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Nazzari S, Pili MP, Günay Y, Provenzi L. Pandemic babies: A systematic review of the association between maternal pandemic-related stress during pregnancy and infant development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105723. [PMID: 38762129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, with its far-reaching influence on daily life, constituted a highly stressful experience for many people worldwide, jeopardizing individuals' mental health, particularly in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women. While a growing body of evidence links prenatal maternal stress to biological and developmental alterations in offspring, the specific impact of prenatal exposure to maternal pandemic-related stress (PRS) on infant development remains unclear. A comprehensive literature search was performed in October 2023 according to the PRISMA guidelines, which yielded a total of 28 records. The selected papers investigated a vast range of developmental and biological outcomes in the offspring with large methodological variations. The reviewed studies showed mixed results. Either direct associations between maternal PRS during pregnancy and infant temperament and socio-emotional development, or indirect links, mediated by maternal mental health, emerged in most studies. Furthermore, maternal PRS was associated with epigenetic and brain alterations in the offspring, although studies were limited in number. Collectively, the reviewed findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of early adverse exposures on infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nazzari
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Miriam Paola Pili
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Yaren Günay
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Livio Provenzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Developmental Psychobiology Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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2
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Chen T, Liu C, Molenaar PCM, Leve LD, Ganiban JM, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS, Neiderhiser JM. Examining timing effects in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety and depressive symptoms: A genetically informed study. Dev Psychol 2024; 60:747-763. [PMID: 38358664 PMCID: PMC11456280 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The present study examined genetic, prenatal, and postnatal environmental pathways in the intergenerational transmission of anxiety and depressive symptoms from parents to early adolescents (when these symptoms start to increase), while considering timing effects of exposure to parent anxiety and depressive symptoms postnatally. The sample was from the Early Growth and Development Study, including 561 adopted children (57% male, 55% White, 13% Black/African American, 11% Hispanic/Latine, 20% multiracial, 1% other; 407 provided data in early adolescence) and their birth (BP) and adoptive parents (AP). Using a trait-state-occasion model with eight assessments from child ages 9 months to 11 years, we partitioned trait-like AP anxiety and depressive symptoms from time-specific fluctuations of AP anxiety and depressive symptoms. Offspring anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed at 11 years (while controlling for similar symptoms at 4.5 years). Results suggested that time-specific fluctuations of AP1 (mostly mothers) anxiety/depressive symptoms in infancy (9 months) were indirectly associated with offspring anxiety/depressive symptoms at 11 years via offspring anxiety/depressive symptoms at 4.5 years; time-specific fluctuations of AP1 anxiety/depressive symptoms at child age 11 years were concurrently associated with offspring anxiety/depressive symptoms at 11 years. AP2 (mostly fathers) anxiety/depressive symptoms were not associated with offspring symptoms. Genetic and prenatal influences measured by BP internalizing problems were not associated with offspring symptoms. Results suggested infancy and early adolescence as developmental periods when children are susceptible to influences of parent anxiety and depressive symptoms. Preventive interventions should consider time-specific fluctuations in parent anxiety and depressive symptoms during these developmental periods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Peter C. M. Molenaar
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Jody M. Ganiban
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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3
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Speranza AM, Liotti M, Spoletini I, Fortunato A. Heterotypic and homotypic continuity in psychopathology: a narrative review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1194249. [PMID: 37397301 PMCID: PMC10307982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychopathology is a process: it unfolds over time and involves several different factors. To extend our knowledge of such process, it is vital to understand the trajectories that lead to developing and maintaining a specific disorder. The construct of continuity appears very useful to this aim. It refers to the consistency, similarity, and predictability of behaviors or internal states across different developmental phases. This paper aims to present a narrative review of the literature on homotypic and heterotypic continuity of psychopathology across the lifespan. A detailed search of the published literature was conducted using the PsycINFO Record and Medline (PubMed) databases. Articles were included in the review based on the following criteria: (1) publication dates ranging from January 1970 to October 2022; and (2) articles being written in the English language. To ensure a thorough investigation, multiple combinations of keywords such as "continuity," "psychopathology," "infancy," "childhood," "adolescence," "adulthood," "homotypic," and "heterotypic" were used. Articles were excluded if exclusively focused on epidemiologic data and if not specifically addressing the topic of psychopathology continuity. The literature yielded a total of 36 longitudinal studies and an additional 190 articles, spanning the research published between 1970 and 2022. Studies on continuity focus on the etiology of different forms of mental disorders and may represent a fundamental resource from both a theoretical and clinical perspective. Enhancing our understanding of the different trajectories beneath psychopathology may allow clinicians to implement more effective strategies, focusing both on prevention and intervention. Since literature highlights the importance of early detection of clinical signs of psychopathology, future research should focus more on infancy and pre-scholar age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Liotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Spoletini
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Seay DM, Ivanova MY, Nickerson AB, Godleski SA, Schuetze P, Eiden RD. Family Risk Exposure Profiles During Early Childhood: Developmental Processes and Adolescent Well-Being. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023; 4:151-170. [PMID: 37583765 PMCID: PMC10426761 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Although prior work indicates that exposure to multiple family risk factors negatively impacts adjustment in childhood and adolescence, few studies have examined whether children in high-risk families transition in and out of adversity during early childhood and whether patterns of change matter for adjustment in adolescence. Using data from a sample of 216 caregiver-child dyads participating in a study of prenatal cocaine exposure (116 exposed and 100 non-exposed; 50.9% girls), we used latent transition analysis to identify distinct profiles of early exposure to caregiver substance use (SU) and SU-related familial risk (caregiver psychological distress, exposure to violence, harshness, and low sensitivity) and the association between these profiles and adolescent well-being (i.e., hope, happiness, and life satisfaction). Assessments occurred when children were 13, 24, 36, and 48 months and during kindergarten (Mmonths = 66.16, SD = 4.47) and early adolescence (Myears = 13.26, SD = 0.88). Caregivers self-identified as 72.09% Black, 15.81% White, 10.23% Hispanic/Latinx, 1.40% other, and 0.47% American Indian. Four profiles of varying levels of exposure to caregiver SU and SU-related risks were identified from infancy to kindergarten: SU/family risks, no SU/low family risks, SU/negative parenting, and SU/low family risks. Most children stayed in the same profile (64.2%), while the rest transitioned between profiles. Children exposed to caregiver SU and family adversity had lower positive outcomes in adolescence. Stable membership in the SU/family risks profile had significant maladaptive consequences on adolescent well-being. Implications for research and the design of tailored interventions to promote well-being among at-risk youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Seay
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Miglena Y. Ivanova
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amanda B. Nickerson
- Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Godleski
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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5
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Maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety during the postpartum period moderate infants' neural response to emotional faces of their mother and of female strangers. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1370-1389. [PMID: 35799031 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Affective exchanges between mothers and infants are key to the intergenerational transmission of depression and anxiety, possibly via adaptations in neural systems that support infants' attention to facial affect. The current study examined associations between postnatal maternal symptoms of depression, panic and social anxiety, maternal parenting behaviours, and infants' neural responses to emotional facial expressions portrayed by their mother and by female strangers. The Negative Central (Nc), an event-related potential component that indexes attention to salient stimuli and is sensitive to emotional expression, was recorded from 30 infants. Maternal sensitivity, intrusiveness, and warmth, as well as infant's positive engagement with their mothers, were coded from unstructured interactions. Mothers reporting higher levels of postnatal depression symptoms were rated by coders as less sensitive and warm, and their infants exhibited decreased positive engagement with the mothers. In contrast, postnatal maternal symptoms of panic and social anxiety were not significantly associated with experimenter-rated parenting behaviours. Additionally, infants of mothers reporting greater postnatal depression symptoms showed a smaller Nc to their own mother's facial expressions, whereas infants of mothers endorsing greater postnatal symptoms of panic demonstrated a larger Nc to fearful facial expressions posed by both their mother and female strangers. Together, these results suggest that maternal symptoms of depression and anxiety during the postpartum period have distinct effects on infants' neural responses to parent and stranger displays of emotion.
