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Shisler S, Lee JK, Schlienz NJ, Hawk LW, Thanos PK, Kong KL, Leising MC, Eiden RD. Prenatal tobacco and tobacco-cannabis co-exposure: Relationship with attention and memory in middle childhood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 104:107371. [PMID: 38971339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
We examined associations between prenatal tobacco exposure (with and without cannabis exposure) and children's performance on laboratory measures of sustained attention, attentional set shifting, and working memory in middle childhood (9-12 years of child age). Participants were recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy and oversampled for prenatal tobacco exposure; with a smaller sample (n = 133; n = 34 non-substance exposed, n = 37 exposed to tobacco only, n = 62 co-exposed) invited (oversampled for co-exposure) to participate in the middle-childhood assessment (M age = 10.6, SD = 0.77; 68% Black, 20% Hispanic). Results for sustained attention indicated lower attention (percent hits) at the first epoch for tobacco only exposed compared to non-exposed and co-exposed; a trend (p = .07) towards increases in impulsive responding across time (a total of 8 epochs) for tobacco exposed (with and without cannabis) compared to non-exposed children; and a significant association between higher number of cigarettes in the first trimester and greater increases in impulsive responding across epochs. However, children prenatally exposed to tobacco (with and without cannabis) demonstrated greater short-term memory compared to children not prenatally exposed, and this difference was driven by higher scores for children prenatally co-exposed to tobacco and cannabis compared to those who were non-exposed. Overall, results suggest that prenatal tobacco exposure, especially in the first trimester, may increase risk for impulsive responding on tasks requiring sustained attention, and that co-use of cannabis did not exacerbate these associations. The higher short-term memory scores among children who were co-exposed compared to non-exposed are perplexing and need replication, particularly in studies with larger sample sizes and samples exposed only to cannabis to examine this more closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Shisler
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America.
| | - Jin-Kyung Lee
- Department of Psychology and the Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J Schlienz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Larry W Hawk
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri- Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Meghan Casey Leising
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Department of Psychology and the Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Vrantsidis DM, Klebanoff MA, Yeates KO, Murnan A, Fried P, Boone KM, Rausch J, Keim SA. Associations of prenatal stress with 5-year-old children's executive function in a low socioeconomic status population. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38706341 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal stress has a significant, but small, negative effect on children's executive function (EF) in middle and high socioeconomic status (SES) households. Importantly, rates and severity of prenatal stress are higher and protective factors are reduced in lower SES households, suggesting prenatal stress may be particularly detrimental for children's EF in this population. This study examined whether prenatal stress was linked to 5-year-old's EF in a predominantly low SES sample and child sex moderated this association, as males may be more vulnerable to adverse prenatal experiences. Participants were 132 mother-child dyads drawn from a prospective prenatal cohort. Mothers reported on their depression symptoms, trait anxiety, perceived stress, everyday discrimination, and sleep quality at enrollment and once each trimester, to form a composite prenatal stress measure. Children's EF was assessed at age 5 years using the parent-report Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool (BRIEF-P) Global Executive Composite subscale and neuropsychological tasks completed by the children. Mixed models revealed higher prenatal stress was associated with lower BRIEF-P scores, indicating better EF, for females only. Higher prenatal stress was associated with lower performance on neuropsychological EF measures for both males and females. Results add to the limited evidence about prenatal stress effects on children's EF in low SES households.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Klebanoff
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron Murnan
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Peter Fried
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly M Boone
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Rausch
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah A Keim
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Uban KA, Jonker D, Donald KA, Bodison SC, Brooks SJ, Kan E, Steigelmann B, Roos A, Marshall A, Adise S, Butler-Kruger L, Melly B, Narr KL, Joshi SH, Odendaal HJ, Sowell ER, Stein DJ. Associations between community-level patterns of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure on brain structure in a non-clinical sample of 6-year-old children: a South African pilot study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2024; 36:87-96. [PMID: 36700449 PMCID: PMC10368794 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2022.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The current small study utilised prospective data collection of patterns of prenatal alcohol and tobacco exposure (PAE and PTE) to examine associations with structural brain outcomes in 6-year-olds and served as a pilot to determine the value of prospective data describing community-level patterns of PAE and PTE in a non-clinical sample of children. Participants from the Safe Passage Study in pregnancy were approached when their child was ∼6 years old and completed structural brain magnetic resonance imaging to examine with archived PAE and PTE data (n = 51 children-mother dyads). Linear regression was used to conduct whole-brain structural analyses, with false-discovery rate (FDR) correction, to examine: (a) main effects of PAE, PTE and their interaction; and (b) predictive potential of data that reflect patterns of PAE and PTE (e.g. quantity, frequency and timing (QFT)). Associations between PAE, PTE and their interaction with brain structural measures demonstrated unique profiles of cortical and subcortical alterations that were distinct between PAE only, PTE only and their interactive effects. Analyses examining associations between patterns of PAE and PTE (e.g. QFT) were able to significantly detect brain alterations (that survived FDR correction) in this small non-clinical sample of children. These findings support the hypothesis that considering QFT and co-exposures is important for identifying brain alterations following PAE and/or PTE in a small group of young children. Current results demonstrate that teratogenic outcomes on brain structure differ as a function PAE, PTE or their co-exposures, as well as the pattern (QFT) or exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Uban
- Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
| | - Deborah Jonker
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsten A Donald
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefanie C Bodison
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Eric Kan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Annerine Roos
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shana Adise
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Letitia Butler-Kruger
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brigitte Melly
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine L Narr
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantanu H Joshi
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hein J Odendaal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa
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4
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Ortega LA, Aragon-Carvajal DM, Cortes-Corso KT, Forero-Castillo F. Early developmental risks for tobacco addiction: A probabilistic epigenesis framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105499. [PMID: 38056543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in elucidating the relationships between early life psychobiological and environmental risk factors and the development of tobacco addiction. However, a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity in tobacco addiction phenotypes requires integrating research findings. The probabilistic epigenesis meta-theory offers a valuable framework for this integration, considering systemic, multilevel, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. In this paper, we critically review relevant research on early developmental risks associated with tobacco addiction and highlight the integrative heuristic value of the probabilistic epigenesis framework for this research. For this, we propose a four-level systems approach as an initial step towards integration, analyzing complex interactions among different levels of influence. Additionally, we explore a coaction approach to examine key interactions between early risk factors. Moreover, we introduce developmental pathways to understand interindividual differences in tobacco addiction risk during development. This integrative approach holds promise for advancing our understanding of tobacco addiction etiology and informing potentially effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Ortega
- Facultad de Psicologia, Fundacion Universitaria Konrad Lorenz, Colombia.
