folate, melatonin, several antioxidative polyphenols and significant amounts of ω-3 fatty acids. The present study sought to determine the effect of walnuts on mood in healthy volunteers. Sixty-four college students were randomly assigned to two treatment sequences in a crossover fashion: walnut-placebo or placebo-walnut. At baseline mood was assessed using Profiles of Mood States (POMS). Data was collected again after eight weeks of intervention. After six-weeks of washout, the intervention groups followed the diets in reverse order. Data was collected once more at the end of the eight-week intervention period. No significant changes in mood were observed in the analyses with both genders combined and in females. However, we have observed a significant medium effect size improvement in the Total Mood Disturbance score (-27.49%, p = 0.043, Cohen's d = 0.708) in males. In non-depressed healthy young males, walnuts seem to have the ability to improve mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pribis
- Nutrition Program, Department of Individual, Family & Community Education, College of Education, University of New Mexico, Hokona Hall 157 MSC05 3040, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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35
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Cakir M, Akbulut UE, Okten A. Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Presence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. Child Obes 2016; 12:279-85. [PMID: 26871614 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study's objective was to analyze the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. METHODS The study consisted of three groups of children. Group 1 included obese/overweight children with recent diagnosis of NAFLD (n = 106, 12.4 ± 2.6 years). Group 2 included obese children without NAFLD (n = 21, 11.3 ± 2.6 years). Group 3 included the healthy children (without known chronic disease) with normal BMI (n = 54, 11.8 ± 2.9 years). Compliance to the MD was assessed by the KIDMED index score. RESULTS KIDMED index score in obese children with NAFLD, without NAFLD, and healthy children were 2.6 ± 2.4, 4.6 ± 1.2, and 6.2 ± 1.9, respectively (p < 0.05 for group 1 versus 2, 1 versus 3, and 2 versus 3). Diet compliance was good in only 4.7% of the patients with NAFLD, whereas it was 31.5% in healthy children. KIDMED index score was negatively correlated with BMI (p < 0.05, r = -0.53), but no correlation was found with other parameters. The area under the receiver operation curve (AUROC) for predicting fatty liver disease in obese children (n = 127) with BMI and KIDMED index score was 0.78 (p < 0.05) and 0.24 (p < 0.05), respectively. BMI >26 has a sensitivity of 79.2% and specificity of 52.4%, and KIDMED index score ≤3 has a sensitivity of 66.9% and specificity of 76.1%. CONCLUSIONS MD is an inexpensive and nontoxic dietary regimen and may be used as a therapeutic option in obese children with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakir
- 1 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ulas Emre Akbulut
- 1 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Aysenur Okten
- 2 Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon, Turkey
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36
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Barbour JA, Howe PRC, Buckley JD, Bryan J, Coates AM. Cerebrovascular and cognitive benefits of high-oleic peanut consumption in healthy overweight middle-aged adults. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:555-562. [PMID: 27386745 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1204744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peanuts contain bioactive nutrients beneficial for vascular function. This study investigated whether consumption of unsalted peanuts (with skins) would enhance cerebrovascular perfusion and cognitive performance. METHOD In a randomized crossover trial, 61 volunteers (29 males/32 females, 65 ± 7 years, BMI 31 ± 4 kg/m2) consumed their habitual diet ± high-oleic peanuts (56-84 g/day), each for 12 weeks. Nutrient intakes, vascular and cognitive function were assessed at baseline and at the end of each 12-week phase. Differences between the ends of each phase were compared by general linear repeated measures ANOVA controlling for baseline. Pearson's correlation analyses determined relationships between differences in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and cognitive function. RESULTS Intakes of bioactive nutrients increased during the peanut phase. CVR was 5% greater in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and 7% greater in the right MCA. Small artery elasticity was 10% greater after peanut consumption; large artery elasticity and blood pressure did not differ between phases. Measures of short-term memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed were also higher following the peanut phase; other cognitive measures did not change. Differences in CVR in the left MCA correlated with differences in delayed memory and recognition. DISCUSSION Regular peanut consumption improved cerebrovascular and cognitive function; increased intakes of bioactive nutrients may have mediated these improvements. This clinical trial was registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12612000192886).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Barbour
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia.,b Clinical Nutrition Research Centre , University of Newcastle , Callaghan 2308 , NSW , Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
| | - Janet Bryan
- c Department of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
| | - Alison M Coates
- a Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) , University of South Australia , GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001 , SA , Australia
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Heat-induced alterations in cashew allergen solubility and IgE binding. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:244-251. [PMID: 28959544 PMCID: PMC5615785 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cashew nuts are an increasingly common cause of food allergy. We compare the soluble protein profile of cashew nuts following heating. SDS-PAGE indicate that heating can alter the solubility of cashew nut proteins. The 11S legumin, Ana o 2, dominates the soluble protein content in ready to eat and mildly heated cashew nuts. However, we found that in dark-roasted cashew nuts, the soluble protein profile shifts and the 2S albumin Ana o 3 composes up to 40% of the soluble protein. Analysis of trypsin-treated extracts by LC/MS/MS indicate changes in the relative number and intensity of peptides. The relative cumulative intensity of the 5 most commonly observed Ana o 1 and 2 peptides are altered by heating, while those of the 5 most commonly observed Ana o 3 peptides remaine relatively constant. ELISA experiments indicate that there is a decrease in rabbit IgG and human serum IgE binding to soluble cashew proteins following heating. Our findings indicate that heating can alter the solubility of cashew allergens, resulting in altered IgE binding. Our results support the use of both Ana o 2 and Ana o 3 as potential cashew allergen diagnostic targets.