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6
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Turgeon J, Bureau JF. Parental psychological distress and child maladjustment: Exploring the moderating role of sibling relationship quality. Front Psychol 2022; 13:968985. [PMID: 36092045 PMCID: PMC9451040 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the quality of the sibling relationship moderates the association between parental psychological distress and child maladjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems). We extended previous literature by studying mothers and fathers separately and by including an observational measure of the quality of the sibling relationship. Participants were 52 two-parent families from a community sample who had at least two children living at home. Only one child (aged 6–10 years) was targeted for the study and studied in relation to his/her siblings. Mothers and fathers completed a self-reported questionnaire on their psychological distress and individually assessed their child’s social-emotional maladjustment. The targeted child’s interactions with his/her siblings were observed by independent judges during a home-visit. Results indicate that both maternal and paternal psychological distress are significant predictors of child social-emotional maladjustment. Moderation analyses reveal that children of distressed fathers are at lower risk of social-emotional maladjustment when they engage in highly positive interactions with their siblings. Post hoc analyses suggest that only sibling empathy (not teaching nor companionship) is a significant moderator of the association between paternal psychological distress and child maladjustment. The results of this study provide further evidence of the influence that fathers have in their child’s development and highlight the importance of using a systemic family approach to promote children’s social-emotional adaptation in the context of parental distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Turgeon
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bureau
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Bureau,
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Reemst K, Ruigrok SR, Bleker L, Naninck EFG, Ernst T, Kotah JM, Lucassen PJ, Roseboom TJ, Pollux BJA, de Rooij SR, Korosi A. Sex-dependence and comorbidities of the early-life adversity induced mental and metabolic disease risks: Where are we at? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104627. [PMID: 35339483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Early-life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for developing later-life mental and metabolic disorders. However, if and to what extent ELA contributes to the comorbidity and sex-dependent prevalence/presentation of these disorders remains unclear. We here comprehensively review and integrate human and rodent ELA (pre- and postnatal) studies examining mental or metabolic health in both sexes and discuss the role of the placenta and maternal milk, key in transferring maternal effects to the offspring. We conclude that ELA impacts mental and metabolic health with sex-specific presentations that depend on timing of exposure, and that human and rodent studies largely converge in their findings. ELA is more often reported to impact cognitive and externalizing domains in males, internalizing behaviors in both sexes and concerning the metabolic dimension, adiposity in females and insulin sensitivity in males. Thus, ELA seems to be involved in the origin of the comorbidity and sex-specific prevalence/presentation of some of the most common disorders in our society. Therefore, ELA-induced disease states deserve specific preventive and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bleker
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva F G Naninck
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Ernst
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M Kotah
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Waqas A, Sikander S, Malik A, Atif N, Karyotaki E, Rahman A. Predicting Remission among Perinatal Women with Depression in Rural Pakistan: A Prognostic Model for Task-Shared Interventions in Primary Care Settings. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071046. [PMID: 35887543 PMCID: PMC9320748 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal depression is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and is associated with adverse maternal and child health consequences. Task-shared psychological and psychosocial interventions for perinatal depression have demonstrated clinical and cost-effectiveness when delivered on a large scale. However, task-sharing approaches, especially in LMICs, require an effective mechanism, whereby clients who are not likely to benefit from such interventions are identified from the outset so that they can benefit from higher intensity treatments. Such a stratified approach can ensure that limited resources are utilized appropriately and effectively. The use of standardized and easy-to-implement algorithmic devices (e.g., nomograms) could help with such targeted dissemination of interventions. The present investigation posits a prognostic model and a nomogram to predict the prognosis of perinatal depression among women in rural Pakistan. The nomogram was developed to deliver stratified model of care in primary care settings by identifying those women who respond well to a non-specialist delivered intervention and those requiring specialist care. This secondary analysis utilized data from 903 pregnant women with depression who participated in a cluster randomized, controlled trial that tested the effectiveness of the Thinking Healthy Program in rural Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The participants were recruited from 40 union councils in two sub-districts of Rawalpindi and randomly assigned to intervention and enhanced usual care. Sixteen sessions of the THP intervention were delivered by trained community health workers to women with depression over pregnancy and the postnatal period. A trained assessment team used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV current major depressive episode module to diagnose major depressive disorder at baseline and post-intervention. The intervention received by the participants emerged as the most significant predictor in the prognostic model. Among clinical factors, baseline severity of core-emotional symptoms emerged as an essential predictor, followed by atypical symptoms and insomnia. Higher severity of these symptoms was associated with a poorer prognosis. Other important predictors of a favorable prognosis included support from one’s mother or mother-in-law, financial empowerment, higher socioeconomic class, and living in a joint family system. This prognostic model yielded acceptable discrimination (c-statistic = 0.75) and calibration to aid in personalized delivery of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Waqas
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK; (S.S.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-794-767-3943
| | - Siham Sikander
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK; (S.S.); (A.R.)
- Global Institute of Human Development, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Abid Malik
- Department of Public Mental Health, Health Services Academy, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
- Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Najia Atif
- Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan;
| | - Eirini Karyotaki
- Department of Clinical Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Atif Rahman
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK; (S.S.); (A.R.)
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Roubinov DS, Epel ES, Adler NE, Laraia BA, Bush NR. Transactions between Maternal and Child Depressive Symptoms Emerge Early in Life. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022; 51:61-72. [PMID: 31453717 PMCID: PMC7044043 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1644649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal depression is a robust risk factor for children's internalizing symptoms; however, the intergenerational transmission of mood disorders is likely more complex than unidirectional parent-directed effects. Theoretical models support transactional associations between maternal and child symptomatology over time but have not been well examined, especially in younger high-risk samples. The present investigation examined predictive transactional relations between maternal depression and children's internalizing in toddlerhood and early childhood using a cross-lagged panel model. Participants were 162 low-income, largely racial/ethnic minority mothers and their offspring (32% African American, 16% White, 52% Other/Multiethnic; 53% female) who were assessed when children were 18 months and 4 years old. There were significant cross-sectional relations between maternal depressive and child internalizing symptoms when children were 18 months but not 4 years of age. Cross-lagged associations were evident such that maternal depression symptoms at 18 months were positively associated with internalizing symptoms among children at 4 years, adjusting for prior maternal symptom levels and the cross-sectional correlations between maternal-child symptoms at 18 months. Within the same model, children's internalizing symptoms at 18 months were also positively associated with maternal depressive symptoms at 4 years, adjusting for prior child symptom levels and cross-sectional correlations. This study is among the first to demonstrate that transactional relations between maternal and child mood symptoms occur as early as toddlerhood/early childhood. Findings highlight the potential utility of inclusive, family-focused interventions that support both parents and children in the treatment of early emotional problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elissa S. Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nancy E. Adler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Barbara A. Laraia
- Community Health Sciences, Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
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Sands A, van Dijk MT, Abraham E, Yangchen T, Talati A, Weissman MM. The Long-Term Outcomes of Prepubertal Depression and Internalizing Problems: A Scoping Review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2022; 30:163-180. [PMID: 35576448 PMCID: PMC9887604 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Discuss whether prepubertal depression shows longitudinal continuity with depression in adulthood.• Summarize existing literature on adult emotional and functional outcomes of prepubertal depression and internalizing problems. BACKGROUND Adolescent- and young adult-onset depression are common, recurrent, and can cause significant distress and psychosocial impairment across the life span, but recognition of prepubertal internalizing problems and depression, along with their prevalence, clinical course, and long-term outcomes, remains elusive. OBJECTIVE To examine whether prepubertal depression, which can manifest differently from adult depression, shows longitudinal continuity with depression in adulthood, and to summarize existing literature on adult emotional and functional outcomes of prepubertal depression and internalizing problems. METHODS A scoping review was conducted for peer-reviewed cohort articles published between 2000 and 2020 using PubMed and PsycINFO. From 4309 identified references, 17 articles were included. RESULTS Prepubertal depression confers increased risk of recurrence of depression in adulthood, with similar findings for prepubertal internalizing problems. No studies found prepubertal depression or internalizing problems predicting adult substance abuse, and no studies asked about adult bipolar diagnoses. More research is needed to draw clear conclusions regarding their implications for other psychiatric, medical, or psychosocial outcomes. CONCLUSION The reviewed studies provide limited evidence that prepubertal depression onset predicts adult depression. The small evidence base and heterogeneous methodological assessments may limit, however, the ability to draw meaningful conclusions about the long-term course of prepubertal-onset depression. Well-designed studies with longer follow-up and multiple assessments in adulthood are needed to clarify and assess the potential effects of prepubertal depression on adult health and functioning. This information will eventually become available as the samples in recently initiated longitudinal cohort studies of children mature further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sands
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Milenna T. van Dijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Eyal Abraham
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Tenzin Yangchen
- Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Myrna M. Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University,Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
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11
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Epigenetic Modifications Associated with Maternal Anxiety during Pregnancy and Children's Behavioral Measures. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092421. [PMID: 34572069 PMCID: PMC8469633 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are associated with altered behavior and neuropsychiatric disorders and they modify the trajectory of aging. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy is a common environmental challenge for the fetus, causing changes in DNA methylation. Here, we determined the mediating role of DNA methylation and the moderating role of offspring sex on the association between maternal anxiety and children's behavioral measures. In 83 mother-child dyads, maternal anxiety was assessed in each trimester of pregnancy when the child was four years of age. Children's behavioral measures and children's buccal DNA methylation levels (NR3C1, IGF2/H19 ICR, and LINE1) were examined. Higher maternal anxiety during the third trimester was associated with more methylation levels of the NR3C1. Moderating effects of sex on the association between maternal anxiety and methylation were found for IGF2/H19 and LINE1 CpGs. Mediation analysis showed that methylation of NR3C1 could buffer the effects of maternal anxiety on children's behavioral measures, but this effect did not remain significant after controlling for covariates. In conclusion, our data support an association between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and DNA methylation. The results also underscore the importance of sex differences and timing effects. However, DNA methylation as underlying mechanism of the effect of maternal anxiety during pregnancy on offspring's behavioral measures was not supported.
