1
|
Guo N, Huebner ES, Gong X, Tian L. Psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer victimization in Chinese youth: Depression and aggression as mediators. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 153:106809. [PMID: 38696951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer victimization are significant public health issues among youth. However, few studies have verified transactional associations between psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer victimization at the within-person level and the mediating roles of depression and aggression have yet to be fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study examined the transactional associations between psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer victimization from middle childhood to early adolescence, separating within- and between-person variation. The study also examined whether youth's depression and aggression mediated the associations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 4945 Chinese youth (Mage = 9.92 years, SD = 0.73 53 % boys) completed a packet of measures on five occasions at 6-month intervals from May of 2017 to May of 2019. METHODS Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models (RI-CLPMs) were used to distinguish between- and within-person effects. RESULTS The results indicated that: (a) Psychological maltreatment by teachers predicted peer victimization, and vice versa; (b) Depression (but not aggression) mediated the associations from peer victimization to psychological maltreatment by teachers. CONCLUSIONS The findings supported bidirectional spillover effects between adverse teacher-student and peer interactions and demonstrated at the within-person level that such effects were transmitted indirectly via youth's depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - E Scott Huebner
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Xue Gong
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China; School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tian
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iffland B, Kley H, Neuner F. Effects of peer victimization on cortical processing of social-evaluative stress in patients with major depressive disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae037. [PMID: 38874968 PMCID: PMC11182063 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Peer victimization contributes to the development of major depressive disorders (MDDs). While previous studies reported differentiated peripheral physiological responses in peer-victimized individuals with depression, little is known about potential alterations of cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to social stimuli in depressive patients with a history of peer victimization. Using a social condition paradigm, the present study examined whether peer victimization alters conditioned cortical responses to potentially threatening social stimuli in MDD patients and healthy controls. In the task, we studied ERPs to conditioned stimuli (CSs), i.e. still images of faces, that were coupled to unconditioned socially negative and neutral evaluative video statements. Peer victimization was related to more pronounced P100 amplitudes in reaction to negative and neutral CSs. Attenuated P200 amplitudes in peer-victimized individuals were found in response to negative CSs. Cortical responses to CSs were not influenced by a diagnosis of MDD. The results suggest altered responsiveness to interpersonal information in peer-victimized individuals. Facilitated early processing of social threat indicators may prevent peer-victimized individuals from adaptive responses to social cues, increasing their vulnerability for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Iffland
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hanna Kley
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Frank Neuner
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, P.O. Box 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rizeq J, Kennedy M, Kreppner J, Maughan B, Sonuga-Barke E. Understanding the prospective associations between neuro-developmental problems, bullying victimization, and mental health: Lessons from a longitudinal study of institutional deprivation. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:40-49. [PMID: 35983788 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942200089x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest that children who have experienced neglect are at risk for bullying which in turn increases the risk for poor mental health. Here we extend this research by examining whether this risk extends to the neglect associated with severe institutional deprivation and then testing the extent to which these effects are mediated by prior deprivation-related neuro-developmental problems such as symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and autism. Data were collected at ages 6, 11, 15, and young adulthood (22-25 years) from 165 adoptees who experienced up to 43 months of deprivation in Romanian Orphanages in 1980s and 52 non-deprived UK adoptees (N = 217; 50.23% females). Deprivation was associated with elevated levels of bullying and neuro-developmental symptoms at ages 6 through 15 and young adult depression and anxiety. Paths from deprivation to poor adult mental health were mediated via cross-lagged effects from earlier neuro-developmental problems to later bullying. Findings evidence how deep-seated neuro-developmental impacts of institutional deprivation can cascade across development to impact social functioning and mental health. These results elucidate cascade timing and the association between early deprivation and later bullying victimization across childhood and adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jala Rizeq
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Kennedy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jana Kreppner
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Barbara Maughan
- Social, Developmental and Genetics Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edmund Sonuga-Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang C, Liu J, Gao Y, Liu X. Developmental Pathway from Childhood Abuse to Adolescent Peer Victimization: The Role of Rejection Sensitivity and Aggression. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:2370-2383. [PMID: 37561289 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-established relationship between early experiences of victimization and later re-victimization, little is known about the exact mechanism of this cycle of victimization. The present study examined whether the route from rejection sensitivity to aggression mediates the associations between different forms of childhood abuse and later peer victimization longitudinally. A total of 3525 adolescents (56.6% male; Mage = 13.21 ± 0.85) participated in this three-wave study, with a 6-month lag and a 9-month lag respectively. The results indicated that the association between childhood emotional abuse and peer victimization were independently mediated by aggression, and sequentially mediated by rejection sensitivity and aggression in both sexes. Sex differences existed regarding the association between childhood physical abuse and aggression, such that only in adolescent boys did physical abuse show significant effect on aggression, resulting in later peer victimization. In general, these findings suggest that maladaptive social-cognitive processes and behavioral patterns are crucial for understanding the mechanism of the vicious cycle of victimization, and sex differences must be considered when examining different types of childhood abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Liang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinmeng Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yemiao Gao
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goemans A, Viding E, McCrory E. Child Maltreatment, Peer Victimization, and Mental Health: Neurocognitive Perspectives on the Cycle of Victimization. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:530-548. [PMID: 34355601 PMCID: PMC10009486 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211036393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Children who experience maltreatment are at increased risk of revictimization across the life span. In childhood, this risk often manifests as peer victimization. Understanding the nature of this risk, and its impact on mental health, is critical if we are to provide effective support for those children who are most vulnerable. A systematic scoping review was conducted using Google Scholar and PsycINFO. Studies on adults, psychiatric, and/or inpatient populations were excluded. Included studies concerned all forms of child maltreatment and peer victimization. We found 28 studies about the association between maltreatment experience and peer victimization as well as peer rejection. We review the evidence documenting the relation between these adverse childhood experiences and mental health. The evidence suggests that maltreatment and peer victimization have additive effects on mental health outcomes. A number of theoretical developmental frameworks that delineate putative mechanisms that might account for an association are considered. Building on prior research, we then discuss the role of recent neurocognitive findings in providing a multilevel framework for conceptualizing mental health vulnerability following maltreatment. In addition, we consider how altered neurocognitive functioning following maltreatment may shed light on why affected children are more likely to be victimized by their peers. Specifically, we consider the threat, reward, and autobiographical memory systems and their role in relation to stress generation, stress susceptibility, and social thinning. Such a mechanistic understanding is necessary if we are to reduce the likelihood of peer victimization in children exposed to maltreatment, and move to a preventative model of mental health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Goemans