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Chang LY, Chiang TL. Associations of timing, level, and pattern of secondhand smoke exposure with early alcohol initiation: A cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 252:110988. [PMID: 37844480 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies explored the longitudinal link between early-life secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and later alcohol initiation despite its risk for child behavioral difficulties. We examined the associations of the timing, level, and pattern of SHS exposure from pregnancy to childhood with early alcohol initiation and evaluated the sex differences in these associations. METHODS Data were from 16,440 participants of the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study conducted when the children were aged 6 months, 18 months, 3 years, 5.5 years, 8 years, and 12 years. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identified patterns of SHS exposure. A series of multiple logistic regression were conducted to examine study hypotheses. RESULTS Exposure to prenatal SHS was associated with an increased risk of early alcohol initiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06, 1.30). Compared with the adolescents with a persistent-low-exposure trajectory, those who exhibited prenatal-high-decreasing (aOR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.35) or persistent-high-exposure (aOR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.45) patterns exhibited increased risks of early alcohol initiation. Those with higher cumulative levels of SHS exposure also exhibited an increased risk of early alcohol initiation (aOR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.04). Sex differences were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Varying timing, levels, and longitudinal patterns of SHS exposure during early life had differential effects on early alcohol initiation, with the effects differing by sex. Targeting SHS exposure while considering the nature of exposure and sex differences could help prevent and curb alcohol use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yin Chang
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Liang Chiang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Vrantsidis DM, Clark CAC, Volk A, Wakschlag LS, Andrews Espy K, Wiebe SA. Exploring the interplay of dopaminergic genotype and parental behavior in relation to executive function in early childhood. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1147-1158. [PMID: 34779374 PMCID: PMC9107528 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Child genotype is an important biologically based individual difference conferring differential sensitivity to the effect of parental behavior. This study explored dopaminergic polygenic composite × parental behavior interactions in relation to young children's executive function. Participants were 135 36-month-old children and their mothers drawn from a prospective cohort followed longitudinally from pregnancy. A polygenic composite was created based on the number of COMT, DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4 alleles associated with increased reward sensitivity children carried. Maternal negative reactivity and responsiveness were coded during a series of structured mother-child interactions. Executive function was operationalized as self-control and working memory/inhibitory control. Path analysis supported a polygenic composite by negative reactivity interaction for self-control. The nature of the interaction was one of diathesis-stress, such that higher negative reactivity was associated with poorer self-control for children with higher polygenic composite scores. This result suggests that children with a higher number of alleles may be more vulnerable to the negative effect of negative reactivity. Negative reactivity may increase the risk for developing behavior problems in this population via an association with poorer self-control. Due to the small sample size, these initial findings should be treated with caution until they are replicated in a larger independent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M Vrantsidis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Auriele Volk
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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7
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Sable C, Li JS, Tristani‐Firouzi M, Fagerlin A, Silver RM, Yandel M, Yost HJ, Beaton A, Dale J, Engel ME, Watkins D, Spurney C, Skinner AC, Armstrong SC, Shah SH, Allen N, Davis M, Hou L, Van Horn L, Labarthe D, Lloyd‐Jones D, Marino B. American Heart Association's Children's Strategically Focused Research Network Experience. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e028356. [PMID: 36974754 PMCID: PMC10122897 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.028356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The American Heart Association's Strategically Focused Children's Research Network started in July 2017 with 4 unique programs at Children's National Hospital in Washington, DC; Duke University in Durham, North Carolina; University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah; and Lurie Children's Hospital/Northwestern University in Chicago, Illinois. The overarching goal of the Children's National center was to develop evidence-based strategies to strengthen the health system response to rheumatic heart disease through synergistic basic, clinical, and population science research. The overall goals of the Duke center were to determine risk factors for obesity and response to treatment including those that might work on a larger scale in communities across the country. The integrating theme of the Utah center focused on leveraging big data-science approaches to improve the quality of care and outcomes for children with congenital heart defects, within the context of the patient and their family. The overarching hypothesis of the Northwestern center is that the early course of change in cardiovascular health, from birth onward, reflects factors that result in either subsequent development of cardiovascular risk or preservation of lifetime favorable cardiovascular health. All 4 centers exceeded the original goals of research productivity, fellow training, and collaboration. This article describes details of these accomplishments and highlights challenges, especially around the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norrina Allen
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA
| | - Matthew Davis
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA
| | - Darwin Labarthe
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoILUSA
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8
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Cao H, Zhou N, Liang Y, Li Q, Yu Q, Bao T. Early Risk of Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Preschoolers' Hot and Cool Inhibitory Control: Promotive and Protective Roles of Maternal Positivity in Early Mother-child Interaction. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:50-63. [PMID: 35939179 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Early tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) in utero and/or during the first years after birth poses threats to the development of child executive functioning and self-regulation skills, including inhibitory control. Efforts are still needed to examine under what conditions such effects may occur and thus identify modifiable intervention targets. In addition, a distinction between cool and hot inhibitory control is also important to obtain greater nuance in such links. The cool inhibitory control refers to children's suppression of prepotent automatic responses to a distracting stimulus in solving arbitrary and decontextualized problems, whereas the hot inhibitory control refers to children's control of impulse in motivationally and emotionally high-stake situations. Using data derived from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we examined the links between early risk of TSE and preschoolers' hot and cool inhibitory control and tested the potential promotive/protective roles of maternal positivity in early mother-child interactions. Results indicate that early risk of TSE was negatively linked to child cool inhibitory control when maternal positivity was low, but this link was nonsignificant when maternal positivity was high (i.e., the protective role of maternal positivity). The link between early risk of TSE and child later hot inhibitory control was not moderated by maternal positivity; instead, early risk of TSE and maternal positivity were negatively and positively associated with child hot inhibitory control above and beyond each other, respectively (i.e., the promotive role of maternal positivity). Accordingly, building a tobacco-free environment during pregnancy and infancy likely yields long-term benefits for child self-regulation development. Improving early mothering may offset the negative link between early TSE and child cool inhibitory control and also facilitate child hot inhibitory control even in the face of early TSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Cao