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Reed-Fitzke K, Withers MC, Watters ER. Longitudinal Connections of Self-esteem and Depression Among Adult Children and their Parents. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-021-09371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Marçal KE. Pathways to Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Problems: An Examination of Maternal Depression and Harsh Parenting. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 113:104917. [PMID: 33454642 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression is linked with a range of child and adolescent outcomes. Prior research suggests adverse consequences for child and youth development, but less is known about the role of adverse parenting in the pathways from maternal depression to adolescent emotional and behavioral problems. OBJECTIVE The present study leveraged a large, longitudinal survey of families across the U.S. to investigate whether harsh parenting mediated the links between maternal depression and adolescent delinquency and depression. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data came from a national longitudinal survey of families with children born in large U.S. cities 1998-2000 in which mothers had at least partial custody of children (N = 2,719). METHODS Structural equation modeling with latent variables estimated a measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis and a structural model testing direct and indirect pathways. RESULTS Maternal depression was directly associated with both physical and psychological aggression in parenting (β = 0.08, p < 0.001 and β = 0.12, p < 0.001, respectively), and psychological aggression related directly with adolescent delinquency (β = 0.24, p < 0.01). Furthermore, maternal depression was indirectly associated with adolescent delinquency via psychological aggression in parenting (β = 0.03, p < 0.05). Physical aggression in parenting did not mediate links between maternal depression and either adolescent outcome. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide insights into the parent-level drivers of adolescent emotional and behavioral outcomes. Screening for maternal depression and providing parenting support to vulnerable families offers promise for preventing adverse parenting and supporting healthy adolescent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Marçal
- University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89117, United States.
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14
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Hughes JL, Morrow KE, Spears SK, Gentzler AL. Mothers' and children's depression is linked through children's perceptions of attachment security. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Hughes
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Kayley E. Morrow
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Shantel K. Spears
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Amy L. Gentzler
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
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Khoury JE, Bosquet Enlow M, Patwa MC, Lyons-Ruth K. Hair cortisol in pregnancy interacts with maternal depressive symptoms to predict maternal disrupted interaction with her infant at 4 months. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:768-782. [PMID: 32037544 PMCID: PMC7415595 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted maternal interaction in early infancy is associated with maladaptive child outcomes. Thus, identifying early risk factors for disrupted interaction is an important challenge. Research suggests that maternal depressive symptoms and maternal cortisol dysregulation are associated with disrupted maternal interaction, but both factors have rarely been considered together as independent or interactive predictors of disrupted interaction. In a sample of 51 women, hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) and depressive symptoms were assessed during pregnancy, and depressive symptoms were assessed again at 4-month postpartum. Maternal disrupted interaction was assessed during the Still-Face Paradigm at 4 months. Results indicated that HCC and depressive symptoms interacted to predict both maternal withdrawing and inappropriate/intrusive interaction. Withdrawing interaction was associated with high levels of HCC in pregnancy in the context of high depressive symptoms at 4 months; inappropriate/intrusive interaction was associated with high levels of HCC in the context of low depressive symptoms. Thus, high HCC potentiated both forms of disrupted interaction. Results raised questions about the meaning of very low reported depressive symptoms, and underscored the importance of chronic stress physiology and maternal depressed mood as risk factors for distinct forms of maternal disrupted interaction, both of which are deleterious for infant development.
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St. John AM, Tarullo AR. Neighbourhood chaos moderates the association of socioeconomic status and child executive functioning. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. St. John
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Amanda R. Tarullo
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesBoston University Boston Massachusetts
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17
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Klapp C, Fisch S, Keller T, Stasun U, Nazmy N, Hohmann C, Hinkson L, Henrich W, Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL, Keil T. How effective is the early support program Babylotse-Plus for psychosocially burdened mothers and their infants? A comparative intervention study. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2019; 5:14. [PMID: 31463069 PMCID: PMC6704712 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-019-0109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Our aim was to examine the effects of an early perinatal prevention program offered to mothers and families suffering from significant psychosocial burden. Methods All mothers giving birth in a Berlin university hospital during Jan-Aug 2013 were screened with a standardized 27-item questionnaire by trained staff. Mothers with a screening-score ≥ 3, who were not enrolled in other public support programs, were defined as psychosocially burdened. They received a detailed needs assessment and were followed up with counseling. When necessary, affected mothers were voluntarily guided through to specialized ‘early support’ institutions during the 12-month-intervention period. The historical control group (care-as-usual) consisted of children born at the same hospital the year before. At 12 months postnatally, we interviewed mothers in both groups to assess their stress burden and coping skills by Parenting Stress Index and assessed the current childcare condition. Differences between the groups were compared by multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders. Results The intervention group and the control group included 225 and 157 families, respectively. After 12-months, mothers in the ‘early support’ intervention group had significantly less often depression (adjusted odds ratio 0.25, 95%-confidence interval 0.07–0.94), less often a disturbed relationship with the parenting partner (0.34, 0.10–1.14) and reported reduced stress due to the child’s demands (0.40, 0.15–1.10) compared to the control group. Childcare indicators did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusions In mothers at high psychosocial risk, the ‘early support’ intervention program Babylotse-Plus seemed to reduce the occurrence of depression and several stress indicators in the first postnatal year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Klapp
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Fisch
- 2Department of Neonatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Keller
- 3Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Stasun
- 3Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nurina Nazmy
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cynthia Hohmann
- 3Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Larry Hinkson
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Henrich
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl E Bergmann
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate L Bergmann
- 1Department of Obstetrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- 3Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10098 Berlin, Germany.,4Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.,5Institute for Health Resort Medicine and Health Promotion, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
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18
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An initial investigation of neonatal neuroanatomy, caregiving, and levels of disorganized behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16787-16792. [PMID: 31383763 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900362116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment disorganization is a risk factor for difficulties in attention, social relationships, and mental health. Conceptually, attachment disorganization may indicate a breakdown in fear regulation resulting from repeated exposure to frightening maternal care. In addition, past research has examined the influence of stress-inducing contextual factors and/or child factors upon the development of disorganization. However, no past work has assessed whether infant neuroanatomy, important to stress regulation, moderates the association between maternal care and levels of disorganized behavior. Here, utilizing data from a subsample of 82 dyads taking part in the "Growing Up in Singapore towards Healthy Outcomes" (GUSTO) cohort, we assessed the prediction from maternal sensitive caregiving at 6 mo and levels of attachment disorganization at 1.5 y, as moderated by hippocampal and amygdala volume determined within the first 2 weeks of life. Results indicate a significant interaction between neonatal left hippocampal volume and maternal sensitivity upon levels of disorganized behavior. Although these results require substantiation in further research, if replicated, they may enable new strategies for the identification of processes important to child mental health and points for intervention. This is because neonatal neuroanatomy, as opposed to genetic variation and sociodemographic risk, may be more directly linked to stress responses within individuals.