- Leiden University, the Netherlands
- University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eamon McCrory
- University College London, United Kingdom
- Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, United
Kingdom
- Eamon McCrory, Division of Psychology and
Language Science, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, United
Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vijayakumar N, Cheng TW, Flannery JE, Flournoy JC, Ross G, Mobasser A, Op de Macks Z, Fisher PA, Pfeifer JH. Differential neural sensitivity to social inclusion and exclusion in adolescents in foster care. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:102986. [PMID: 35290856 PMCID: PMC8921471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adolescents in foster care may exhibit differential patterns of brain functioning that contribute to their pervasive socioemotional challenges. However, there has been limited investigation of implicated neural processes, particularly in the social domain. Thus, the current study investigated neural responses to exclusionary and inclusionary peer interactions in adolescents in foster-care. METHODS Participants comprised adolescents aged 11-18 years in foster care (N = 69) and a community sample (N = 69). They completed an fMRI adaptation of Cyberball, a virtual ball-throwing paradigm, that included periods of exclusion and over-inclusion. To investigate neural sensitivity to peer social experiences, we quantified neural responses that scaled with consecutive inclusionary and exclusionary interactions (using parametric modulators). RESULTS Relative to the community sample, adolescents in foster care exhibited increasing response to consecutive exclusionary events in lateral prefrontal regions and decreasing response to consecutive inclusionary events in the intraparietal sulcus and temporo-occipital cortex. Further, exploratory analyses revealed that dorsolateral prefrontal activation to exclusion was related to externalizing problems, particularly in the foster care sample. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight greater neural sensitivity to exclusionary, and lesser sensitivity to inclusionary, peer interactions in adolescents in foster care. Engagement of prefrontal clusters may reflect greater salience and emotion regulatory processes during exclusion, while parietal and temporal clusters may reflect reduced attention and behavioural engagement during inclusion. Thus foster care involvement is associated with broad changes in neural responses during peer interactions, and further these potentially relate to externalizing problems that have been identified in this vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Vijayakumar
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, USA.
| | | | | | - John C Flournoy
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, USA; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, USA
| | - Garrett Ross
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chukwuere PC, Sehularo LA, Manyedi ME. Experiences of adolescents and parents on the mental health management of depression in adolescents, North West province, South Africa. Curationis 2022; 45:e1-e9. [PMID: 35261252 PMCID: PMC8905408 DOI: 10.4102/curationis.v45i1.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Living with or managing an adolescent suffering from depression predisposes the adolescent and parents to various experiences, considering the multifactorial nature of depression and associated symptoms. OBJECTIVE This study explored and described the experiences of adolescents and their parents on the mental health management of depression in the North West province (NWP), South Africa. METHOD A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual research design was adopted. Data was collect from two mental health care institutions and two mental health care units attached to two general hospitals in the NWP, SA. Thirty-two participants (18 adolescents and 14 parents) were purposefully selected for the study. Data were collected through individual interviews and analysed using Tesch's open-coding method to generate themes and categories which were presented with the concurrent support of participants direct quotations. RESULTS The study revealed that the experiences of adolescents with depression and their parents taking care of them at homes include the following: emotional distress, poor coping mechanisms, financial burden, repeated suicidal attempts, negative attitudes from support systems and withdrawal behaviours. Appropriate therapeutic environments, ongoing monitoring by mental healthcare practitioners and adequate support systems were suggested by participants as management approaches that could enhance the recovery of adolescents from depression. CONCLUSION The findings revealed the devastating experiences of adolescents with depression and their parents taking care of them in their various homes which confirms the dire need for attention on the plights of these groups in order to facilitate adolescents' recovery and strengthen the adolescents' and parents' coping mechanisms for a healthier family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Precious C Chukwuere
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Science, North-West University, Mahikeng.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cahill S, Chandola T, Hager R. Genetic Variants Associated With Resilience in Human and Animal Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:840120. [PMID: 35669264 PMCID: PMC9163442 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience is broadly defined as the ability to maintain or regain functioning in the face of adversity and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The identification of specific genetic factors and their biological pathways underpinning resilient functioning can help in the identification of common key factors, but heterogeneities in the operationalisation of resilience have hampered advances. We conducted a systematic review of genetic variants associated with resilience to enable the identification of general resilience mechanisms. We adopted broad inclusion criteria for the definition of resilience to capture both human and animal model studies, which use a wide range of resilience definitions and measure very different outcomes. Analyzing 158 studies, we found 71 candidate genes associated with resilience. OPRM1 (Opioid receptor mu 1), NPY (neuropeptide Y), CACNA1C (calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C), DCC (deleted in colorectal carcinoma), and FKBP5 (FKBP prolyl isomerase 5) had both animal and human variants associated with resilience, supporting the idea of shared biological pathways. Further, for OPRM1, OXTR (oxytocin receptor), CRHR1 (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1), COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), APOE (apolipoprotein E), and SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 member 4), the same allele was associated with resilience across divergent resilience definitions, which suggests these genes may therefore provide a starting point for further research examining commonality in resilience pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cahill
- Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Humanities, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tarani Chandola
- Faculty of Humanities, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Methods Hub, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Y, Zeng Z, Peng L, Zhan L, Liu S, Ouyang X, Ding D, Li Z. The effect of childhood maltreatment on college students’ depression symptoms: The mediating role of subjective well-being and the moderating role of MAOA gene rs6323 polymorphism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1928491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Hu
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zihao Zeng
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyi Peng
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhan
- Library, Hunan Normal University,Library, Changsha, China
| | - Shuangjin Liu
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyou Ouyang
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Daoqun Ding
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- College of Teachers Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lin X, Cao Y, Ji L, Zhang W. Inhibitory control mediates the interaction between serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and peer victimization on adolescent depressive symptoms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14640. [PMID: 34282234 PMCID: PMC8289840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been devoted to investigating the effect of the interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and environment (G × E) on depression, but they yield mixed results. The inconsistency has suggested that G × E effects may be more complex than originally conceptualized, and further study is warranted. This study explored the association among 5-HTTLPR, peer victimization and depressive symptoms and the underlying mediating role of inhibitory control in this association. A total of 871 Chinese Han adolescents (Mage = 15.32 years, 50.3% girls) participated and provided saliva samples from which the 5-HTTLPR was genotyped. This study found that 5-HTTLPR interacted with peer victimization in predicting depressive symptoms. Adolescents carrying L allele reported more depressive symptoms than SS carriers when exposed to higher level of peer victimization. Furthermore, adolescents' inhibitory control deficits mediated the association between 5-HTTLPR × peer victimization and depressive symptoms. These findings suggested that one pathway in which G × E may confer vulnerability to depressive symptoms is through disruptions to adolescents' inhibitory control system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Lin
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanmiao Cao
