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Wade NE, Courtney KE, Wallace AL, Hatz L, Jacobus J. Investigating sex differences and age of onset in emotion regulation, executive functioning, and cannabis use in adolescents and young adults. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:20. [PMID: 38671541 PMCID: PMC11046960 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults have historically high levels of cannabis use at a time which coincides with emotional and cognitive development. Age of regular onset of cannabis use and sex at birth are hypothesized to influence the relationship between cannabis use and cognition. Here we investigated past 6-month cannabis use in relation to emotional and executive functioning. We further considered age of onset and sex in subgroup analyses. METHOD Young adults (N = 225; ages 16-22) completed a substance use interview and cognitive battery, including the Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop and NIH toolbox executive functioning tasks. Linear regressions examined relationships between past 6-month cannabis use episodes and performance. Subgroup analyses investigated whether age of onset or sex impacted relationships. RESULTS After correcting for multiple comparisons, greater past 6-month cannabis use episodes were related to poorer Emotional Stroop Congruent Accuracy (p = .0004, FDR-p = .002) and List Sorting Working Memory (p = .02, FDR-p = .10) performance. Younger age of regular use onset marginally related to lower Emotional Stroop Congruent Accuracy performance (p = .03, FDR-p = .13). There were no cannabis use by sex interactions on cognition. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with prior findings, results suggest small reductions in cannabis-related performance in processing speed during emotional Stroop and working memory tasks. Age of onset was modestly related to Stroop performance, but not sex. Longitudinal studies which detail patterns of cannabis and other substance use are needed to better assess brain-behavior relationships and other factors (e.g., age of onset of regular use, sex) which could influence cannabis-related impairments in cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly E Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alexander L Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Laura Hatz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joanna Jacobus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0405, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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2
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Wade NE, Wallace AL, Huestis MA, Lisdahl KM, Sullivan RM, Tapert SF. Cannabis use and neurocognitive performance at 13-14 Years-Old: Optimizing assessment with hair toxicology in the Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study. Addict Behav 2024; 150:107930. [PMID: 38091780 PMCID: PMC10829878 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis is widely used, including in early adolescence, with prevalence rates varying by measurement method (e.g., toxicology vs. self-report). Critical neurocognitive development occurs throughout adolescence. Given conflicting prior brain-behavior results in cannabis research, improved measurement of cannabis use in younger adolescents is needed. METHODS Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study Year 4 follow-up (participant age: 13-14 years-old) included hair samples assessed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS, quantifying THCCOOH (THC metabolite), THC, and cannabidiol concentrations, and the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery. Youth whose hair was positive for cannabinoids or reported past-year cannabis use were included in a Cannabis Use (CU) group (n = 123) and matched with non-using Controls on sociodemographics (n = 123). Standard and nested ANCOVAs assessed group status predicting cognitive performance, controlling for family relationships. Follow-up correlations assessed cannabinoid hair concentration, self-reported cannabis use, and neurocognition. RESULTS CU scored lower on Picture Memory (p = .03) than Controls. Within the CU group, THCCOOH negatively correlated with Picture Vocabulary (r = -0.20, p = .03) and Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (r = -0.19, p = .04), and past-year cannabis use was negatively associated with List Sorting Working Memory (r = -0.33, p = .0002) and Picture Sequence Memory (r = -0.19, p = .04) performances. CONCLUSIONS Youth who had used cannabis showed lower scores on an episodic memory task, and more cannabis use was linked to poorer performances on verbal, inhibitory, working memory, and episodic memory tasks. Combining hair toxicology with self-report revealed more brain-behavior relationships than self-report data alone. These youth will be followed to determine long-term substance use and neurocognition trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
| | | | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Krista M Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Ryan M Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
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3