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19
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Liskola K, Raaska H, Lapinleimu H, Elovainio M. Parental depressive symptoms as a risk factor for child depressive symptoms; testing the social mediators in internationally adopted children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 27:1585-1593. [PMID: 29651645 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parental depressive symptoms have shown to be associated with offspring depression but much of the research has been focused on maternal depression. The aim of our study was to investigate the extent to which depressive symptoms of both parents associate with offspring depressive symptoms and whether social factors mediate these associations using data from adopted children with no shared genetic background. Data were derived from the Finnish Adoption survey study (a subsample of adopted children aged between 9 and 12 years, n = 548). Parental depressive symptoms were measured using short version of the General Health Questionnaire and Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to measure depressive symptoms in adoptees. Paternal depressive symptoms were related to the total CDI (B = 0.33, p = 0.05) and two dimensions of offspring depressive symptoms: negative mood (B = 0.10, p = 0.03) and interpersonal problems (B = 0.06, p = 0.009). These associations remained significant even when adjusted for child's age and gender, age at adoption, type of placement before adoption, continent of birth and adoptive family's SES. No associations were found between maternal and any dimensions of offspring depressive symptoms. No information about the mental health of biological parents was available. We interpret the results as demonstrating that intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms is not solely related to shared genes. Also, the results highlight the association of paternal depression with offspring depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Liskola
- Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 590, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Raaska
- Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 590, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marko Elovainio
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Nilsen W, Karevold EB, Kaasbøll J, Kjeldsen A. Nuancing the role of social skills- a longitudinal study of early maternal psychological distress and adolescent depressive symptoms. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:133. [PMID: 29636005 PMCID: PMC5891909 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social skills might play an important role for the relationship between maternal psychological distress and subsequent development of depressive symptoms. The majority perspective is that social skills is adaptive and protective, but there is a need to also highlight the potential maladaptive effect of social skills in some settings or for some sub groups. The current study examined the longitudinal interplay between maternal-reported psychological distress in early childhood (age 1.5), and offspring reports on social skills and depressive symptoms in early (age 12.5) and middle adolescence (age 14.5). METHODS We used data from the Tracking Opportunities and Problems Study (TOPP), a community-based longitudinal study following Norwegian families to examine direct links and interactions between early maternal distress (measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist) and early adolescent offspring social skills (measured with the Social Skills Rating System) and middle adolescent depressive symptoms (measured with the Moods and Feelings Questionnaire) in 370 families (in total 740 mothers and adolescents). RESULTS Exposure to childhood maternal distress predicted offspring depressive symptoms in middle adolescence. Higher social skills in early adolescence predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms for girls, but not for boys, in middle adolescence. An interaction effect was found in which adolescents exposed to early maternal distress who reported high social skills in early adolescence had the highest level of depressive symptoms in middle adolescence. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the nuances in the role of social skills for adolescent depressive symptoms - having the potential to be both adaptive as well as maladaptive for some subgroups (those experiencing maternal psychological distress). This has important implications for social skill programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Nilsen
- Work Research Institute, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Postbox 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postbox 4404, Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jannike Kaasbøll
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Technology and Society, Klæbuveien 153, Trondheim, 7049, Norway
| | - Anne Kjeldsen
- Department of Child Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postbox 4404, Nydalen, Oslo, 0403, Norway.,Bjørknes University College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Maternal depression in the intergenerational transmission of childhood maltreatment and its sequelae: Testing postpartum effects in a longitudinal birth cohort. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 31:143-156. [PMID: 29562945 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mothers who have experienced childhood maltreatment are more likely to have children also exposed to maltreatment, a phenomenon known as intergenerational transmission. Factors in the perinatal period may contribute uniquely to this transmission, but timing effects have not been ascertained. Using structural equation modeling with 1,016 mothers and their 2,032 children in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, we tested the mediating role of postpartum depression between maternal childhood maltreatment and a cascade of negative child outcomes, specifically child exposure to maltreatment, internalizing symptoms, and externalizing symptoms: (a) adjusting for later maternal depression, (b) comparing across sex differences, and (c) examining the relative role of maltreatment subtypes. Mothers who had been maltreated as children, especially those who had experienced emotional or sexual abuse, were at increased risk for postpartum depression. In turn, postpartum depression predicted children's exposure to maltreatment, followed by emotional and behavioral problems. Indirect effects from maternal childhood maltreatment to child outcomes were robust across child sex and supported significant mediation through postpartum depression; however, this appeared to be carried by mothers' depression beyond the postpartum period. Identifying and treating postpartum depression, and preventing its recurrence, may help interrupt the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and its sequelae.
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Mennen FE, Negriff S, Schneiderman JU, Trickett PK. Longitudinal associations of maternal depression and adolescents' depression and behaviors: Moderation by maltreatment and sex. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2018; 32:240-250. [PMID: 29658761 PMCID: PMC5965298 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the longitudinal relationships among maternal depressive symptoms, children's depressive symptoms, aggression, and rule breaking and tested the moderating effects of maltreatment and child sex. A sample of 175 biological mother-child dyads (86 maltreated and 89 comparison) were seen at three time points, beginning at an average child age of 10.87 years. Results from cross-lagged models showed maternal depressive symptoms were related to higher levels of children's depressive symptoms but not children's aggression or rule breaking. Rule breaking predicted maternal depressive symptoms only in the comparison group. Child sex moderated some relationships. Boys' depression predicted maternal depressive symptoms, whereas maternal depressive symptoms predicted aggression among girls. There was no evidence in this sample that child maltreatment increased the effects of maternal depressive symptoms on child outcomes. These results suggest that attention in clinical practice to the importance of addressing maternal depression as well as addressing children's functioning should continue into adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferol E Mennen
- Department of Children, Youth and Families, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Sonya Negriff
- Department of Children, Youth and Families, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Janet U Schneiderman
- Department of Children, Youth and Families, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
| | - Penelope K Trickett
- Department of Children, Youth and Families, USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California
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23
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Mubarak A, Cyr C, St-André M, Paquette D, Emond-Nakamura M, Boisjoly L, Palardy S, Adin S, Stikarovska I. Child attachment and sensory regulation in psychiatric clinic-referred preschoolers. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:572-587. [PMID: 27635028 DOI: 10.1177/1359104516667997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with sensory regulation disorders present with many difficulties in terms of managing emotions, behavior, and motor control. Children with such difficulties are often referred to psychiatric clinics for assessment of their behavioral and emotional problems. Few studies have investigated the role of environmental factors on sensory dysfunctions, and none have specifically studied its association with child attachment in a clinical sample. OBJECTIVE In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between sensory regulation and child attachment among preschoolers referred to a psychiatric clinic. METHOD A sample of 60 preschoolers and their mothers were recruited through a child psychiatric clinic. Child attachment was assessed with the gold standard separation-reunion procedure for preschoolers. Parents completed the sensory profile, which assesses the presence of child hypersensitivity (sensitivity and avoidant scale) and hyposensitivity (sensory seeking and registration scale). RESULTS Data showed that 57% of the children were presented with clinical symptoms of sensory regulation. In addition, 53% of the children were classified insecure behaviorally disorganized or insecure disorganized controlling. In particular, results revealed that children classified as insecure disorganized controlling were significantly more likely to show hypersensitivity avoidance and sensory-seeking behaviors. CONCLUSION This study underscores the importance of the parent-child relationship for children with sensory regulation difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin St-André