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Linqin Ji
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The effect of negative life events on college students’ depression: the mediating role of internet addiction and the moderating role of 5-HTT1A gene rs6449693 polymorphism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Silva RC, Maffioletti E, Gennarelli M, Baune BT, Minelli A. Biological correlates of early life stressful events in major depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 125:105103. [PMID: 33360031 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder and responds for important psychosocial consequences. Stressful life events, especially early life stress (ELS), contribute to an increased probability to develop MDD, leading in particular to severe and chronic manifestation and unfavorable treatment outcome. The association between ELS and MDD seems to have biological bases, consisting in dysregulations occurring at different levels. The aim of this narrative review is to propose an overview of the literature ranging from genetic, epigenetic, expression and protein to neuroimaging correlates underlying this relationship. A search on Pubmed of studies assessing biological correlates of ELS in MDD development, focusing on human studies conducted in both peripheral and brain tissues, was performed. Evidence indicated that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the serotonergic, dopaminergic, neurotrophin and oxytocin systems might play a role in the mediation between ELS and MDD. The most consistent results were found for genetic and epigenetic studies and indicated a joint involvement of the systems mentioned. Expression studies are less numerous and point to an involvement of stress-related systems. Concerning protein studies, the main mediators are markers related to the inflammatory and immune systems. Neuroimaging studies aiming at evaluating brain alterations connecting ELS and MDD in relation to biomarkers indicated the hippocampus, the amygdala and the frontal cortex as important anatomical mediators. These findings can build the bases for future research and clinical interventions; indeed, the clarification of biological mechanisms mediating the relationship between ELS and MDD can lead to new and individualized preventive and therapeutic possibilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Carvalho Silva
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alessandra Minelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fite PJ, Williford A, Griffith RL, Parker K. Peer Victimization Among Detained Youth: The Impact of Callous-Unemotional Traits. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-020-09593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Wang Q. Association of Childhood Intrafamilial Aggression and Childhood Peer Bullying With Adult Depressive Symptoms in China. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2012557. [PMID: 32749469 PMCID: PMC7403920 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Childhood intrafamilial aggression, a series of aggressive behaviors inflicted by family members, and adulthood mental health are associated with childhood peer bullying (eg, in the neighborhood or in school). However, few studies have been able to identify the contribution of childhood peer bullying to the association between childhood intrafamilial aggression and adult depression. OBJECTIVE To examine the mediating role of childhood peer bullying in the association between childhood intrafamilial aggression and depression in adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Middle-aged and older adults (≥45 years) participated in a CHARLS wave from July 1 to September 30, 2015, and the CHARLS life history survey from June 1 to December 31, 2014, with complete data. A 4-step mediation model with logistic regression was run to test the mediating role of peer bullying. Data analysis was performed from October 1 to 30, 2019. EXPOSURES Childhood intrafamilial aggression, including parental physical maltreatment and sibling aggression, and peer bullying. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Depressive symptoms measured by a categorical variable derived from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, based on a cutoff score of 12. RESULTS Among the 15 450 respondents (mean [SD] age, 59.5 [9.9] years; 7987 women [51.7%]), 4422 (28.6%) were exposed to parental physical maltreatment; 986 (6.4%), to sibling aggression; and 2504 (16.2%), to peer bullying in childhood. Respondents experiencing intrafamilial aggression were more likely to be bullied by peers (parental physical maltreatment odds ratio [OR], 2.53 [95% CI, 2.25-2.83]; sibling aggression OR, 3.05 [95% CI, 2.46-3.78]). Children with these adverse experiences were at a higher risk of adult depression symptoms (parental physical maltreatment OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.15-1.42]; sibling aggression OR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.13-1.74]; peer bullying OR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.56-2.01]). Peer bullying mediated 30% (95% CI, 19%-42%) of the association between childhood parental maltreatment and adult depression and 35% (95% CI, 15%-54%) of the association between sibling aggression and depression symptoms in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that being bullied by peers was a mediator of the association between childhood intrafamilial aggression and depression in adulthood. The findings have important implications to mitigate the effect of early-life stress and promote life-course mental health through dealing with childhood intrafamilial aggression and peer bullying experiences coordinately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo Collage of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo Collage of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Pudong Institute for Health Development, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cará VM, Esper NB, de Azeredo LA, Iochpe V, Dalfovo NP, Santos RC, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Grassi-Oliveira R, Franco AR, Buchweitz A. An fMRI study of inhibitory control and the effects of exposure to violence in Latin-American early adolescents: alterations in frontoparietal activation and performance. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 14:1097-1107. [PMID: 31820809 PMCID: PMC7036087 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We used functional magnetic resonance to investigate the effects of exposure to violence on early adolescent brain function in an inhibitory control task. We investigated the association among scores on self-reported exposure to violence, performance and brain activation. Thirty-seven early adolescents (ages 10-14) from a Latin-American urban region participated in the study. Results showed that recent and chronic exposure to violence was associated with less activation of a network of frontal regions, including the anterior cingulate gyrus and the superior frontal cortex; recent exposure to violence was also associated with less activation of the superior parietal lobe. Results also showed that less activation correlated with more prominent deterioration in the performance in the inhibitory control task (increased latency with time). The findings suggest that early adolescence exposure to violence is associated with differences in activation of a neural network commonly associated with executive function and control. The results underscore the urgency of addressing exposure to violence in adolescence, a period of high susceptibility to the environment, and are discussed in the light of the evidence of the effects of violence on adolescent brain function. Executive function training may be a candidate for targeted cognitive interventions aimed at mitigating these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Metsavaht Cará
- School of Medicine, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,BRAINS-Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Nathalia Bianchini Esper
- School of Medicine, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,BRAINS-Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Lucas Araújo de Azeredo
- School of Medicine, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,BRAINS-Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Victoria Iochpe
- School of Medicine, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Nicole Prigol Dalfovo
- Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Rhaná Carolina Santos
- Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- School of Medicine, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,BRAINS-Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| | - Alexandre Rosa Franco
- Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Orangeburg, NY, USA, 10962
| | - Augusto Buchweitz
- School of Medicine, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,BRAINS-Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900.,Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, PUCRS-Pontifícia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, 90619-900