- Applied Psychology Program, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, No. 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, E33 Building, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Yue Liang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qi Li
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qianwen Yu
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Faculty of Education, Institute of Early Childhood Education, Beijing Normal University, Hai Dian District, 512 Ying Dong Building, No. 19 Xin Jie Kou Wai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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9
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Vrantsidis DM, Wakschlag LS, Espy KA, Wiebe SA. Differential associations of maternal behavior to preschool boys' and girls' executive function. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 83:101468. [PMID: 37220613 PMCID: PMC10201980 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2022.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boys are more sensitive to environmental factors like parental behavior, an important predictor of executive function. This study examined whether the interaction between child sex and maternal behavior was associated with children's executive function in a manner consistent with the vulnerability or differential susceptibility model. Participants were 146 36-month-old children and their mothers. Maternal responsiveness and negative reactivity were coded during structured mother-child interactions. Executive function was operationalized as latent self-control and working memory/inhibitory control (WMIC). Structural equation modelling supported a sex by responsiveness interaction for self-control but not WMIC. Consistent with a vulnerability model, less responsiveness was associated with poorer self-control for boys relative to girls. Boys' self-control may be more vulnerable to the negative effect of unresponsive maternal behavior helping explain boys increased risk for externalizing behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne M. Vrantsidis
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Departments of Neuroscience, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sandra A. Wiebe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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10
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Nili AN, Krogh-Jespersen S, Perlman SB, Estabrook R, Petitclerc A, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Sherlock PR, Norton ES, Wakschlag LS. Joint Consideration of Inhibitory Control and Irritability in Young Children: Contributions to Emergent Psychopathology. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1415-1427. [PMID: 35838931 PMCID: PMC9753138 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00945-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in self-regulation capacity have been linked to subsequent impairment and clinical symptomology across the lifespan. Prior work has identified difficulty regulating angry emotions (i.e., irritability) as a powerful transdiagnostic indicator of current and future clinical concerns. Less is known regarding how irritability intersects with cognitive features of self-regulation, in particular inhibitory control, despite its mental health relevance. A promising avenue for improving specificity of clinical predictions in early childhood is multi-method, joint consideration of irritability and inhibitory control capacities. To advance early identification of impairment and psychopathology risk, we contrast group- and variable-based models of neurodevelopmental vulnerability at the interface of irritability and inhibitory control in contexts of varied motivational and emotional salience. This work was conducted in a longitudinal study of children recruited at well-child visits in Midwestern pediatric clinics at preschool age (N = 223, age range = 3-7 years). Group-based models (clustering and regression of clusters on clinical outcomes) indicated significant heterogeneity of self-regulation capacity in this sample. Meanwhile, variable-based models (continuous multiple regression) evidenced associations with concurrent clinical presentation, future symptoms, and impairment across the broad spectrum of psychopathology. Irritability transdiagnostically indicated internalizing and externalizing problems, concurrently and longitudinally. In contrast, inhibitory control was uniquely associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms. We present these findings to advance a joint consideration approach to two promising indicators of neurodevelopmental vulnerability and mental health risk. Models suggest that both emotional and cognitive self-regulation capacities can address challenges in characterizing the developmental unfolding of psychopathology from preschool to early childhood age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Nili
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair, Suite 1900, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Sheila Krogh-Jespersen
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Susan B Perlman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryne Estabrook
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Phil R Sherlock
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair, Suite 1900, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Norton
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- School of Communications, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Laurie S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 633 N. St. Clair, Suite 1900, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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11
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Externalizing behavior in preschool children in a South African birth cohort: Predictive pathways in a high-risk context. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 35:982-999. [PMID: 35287770 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942200027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mental health problems often begin in early childhood. However, the associations of various individual and contextual risk factors with mental health in the preschool period are incompletely understood, particularly in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) where multiple risk factors co-exist. To address this gap, we prospectively followed 981 children in a South African birth cohort, the Drakenstein Child Health Study, assessing pre-and postnatal exposures and risk factors. The predictive value of these factors for child mental health (assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist) was modeled using structural equation modeling. We identified two key pathways to greater externalizing behavior: (1) prenatal exposure to substances (alcohol and smoking) directly predicted increased externalizing behavior (β = 0.24, p < 0.001); this relationship was partially mediated by an aspect of infant temperament (negative emotionality; β = 0.05, p = 0.016); (2) lower socioeconomic status and associated maternal prenatal depression predicted more coercive parenting, which in turn predicted increased externalizing behavior (β = 0.18, p = 0.001). Findings in this high-risk LMIC cohort cohere with research from higher income contexts, and indicate the need to introduce integrated screening and intervention strategies for maternal prenatal substance use and depression, and promoting positive parenting across the preschool period.
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Differential Relations of Parental Behavior to Children's Early Executive Function as a Function of Child Genotype: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:435-470. [PMID: 35195834 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Child genotype is an important biologically based indicator of sensitivity to the effects of parental behavior on children's executive function (EF) in early childhood, birth to age 5. While evidence for gene × parental behavior interactions on children's early EF is growing, researchers have called the quality of evidence provided by gene × environment interaction studies into question. For this reason, this review comprehensively examined the literature and evaluated the evidence for gene × parental behavior interactions on children's early EF abilities. Psychology and psychiatry databases were searched for published peer-reviewed studies. A total of 18 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine of 89 (33%) examined interactions were significant. However, a p-curve analysis did not find the significant interactions to be of evidential value. A high rate of false positives, due to the continued use of candidate gene and haplotype measures of child genotype and small sample sizes, likely contributed to the high rate of significant interactions and low evidential value. The use of contemporary molecular genetic measures and larger sample sizes are necessary to advance our understanding of child genotype as a moderator of parental effects on children's EF during early childhood and the biopsychosocial mechanisms underlying children's EF development during this critical period. Without these changes, future research is likely to be stymied by the same limitations as current research.