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Freels TG, Westbrook SR, Zamberletti E, Kuyat JR, Wright HR, Malena AN, Melville MW, Brown AM, Glodosky NC, Ginder DE, Klappenbach CM, Delevich KM, Rubino T, McLaughlin RJ. Sex Differences in Response-Contingent Cannabis Vapor Administration During Adolescence Mediate Enduring Effects on Behavioral Flexibility and Prefrontal Microglia Activation in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38190273 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis is the most used illicit drug in the United States. With many states passing legislation to permit its recreational use, there is concern that cannabis use among adolescents could increase dramatically in the coming years. Historically, it has been difficult to model real-world cannabis use to investigate the causal relationship between cannabis use in adolescence and behavioral and neurobiological effects in adulthood. Materials and Methods: We used a response-contingent vapor administration model to investigate long-term effects of cannabis use during adolescence on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and mPFC-dependent behaviors in male and female rats. Results: Adolescent (35- to 55-day-old) female rats had significantly higher rates of responding for vaporized Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-dominant cannabis extract (CANTHC) compared with adolescent males. In adulthood (70-110 days old), female, but not male, CANTHC rats also took more trials to reach criterion and made more regressive errors in an automated attentional set-shifting task compared with vehicle rats, thereby indicating sex differences in behavioral flexibility impairments. Notably, sex-treatment interactions were not observed when rats of each sex were exposed to a noncontingent CANTHC vapor dosing regimen that approximated CANTHC vapor deliveries earned by females. No differences were observed in effort-based decision making in either sex. In the mPFC, female (but not male) CANTHC rats displayed more reactive microglia with no changes in myelin basic protein expression or dendritic spine density. Conclusion: Altogether, these data reveal important sex differences in rates of responding for CANTHC vapor in adolescence that may confer enduring alterations to mPFC structure and function and suggest that there may be subtle differences in the effects of response-contingent versus noncontingent cannabis exposure that should be systematically examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Freels
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sara R Westbrook
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Zamberletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Jacqulyn R Kuyat
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Hayden R Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alexandra N Malena
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Max W Melville
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Nicholas C Glodosky
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Darren E Ginder
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Courtney M Klappenbach
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kristen M Delevich
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Ryan J McLaughlin
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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4
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Scott JC. Impact of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Neurocognitive and Brain Development. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:655-676. [PMID: 37879830 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Research examining associations between frequent cannabis use in adolescence and brain-behavior outcomes has increased substantially over the past 2 decades. This review attempts to synthesize the state of evidence in this area of research while acknowledging challenges in interpretation. Although there is converging evidence that ongoing, frequent cannabis use in adolescence is associated with small reductions in cognitive functioning, there is still significant debate regarding the persistence of reductions after a period of abstinence. Similarly, there is controversy regarding the replicability of structural and functional neuroimaging findings related to frequent cannabis use in adolescence. Larger studies with informative designs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cobb Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Steinfeld MR, Torregrossa MM. Consequences of adolescent drug use. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:313. [PMID: 37802983 PMCID: PMC10558564 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use in adolescence is a known risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric and substance use disorders in adulthood. This is in part due to the fact that critical aspects of brain development occur during adolescence, which can be altered by drug use. Despite concerted efforts to educate youth about the potential negative consequences of substance use, initiation remains common amongst adolescents world-wide. Additionally, though there has been substantial research on the topic, many questions remain about the predictors and the consequences of adolescent drug use. In the following review, we will highlight some of the most recent literature on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of adolescent drug use in rodents, non-human primates, and humans, with a specific focus on alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and the interactions between these substances. Overall, consumption of these substances during adolescence can produce long-lasting changes across a variety of structures and networks which can have enduring effects on behavior, emotion, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Steinfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Lannoy S, Heron J, Hickman M, Edwards AC. Risk Factors for Binge Drinking in Young Adulthood: The Roles of Aggregate Genetic Liability and Impulsivity-Related Processes. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:499-507. [PMID: 36971764 PMCID: PMC10488311 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binge drinking is characterized by excessive alcohol use and is widespread in youth. We explore the relationship between binge drinking's risk factors by considering (a) aggregate genetic liability (polygenic risk score [PGS]) for alcohol use and problems and (b) impulsivity-related processes. We examined whether the associations between PGS and binge drinking were mediated by impulsivity, with a possible shared genetic liability between alcohol phenotypes and impulsivity. METHOD Participants were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 2,545). We evaluated PGS for alcohol use and problems and impulsivity-related processes (sensation seeking at age 18 and inhibition at age 24) and measured binge drinking frequency (24 years old) as the outcome. Correlations and structural equation models were used to test a hypothesized model of the relationships among these variables. RESULTS Higher binge drinking frequency was related to higher aggregate genetic liability for alcohol use and problems in both models (standardized betas = .055-.064, all ps < .009). We found an association between binge drinking and sensation seeking (standardized beta = .224, p < .0001) but not inhibition (standardized beta = -.015, p = .437). Although the association between binge drinking and PGS for alcohol use and problems was mainly direct, a proportion of the association with alcohol problems was mediated by sensation seeking (14.61%). CONCLUSIONS Targeting sensation seeking at the end of adolescence may be means to prevent binge drinking in adulthood, whereas considering the role of genetic factors may improve our understanding of at-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Lannoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis C. Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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Cavalli JM, Cservenka A, Kerr DCR, Tiberio SS, Owen LD. Ratings of executive function as a risk factor for adolescents' frequent cannabis use: A prospective longitudinal study. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:616-625. [PMID: 36355660 PMCID: PMC10169534 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the extent to which behavioral ratings of children's executive function (EF) in early adolescence predicted adolescents' cannabis use, and whether associations were independent of parents' cannabis and alcohol use and adolescents' alcohol use. METHOD Participants were 198 offspring (44% boys) of 127 mothers and 106 fathers. Parents and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at ages 11-14 years. Youth were interviewed repeatedly from ages 14 to 20 years regarding frequency of cannabis and alcohol use. Two-level models regressed dichotomous cannabis outcomes (annual, weekly, or daily use) on age at the within-person level and the random intercept of cannabis use on EF, parent substance use, and covariates (age 7 IQ indicators, child gender, parent education, and mean of ages assessed) at the between-person level. RESULTS Poorer child EF predicted significantly (p < .05) higher likelihood of weekly (b[SE] = .64[.24]) and daily (b[SE] = .65[.25]), but not annual (b[SE] = .38[.22]), cannabis use. Parent cannabis use (b[SE] = .53[.25] to .81[.39], p < .05) independently predicted all three outcomes, and effects were distinct from those explained by parent alcohol use (b[SE] = .66[.29] to .81[.35], p < .05). EF remained a significant predictor of weekly and daily cannabis use after adjusting for parental alcohol and cannabis use, and adolescents' alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Children exhibiting poorer EF were more likely to use cannabis weekly and daily in later adolescence. Whereas literature suggests poorer EF may be a consequence of cannabis use, these findings suggest EF should be considered prior to cannabis use initiation. EF during childhood may be a fruitful prevention target. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David C R Kerr
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University
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Rosmarin DH, Pirutinsky S, Kaufman CC, Harris SK, Sneider JT, Silveri MM. Religious affiliation protects against alcohol/substance use initiation: A prospective study among healthy adolescents. J Adolesc 2023; 95:372-381. [PMID: 36345114 PMCID: PMC9908826 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial volume of the literature suggests that religious factors buffer against alcohol/substance use among adults, but research among adolescents is sparse. Further, few studies in this area have been prospective, and therefore it is unclear how religion may impact less alcohol/substance use among adolescents. METHOD We prospectively evaluated effects of religious affiliation on initiation of alcohol/substance use in a sample of 81 psychiatrically healthy 13-14-year-olds from New England, over a 3-year period (from November 2015 to January 2019). Known risk factors were also evaluated including anxiety, depression, and impulsivity; family history of mental illness and alcohol/substance misuse; and volume of brain regions implicated in adolescent alcohol/substance misuse (assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging). RESULTS Religiously affiliated adolescents were significantly less likely to initiate use of alcohol/substances (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.38). The addition of family history of alcohol/substance misuse to the model increased the predictive value of religious affiliation (HR = 0.34). Other risk factors did not diminish nor increase observed effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings support and extend the current research by suggesting that religious affiliation protects against initiation of alcohol/substance use during early adolescence, particularly in individuals with elevated risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Rosmarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Spirituality and Mental Health Program, McLean Hospital