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paul E, Ortin A. Psychopathological mechanisms of early neglect and abuse on suicidal ideation and self-harm in middle childhood. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1311-1319. [PMID: 30783774 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Informed by diathesis-stress models of suicide risk, this longitudinal study examines the psychopathological mechanisms through which early maltreatment increases the risk for suicidal ideation and self-harm in middle childhood. The sample included 2958 families from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, who participated in interviews at child's ages of 3 and/or 5, and 9. Via the Child Behavior Checklist, primary caregivers reported on the child's suicidal ideation and self-harm at age 9 and on clinically elevated depressive/anxious symptoms, aggressive behaviors, attention problems, and comorbid aggression and depressive/anxious symptoms at age 5. Past year neglect and physical/psychological abuse were measured via the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale at age 3. Multivariate structural equation models indicated that early neglect had a significant indirect effect on suicidal ideation via clinically elevated depressive/anxious symptoms (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.09-2.25) and comorbid symptomatology (OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.02-1.62), and on self-harm also via clinically elevated depressive/anxious symptoms (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.04-1.84) and comorbid symptomatology (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.01-1.43). Early physical/psychological abuse had a significant indirect effect on self-harm via clinically elevated attention problems (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.21). Unique developmental pathways for suicidal ideation and self-harm emerged among children exposed to abuse or neglect. For those exposed to early neglect, interventions should target depressive/anxious symptoms, especially when comorbid with aggression, to prevent suicidal ideation and self-harm. For children exposed to early physical/psychological abuse, problems with attention and impulsivity may be targets for reducing the risk for self-harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Paul
- G87 Martha van Rensselaer Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA. .,Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ana Ortin
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhu J, Lowen SB, Anderson CM, Ohashi K, Khan A, Teicher MH. Association of Prepubertal and Postpubertal Exposure to Childhood Maltreatment With Adult Amygdala Function. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:843-853. [PMID: 31241756 PMCID: PMC6596335 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Abnormalities in amygdala response to threatening faces have been observed in anxiety disorders, autism, bipolar disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia. Abnormally hyperactive and hypoactive responses have typically been associated with anxiety and inhibition vs risk taking and inappropriate social behaviors. Maltreatment is a major risk factor for most of these disorders and is associated with abnormal amygdala function. OBJECTIVE To identify the type and age of exposure to childhood maltreatment that are associated with hyperactive and hypoactive amygdala responses in young adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Data collection for this retrospective cohort study took place from November 8, 2010, to August 23, 2012. Data analyses were conducted from September 20, 2012, to June 27, 2018. Participants were recruited from the urban and suburban Boston vicinity without diagnostic restrictions based on exposure history. EXPOSURES The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale was used to retrospectively assess type and age of exposure to childhood maltreatment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Activation and pattern information functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess bilateral amygdala response to angry and fearful faces vs neutral faces or shapes, and sensitive exposure periods were identified using cross-validated artificial intelligence predictive analytics (50 averaged randomized iterations with training on 63.3% and testing on 36.7% of the sample). RESULTS Of the 202 participants (mean [SD] age, 23.2 [1.7] years; 118 [58.4%] female), 52 (25.7%) reported no exposure to maltreatment and 150 (74.3%) reported exposure to 1 or more maltreatment types. Eight participants (15.1%) with a MACE score of 0 and 51 (34.2%) with a MACE score of 1 or higher had a history of major depression (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.05-6.06; P = .03); 8 unexposed participants (15.1%) and 46 with MACE scores of 1 or higher (30.9%) had a history of 1 or more anxiety disorders (odds ratio, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.03-6.50; P = .03). Retrospective self-report of physical maltreatment between 3 and 6 years of age and peer emotional abuse at 13 and 15 years were associated with amygdala activation to emotional faces vs shapes. Early exposure was associated with blunted response (β = -0.17, P < .001), whereas later exposure was associated with augmented response (β = 0.16, P < .001). Prepubertal vs postpubertal maltreatment was associated with an opposite response on the voxelwise response pattern in clustering stimuli of the same type (eg, mean [SD] emotional ellipse areas for physical maltreatment at age 4 years vs nonverbal emotional abuse at 13 years: 1.41 [1.05] vs 0.25 [0.10], P < .001) and in distinguishing between stimuli of different types (eg, mean [SD] emotional vs neutral faces distance for peer emotional abuse at age 6 years vs 13 years: 1.89 [0.75] vs 0.80 [0.39], P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that prepubertal vs postpubertal developmental differences in the association between maltreatment and amygdala response to threatening or salient stimuli exist. Understanding the role of adversity in different sensitive exposure periods and the potential adaptive significance of attenuated vs enhanced amygdala response may help explain why maltreatment may be a risk factor for many different disorders and foster creation of targeted interventions to preempt the emergence of psychopathology in at-risk youths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhu
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Steven B. Lowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts,Equian, Woburn, Massachusetts
| | - Carl M. Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts,Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Kyoko Ohashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Alaptigin Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Martin H. Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maglione D, Caputi M, Moretti B, Scaini S. Psychopathological consequences of maltreatment among children and adolescents: A systematic review of the GxE literature. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 82:53-66. [PMID: 29934252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last years, several studies focused on the role of Gene-Environment interactions (GxE) in influencing psychopathological outcomes among maltreated children and adolescents. These studies analysed the effect of different genetic variations. AIMS The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of studies investigating GxE effects among maltreated children and adolescents. METHODS AND PROCEDURES A systematic literature review was performed by using the following keywords: "Child maltreatment" and "GxE", "Child maltreatment" and "Psychopathology", "Gene-Environment interaction", "Gene-environment correlation", "GxE and psychopathology", "Childhood trauma" and "Psychiatric symptoms", "Early adverse life events", "Early life stress", "Antisocial behaviour", "Depression", "Internalizing symptoms", through the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO, from 2006 to 2017, finding a total of 31 papers. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The present review confirm that maltreatment produces worse psychopathological outcomes (antisocial behaviour, depression, and other psychiatric traits) in subjects with a specific genetic vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Comprehending the pathways from child maltreatment to psychopathology in their full complexity will be essential to build efficacious preventive and therapeutic protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Maglione
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marcella Caputi
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Simona Scaini
- Faculty of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yoon D, Yoon S, Park J, Yoon M. A pernicious cycle: Finding the pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent peer victimization. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 81:139-148. [PMID: 29734111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the pathways from childhood physical and sexual abuse to adolescent physical and sexual victimization by assessing behavior symptoms (both internalizing and externalizing) and peer popularity as potential mediating variables. The data derive from Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN), which tracks the consequences of child abuse and neglect using five study sites across the US. Child physical and sexual abuse was measured at age 12 using self-reports of life-time maltreatment experiences. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed at age 12 using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Peer popularity was assessed at age 14 by teachers. Peer victimization was assessed at age 16 using the modified version of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. The results indicated that physical abuse had no direct effect on either physical or sexual peer victimization, whereas sexual abuse had significant direct effect on both physical and sexual victimization. Assessed at age 12, children who had been physically or sexually maltreated were found to have higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These increased symptoms are associated with lower peer popularity at age 14, which in turn is associated with greater physical and sexual peer victimization at age 16. The findings suggest that multiple points for interventions may exist to disrupt the cycle of victimization. Early assessment and treatment for externalizing symptoms and for low peer popularity may be helpful in preventing physical peer victimization among adolescents who have been physically and/or sexually abused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalhee Yoon
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA.