- 2 Perinatal and Infant Psychiatry Clinic, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Canada.,3 University of Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Mutsuko Emond-Nakamura
- 2 Perinatal and Infant Psychiatry Clinic, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Canada.,3 University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Louise Boisjoly
- 2 Perinatal and Infant Psychiatry Clinic, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Canada
| | - Sylvain Palardy
- 4 Centre d'Évaluation en Neuropsychologie et d'Aide à l'Apprentissage/ Evaluation Center of Neurpsychology and Learning Support (CÉNAA)
| | - Stéphanie Adin
- 2 Perinatal and Infant Psychiatry Clinic, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Canada
| | - Iréna Stikarovska
- 2 Perinatal and Infant Psychiatry Clinic, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Canada.,3 University of Montreal, Canada
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St. John AM, Kao K, Liederman J, Grieve PG, Tarullo AR. Maternal cortisol slope at 6 months predicts infant cortisol slope and EEG power at 12 months. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:787-801. [PMID: 28686284 PMCID: PMC6076989 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiological stress systems and the brain rapidly develop through infancy. While the roles of caregiving and environmental factors have been studied, implications of maternal physiological stress are unclear. We assessed maternal and infant diurnal cortisol when infants were 6 and 12 months. We measured 12-month infant electroencephalography (EEG) 6-9 Hz power during a social interaction. Steeper 6-month maternal slope predicted steeper 12-month infant slope controlling for 6-month infant slope and breastfeeding. Steeper 6-month maternal slope predicted lower 6-9 Hz power. Six-month maternal area under the cuve (AUCg) was unrelated to 12-month infant AUCg and 6-9 Hz power. Psychosocial, caregiving, and breastfeeding variables did not explain results. At 6 months, maternal and infant slopes correlated, as did maternal and infant AUCg. Twelve-month maternal and infant cortisol were unrelated. Results indicate maternal slope is an informative predictor of infant physiology and suggest the importance of maternal physiological stress in this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. St. John
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, , , ,
| | - Katie Kao
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, , , ,
| | - Jacqueline Liederman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, , , ,
| | - Philip G. Grieve
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032,
| | - Amanda R. Tarullo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, , , ,
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Tarullo AR, St John AM, Meyer JS. Chronic stress in the mother-infant dyad: Maternal hair cortisol, infant salivary cortisol and interactional synchrony. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 47:92-102. [PMID: 28391126 PMCID: PMC5493894 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress physiology is shaped by early experience, with enduring effects on health. The relation of chronic maternal physiological stress, as indexed by hair cortisol, to infants' stress systems and to mother-infant interaction quality has not been established. We examined maternal hair and salivary cortisol, six-month-old infants' salivary cortisol, and mother-infant interaction in 121 mother-infant dyads. High maternal hair cortisol was related to higher infant average salivary cortisol concentration. Maternal hair cortisol and bedtime salivary cortisol were both uniquely related to infant bedtime salivary cortisol. Mothers with higher hair cortisol were more intrusive and had lower positive engagement synchrony with their infants. Maternal intrusiveness moderated the association of maternal hair cortisol and infant salivary cortisol, such that maternal hair and infant average salivary cortisol were related only when mothers were more intrusive. Maternal chronic physiological stress may upregulate infants' developing stress systems, particularly in the context of lower mother-infant interaction quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Tarullo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States.
| | - Ashley Moore St John
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
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26
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Demby KP, Riggs SA, Kaminski PL. Attachment and Family Processes in Children's Psychological Adjustment in Middle Childhood. FAMILY PROCESS 2017; 56:234-249. [PMID: 25758135 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the links between parent-child attachment, whole family interaction patterns, and child emotional adjustment and adaptability in a sample of 86 community families with children between the ages of 8 and 11 years. Family interactions were observed and coded with the System for Coding Interactions and Family Functioning (SCIFF; Lindahl, 2001). Both parents and each target child completed the appropriate form of the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2nd Edition (BASC-2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004). Target children also completed the Children's Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CCSQ; Yunger, Corby, & Perry, 2005). Hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that Secure mother-child attachment was a robust predictor of children's emotional symptoms, but father-child attachment strategies were not significant independent predictors. Positive Affect in family interactions significantly increased the amount of variance accounted for in children's emotional symptoms. In addition, Family Cohesion and Positive Affect moderated the relationship between father-child attachment and children's emotional symptoms. When data from all BASC-2 informants (mother, father, child) were considered simultaneously and multidimensional constructs were modeled, mother-child security directly predicted children's adjustment and adaptive skills, but the influence of father-child security was fully mediated through positive family functioning. Results of the current study support the utility of considering dyadic attachment and family interaction patterns conjointly when conceptualizing and fostering positive emotional and behavioral outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelley A Riggs
- Department of Psychology, University Of North Texas, Denton, TX
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27
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Alto ME, Petrenko CLM. Fostering secure attachment in low- and middle-income countries: Suggestions for evidence-based interventions. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2017; 60:151-165. [PMID: 27865141 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Children struggling with the effects of trauma in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) face a substantial mental health resource gap that limits their opportunities for positive psychosocial development. Multidisciplinary interventions working to close this gap may benefit from incorporating an empirically supported treatment (EST) into their approach that targets a universal mechanism implicated in resilience, like attachment. ESTs should be selected based on their level of empirical support and cultural adaptability, and then modified on the basis of qualitative evaluations conducted with the local population and stakeholders. This paper will provide an overview of attachment as a mechanism of resilience, a critical analysis of existing attachment-based ESTs, and recommendations for overcoming EST implementation barriers in LMIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Alto
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St., Rochester, NY, 14608, United States.
| | - Christie L M Petrenko
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, 187 Edinburgh St., Rochester, NY, 14608, United States.
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28
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Beeghly M, Partridge T, Tronick E, Muzik M, Mashhadi MR, Boeve JL, Irwin JL. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN EARLY MATERNAL DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOM TRAJECTORIES AND TODDLERS' FELT SECURITY AT 18 MONTHS: ARE BOYS AND GIRLS AT DIFFERENTIAL RISK? Infant Ment Health J 2017; 38:53-67. [PMID: 28042661 PMCID: PMC5225085 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate whether there are sex differences in children's vulnerability to caregiving risk, as indexed by trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms assessed from 2 to 18 months' postpartum, and children's rated attachment security in toddlerhood, adjusting for maternal social support and demographic risk. Analyses utilized longitudinal data collected for 182 African American mother-child dyads from economically diverse backgrounds. Participants were recruited at the time of the child's birth and followed to 18 months' postpartum. Results of conditional latent growth models indicated that an increasing rate of change in level of maternal depressive symptoms over time negatively predicted toddlers' felt attachment security. Higher social support was associated with decreasing levels of maternal depressive symptoms over time whereas higher demographic risk was associated with increasing levels of maternal depressive symptoms. A subsequent multigroup conditional latent growth model revealed that child sex moderated these associations. For male (but not female) children, a rapid increase in maternal depressive symptoms was associated with lower felt attachment security at 18 months. These findings suggest that boys, as compared to girls, may be more vulnerable to early caregiving risks such as maternal depression, with negative consequences for mother-child attachment security in toddlerhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Muzik
- University of Michigan Health Sciences Center, Ann Arbor MI
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Moss E, Lecompte V. Attachment and Socioemotional Problems in Middle Childhood. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2016; 2015:63-76. [PMID: 26086128 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we will evaluate the evidence concerning links between attachment and behavior problems in the middle childhood period. We will first provide a general introduction to the question of attachment and maladaptation in the middle childhood period, and then examine the recent empirical evidence with respect to both externalizing and internalizing profiles. We will conclude with a discussion of new directions in research on this issue including the search for possible mediators and moderators of attachment/behavior problem associations.