| | | | - Caroline C. Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Spirituality and Mental Health Program, McLean Hospital
| | - Sion K. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
- Center for Adolescent Behavioral Health Research, Boston Children’s Hospital
| | - Jennifer T. Sneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital
| | - Marisa M. Silveri
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, McLean Hospital
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Freels TG, Westbrook SR, Wright HR, Kuyat JR, Zamberletti E, Malena AM, Melville MW, Brown AM, Glodosky NC, Ginder DE, Klappenbach CM, Delevich KM, Rubino T, McLaughlin RJ. Sex differences in adolescent cannabis vapor self-administration mediate enduring effects on behavioral flexibility and prefrontal microglia activation in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.21.524468. [PMID: 36711651 PMCID: PMC9882275 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.21.524468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most used illicit drug in the United States. With many states passing legislation to permit its recreational use, there is concern that cannabis use among adolescents could increase dramatically in the coming years. Historically, it has been difficult to model real-world cannabis use to investigate the causal relationship between cannabis use in adolescence and behavioral and neurobiological effects in adulthood. To this end, we used a novel volitional vapor administration model to investigate long-term effects of cannabis use during adolescence on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and mPFC-dependent behaviors in male and female rats. Adolescent (35-55 day old) female rats had significantly higher rates of responding for vaporized Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-dominant cannabis extract (CANTHC) compared to adolescent males. In adulthood (70-110 day old), female, but not male, CANTHC rats also took more trials to reach criterion and made more regressive errors in an automated attentional set-shifting task compared to vehicle rats. Similar set-shifting deficits were observed in males when they were exposed to a non-contingent CANTHC vapor dosing regimen that approximated CANTHC self-administration rates in females. No differences were observed in effort-based decision making in either sex. In the mPFC, female (but not male) CANTHC rats displayed more reactive microglia with no significant changes in myelin basic protein expression or dendritic spine density. Together, these data reveal important sex differences in rates of cannabis vapor self-administration in adolescence that confer enduring alterations to mPFC structure and function. Importantly, female-specific deficits in behavioral flexibility appear to be driven by elevated rates of CANTHC self-administration as opposed to a sex difference in the effects of CANTHC vapor per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Freels
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sara R. Westbrook
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Hayden R. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jacqulyn R. Kuyat
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erica Zamberletti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Alexandra M. Malena
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Max W. Melville
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Darren E. Ginder
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Courtney M. Klappenbach
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kristen M. Delevich
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy
| | - Ryan J. McLaughlin
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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10
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Scott JC. Impact of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Neurocognitive and Brain Development. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:21-42. [PMID: 36410904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research examining associations between frequent cannabis use in adolescence and brain-behavior outcomes has increased substantially over the past 2 decades. This review attempts to synthesize the state of evidence in this area of research while acknowledging challenges in interpretation. Although there is converging evidence that ongoing, frequent cannabis use in adolescence is associated with small reductions in cognitive functioning, there is still significant debate regarding the persistence of reductions after a period of abstinence. Similarly, there is controversy regarding the replicability of structural and functional neuroimaging findings related to frequent cannabis use in adolescence. Larger studies with informative designs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cobb Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3700 Hamilton Walk, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Bel-Bahar TS, Khan AA, Shaik RB, Parvaz MA. A scoping review of electroencephalographic (EEG) markers for tracking neurophysiological changes and predicting outcomes in substance use disorder treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:995534. [PMID: 36325430 PMCID: PMC9619053 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.995534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) constitute a growing global health crisis, yet many limitations and challenges exist in SUD treatment research, including the lack of objective brain-based markers for tracking treatment outcomes. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a neurophysiological technique for measuring brain activity, and although much is known about EEG activity in acute and chronic substance use, knowledge regarding EEG in relation to abstinence and treatment outcomes is sparse. We performed a scoping review of longitudinal and pre-post treatment EEG studies that explored putative changes in brain function associated with abstinence and/or treatment in individuals with SUD. Following PRISMA guidelines, we identified studies published between January 2000 and March 2022 from online databases. Search keywords included EEG, addictive substances (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine), and treatment related terms (e.g., abstinence, relapse). Selected studies used EEG at least at one time point as a predictor of abstinence or other treatment-related outcomes; or examined pre- vs. post-SUD intervention (brain stimulation, pharmacological, behavioral) EEG effects. Studies were also rated on the risk of bias and quality using validated instruments. Forty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. More consistent findings included lower oddball P3 and higher resting beta at baseline predicting negative outcomes, and abstinence-mediated longitudinal decrease in cue-elicited P3 amplitude and resting beta power. Other findings included abstinence or treatment-related changes in late positive potential (LPP) and N2 amplitudes, as well as in delta and theta power. Existing studies were heterogeneous and limited in terms of specific substances of interest, brief times for follow-ups, and inconsistent or sparse results. Encouragingly, in this limited but maturing literature, many studies demonstrated partial associations of EEG markers with abstinence, treatment outcomes, or pre-post treatment-effects. Studies were generally of good quality in terms of risk of bias. More EEG studies are warranted to better understand abstinence- or treatment-mediated neural changes or to predict SUD treatment outcomes. Future research can benefit from prospective large-sample cohorts and the use of standardized methods such as task batteries. EEG markers elucidating the temporal dynamics of changes in brain function related to abstinence and/or treatment may enable evidence-based planning for more effective and targeted treatments, potentially pre-empting relapse or minimizing negative lifespan effects of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik S. Bel-Bahar
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anam A. Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Riaz B. Shaik
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Muhammad A. Parvaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Luo X, Yang JJ, Buu A, Trucco EM, Li CSR. Alcohol and cannabis co-use and longitudinal gray matter volumetric changes in early and late adolescence. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13208. [PMID: 36001427 PMCID: PMC9413216 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have characterized the impact of substance use on cerebral structure and function in adolescents. Yet, the great majority of prior studies employed a small sample, presented cross-sectional findings, and omitted potential sex differences. METHODS Using data based on 724 adolescents (370 females) curated from the NCANDA study, we investigated how gray matter volumes (GMVs) decline longitudinally as a result of alcohol and cannabis use. The impacts of alcohol and cannabis co-use and how these vary across assigned sex at birth and age were examined. Brain imaging data comprised the GMVs of 34 regions of interest and the results were evaluated with a Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Mixed-effects modeling showed faster volumetric declines in the caudal middle frontal cortex, fusiform, inferior frontal, superior temporal (STG), and supramarginal (SMG) gyri, at -0.046 to -0.138 cm3 /year in individuals with prior-year alcohol and cannabis co-use, but not those engaged in alcohol or cannabis use only. These findings cannot be explained by more severe alcohol use among co-users. Further, alcohol and cannabis co-use in early versus late adolescence predicted faster volumetric decline in the STG and SMG across assigned sex at birth. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the longitudinal impact of alcohol and cannabis co-use on brain development, especially among youth reporting early adolescent onset of use. The volumetric decline was noted in cortical regions in support of attention, memory, executive control, and social cognition, suggesting the pervasive effect of alcohol and cannabis co-use on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - James J. Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Elisa M. Trucco
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT
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13