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Jiho Park
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaiser RH, Clegg R, Goer F, Pechtel P, Beltzer M, Vitaliano G, Olson DP, Teicher MH, Pizzagalli DA. Childhood stress, grown-up brain networks: corticolimbic correlates of threat-related early life stress and adult stress response. Psychol Med 2018; 48:1157-1166. [PMID: 28942738 PMCID: PMC5867194 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to threat-related early life stress (ELS) has been related to vulnerability for stress-related disorders in adulthood, putatively via disrupted corticolimbic circuits involved in stress response and regulation. However, previous research on ELS has not examined both the intrinsic strength and flexibility of corticolimbic circuits, which may be particularly important for adaptive stress responding, or associations between these dimensions of corticolimbic dysfunction and acute stress response in adulthood. METHODS Seventy unmedicated women varying in history of threat-related ELS completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan to evaluate voxelwise static (overall) and dynamic (variability over a series of sliding windows) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of bilateral amygdala. In a separate session and subset of participants (n = 42), measures of salivary cortisol and affect were collected during a social-evaluative stress challenge. RESULTS Higher severity of threat-related ELS was related to more strongly negative static RSFC between amygdala and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and elevated dynamic RSFC between amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). Static amygdala-DLPFC antagonism mediated the relationship between higher severity of threat-related ELS and blunted cortisol response to stress, but increased dynamic amygdala-rACC connectivity weakened this mediated effect and was related to more positive post-stress mood. CONCLUSIONS Threat-related ELS was associated with RSFC within lateral corticolimbic circuits, which in turn was related to blunted physiological response to acute stress. Notably, increased flexibility between the amygdala and rACC compensated for this static disruption, suggesting that more dynamic medial corticolimbic circuits might be key to restoring healthy stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roselinde H. Kaiser
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Rachel Clegg
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Franziska Goer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Pia Pechtel
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miranda Beltzer
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Gordana Vitaliano
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - David P. Olson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Diego A. Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee SW, Yoo JH, Kim KW, Kim D, Park H, Choi J, Teicher MH, Jeong B. Hippocampal Subfields Volume Reduction in High Schoolers with Previous Verbal Abuse Experiences. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 16:46-56. [PMID: 29397666 PMCID: PMC5810448 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Reduced hippocampal volume and alterations in white matter tracts have been frequently reported in adults having the history of emotional maltreatment. We investigated whether these structural change occur in adolescents with previous verbal abuse (VA) experiences. Methods Hippocampal subfield volume and white matter structural connectivity measures were assessed in 31 first year male high school students with various degrees of exposure to parental and peer VA. Results The high VA group showed significant volume reduction in the left cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and left subiculum compared to the low VA group (p<0.05). Volumes of left hippocampal subfields CA1 and subiculum were negatively correlated with previous VA experiences (p<0.05). Increased mean diffusivity (MD) of the splenium of the corpus callosum was related to high VA score across all subjects (p<0.05). There was an inverse relationship between volume of the CA1 and subiculum and MD of the splenium (p<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to parental and peer VA may affect development of the left hippocampal subfields and the splenium of corpus callosum. These structural alterations can be discernible during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Computational Affective Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Yoo
- Computational Affective Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ko Woon Kim
- Computational Affective Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dongchan Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - HyunWook Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeewook Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Martin H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bumseok Jeong
- Computational Affective Neuroscience and Development Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.,KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Christ SL, Kwak YY, Lu T. The joint impact of parental psychological neglect and peer isolation on adolescents' depression. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:151-162. [PMID: 28477475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents receive psychological or emotional care from both parents and peers, which is crucial for mental health at this stage. Little research has been undertaken to evaluate the experience and consequences of caregiver psychological neglect during adolescence. Less is known about the unique and combined impacts of neglectful experiences with parents and peers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between exposure to caregiver psychological neglect and isolation from peers with depression for a population of at-risk adolescents. A sample of 2776 adolescents who represent a cohort population of adolescents in contact with Child Protective Services in the U.S. was studied. Data come from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-being (NSCAW) and are pooled across four waves representing seven years duration. Structural equation modeling with latent variables was used to estimate within-time associations. A two-stage-least squares path model was used to determine within-time reciprocal effects between depression and neglectful experiences. Adolescents who are emotionally neglected by their primary caregivers and are isolated from peers have substantially increased depression, a combined standardized effect of 0.78-0.91. Isolation from peers is more impactful for depression compared to psychological neglect by caregivers. The effects of deficits in these two primary sources of emotional support explain 40 percent of the variation in depression. The relationships between depression and peer isolation and depression and psychological neglect are reciprocal, but the primary direction of effect is from neglectful experiences to depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Christ
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States; Department of Statistics, Purdue University, United States.
| | - Yoon Young Kwak
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Every child is a unique individual. This individuality is evident in children exposed to psychosocial trauma or adverse childhood experiences. There exists wide variation in the way children respond to toxic stressors in their lives. Some children appear to be relatively unaffected, while others develop a variety of psychological, behavioral, and physical consequences. What is the explanation for this phenomenon? Resiliency has been suggested to explain this variation in pathology expressions in trauma-exposed children. It is vital for pediatric nurse practitioners to understand the concept of resilience. This continuing education offering will define concepts of resilience and stress, explore the neurobiology of resilience, and examine interventions that promote resilience in children.