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Sauder KA, McCrea CE, Ulbrecht JS, Kris-Etherton PM, West SG. Effects of pistachios on the lipid/lipoprotein profile, glycemic control, inflammation, and endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Metabolism 2015; 64:1521-9. [PMID: 26383493 PMCID: PMC4872503 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The health benefits of regular nut consumption have been well-documented; however, effects on cardiovascular risk in diabetes are emerging. This study examined the effects of daily pistachio consumption on the lipid/lipoprotein profile, glycemic control, markers of inflammation, and endothelial function in adults with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS/METHODS We enrolled 30 adults (40-74 years) with well-controlled type 2 diabetes (mean glycated hemoglobin 6.2%) in a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study. After a 2-week run-in period, participants consumed nutritionally-adequate diets with pistachios (contributing 20% of total energy) or without pistachios for 4 weeks each, separated by a 2-week washout. We assessed fasting lipids/lipoproteins, glycemic measures (while fasted and during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test), inflammatory markers, and endothelial function after each diet period. RESULTS Total cholesterol and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol were significantly lower (p<0.05) following the pistachio diet (4.00 mmol/L and 4.06 mmol/L, respectively) compared to the control diet (4.15 mmol/L and 4.37 mmol/L, respectively). Triglycerides were significantly lower (p=0.003) following the pistachio diet (1.56 mmol/L) compared to the control diet (1.84 mmol/L). There were no treatment differences in fasting glucose and insulin, but fructosamine was significantly lower (p=0.03) following the pistachio diet (228.5 μmol/l) compared to the control diet (233.5 μmol/l). Inflammatory markers and endothelial function were unchanged. CONCLUSION Daily pistachio consumption can improve some cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. Our findings support recommendations that individuals with diabetes follow healthy dietary patterns that include nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sauder
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Cindy E McCrea
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jan S Ulbrecht
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sheila G West
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Martin N, Germanò R, Hartley L, Adler AJ, Rees K. Nut consumption for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD011583. [PMID: 26411417 PMCID: PMC9798256 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011583.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuts contain a number of nutritional attributes which may be cardioprotective. A number of epidemiological studies have shown that nut consumption may have a beneficial effect on people who have cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. However, results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are less consistent. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of nut consumption for the primary prevention of CVD. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA) and Health Economics Evaluations Database (HEED) up to 30 July 2015. We searched trial registers and reference lists of reviews for further studies. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs of dietary advice to increase nut consumption or provision of nuts to increase consumption lasting at least three months and including healthy adults or adults at moderate and high risk of CVD. The comparison group was no intervention or minimal intervention. The outcomes of interest were CVD clinical events and CVD risk factors. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, abstracted the data and assessed the risk of bias in included trials. MAIN RESULTS We included five trials (435 participants randomised) and one ongoing trial. One study is awaiting classification. All trials examined the provision of nuts to increase consumption rather than dietary advice. None of the included trials reported on the primary outcomes, CVD clinical events, but trials were small and short term. All five trials reported on CVD risk factors. Four of these trials provided data in a useable format for meta-analyses, but heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis for most of the analyses. Overall trials were judged to be at unclear risk of bias.There were variable and inconsistent effects of nut consumption on CVD risk factors (lipid levels and blood pressure). Three trials monitored adverse events. One trial reported an allergic reaction to nuts and three trials reported no significant weight gain with increased nut consumption. None of the included trials reported on other secondary outcomes, occurrence of type 2 diabetes as a major risk factor for CVD, health-related quality of life and costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Currently there is a lack of evidence for the effects of nut consumption on CVD clinical events in primary prevention and very limited evidence for the effects on CVD risk factors. No conclusions can be drawn and further high quality longer term and adequately powered trials are needed to answer the review question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martin
- University College LondonFarr Institute of Health Informatics Research222 Euston RoadLondonUKNW1 2DA
| | - Roberta Germanò
- University of Naples Federico IIDivision of Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine and SurgeryNaplesItaly