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13
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Polli FS, Kohlmeier KA. Prenatal nicotine alters development of the laterodorsal tegmentum: Possible role for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and drug dependence. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:212-235. [PMID: 35317337 PMCID: PMC8900586 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As we cycle between the states of wakefulness and sleep, a bilateral cholinergic nucleus in the pontine brain stem, the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), plays a critical role in controlling salience processing, attention, behavioral arousal, and electrophysiological signatures of the sub- and microstates of sleep. Disorders involving abnormal alterations in behavioral and motivated states, such as drug dependence, likely involve dysfunctions in LDT signaling. In addition, as the LDT exhibits connectivity with the thalamus and mesocortical circuits, as well as receives direct, excitatory input from the prefrontal cortex, a role for the LDT in cognitive symptoms characterizing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) including impulsivity, inflexibility, and dysfunctions of attention is suggested. Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) is associated with a higher risk for later life development of drug dependence and ADHD, suggesting alteration in development of brain regions involved in these behaviors. PNE has been shown to alter glutamate and cholinergic signaling within the LDT. As glutamate and acetylcholine are major excitatory mediators, these alterations would likely alter excitatory output to target regions in limbic motivational circuits and to thalamic and cortical networks mediating executive control. Further, PNE alters neuronal development and transmission within prefrontal cortex and limbic areas that send input to the LDT, which would compound effects of differential processing within the PNE LDT. When taken together, alterations in signaling in the LDT are likely to play a role in negative behavioral outcomes seen in PNE individuals, including a heightened risk of drug dependence and ADHD behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S Polli
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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14
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Kim S, Selya A, Wakschlag LS, Dierker L, Rose JS, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Estimating causal and time-varying effects of maternal smoking on youth smoking. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106982. [PMID: 34022755 PMCID: PMC8194413 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal smoking is a well-known risk factor for youth smoking, yet whether this relationship is causal remains unresolved. This study utilizes propensity score methods for causal inference to robustly account for shared risk factors between maternal and offspring smoking. METHODS An 8-year longitudinal cohort of 900 adolescents in the Chicago area were followed starting from approximately age 15.6. The effects of maternal lifetime smoking (MLS) and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) (among participants reporting MLS) on offspring's past 30-day smoking, daily smoking status and smoking frequency were examined using logistic regression and Poisson regression after nearest-neighbor propensity matching. Age dependency of this relationship was then examined across the age range of 15-25 using time-varying effect modeling. RESULTS Propensity matching yielded 438 and 132 pairs for MLS and PTE study samples, respectively. MLS demonstrated significant associations with past 30-day smoking (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.04-1.14), daily smoking (RR 1.08; 95% CI 1.05-1.12), and smoking frequency of offspring (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.15-1.52), with stable effects across age. Among participants reporting MLS, having PTE showed significant additional effects on daily smoking (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.02-1.17) and age-dependency that showed significance during young adulthood but not adolescence. CONCLUSION The relationship between maternal and offspring smoking was not fully accounted for by shared risk factors, suggesting possible causation with PTE having a delayed effect across age. Targeted prevention efforts should be made on maternal smoking-exposed adolescents to mitigate their risks of developing heavy smoking habits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyong Kim
- Behavioral Sciences Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; PinneyAssociates, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Arielle Selya
- Behavioral Sciences Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States; PinneyAssociates, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States.
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lisa Dierker
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Jennifer S Rose
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States
| | - Don Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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15
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Finlay-Jones A, Ang JE, Bennett E, Downs J, Kendall S, Kottampally K, Krogh-Jespersen S, Lim YH, MacNeill LA, Mancini V, Marriott R, Milroy H, Robinson M, Smith JD, Wakschlag LS, Ohan JL. Caregiver-mediated interventions to support self-regulation among infants and young children (0-5 years): a protocol for a realist review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046078. [PMID: 34112642 PMCID: PMC8194327 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-regulation is a modifiable protective factor for lifespan mental and physical health outcomes. Early caregiver-mediated interventions to promote infant and child regulatory outcomes prevent long-term developmental, emotional and behavioural difficulties and improve outcomes such as school readiness, educational achievement and economic success. To harness the population health promise of these programmes, there is a need for more nuanced understanding of the impact of these interventions. The aim of this realist review is to understand how, why, under which circumstances and for whom, early caregiver-mediated interventions improve infant and child self-regulation. The research questions guiding this review were based on consultation with families and community organisations that provide early childhood and family services. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Realist reviews take a theory-driven and iterative approach to evidence synthesis, structured around continuous refinement of a programme theory. Programme theories specify context-mechanism-outcome configurations to explain what works, for whom, under which circumstances and how. Our initial programme theory is based on prior work in this field and will be refined through the review process. A working group, comprising service users, community organisation representatives, representatives from specific populations, clinicians and review team members will guide the evidence synthesis and interpretation, as well as the development and dissemination of recommendations based on the findings of the review. The review will involve searching: (i) electronic databases, (ii) connected papers, articles and citations and (iii) grey literature. Decisions to include evidence will be guided by judgements about their contribution to the programme theory and will be made by the research team, with input from the working group. Evidence synthesis will be reported using the Realist and MEta-narrative Evidence Synthesis: Evolving Standards guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not required as this is a review. Findings will be disseminated to our working group and through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations. REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER The protocol is registered with Open Science Framework https://osf.io/5ce2z/registrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Finlay-Jones
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jetro Emanel Ang
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elaine Bennett
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- Ngangk Yira Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jenny Downs
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Child Disability, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sally Kendall
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Keerthi Kottampally
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sheila Krogh-Jespersen
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yi Huey Lim
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leigha A MacNeill
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vincent Mancini
- Early Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rhonda Marriott
- Ngangk Yira Research Centre for Aboriginal Health and Social Equity, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Milroy
- Youth Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Monique Robinson
- Youth Mental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Justin D Smith
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeneva L Ohan
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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16