Collapse
|
24
|
van Harmelen AL, Gibson JL, St Clair MC, Owens M, Brodbeck J, Dunn V, Lewis G, Croudace T, Jones PB, Kievit RA, Goodyer IM. Friendships and Family Support Reduce Subsequent Depressive Symptoms in At-Risk Adolescents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153715. [PMID: 27144447 PMCID: PMC4856353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress (ELS) consists of child family adversities (CFA: negative experiences that happened within the family environment) and/or peer bullying. ELS plays an important role in the development of adolescent depressive symptoms and clinical disorders. Identifying factors that may reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents with ELS may have important public mental health implications. METHODS We used structural equation modelling and examined the impact of adolescent friendships and/or family support at age 14 on depressive symptoms at age 17 in adolescents exposed to ELS before age 11. To this end, we used structural equation modelling in a community sample of 771 adolescents (322 boys and 477 girls) from a 3 year longitudinal study. Significant paths in the model were followed-up to test whether social support mediated or moderated the association between ELS and depressive symptoms at age 17. RESULTS We found that adolescent social support in adolescence is negatively associated with subsequent depressive symptoms in boys and girls exposed to ELS. Specifically, we found evidence for two mediational pathways: In the first pathway family support mediated the link between CFA and depressive symptoms at age 17. Specifically, CFA was negatively associated with adolescent family support at age 14, which in turn was negatively associated with depressive symptoms at age 17. In the second pathway we found that adolescent friendships mediated the path between peer bullying and depressive symptoms. Specifically, relational bullying was negatively associated with adolescent friendships at age 14, which in turn were negatively associated with depressive symptoms at age 17. In contrast, we did not find a moderating effect of friendships and family support on the association between CFA and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Friendships and/or family support in adolescence mediate the relationship between ELS and late adolescent depressive symptoms in boys and girls. Therefore, enhancing affiliate relationships and positive family environments may benefit the mental health of vulnerable youth that have experienced CFA and/or primary school bullying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny L. Gibson
- Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle C. St Clair
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Owens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannette Brodbeck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Croudace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier A. Kievit
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Genetic moderation of interpersonal psychotherapy efficacy for low-income mothers with major depressive disorder: implications for differential susceptibility. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:19-35. [PMID: 25640828 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic moderation of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) efficacy for economically disadvantaged women with major depressive disorder was examined. Specifically, we investigated whether genotypic variation in corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) and the linked polymorphic region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) moderated effects of IPT on depressive symptoms over time. We also tested genotype moderation of IPT mechanisms on social adjustment and perceived stress. Non-treatment-seeking urban women at or below the poverty level with infants were recruited from the community (N = 126; M age = 25.33 years, SD = 4.99; 54.0% African American, 22.2% Caucasian, and 23.8% Hispanic/biracial) and randomized to individual IPT or Enhanced Community Standard groups. The results revealed that changes in depressive symptoms over time depended on both intervention group and genotypes (5-HTTLPR and CRHR1). Moreover, multiple-group path analysis indicated that IPT improved depressive symptoms, increased social adjustment, and decreased perceived stress at posttreatment among women with the 0 copies of the CRHR1 TAT haplotype only. Finally, improved social adjustment at postintervention significantly mediated the effect of IPT on reduced depressive symptoms at 8 months postintervention for women with 0 copies of the TAT haplotype only. Post hoc analyses of 5-HTTLPR were indicative of differential susceptibility, albeit among African American women only.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cicchetti D. Socioemotional, Personality, and Biological Development: Illustrations from a Multilevel Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Child Maltreatment. Annu Rev Psychol 2016; 67:187-211. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Handley ED, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D. Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent marijuana dependence: Examining moderation by FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5). Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:1489-502. [PMID: 26535939 PMCID: PMC4636038 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579415000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the prospective association between child maltreatment and the development of substance use disorder in adolescence with the aim of investigating pathways underlying this relation, as well as genetic moderation of these developmental mechanisms. Specifically, we tested whether youth who experienced maltreatment prior to age 8 were at risk for the development of marijuana dependence in adolescence by way of a childhood externalizing pathway and a childhood internalizing pathway. Moreover, we tested whether variation in FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5) CATT haplotype moderated these pathways. The participants were 326 children (n =179 maltreated; n = 147 nonmaltreated) assessed across two waves of data collection (childhood: ages 7-9 and adolescence: ages 15-18). Results indicated that higher levels of child externalizing symptoms significantly mediated the effect of child maltreatment on adolescent marijuana dependence symptoms for individuals with one or two copies of the FKBP5 CATT haplotype only. We did not find support for an internalizing pathway from child maltreatment to adolescent marijuana dependence, nor did we find evidence of moderation of the internalizing pathway by FKBP5 haplotype variation. Findings extend previous research by demonstrating that whether a maltreated child will traverse an externalizing pathway toward substance use disorder in adolescence is dependent on FKBP5 genetic variation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Interleukin 1B gene (IL1B) variation and internalizing symptoms in maltreated preschoolers. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1277-87. [PMID: 25422961 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence now implicates inflammatory proteins in the neurobiology of internalizing disorders. Genetic factors may influence individual responses to maltreatment; however, little work has examined inflammatory genetic variants in adults and none in children. The present study examined the role of an interleukin 1B gene (IL1B) variant in preschoolers exposed to maltreatment and other forms of adversity in internalizing symptom development. One hundred ninety-eight families were enrolled, with one child (age 3-5 years) from each family. Adversity measures included child protective service documentation of moderate-severe maltreatment in the last 6 months and interview-assessed contextual stressors. Internalizing symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Diagnostic Infant and Preschool Assessment. Maltreated children had higher major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and marginally higher internalizing symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist. Controlling for age, sex, and race, IL1B genotype was associated with MDD symptoms (p = .002). Contextual stressors were significantly associated with MDD and posttraumatic stress disorder and marginally with internalizing symptoms. The IL1B genotype interacted with contextual stress such that children homozygous for the minor allele had more MDD symptoms (p = .045). These results suggest that genetic variants of IL1B may modulate the development of internalizing symptoms in the face of childhood adversity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Genetic moderation of child maltreatment effects on depression and internalizing symptoms by serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) genes in African American children. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1219-39. [PMID: 25422957 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic moderation of the effects of child maltreatment on depression and internalizing symptoms was investigated in a sample of low-income maltreated and nonmaltreated African American children (N = 1,096). Lifetime child maltreatment experiences were independently coded from Child Protective Services records and maternal report. Child depression and internalizing problems were assessed in the context of a summer research camp by self-report on the Children's Depression Inventory and adult counselor report on the Teacher Report Form. DNA was obtained from buccal cell or saliva samples and genotyped for polymorphisms of the following genes: serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), norepinephrine transporter, and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1. Analyses of covariance with age and gender as covariates were conducted, with maltreatment status and respective polymorphism as main effects and their Gene × Environment (G × E) interactions. Maltreatment consistently was associated with higher Children's Depression Inventory and Teacher Report Form symptoms. The results for child self-report symptoms indicated a G × E interaction for BDNF and maltreatment. In addition, BDNF and triallelic 5-HTTLPR interacted with child maltreatment in a G × G × E interaction. Analyses for counselor report of child anxiety/depression symptoms on the Teacher Report Form indicated moderation of child maltreatment effects by triallelic 5-HTTLPR. These effects were elaborated based on variation in developmental timing of maltreatment experiences. Norepinephrine transporter was found to further moderate the G × E interaction of 5-HTTLPR and maltreatment status, revealing a G × G × E interaction. This G × G × E was extended by consideration of variation in maltreatment subtype experiences. Finally, G × G × E effects were observed for the co-action of BDNF and the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 haplotype. The findings illustrate the variable influence of specific genotypes in G × E interactions based on variation in maltreatment experiences and the importance of a multigenic approach for understanding influences on depression and internalizing symptoms among African American children.