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Mikkonen J, Moustgaard H, Remes H, Martikainen P. Intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms - The role of gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and the accumulation of parental symptoms. J Affect Disord 2016; 204:74-82. [PMID: 27341423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between parental and offspring depression is well established. Evidence regarding the significance of gender, socioeconomic circumstances, and the accumulation of parental symptoms in intergenerational transmission is, however, mixed and scarce. METHODS Using a 20% random sample of Finns born between 1986 and 1996 (n=138,559), we performed a Cox proportional hazards regression to analyze the incidence of depressive symptoms between ages 15-20 by exposure to maternal and paternal depressive symptoms earlier in life. Depressive symptoms were inferred from antidepressant purchases and/or a diagnosis of depression at outpatient or inpatient health services. RESULTS Exposure to maternal depressive symptoms posed an equal risk for girls and boys (hazard ratio, HR, 2.09 vs. 2.28 respectively, p=0.077), whereas the effect of paternal depressive symptoms was weaker for girls (HR 1.77 vs. 2.22, p<0.001). Parental socioeconomic status neither confounded nor moderated these effects. Dual exposure to both maternal and paternal depressive symptoms posed a larger risk than single exposure, and children exposed recurrently at ages 0-5 and 9-14 faced an elevated risk compared with those exposed at only one period. LIMITATIONS Since depressive symptoms were inferred from prescription purchases and treatment records, we were unable to observe untreated depression or to determine the underlying condition the antidepressants were prescribed for. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that maternal depression affects both genders equally, whereas paternal depression affects girls less than boys. We show that parental depression and low socioeconomic status are mainly independent risk factors of adolescent depressive symptoms and do not cause an interactive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Mikkonen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heta Moustgaard
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Remes
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany
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Mackrell SV, Kotelnikova Y, Jordan PL, Hayden EP. The role of pubertal development in emerging depression risk in middle childhood. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Flom M, St John AM, Meyer JS, Tarullo AR. Infant hair cortisol: associations with salivary cortisol and environmental context. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 59:26-38. [PMID: 27472986 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Early chronic stress has enduring implications for physical and mental health outcomes. Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) has emerged as a marker of cumulative cortisol exposure, yet HCC in infants is not well understood. We examined how infant HCC relates to widely used basal salivary cortisol measures, maternal HCC, and environmental context in 111 infants assessed at 6 and 12 months of age. Maternal HCC at 6 and 12 months was correlated with infant HCC at 12 months. At 12 months, infant HCC was positively associated with waking salivary cortisol concentration (SCC), evening SCC, and area under the curve (AUC), but was independent of diurnal slope. Breastfeeding was associated with lower HCC, whereas increased sleep disruption was related to flatter slope. Reduced nighttime sleep duration was related both to higher HCC and to flatter slope. A person-focused analysis indicated that the combination of high HCC and flattened slope was associated with more environmental risks, highlighting the importance of investigating the interplay between HCC and diurnal cortisol slope. Results support the validity of HCC as a marker of cumulative cortisol exposure in infancy, while emphasizing the value of including multiple cortisol measures assessing distinct aspects of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Flom
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashley M St John
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jerrold S Meyer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda R Tarullo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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How do parents' depression and anxiety, and infants' negative temperament relate to parent-infant face-to-face interactions? Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:697-710. [PMID: 27580868 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the associations of mothers' and fathers' lifetime depression and anxiety symptoms, and of infants' negative temperament with parents' and infants' gaze, facial expressions of emotion, and synchrony. We observed infants' (age between 3.5 and 5.5 months, N = 101) and parents' gaze and facial expressions during 4-min naturalistic face-to-face interactions. Parents' lifetime symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed with clinical interviews, and infants' negative temperament was measured with standardized observations. Parents with more depressive symptoms and their infants expressed less positive and more neutral affect. Parents' lifetime anxiety symptoms were not significantly related to parents' expressions of affect, while they were linked to longer durations of gaze to parent, and to more positive and negative affect in infants. Parents' lifetime depression or anxiety was not related to synchrony. Infants' temperament did not predict infants' or parents' interactive behavior. The study reveals that more depression symptoms in parents are linked to more neutral affect from parents and from infants during face-to-face interactions, while parents' anxiety symptoms are related to more attention to parent and less neutral affect from infants (but not from parents).
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Maternal mental well-being during pregnancy and glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter methylation in the neonate. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1421-1430. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMaternal mental health during pregnancy has been linked to health outcomes in progeny. Mounting evidence implicates fetal “programming” in this process, possibly via epigenetic disruption. Maternal mental health has been associated with glucocorticoid receptor methylation (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 [NR3C1]) in the neonate; however, most studies have been small (n < 100) and have failed to control for multiple testing in the statistical analysis. The Barwon Infant Study is a population-derived birth cohort with antenatal recruitment. Maternal depression and anxiety were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and psychological distress using the Perceived Stress Scale. NR3C1 cord blood methylation levels were determined using Sequenom MassArray for 481 participants. Maternal psychological distress and anxiety were associated with a small increase in neonate NR3C1 methylation at specific CpG sites, thus replicating some previous findings. However, associations were only nominally significant and did not remain after correction for the number of CpG sites and exposures investigated. As the largest study to explore the relationship between maternal well-being and offspring NR3C1 cord blood methylation, our results highlight the need for caution when interpreting previous findings in this area. Future studies must ensure they are adequately powered to detect the likely small effect sizes while controlling for multiple testing.
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Mansell T, Novakovic B, Meyer B, Rzehak P, Vuillermin P, Ponsonby AL, Collier F, Burgner D, Saffery R, Ryan J. The effects of maternal anxiety during pregnancy on IGF2/H19 methylation in cord blood. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e765. [PMID: 27023171 PMCID: PMC4872456 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence suggests that maternal mental health in pregnancy can influence fetal development. The imprinted genes, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and H19, are involved in fetal growth and each is regulated by DNA methylation. This study aimed to determine the association between maternal mental well-being during pregnancy and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of IGF2 (DMR0) and the IGF2/H19 imprinting control region (ICR) in newborn offspring. Maternal depression, anxiety and perceived stress were assessed at 28 weeks of pregnancy in the Barwon Infant Study (n=576). DNA methylation was measured in purified cord blood mononuclear cells using the Sequenom MassArray Platform. Maternal anxiety was associated with a decrease in average ICR methylation (Δ=-2.23%; 95% CI=-3.68 to -0.77%), and across all six of the individual CpG units in anxious compared with non-anxious groups. Birth weight and sex modified the association between prenatal anxiety and infant methylation. When stratified into lower (⩽3530 g) and higher (>3530 g) birth weight groups using the median birth weight, there was a stronger association between anxiety and ICR methylation in the lower birth weight group (Δ=-3.89%; 95% CI=-6.06 to -1.72%), with no association in the higher birth weight group. When stratified by infant sex, there was a stronger association in female infants (Δ=-3.70%; 95% CI=-5.90 to -1.51%) and no association in males. All the linear regression models were adjusted for maternal age, smoking and folate intake. These findings show that maternal anxiety in pregnancy is associated with decreased IGF2/H19 ICR DNA methylation in progeny at birth, particularly in female, low birth weight neonates. ICR methylation may help link poor maternal mental health and adverse birth outcomes, but further investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mansell
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - B Novakovic
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - B Meyer
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - P Rzehak
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - P Vuillermin
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A-L Ponsonby
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - F Collier
- Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - D Burgner
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - R Saffery
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - J Ryan
- Cancer & Disease Epigenetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Inserm U1061, Hopital La Colombiere, Universite Montpellier, Montpellier, France,Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, Australia,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. E-mail:
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Kim P, Strathearn L, Swain JE. The maternal brain and its plasticity in humans. Horm Behav 2016; 77:113-23. [PMID: 26268151 PMCID: PMC4724473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Parental Care". Early mother-infant relationships play important roles in infants' optimal development. New mothers undergo neurobiological changes that support developing mother-infant relationships regardless of great individual differences in those relationships. In this article, we review the neural plasticity in human mothers' brains based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. First, we review the neural circuits that are involved in establishing and maintaining mother-infant relationships. Second, we discuss early postpartum factors (e.g., birth and feeding methods, hormones, and parental sensitivity) that are associated with individual differences in maternal brain neuroplasticity. Third, we discuss abnormal changes in the maternal brain related to psychopathology (i.e., postpartum depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, substance abuse) and potential brain remodeling associated with interventions. Last, we highlight potentially important future research directions to better understand normative changes in the maternal brain and risks for abnormal changes that may disrupt early mother-infant relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilyoung Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208-3500, United States.
| | - Lane Strathearn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Center for Disabilities and Development, 100 Hawkins Drive 213F CDD, Iowa City, IA 52246-1011, United States.
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychology and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700, United States.
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Loosli L, Pizeta FA, Loureiro SR. Escolares que Convivem com a Depressão Materna Recorrente: Diferenças entre os Sexos. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-3772e32322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Há divergências na literatura quanto às diferenças entre os sexos na associação entre depressão materna e desenvolvimento infantil. Neste estudo, compararam-se diferenças entre os sexos relativas ao comportamento e desempenho escolar de crianças que conviviam com a depressão materna, correlacionando tais desfechos. Participaram 40 díades mãe-criança, tendo as mães diagnóstico de Transtorno Depressivo Recorrente. As crianças, de sete a 12 anos, foram divididas em grupos por sexo. Foi realizada aplicação de entrevista diagnóstica, do Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades e do Teste de Desempenho Escolar. As meninas apresentaram mais sintomas emocionais comparadas aos meninos. Constataram-se associações significativas entre comportamento e desempenho escolar apenas para as meninas, sinalizando maior vulnerabilidade destas meninas.