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Massey SH, Clark CAC, Sun MY, Burns JL, Mroczek DK, Espy KA, Wakschlag LS. Dimension- and context-specific expression of preschoolers' disruptive behaviors associated with prenatal tobacco exposure. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 81:106915. [PMID: 32693011 PMCID: PMC7484981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Precise phenotypic characterization of prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE)-related disruptive behavior (DB) that integrates nuanced measures of both exposures and outcomes is optimal for elucidating underlying mechanisms. Using this approach, our goals were to identify dimensions of DB most sensitive to PTE prior to school entry and assess contextual variation in these dimensions. METHODS A community obstetric sample of N = 369 women (79.2% lifetime smokers; 70.2% pregnancy smokers) from two Midwestern cities were assessed for PTE using cotinine-calibrated interview-based reports at 16, 28, and 40 weeks of gestation. A subset of n = 244 who completed observational assessments with their 5-year-old children in a subsequent preschool follow-up study constitute the analytic sample. Using two developmentally-meaningful dimensions previously associated with emergent clinical risk for DB-irritability and noncompliance-we assessed children with 2 parent-report scales: the Multidimensional Assessment Profile of Disruptive Behavior (MAP-DB) and the Early Childhood Inventory (ECI). We also assessed children by direct observation across 3 interactional contexts with the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS). We used generalized linear models to examine between-child variability across behavioral dimensions, and mixed effects models to examine directly observed within-child variability by interactional context. RESULTS Increasing PTE predicted increasing impairment in preschoolers' modulation of negative affect (irritability), but not negative behavior (noncompliance) across reported (MAP-DB) and observed (DB-DOS) dimensional measures. Moreover, children's PTE-related irritability was more pronounced when observed with parents than with the examiner. The ECI did not detect PTE-related irritability nor noncompliance. CONCLUSIONS Nuanced, dimension- and context-specific characterization of PTE-related DB described can optimize early identification of at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair St, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, 241 Teacher College Hall, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Michael Y Sun
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel K Mroczek
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kimberly A Espy
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249-1644, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7792 San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N Saint Clair St, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, 633 N Saint Clair St, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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17
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Bush NR, Wakschlag LS, LeWinn KZ, Hertz-Picciotto I, Nozadi SS, Pieper S, Lewis J, Biezonski D, Blair C, Deardorff J, Neiderhiser JM, Leve LD, Elliott AJ, Duarte CS, Lugo-Candelas C, O’Shea TM, Avalos LA, Page GP, Posner J. Family Environment, Neurodevelopmental Risk, and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Initiative: Looking Back and Moving Forward. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:547. [PMID: 32636769 PMCID: PMC7318113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The family environment, with all its complexity and diverse components, plays a critical role in shaping neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Herein we review several domains of the family environment (family socioeconomic status, family composition and home environment, parenting behaviors and interaction styles, parental mental health and functioning, and parental substance use) and discuss how these domains influence neurodevelopment, with particular emphasis on mental health outcomes. We also highlight a new initiative launched by the National Institutes of Health, the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program. We discuss the role that ECHO will play in advancing our understanding of the impact of the family environment on children's risk for psychiatric outcomes. Lastly, we conclude with important unanswered questions and controversies in this area of research, highlighting how ECHO will contribute to resolving these gaps in our understanding, clarifying relationships between the family environment and children's mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. Bush
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Il, United States
| | - Kaja Z. LeWinn
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara S. Nozadi
- Community Environmental Health Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sarah Pieper
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Community Environmental Health Program, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Dominik Biezonski
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Community Health Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jenae M. Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Center for Pediatric and Community Research, Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Cristiane S. Duarte
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Claudia Lugo-Candelas
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lyndsay A. Avalos
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, United States
| | - Grier P. Page
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, RTI, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Polli FS, Scharff MB, Ipsen TH, Aznar S, Kohlmeier KA, Andreasen JT. Prenatal nicotine exposure in mice induces sex-dependent anxiety-like behavior, cognitive deficits, hyperactivity, and changes in the expression of glutamate receptor associated-genes in the prefrontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 195:172951. [PMID: 32439454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) has been associated with increased risk for development of cognitive and emotional disturbances, but the findings are somewhat conflicting. Lack of behavioral alterations following PNE could be due to the variety of methods available for nicotine delivery, exposure time and species used, with inbred strains being mostly employed. Such differences suggest the need to investigate the behavioral phenotype in each PNE model available if we are to find models with enhanced translational value. In this study, we assessed sex-dependent effects of PNE on ADHD-related behaviors and on the levels of mRNA coding for glutamate receptor subunits within the prefrontal cortex in the outbred NMRI mice exposed to nicotine via maternal drinking water during gestation. Cotinine levels were assessed in newborn pups. Behaviors related to anxiety, compulsivity, working memory, and locomotion were evaluated in both sexes of young adult offspring using the elevated zero maze, marble burying, spontaneous alternation behavior, and locomotor activity tests. Expression of mRNA coding for different glutamate receptors subunits within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was measured using RT-qPCR. Cotinine levels in the serum of newborns confirmed fetal nicotine exposure. Both male and female offspring showed ADHD-like behaviors, such as deficit in the SAB test and hyperactivity. In addition, PNE male mice displayed anxiety- and compulsive-like behaviors, effects that were absent in female offspring. Finally, PNE reduced the mRNA expression of GluN1-, GluN2B-, and mGluR2-related genes within the PFC of male offspring, whereas it reduced the expression of mRNA coding for GluA2 subunit in female mice. PNE in NMRI mice induced sex-dependent behavioral changes, which parallels clinical findings following maternal cigarette smoke exposure. Alterations detected in PFC mRNA glutamate receptor proteins could contribute to the abnormal behavioral responses observed, but other signaling pathways or brain regions are likely involved in the behavioral susceptibility of PNE individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S Polli
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Malthe B Scharff
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Theis H Ipsen
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Kristi A Kohlmeier
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
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Vrantsidis DM, Clark CAC, Chevalier N, Espy KA, Wiebe SA. Socioeconomic status and executive function in early childhood: Exploring proximal mechanisms. Dev Sci 2020; 23:e12917. [PMID: 31680392 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there is substantial evidence that socioeconomic status (SES) predicts children's executive function (EF), the mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. This study tested the utility of two theories proposed to link SES to children's EF: the family stress model and the family investment model. Data came from the Midwestern Infant Development Study (N = 151). To measure SES, parental education and income were assessed during pregnancy, and income was also assessed when children were 6 and 36 months old. Children's EF, operationalized as working memory/inhibitory control (WMIC) and self-control, was assessed at 36 months of age, along with potential mediators including maternal psychological distress, harsh parenting, and cognitive stimulation. Using structural equation modeling, we tested simultaneous pathways from SES to EF: (a) via maternal psychological distress to harsh parenting (family stress model) and (b) via cognitive stimulation (family investment model). Of the SES measures, lower education predicted poorer WMIC directly and indirectly via greater maternal psychological distress. Lower education also predicted poorer self-control via greater maternal psychological distress. This effect was partially suppressed by an indirect path from lower education to better self-control via greater psychological distress and increased harsh parenting. Cognitive stimulation did not act as a mediator. Income was not directly or indirectly associated with EF. These findings provide partial support for the family stress model and suggest that family functioning is an important proximal mechanism for children's EF development. This study also highlights the importance of considering SES as a multidimensional construct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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20
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Clark CAC, Massey SH, Wiebe SA, Espy KA, Wakschlag LS. Does early maternal responsiveness buffer prenatal tobacco exposure effects on young children's behavioral disinhibition? Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1285-1298. [PMID: 30428950 PMCID: PMC6520205 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Children with prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) exhibit early self-regulatory impairments, reflecting a life-course persistent propensity toward behavioral disinhibition. Previously, we demonstrated the protective role of parental responsiveness for reducing the risk of exposure-related disruptive behavior in adolescence. Here, we expanded this line of inquiry, examining whether responsiveness moderates the relation of PTE to a broader set of behavioral disinhibition features in early childhood and testing alternative diathesis-stress versus differential susceptibility explanatory models. PTE was assessed prospectively using interviews and bioassays in the Midwestern Infant Development Study (MIDS). Mother-child dyads (N = 276) were re-assessed at approximately 5 years of age in a preschool follow-up. We quantified maternal responsiveness and child behavioral disinhibition using a combination of directly observed activities in the lab and developmentally sensitive questionnaires. Results supported a diathesis-stress pattern. Children with PTE and less responsive mothers showed increased disruptive behavior and lower effortful control compared with children without PTE. In contrast, exposed children with more responsive mothers had self-regulatory profiles similar to their non-exposed peers. We did not observe sex differences. Findings provide greater specification of the protective role of maternal responsiveness for self-regulation in children with PTE and help clarify mechanisms that may underscore trajectories of exposure-related behavioral disinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caron A C Clark