Collapse
|
30
|
Meijwaard SC, Kikkert M, de Mooij LD, Lommerse NM, Peen J, Schoevers RA, Van R, de Wildt W, Bockting CLH, Dekker JJM. Risk of Criminal Victimisation in Outpatients with Common Mental Health Disorders. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128508. [PMID: 26132200 PMCID: PMC4489091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crime victimisation is a serious problem in psychiatric patients. However, research has focused on patients with severe mental illness and few studies exist that address victimisation in other outpatient groups, such as patients with depression. Due to large differences in methodology of the studies that address crime victimisation, a comparison of prevalence between psychiatric diagnostic groups is hard to make. Objectives of this study were to determine and compare one-year prevalence of violent and non-violent criminal victimisation among outpatients from different diagnostic psychiatric groups and to examine prevalence differences with the general population. METHOD Criminal victimisation prevalence was measured in 300 outpatients living in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with outpatients with depressive disorder (n = 102), substance use disorder (SUD, n = 106) and severe mental illness (SMI, n = 92) using a National Crime Victimisation Survey, and compared with a matched general population sample (n = 10865). RESULTS Of all outpatients, 61% reported experiencing some kind of victimisation over the past year; 33% reported violent victimisation (3.5 times more than the general population) and 36% reported property crimes (1.2 times more than the general population). Outpatients with depression (67%) and SUD (76%) were victimised more often than SMI outpatients (39%). Younger age and hostile behaviour were associated with violent victimisation, while being male and living alone were associated with non-violent victimisation. Moreover, SUD was associated with both violent and non-violent victimisation. CONCLUSION Outpatients with depression, SUD, and SMI are at increased risk of victimisation compared to the general population. Furthermore, our results indicate that victimisation of violent and non-violent crimes is more common in outpatients with depression and SUD than in outpatients with SMI living independently in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine C. Meijwaard
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Kikkert
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liselotte D. de Mooij
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick M. Lommerse
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Peen
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rien Van
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wencke de Wildt
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudi L. H. Bockting
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2–1, 9721 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Utrecht, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology, Padualaan 14, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J. M. Dekker
- Arkin Institute for Mental Health Care, PO Box 75848, 1070 AV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Free University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology, Room 2B-73, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 CD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lereya ST, Copeland WE, Costello EJ, Wolke D. Adult mental health consequences of peer bullying and maltreatment in childhood: two cohorts in two countries. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2:524-31. [PMID: 26360448 PMCID: PMC4580734 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adult mental health consequences of childhood maltreatment are well documented. Maltreatment by peers (ie, bullying) has also been shown to have long-term adverse effects. We aimed to determine whether these effects are just due to being exposed to both maltreatment and bullying or whether bullying has a unique effect. METHODS We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK (ALSPAC) and the Great Smoky Mountains Study in the USA (GSMS) longitudinal studies. In ALSPAC, maltreatment was assessed as physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, or severe maladaptive parenting (or both) between ages 8 weeks and 8·6 years, as reported by the mother in questionnaires, and being bullied was assessed with child reports at 8, 10, and 13 years using the previously validated Bullying and Friendship Interview Schedule. In GSMS, both maltreatment and bullying were repeatedly assessed with annual parent and child interviews between ages 9 and 16 years. To identify the association between maltreatment, being bullied, and mental health problems, binary logistic regression analyses were run. The primary outcome variable was overall mental health problem (any anxiety, depression, or self-harm or suicidality). FINDINGS 4026 children from the ALSPAC cohort and 1420 children from the GSMS cohort provided information about bullying victimisation, maltreatment, and overall mental health problems. The ALSPAC study started in 1991 and the GSMS cohort enrolled participants from 1993. Compared with children who were not maltreated or bullied, children who were only maltreated were at increased risk for depression in young adulthood in models adjusted for sex and family hardships according to the GSMS cohort (odds ratio [OR] 4·1, 95% CI 1·5-11·7). According to the ALSPAC cohort, those who were only being maltreated were not at increased risk for any mental health problem compared with children who were not maltreated or bullied. By contrast, those who were both maltreated and bullied were at increased risk for overall mental health problems, anxiety, and depression according to both cohorts and self-harm according to the ALSPAC cohort compared with neutral children. Children who were bullied by peers only were more likely than children who were maltreated only to have mental health problems in both cohorts (ALSPAC OR 1·6, 95% CI 1·1-2·2; p=0·005; GSMS 3·8, 1·8-7·9, p<0·0001), with differences in anxiety (GSMS OR 4·9; 95% CI 2·0-12·0), depression (ALSPAC 1·7, 1·1-2·7), and self-harm (ALSPAC 1·7, 1·1-2·6) between the two cohorts. INTERPRETATION Being bullied by peers in childhood had generally worse long-term adverse effects on young adults' mental health. These effects were not explained by poly-victimisation. The findings have important implications for public health planning and service development for dealing with peer bullying. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, National Institute of Mental Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, NARSAD (Early Career Award), and the William T Grant Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William E Copeland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke Medical Center, Sheffield, UK
| | - E Jane Costello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke Medical Center, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khan A, McCormack HC, Bolger EA, McGreenery CE, Vitaliano G, Polcari A, Teicher MH. Childhood Maltreatment, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation: Critical Importance of Parental and Peer Emotional Abuse during Developmental Sensitive Periods in Males and Females. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:42. [PMID: 25870565 PMCID: PMC4378368 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adverse childhood experience (ACE) study found that risk for depression increased as a function of number of types of childhood maltreatment, and interpret this as a result of cumulative stress. An alternative hypothesis is that risk depends on type and timing of maltreatment. This will also present as a linear increase, since exposure to more types of abuse increases likelihood of experiencing a critical type of abuse at a critical age. METHODS 560 (223M/337F) young adults (18-25 years) were recruited from the community without regard to diagnosis and balanced to have equal exposure to 0-4 plus types of maltreatment. The Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure Scale assessed severity of exposure to 10 types of maltreatment across each year of childhood. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and current symptoms were evaluated by SCID, interview, and self-report. Predictive analytics assessed importance of exposure at each age and evaluated whether exposure at one or two ages was a more important predictor than number, severity, or duration of maltreatment across childhood. RESULTS The most important predictors of lifetime history of MDD were non-verbal emotional abuse in males and peer emotional abuse (EA) in females at 14 years of age, and these were more important predictors across models than number of types of maltreatment (males: t 9 = 16.39, p < 10(-7); females t 9 = 5.78, p < 10(-4)). Suicidal ideation was predicted, in part, by NVEA and peer EA at age 14, but most importantly by parental verbal abuse at age 5 in males and sexual abuse at age 18 in females. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for sensitive exposure periods when maltreatment maximally impacts risk for depression, and provides an alternative interpretation of the ACE study results. These findings fit with emerging neuroimaging evidence for regional sensitivity periods. The presence of sensitive exposure periods has important implications for prevention, preemption, and treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alaptagin Khan