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Child mental health and maternal depression history in Pakistan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:49-62. [PMID: 26561398 PMCID: PMC6658413 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We address the significant gaps in knowledge of prevalence and correlates of child mental health (CMH) problems outside of high income countries. We describe the prevalence of CMH problems and their correlates with a focus on the association with maternal depression in a sample of seven-year-old children in rural Pakistan. METHODS This study was nested in a long-term follow-up of a perinatal depression intervention together with a reference group of non-depressed women, yielding a population representative sample. The Total Difficulties (TD) and component scores of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to measure emotional and behavioral difficulties. RESULTS The mean SDQ TD score was 10.6 (standard deviation = 8.3), with 12.5 % of children categorized as "abnormal" using standard cutoffs. Boys had a roughly 1 point higher (worse) SDQ TD score than girls (p value = 0.04). Children of mothers who were depressed prenatally as well as currently had SDQ TD scores 2.87 points higher than children whose mothers were not depressed at either time point (p value < 0.01). This association was stronger for boys. There was no evidence of elevated SDQ TD score among children whose mothers were depressed only prenatally or only currently. Some deviations from this pattern were observed with specific components of the SDQ. CONCLUSIONS In this low resource, South Asian setting, we found evidence of elevated levels of emotional and behavioral problems, highlighting the need for effective interventions. Given the strong association of CMH with maternal depression, any intervention efforts should give strong consideration to maternal mental health.
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Murgatroyd CA, Peña CJ, Podda G, Nestler EJ, Nephew BC. Early life social stress induced changes in depression and anxiety associated neural pathways which are correlated with impaired maternal care. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:103-11. [PMID: 26049556 PMCID: PMC4537387 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to various types of early life stress can be robust predictors of the development of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. The objective of the current study was to investigate the roles of the translationally relevant targets of central vasopressin, oxytocin, ghrelin, orexin, glucocorticoid, and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway in an early chronic social stress (ECSS) based rodent model of postpartum depression and anxiety. The present study reports novel changes in gene expression and extracellular signal related kinase (ERK) protein levels in the brains of ECSS exposed rat dams that display previously reported depressed maternal care and increased maternal anxiety. Decreases in oxytocin, orexin, and ERK proteins, increases in ghrelin receptor, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA levels, and bidirectional changes in vasopressin underscore related work on the adverse long-term effects of early life stress on neural activity and plasticity, maternal behavior, responses to stress, and depression and anxiety-related behavior. The differences in gene and protein expression and robust correlations between expression and maternal care and anxiety support increased focus on these targets in animal and clinical studies of the adverse effects of early life stress, especially those focusing on depression and anxiety in mothers and the transgenerational effects of these disorders on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Murgatroyd
- Manchester Metropolitan University School of Healthcare Science, All Saints Building, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Catherine J Peña
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Giovanni Podda
- Manchester Metropolitan University School of Healthcare Science, All Saints Building, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Benjamin C Nephew
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, United States.
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Helle N, Barkmann C, Bartz-Seel J, Diehl T, Ehrhardt S, Hendel A, Nestoriuc Y, Schulte-Markwort M, von der Wense A, Bindt C. Very low birth-weight as a risk factor for postpartum depression four to six weeks postbirth in mothers and fathers: Cross-sectional results from a controlled multicentre cohort study. J Affect Disord 2015; 180:154-61. [PMID: 25911131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth and survival rates of very low birth-weight (VLBW: <1.500g) infants have increased. Although new parents are frequently affected by depressive symptoms, little is known about prevalence, risk, and predictors of parental postpartum depression (PPD) following VLBW birth. Furthermore, most studies assessing PPD in parents of preterm children relied on self-report only. METHODS As part of the HaFEn cohort-study, data from the index groups of parents with VLBW infants and the control group of parents with term infants were cross-sectionally analysed. Families were recruited at the three largest centres of perinatal medical care in Hamburg, Germany. PPD was evaluated one month postpartum using standardized questionnaires and clinical interviews. Socioeconomic status, social support, risks during pregnancy, and psychiatric lifetime diagnoses were also assessed. A multiple random coefficient model was used to examine predictors of PPD in both parents simultaneously. RESULTS 230 mothers and 173 fathers were included. Depending on the measure, the risk of being postnatally depressed was 4 to 18 times higher in mothers and 3 to 9 times higher in fathers from the index group. The most relevant risk factor for PPD was the birth of a VLBW infant, followed by female sex, lifetime psychiatric disorder, and low social support. LIMITATIONS Results presented here, are based on cross sectional data. Therefore no temporal relationships can be established. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of early screening for PPD in both parents of VLBW infants. Factors contributing to developing depression should also be considered in neonatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Helle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Claus Barkmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Jutta Bartz-Seel
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Altona Children׳s Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thilo Diehl
- Department of Paediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehrhardt
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Astrid Hendel
- Department of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Asklepios Medical Center Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Nestoriuc
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schulte-Markwort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Axel von der Wense
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Altona Children׳s Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Bindt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Stress and Maternal Postpartum Depression: The Importance of Stress Type and Timing. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11113-015-9368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lachman ME, Teshale S, Agrigoroaei S. Midlife as a Pivotal Period in the Life Course: Balancing Growth and Decline at the Crossroads of Youth and Old Age. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 39:20-31. [PMID: 25580043 PMCID: PMC4286887 DOI: 10.1177/0165025414533223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We provide evidence for multidirectionality, variability, and plasticity in the nature and direction of change in physical health, cognitive functioning, and well-being during the middle years of the life course. The picture of well-being in midlife based on longitudinal data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study is a more positive one than portrayed in previous cross-sectional studies. We present middle age as a pivotal period in the life course in terms of balancing growth and decline, linking earlier and later periods of life, and bridging younger and older generations. We highlight the role of protective factors and multisystem resilience in mitigating declines. Those in middle age play a central role in the lives of those who are younger and older at home, in the workplace, and in society at large. Thus, a focus on promoting health and well-being in middle age can have a far-reaching impact.
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Warfa N, Harper M, Nicolais G, Bhui K. Adult attachment style as a risk factor for maternal postnatal depression: a systematic review. BMC Psychol 2014; 2:56. [PMID: 25926974 PMCID: PMC4407393 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-014-0056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postnatal depression (PND) is an important health problem of global relevance for maternal health and impacts on the health and wellbeing of the child over the life-course. Multinational data is hard to locate, the economic burden of PND on health care systems have been calculated in several countries, including Canada and in the UK. In Canada, health and social care costs for a mother with PND were found to be just over twice that of mothers with no mental illness. The extra community care cost for women with PND living in the UK was found to be £35.7 million per year. Method We carried out a systematic search to the literature to investigate the associations between attachment style and PND, using meta-narrative analysis methods, reporting statistical data and life narratives. The following databases were searched: PsycInfo, PsycExtra Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and Pubmed. We focused on research papers that examined adult attachment styles and PND, and published between 1991 and 2013. We included any papers showing relationship between maternal adult attachment and PND. Out of 353 papers, 20 met the study inclusion criteria, representing a total of 2306 participants. Data from these 20 studies was extracted by means of a data extraction table. Results We found that attachment and PND share a common aetiology and that ‘insecure adult attachment style’ is an additional risk factor for PND. Of the insecure adult attachment styles, anxious styles were found to be associated with PND symptoms more frequently than avoidant or dismissing styles of attachment. Conclusion More comprehensive longitudinal research would be crucial to examine possible cause-effect associations between adult attachment style (as an intergenerational construct and risk factor) and PND (as an important maternal mental health), with new screening and interventions being essential for alleviating the suffering and consequences of PND. If more is understood about the risk profile of a new or prospective mother, more can be done to prevent the illness trajectory (PND); as well as making existing screening measures and treatment options more widely available. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40359-014-0056-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Warfa
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Old Anatomy Building, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK ; Faculty Member, HPRT, Department of Continuing Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, 22 Putnam Avenue, Cambridge, MA, Boston 02139 USA
| | - Melissa Harper
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Old Anatomy Building, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK
| | | | - Kamaldeep Bhui
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Old Anatomy Building, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ UK
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Abstract
AbstractThis study examined the role of child temperament as moderator of the effect of parenting style on children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors. A series of structural equation models were fit to a representative sample of 2,631 Canadian children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. In addition to testing for the presence of Temperament × Parenting interactions, these models also examined the direct and indirect effects of a number of additional contextual factors such as neighborhood problems, neighborhood cohesion, social support, and maternal depression. The results indicate that exposure to more positive parenting reduces behavior problems in children with difficult/unadaptable temperaments. No moderating effects of temperament on hostile parenting were found. Such results serve to highlight the pivotal role of positive features of the rearing environment as catalysts for the successful adaptation of children with difficult/unadaptable temperaments. The results of this modeling work also serve to emphasize the importance of considering the ways in which more distal factors can affect children's behavioral adaptation by contributing to changes in proximal family processes.