- Department of Educational Psychology,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE,USA
| | - Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Chicago, IL,USA
| | - Sandra A Wiebe
- Department of Psychology,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada
| | - Kimberly Andrews Espy
- Office of the Provost,University of San Antonio at Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA;Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory,University of Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University,Chicago,IL, USA
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Bosquet Enlow M, Petty CR, Svelnys C, Gusman M, Huezo M, Malin A, Wright RJ. Differential Effects of Stress Exposures, Caregiving Quality, and Temperament in Early Life on Working Memory versus Inhibitory Control in Preschool-Aged Children. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:339-356. [PMID: 31059292 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2019.1611833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined the roles of maternal and child lifetime stress exposures, infant temperament (orienting/regulation, surgency/extraversion), and maternal caregiving during infancy and preschool on preschoolers' working memory and inhibitory control in a sociodemographically diverse pregnancy cohort. Working memory was predicted by infant orienting/regulation, with differential effects by the level of maternal cognitive support in infancy; maternal lifetime stress exposures exerted independent negative effects on working memory. Inhibitory control was positively associated with maternal emotionally supportive behaviors in infancy, which mediated the effects of maternal lifetime stress exposures on inhibitory control. These findings have implications for interventions designed to optimize child executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Bosquet Enlow
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Carter R Petty
- c Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Cassandra Svelnys
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michaela Gusman
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Michelle Huezo
- a Department of Psychiatry , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ashley Malin
- d Department of Pediatrics , Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York City , NY , USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- d Department of Pediatrics , Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York City , NY , USA.,e Institute for Exposomic Research , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York City , NY , USA
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Micalizzi L, Knopik VS. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring executive function: What do we know and what are the next steps? Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1333-1354. [PMID: 29144227 PMCID: PMC6028309 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) exhibit difficulties in executive function (EF) from infancy through adolescence. Due to the developmental significance of EF as a predictor of adaptive functioning throughout the life span, the MSDP-EF relation has clear public health implications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the relationship between MSDP and offspring EF across development; consider brain-based assessments, animal models, and genetically informed studies in an effort to elucidate plausible pathways of effects; discuss implications for prevention and intervention; and make calls to action for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Valerie S. Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
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Bernhard A, Martinelli A, Ackermann K, Saure D, Freitag CM. Association of trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 91:153-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Eiden RD, Schuetze P, Shisler S, Huestis MA. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis: Effects on autonomic and emotion regulation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 68:47-56. [PMID: 29727701 PMCID: PMC6161361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco and cannabis are often used together in pregnancy and both have effects on children's regulatory system. Yet, little is known about the impact of co-use on the development of emotion regulation at the developmentally salient age of 2 years. One pathway linking co-exposure to tobacco and cannabis to toddler regulation may be via poor autonomic regulation in infancy. In addition, substance using mothers may be more dysregulated themselves, which may have direct effects on toddler regulation, but may also affect parenting, particularly maternal sensitivity during mother-child interactions. Thus, a second pathway linking exposure to toddler regulation may be via maternal dysregulation and low maternal sensitivity. We examined a conceptual model linking prenatal exposure to toddler regulation via these two pathways in a prospective sample (N = 247) of mother-child dyads recruited in the first trimester of pregnancy. Results indicated significant effects of co-exposure on poor autonomic regulation in infancy, which in turn predicted poor toddler emotion regulation. Mothers who used both tobacco and cannabis displayed lower sensitivity during play interactions with their infants. Maternal sensitivity was modestly stable from infant to toddler period and was predictive of higher toddler emotion regulation. Continued postnatal exposure to tobacco was also a significant, unique predictor of lower toddler emotion regulation. Results highlight the importance of examining co-exposure effects and suggest that this common pattern of use may be associated with higher infant/toddler risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina D Eiden
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- State University of New York at Buffalo State, United States
| | | | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Blackwell CK, Wakschlag LS, Gershon RC, Cella D. Measurement framework for the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes research program. Curr Opin Pediatr 2018; 30:276-284. [PMID: 29406440 PMCID: PMC6029724 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diverse methodological approaches pose significant challenges to assess environmental exposure effects on child health outcomes. Although transdisciplinary research efforts offer unique opportunities for understanding the complex and multidimensional facets of lifespan health and disease trajectories, a shared measurement strategy is necessary for ensuring cohesion and comprehensibility across disciplines and domains. RECENT FINDINGS Exposure science often focuses on one life stage, one primary outcome domain and/or one environmental context without regard for understanding the complexity of exposome pathways and outcomes across a developmental continuum. As part of the National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program, the Person Reported Outcomes Core developed a unifying measurement framework that takes a lifespan development approach to assess physical, mental and social health outcomes within the complex matrix of environmental exposure pathways. SUMMARY The proposed framework offers a shared methodological approach to health outcome assessment, with a particular emphasis on person-reported outcomes. This framework will be instrumental for future large-scale consortia and transdisciplinary team science efforts by providing a common structure, measurement guidance and consistent terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K. Blackwell
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Richard C. Gershon
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - the ECHO PRO Core
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
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Pre- and postnatal tobacco and cannabis exposure and child behavior problems: Bidirectional associations, joint effects, and sex differences. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:82-92. [PMID: 29428324 PMCID: PMC5889743 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We examined prospective associations between pre-and-postnatal tobacco and cannabis exposure on child behavior problems from 2 to 3 years of child age, sex differences in these associations, and bidirectional associations between maternal postnatal substance use and child behavior problems across time. METHODS The sample consisted of 247 primarily young, unmarried, low-income, minority mothers and their children (97 prenatally exposed to tobacco and cannabis, 81 exposed to tobacco only, and 69 non-exposed). Mothers were assessed during each trimester of pregnancy, at 2, 9, 16 months, 2 and 3 years of child age. RESULTS Bivariate results indicated significant differences mainly for girls. Girls in the prenatal tobacco exposure group had higher internalizing problems compared to the other two groups, and higher attention and sleep problems at 3 years compared to the control group. Higher number of cigarettes per day during pregnancy was significantly associated with higher anxiety/depression and higher attention problems at 3 years, and the associations were stronger for girls compared to boys. In model testing controlling for prenatal exposure, results indicated bidirectional associations between behavior problems at 2 years and maternal postnatal cannabis use, such that higher cannabis use across the infant toddler period predicted higher behavior problems at 2 years, which in turn predicted higher cannabis use a year later. CONCLUSIONS Results add to the literature on joint effects of tobacco and cannabis, highlight the importance of considering bidirectional associations between maternal substance use and child behavior problems, and indicate generally stronger prenatal tobacco exposure effects for girls.