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Hannah C. McCormack
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Bolger
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Gordana Vitaliano
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Ann Polcari
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- School of Nursing, Northeastern University, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Martin H. Teicher
- Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gooding HC, Milliren C, McLaughlin KA, Richmond TK, Katz-Wise SL, Rich-Edwards J, Austin SB. Child maltreatment and blood pressure in young adulthood. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1747-54. [PMID: 25245501 PMCID: PMC4254185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with hypertension in older adults. This study assessed whether an association between child maltreatment and blood pressure is detectable in young adults and whether any association differs by sex or is modified by genetic polymorphisms known to be involved in stress sensitivity. We examined these patterns in a sample of 12,420 young adults ages 24-32 years who participated in Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Participants retrospectively reported history of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse before age 18 years. Participants with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg were classified as hypertensive. We used sex-stratified linear and logistic regression models to assess associations between each type of childhood maltreatment and SBP, DBP, and hypertension. We created interaction terms to assess for effect modification of any relationship between maltreatment and blood pressure by sex or SLC64A genotype. Fifteen percent of females and 31.5% of males were hypertensive. Frequent physical abuse in childhood was reported by 5%, frequent emotional abuse by 12%, and any sexual abuse by 5%. No association was observed between abuse history and blood pressure in either males or females, nor was effect modification present by SLC64A genotype. Child maltreatment exposure was not associated with blood pressure or hypertension in young adults in this study. Future studies should investigate additional critical windows for the effect of child maltreatment on cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Gooding
- Boston Children's Hospital Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carly Milliren
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, 119A Guthrie Hall, UW Box 351525, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tracy K Richmond
- Boston Children's Hospital Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sabra L Katz-Wise
- Boston Children's Hospital Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janet Rich-Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Bryn Austin
- Boston Children's Hospital Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Trauma in childhood is a psychosocial, medical, and public policy problem with serious consequences for its victims and for society. Chronic interpersonal violence in children is common worldwide. Developmental traumatology, the systemic investigation of the psychiatric and psychobiological effects of chronic overwhelming stress on the developing child, provides a framework and principles when empirically examining the neurobiological effects of pediatric trauma. This article focuses on peer-reviewed literature on the neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma in children and in adults with histories of childhood trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D De Bellis
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development and Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 104360, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Abigail Zisk
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development and Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 104360, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
There is a great need to recognize, prevent, reduce, or treat the immediate and long-term effects of childhood trauma. Most children affected by trauma will not develop long-term posttraumatic sequelae due to their resilience, but comorbid psychopathological outcomes occur and are more common after exposure to severe traumatic events. Factors influencing posttraumatic outcomes are numerous. Young dependent children tend to be more susceptible than older children; children with pain or injury are also more susceptible. Psychopathological effects may not be evident until adulthood. Awareness of the range of adverse outcomes underscores the importance of preventive interventions, accurate assessment, diagnosis and where possible, treatment. Advocacy and public policy initiatives are essential to improving outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Stoddard
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, SHC 610, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes. Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:907-28. [PMID: 22781862 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gene-environment interaction effects in predicting antisocial behavior in late childhood were investigated among maltreated and nonmaltreated low-income children (N = 627, M age = 11.27). Variants in three genes were examined: tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR), and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) upstream variable number tandem repeat. In addition to child maltreatment status, we considered the impact of maltreatment subtypes, developmental timing of maltreatment, and chronicity. Indicators of antisocial behavior were obtained from self-, peer, and adult counselor reports. In a series of analyses of covariance, child maltreatment and its parameters demonstrated strong main effects on early antisocial behavior as assessed by all report forms. Genetic effects operated primarily in the context of gene-environment interactions, moderating the impact of child maltreatment on outcomes. Across the three genes, among nonmaltreated children no differences in antisocial behavior were found based on genetic variation. In contrast, among maltreated children specific polymorphisms of TPH1, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA were each related to heightened self-report of antisocial behavior; the interaction of 5-HTTLPR and developmental timing of maltreatment also indicated more severe antisocial outcomes for children with early onset and recurrent maltreatment based on genotype. TPH1 and 5-HTTLPR interacted with maltreatment subtype to predict peer reports of antisocial behavior; genetic variation contributed to larger differences in antisocial behavior among abused children. The TPH1 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms also moderated the effects of maltreatment subtype on adult reports of antisocial behavior; again, the genetic effects were strongest for children who were abused. In addition, TPH1 moderated the effect of developmental timing of maltreatment and chronicity on adult reports of antisocial behavior. The findings elucidate how genetic variation contributes to identifying which maltreated children are most vulnerable to antisocial development.
Collapse
|