| | - Louise Hartley
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryWarwickshireUKCV4 7AL
| | - Alma J Adler
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineDepartment of Non‐communicable Disease EpidemiologyKeppel StreetLondonUKWC1E 7HT
| | - Karen Rees
- Warwick Medical School, University of WarwickDivision of Health SciencesCoventryWarwickshireUKCV4 7AL
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Nut-enriched bread is an effective and acceptable vehicle to improve regular nut consumption. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2281-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Brown RC, Tey SL, Gray AR, Chisholm A, Smith C, Fleming E, Parnell W. Association of Nut Consumption with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the 2008/2009 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey. Nutrients 2015; 7:7523-42. [PMID: 26371037 PMCID: PMC4586546 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nut consumption has been associated with improvements in risk factors for chronic disease in populations within North America, Europe and Iran. This relationship has not been investigated in New Zealand (NZ). The associations between nut consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors among New Zealanders were examined. Data from the 24-h diet recalls of 4721 participants from the NZ Adult Nutrition Survey 2008/2009 (2008/2009 NZANS) were used to determine whole and total nut intake. Anthropometric data and blood pressure were collected, as well as blood samples analysed for total cholesterol (total-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP) and folate. Participants were classified according to their five-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Both whole and total nut consumers had significantly lower weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and central adiposity than non-nut consumers (all p ≤ 0.044). Whole blood, serum and red blood cell folate concentrations were significantly higher among whole nut consumers compared to non-whole nut consumers (all p ≤ 0.014), with only serum folate higher in total nut consumers compared to non-total nut consumers (p = 0.023). There were no significant differences for blood pressure, total-C, HDL-C and HbA1c; however, significant negative associations between total nut consumption and CVD risk category (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.045) were apparent. Nut consumption was associated with more favourable body composition and a number of risk factors, which could collectively reduce chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Brown
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand.
- Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Whanganui 4543, New Zealand.
| | - Siew Ling Tey
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, 14 Medical Drive, #07-02, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
| | - Andrew R Gray
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Alexandra Chisholm
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand.
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand.
- Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Whanganui 4543, New Zealand.
| | - Elizabeth Fleming
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand.
| | - Winsome Parnell
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054 New Zealand.
- Nutrition Society of New Zealand, Whanganui 4543, New Zealand.
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Barbour JA, Howe PRC, Buckley JD, Bryan J, Coates AM. Effect of 12 Weeks High Oleic Peanut Consumption on Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors and Body Composition. Nutrients 2015; 7:7381-98. [PMID: 26404365 PMCID: PMC4586538 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse association between nut consumption and obesity, inflammation, hyperlipidaemia and glucose intolerance. We investigated effects of high oleic peanut consumption vs. a nut free diet on adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk markers. In a randomised cross-over design, 61 healthy subjects (65 ± 7 years, body mass index (BMI) 31 ± 4 kg/m²) alternated either high oleic peanuts (15%-20% of energy) or a nut free diet for 12 weeks. Body composition and mass, waist circumference, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, glucose and insulin were assessed at baseline and after each phase. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared the two diets. Consistent with other nut studies, there were no differences in lipids, CRP, glucose and insulin with peanut consumption. In contrast, some reports have demonstrated benefits, likely due to differences in the study cohort. Energy intake was 10% higher (853 kJ, p < 0.05), following peanut consumption vs. control, attributed to a 30% increase in fat intake (p < 0.001), predominantly monounsaturated (increase 22 g, p < 0.05). Despite greater energy intake during the peanut phase, there were no differences in body composition, and less than predicted increase (0.5 kg) in body weight for this additional energy intake, possibly due to incomplete nutrient absorption and energy utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne A Barbour
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle (PRCH), University Drive Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Janet Bryan
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
| | - Alison M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, G.P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia.
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