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Prevalence and Perceptions of Electronic Cigarette Use during Pregnancy. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:1655-1661. [PMID: 28084577 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The current study is the first to assess pregnant women's perceptions of e-cigarettes and the prevalence of e-cigarette use during pregnancy, using a national sample of pregnant women (N = 445) recruited online. Methods An online survey was used to assess the prevalence and perceptions of e-cigarette use among pregnant women, including perceptions of e-cigarette safety. Results In our sample, 5.62% (n = 25) of women solely used tobacco cigarettes, 6.52% (n = 29) solely used e-cigarettes, 8.54% (n = 38) used both tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and 79.33% (n = 353) used neither tobacco cigarettes nor e-cigarettes during their current pregnancy. Overall, 64.27% (n = 286) of participants viewed e-cigarettes as being safer than tobacco cigarettes. Having seen advertisements for e-cigarettes increased likelihood of viewing them as safer than tobacco cigarettes (OR [Odds Ratio] = 2.5, p < .01). Conclusions for Practice Taken together, findings from this study suggest that at least as many women use e-cigarettes during pregnancy as tobacco cigarettes, that pregnant women view e-cigarettes as being safer than tobacco cigarettes, and that these views may be influenced by exposure to e-cigarette advertisements.
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28
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Micalizzi L, Marceau K, Brick LA, Palmer RH, Todorov AA, Heath AC, Evans A, Knopik VS. Inhibitory control in siblings discordant for exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Dev Psychol 2017; 54:199-208. [PMID: 29058937 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (SDP) has been linked to poorer offspring executive function across development, but SDP does not occur independent of other familial risk factors. As such, poor and inconsistent control for potential confounds, notably shared familial (i.e., genetic and environmental) confounds, preclude concluding causal effects of SDP on child outcomes. We examined the within-family association between SDP and one component of executive function, inhibitory control, in a sample of families (N = 173) specifically selected for sibling pairs discordant for exposure to SDP. Thus, the present study examines if the SDP-inhibitory control association withstands rigorous control for potential child and familial confounds. 79% of the variation in child inhibitory control was attributable to within-family differences and 21% was attributable to differences between families, indicating that the variability in inhibitory control was primarily a function of differences between siblings rather than differences across families. Further, the association between SDP and inhibitory control was fully attenuated when confounds were considered. These findings suggest that co-occurring vulnerabilities act as more salient risk factors for poorer child inhibitory control than SDP and may serve as effective targets of interventions seeking to improve children's inhibitory control in families with nicotine dependent mothers. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Micalizzi
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
| | - Kristine Marceau
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
| | | | - Alexandre A Todorov
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Midwest Alcoholism Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Allison Evans
- Memorial Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital
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29
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Ghassabian A, Sundaram R, Chahal N, McLain AC, Bell E, Lawrence DA, Yeung EH. Determinants of neonatal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and association with child development. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1499-1511. [PMID: 28462726 PMCID: PMC6201316 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using a population-based birth cohort in upstate New York (2008-2010), we examined the determinants of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) measured in newborn dried blood spots (n = 2,637). We also examined the association between neonatal BDNF and children's development. The cohort was initially designed to examine the influence of infertility treatment on child development but found no impact. Mothers rated children's development in five domains repeatedly through age 3 years. Socioeconomic and maternal lifestyle determinants of BDNF were examined using multivariable linear regression models. Generalized linear mixed models estimated odds ratios for neonatal BDNF in relation to failing a developmental domain. Smoking and drinking in pregnancy, nulliparity, non-White ethnicity/race, and prepregnancy obesity were associated with lower neonatal BDNF. Neonatal BDNF was not associated with failure for developmental domains; however, there was an interaction between BDNF and preterm birth. In preterm infants, a higher BDNF was associated with lower odds of failing any developmental domains, after adjusting for confounders and infertility treatment. This result was particularly significant for failure in communication. Our findings suggest that BDNF levels in neonates may be impacted by maternal lifestyle characteristics. More specifically, lower neonatal BDNF might be an early marker of aberrant neurodevelopment in preterm infants.