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Korhonen M, Luoma I, Salmelin R, Tamminen T. Maternal depressive symptoms: associations with adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems and social competence. Nord J Psychiatry 2014; 68:323-32. [PMID: 24070429 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2013.838804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative effect of maternal depressive symptoms on child wellbeing has been quite extensively studied. There is, however, debate as to whether it is the timing, the recurrence or the chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms that puts the child's wellbeing at risk. AIMS This study explores the associations between the timing, recurrence and the patterns of maternal depressive symptoms and adolescent psychosocial functioning. METHODS One hundred and ninety-one mothers and 192 adolescents were followed up from the mother's pregnancy to the child's adolescence. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale prenatally, postnatally, in early and middle childhood, and at adolescence. The adolescents' outcomes were screened using Child Behavior Checklists and Youth Self Reports. RESULTS The results indicate that the initial exposure to maternal depressive symptoms at pregnancy is associated with more externalizing problems in adolescence, 2 months postnatally with more internalizing problems, in early childhood with poorer social competence and concurrently with more externalizing problems. Combined analyses indicate that recurrent maternal depressive symptoms best explain adolescents' internalizing problems and the chronic pattern of maternal depressive symptoms externalizing problems. The chronic and intermittent patterns of maternal depressive symptoms best explained adolescents' poorer social competence. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent or chronic maternal depressive symptoms rather than the timing predict adolescents' psychosocial problems better. The timing, however, may explain the different kinds of problems in adolescence depending on the developmental task at the time of the exposure. The findings should be noted when treating both mothers and children in psychiatric clinics and other health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Korhonen
- Marie Korhonen, M.D., School of Medicine, University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
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Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Kushner SC, Benoit D, Atkinson L. Alexithymia and adult attachment representations: associations with the five-factor model of personality and perceived relationship adjustment. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1258-68. [PMID: 24794638 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated associations between alexithymia, adult attachment styles, personality traits, and relationship adjustment. Only two studies, however, have explored associations between alexithymia and attachment representations. As part of a larger investigation of maternal and infant attachment, the current study explored this association in a sample of 97 pregnant women; in addition, measures of alexithymia and domains of the five-factor model (FFM) of personality were compared in predicting attachment security, assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview Coherence of Mind mind scale, and perceived relationship adjustment. Alexithymia negatively predicted coherence of mind; the domains of the FFM did not add significantly to the prediction. The Openness-to-Experience domain predicted relationship adjustment better than alexithymia. Contrary to findings from studies that assessed adult attachment styles, coherence of mind was unrelated to relationship adjustment and the FFM. The results suggest that alexithymia does not uniquely predict relationship adjustment beyond the domains of the FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - R Michael Bagby
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Shauna C Kushner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Diane Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Lewandowski RE, Verdeli H, Wickramaratne P, Warner V, Mancini A, Weissman M. Predictors of Positive Outcomes in Offspring of Depressed Parents and Non-depressed Parents Across 20 Years. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2014; 23:800-811. [PMID: 25374449 PMCID: PMC4217704 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-013-9732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding differences in factors leading to positive outcomes in high-risk and low-risk offspring has important implications for preventive interventions. We identified variables predicting positive outcomes in a cohort of 235 offspring from 76 families in which one, both, or neither parent had major depressive disorder. Positive outcomes were termed resilient in offspring of depressed parents, and competent in offspring of non-depressed parents, and defined by two separate criteria: absence of psychiatric diagnosis and consistently high functioning at 2, 10, and 20 years follow-up. In offspring of depressed parents, easier temperament and higher self-esteem were associated with greater odds of resilient outcome defined by absence of diagnosis. Lower maternal overprotection, greater offspring self-esteem, and higher IQ were associated with greater odds of resilient outcome defined by consistently high functioning. Multivariate analysis indicated that resilient outcome defined by absence of diagnosis was best predicted by offspring self-esteem; resilient outcome defined by functioning was best predicted by maternal overprotection and self-esteem. Among offspring of non-depressed parents, greater family cohesion, easier temperament and higher self-esteem were associated with greater odds of offspring competent outcome defined by absence of diagnosis. Higher maternal affection and greater offspring self-esteem were associated with greater odds of competent outcome, defined by consistently high functioning. Multivariate analysis for each criterion indicated that competent outcome was best predicted by offspring self-esteem. As the most robust predictor of positive outcomes in offspring of depressed and non-depressed parents, self-esteem is an important target for youth preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Eric Lewandowski
- Child Study Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Helen Verdeli
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Priya Wickramaratne
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Virginia Warner
- Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anthony Mancini
- Psychology Department, Pace University, Pleasantville, NY 10570, USA
| | - Myrna Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Dubois-Comtois K, Moss E, Cyr C, Pascuzzo K. Behavior problems in middle childhood: the predictive role of maternal distress, child attachment, and mother-child interactions. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 41:1311-24. [PMID: 23748336 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine the longitudinal relation between early school-age measures of maternal psychosocial distress, quality of mother-child interactions, and child attachment behavior, and behavior problem profiles in middle childhood using a multi-informant design. Participants were 243 French-speaking mother-child dyads (122 girls) who were part of an ongoing longitudinal project. Maternal psychosocial distress was assessed when children were between 4 and 6 years of age. Mother-child interactive quality and attachment patterns were observed at age 6 during a laboratory visit. At age 8.5, externalizing and internalizing problems were assessed using mother and child reports. Results show that maternal psychosocial distress predicted later social adaptation reported by the child through the mediation of mother-child interactions. Analyses also revealed that higher maternal psychosocial distress and controlling attachment patterns, either of the punitive or caregiving type, significantly predicted membership in both child internalizing and externalizing clinical problem groups. Lower mother-child interactive quality, male gender, and child ambivalent attachment were also predictors of externalizing clinical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Dubois-Comtois
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada,
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Ramsauer B, Lotzin A, Quitmann JH, Becker-Stoll F, Tharner A, Romer G. INSIGHTFULNESS AND LATER INFANT ATTACHMENT IN CLINICALLY DEPRESSED AND NONCLINICAL MOTHERS. Infant Ment Health J 2014; 35:210-9. [DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Annett Lotzin
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | | | | | - Anne Tharner
- Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Georg Romer
- University Hospital Münster; Münster Germany
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50
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Lewis AJ, Galbally M, Gannon T, Symeonides C. Early life programming as a target for prevention of child and adolescent mental disorders. BMC Med 2014; 12:33. [PMID: 24559477 PMCID: PMC3932730 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper concerns future policy development and programs of research for the prevention of mental disorders based on research emerging from fetal and early life programming. The current review offers an overview of findings on pregnancy exposures such as maternal mental health, lifestyle factors, and potential teratogenic and neurotoxic exposures on child outcomes. Outcomes of interest are common child and adolescent mental disorders including hyperactive, behavioral and emotional disorders. This literature suggests that the preconception and perinatal periods offer important opportunities for the prevention of deleterious fetal exposures. As such, the perinatal period is a critical period where future mental health prevention efforts should be focused and prevention models developed. Interventions grounded in evidence-based recommendations for the perinatal period could take the form of public health, universal and more targeted interventions. If successful, such interventions are likely to have lifelong effects on (mental) health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew James Lewis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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