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30
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England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, Conway K, Cosgrove K, Grana R, Gould TJ, Hatsukami D, Jensen F, Kandel D, Lanphear B, Leslie F, Pauly JR, Neiderhiser J, Rubinstein M, Slotkin TA, Spindel E, Stroud L, Wakschlag L. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:176-189. [PMID: 27890689 PMCID: PMC5965681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J England
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele Bloch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Frances Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenae Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ramsay H, Barnett JH, Murray GK, Mäki P, Hurtig T, Nordström T, Miettunen J, Kiviniemi V, Niemelä S, Pausova Z, Paus T, Veijola J. Smoking in pregnancy, adolescent mental health and cognitive performance in young adult offspring: results from a matched sample within a Finnish cohort. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:430. [PMID: 27908296 PMCID: PMC5133752 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking (PEMCS) and adult cognition is debated, including if there are differences according to sex. We aimed to determine if there are associations between PEMCS and cognition in early adulthood in men and women and examine if observed associations were mediated by adolescent mental health factors that are associated with cognition, namely psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), inattention and hyperactivity, and other externalizing behaviors. METHODS Participants were 471 individuals drawn from the general population-based Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1986) followed up from pregnancy and birth to early adulthood; individuals with PEMCS were matched with those without PEMCS by socioeconomic and demographic factors. Cognitive performance in adulthood was assessed with a range of tests and their association with PEMCS was measured by sex using hierarchical linear regression, unadjusted and then controlling for potential confounders, mediators and moderators, including adolescent mental health factors. RESULTS There were no associations between PEMCS and cognitive scores in females. In males, there were associations with vocabulary (beta = -0.444, 95% CI: -0.783, -0.104) and matrix reasoning (beta = -0.379, 95% CI: -0.711, -0.047). CONCLUSIONS While associations between PEMCS and cognition were limited, observed findings with measures of general intelligence in males contribute to suggestions of differences in response to PEMCS by sex. Furthermore, observed associations may be partly mediated by earlier inattention and hyperactivity. Findings add support to efforts aimed to eliminate smoking in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. .,St. Michael's House, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jennifer H. Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,Cambridge Cognition Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graham K. Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Child Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Psychiatry, Länsi-Pohja Healthcare District, Kemi, Finland ,Department of Psychiatry, the Middle Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kiuru, Finland ,Mental Health Services, Joint Municipal Authority of Wellbeing in Raahe District, Raahe, Finland ,Mental Health Services, Basic Health Care District of Kallio, Helsinki, Finland ,Visala Hospital, the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Radiology, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Nordström
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Radiology, Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Solja Niemelä
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland ,Department of Psychiatry, Lapland Hospital District, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tomas Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON Canada ,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Child Mind Institute, New York, NY USA
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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32
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Time-varying effects of families and peers on adolescent marijuana use: Person-environment interactions across development. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:887-900. [PMID: 27417425 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that the effects of two well-known predictors of adolescent substance use, family monitoring and antisocial peers, are not static but change over the course of adolescence. Moreover, these effects may differ for different groups of youth. The current study uses time-varying effect modeling to examine the changes in the association between family monitoring and antisocial peers and marijuana use from ages 11 to 19, and to compare these associations by gender and levels of behavioral disinhibition. Data are drawn from the Raising Healthy Children study, a longitudinal panel of 1,040 youth. The strength of association between family monitoring and antisocial peers and marijuana use was mostly steady over adolescence, and was greater for girls than for boys. Differences in the strength of the association were also evident by levels of behavioral disinhibition: youth with lower levels of disinhibition were more susceptible to the influence of parents and peers. Stronger influence of family monitoring on girls and less disinhibited youth was most evident in middle adolescence, whereas the stronger effect of antisocial peers was significant during middle and late adolescence. Implications for the timing and targeting of marijuana preventive interventions are discussed.
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Petersen IT, Hoyniak CP, McQuillan ME, Bates JE, Staples AD. Measuring the development of inhibitory control: The challenge of heterotypic continuity. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2016; 40:25-71. [PMID: 27346906 PMCID: PMC4917209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is thought to demonstrate heterotypic continuity, in other words, continuity in its purpose or function but changes in its behavioral manifestation over time. This creates major methodological challenges for studying the development of inhibitory control in childhood including construct validity, developmental appropriateness and sensitivity of measures, and longitudinal factorial invariance. We meta-analyzed 198 studies using measures of inhibitory control, a key aspect of self-regulation, to estimate age ranges of usefulness for each measure. The inhibitory control measures showed limited age ranges of usefulness owing to ceiling/floor effects. Tasks were useful, on average, for a developmental span of less than 3 years. This suggests that measuring inhibitory control over longer spans of development may require use of different measures at different time points, seeking to measure heterotypic continuity. We suggest ways to study the development of inhibitory control, with overlapping measurement in a structural equation modeling framework and tests of longitudinal factorial or measurement invariance. However, as valuable as this would be for the area, we also point out that establishing longitudinal factorial invariance is neither sufficient nor necessary for examining developmental change. Any study of developmental change should be guided by theory and construct validity, aiming toward a better empirical and theoretical approach to the selection and combination of measures.
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34
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Estabrook R, Massey SH, Clark CAC, Burns JL, Mustanski BS, Cook EH, O'Brien TC, Makowski B, Espy KA, Wakschlag LS. Separating Family-Level and Direct Exposure Effects of Smoking During Pregnancy on Offspring Externalizing Symptoms: Bridging the Behavior Genetic and Behavior Teratologic Divide. Behav Genet 2015; 46:389-402. [PMID: 26581695 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) has been robustly associated with externalizing problems and their developmental precursors in offspring in studies using behavioral teratologic designs (Wakschlag et al., Am J Public Health 92(6):966-974, 2002; Espy et al., Dev Psychol 47(1):153-169, 2011). In contrast, the use of behavior genetic approaches has shown that the effects commonly attributed to MSDP can be explained by family-level variables (D'Onofrio et al., Dev Psychopathol 20(01):139-164, 2008). Reconciling these conflicting findings requires integration of these study designs. We utilize longitudinal data on a preschool proband and his/her sibling from the Midwest Infant Development Study-Preschool (MIDS-P) to test for teratologic and family level effects of MSDP. We find considerable variation in prenatal smoking patterns both within and across pregnancies within families, indicating that binary smoking measures are not sufficiently capturing exposure. Structural equation models indicate that both conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms showed unique effects of MSDP over and above family level effects. Blending high quality exposure measurement with a within-family design suggests that it is premature to foreclose the possibility of a teratologic effect of MSDP on externalizing problems. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryne Estabrook
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Suena H Massey
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caron A C Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - James L Burns
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Brian S Mustanski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Edwin H Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Beth Makowski
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kimberly A Espy
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Office for Research & Economic Development, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Lauren S Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 N. St. Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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