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Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Giguère S, Dumais A. Evidence on the acute and residual neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in adolescents and adults: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses. Addiction 2022; 117:1857-1870. [PMID: 35048456 DOI: 10.1111/add.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is among the most consumed psychoactive substances world-wide. Considering changing policy trends regarding the substance, it is crucial to understand more clearly its potential acute and residual adverse effects from a public health viewpoint. Cognitive function is one of the targeted areas with conflicting findings. This meta-review measured the magnitude of acute and residual effects of cannabis on cognition in adolescents and adults provided by meta-analyses and evaluated quality of evidence. METHODS A systematic search was performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Meta-analyses were included if they quantitatively examined the performances of users from the general population on cognitive tasks. RESULTS The search retrieved 10 eligible meta-analyses (71 effects sizes, n = 43 761) with evidence ranging from low to moderate quality, which were categorized into domains of cognitive functions: executive functions (k = 7), learning and memory (k = 5), attention (k = 4), processing speed (k = 5), perceptual motor function (k = 2) and language (k = 2). Verbal learning and memory displayed the most robust evidence and were most impaired by acute cannabis intoxication that persisted after intoxication passed. Small-to-moderate acute and residual adverse effects were reported for executive functioning. Cannabis use led to small deficits in inhibitory processes and flexibility, whereas small-to-moderate deficits were reported for working memory and decision-making. Evidence regarding processing speed and attention has shown that cannabis administration induced small-to-moderate adverse effects and residual neurocognitive deficits were observed in heavy cannabis-using youths. Results showed no significant difference between cannabis users and non-users on language, and small-to-moderate effects for simple motor skills. CONCLUSION Meta-analytical data on the acute effects of cannabis use on neurocognitive function have shown that cannabis intoxication leads to small to moderate deficits in several cognitive domains. These acute impairments accord with documented residual effects, suggesting that the detrimental effects of cannabis persist beyond acute intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sabrina Giguère
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, Canada
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14
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Wade NE, McCabe CJ, Wallace AL, Gonzalez MR, Hoh E, Infante MA, Mejia MH, Haist F. Clouding up cognition?: Secondhand cannabis and tobacco exposure related to cognitive functioning in youth. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 3:233-242. [PMID: 37124351 PMCID: PMC10140452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing legalization of cannabis, in addition to longstanding rates of tobacco use, raises concerns for possible cognitive decrements from secondhand smoke or environmental exposure, although little research exists. We investigate the relation between cognition and secondhand and environmental cannabis and tobacco exposure in youth. Methods The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study year 2 follow-up (N = 5580; 48% female) cognitive performance and secondhand or environmental cannabis or tobacco exposure data were used. Principal components analysis identified a global cognition factor. Linear mixed-effects models assessed global cognition and individual cognitive task performance by cannabis and/or tobacco environmental exposure. Sociodemographics and other potential confounds were examined. p values were adjusted using the false discovery rate method. Results Global cognition was not related to any exposure group after testing corrections and considering confounds. Beyond covariates and family- and site-level factors, secondhand tobacco was related to poorer visual memory (p = .02), and environmental tobacco was associated with poorer visuospatial (p = .02) and language (p = .008) skills. Secondhand cannabis was related to cognition, but not after controlling for potential confounders (p > .05). Environmental cannabis was related to better oral reading (p = .01). Including covariates attenuated effect sizes. Conclusions Secondhand tobacco exposure was associated with poorer visual memory, while environmental tobacco exposure was related to poorer language and visuospatial skills. Secondhand cannabis was not related to cognition after controlling for sociodemographic factors, but environmental cannabis exposure was related to better reading. Because, to our knowledge, this is the first known study of its kind and thus preliminary, secondhand cannabis should continue to be investigated to confirm results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
- Address correspondence to Natasha E. Wade, Ph.D.
| | - Connor J. McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexander L. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Marybel R. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - M. Alejandra Infante
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Margie Hernandez Mejia
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California
| | - Frank Haist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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15
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Lannoy S, Pfefferbaum A, Le Berre AP, Thompson WK, Brumback T, Schulte T, Pohl KM, De Bellis MD, Nooner KB, Baker FC, Prouty D, Colrain IM, Nagel BJ, Brown SA, Clark DB, Tapert SF, Sullivan EV, Müller-Oehring EM. Growth trajectories of cognitive and motor control in adolescence: How much is development and how much is practice? Neuropsychology 2022; 36:44-54. [PMID: 34807641 PMCID: PMC9995176 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Executive control continues to develop throughout adolescence and is vulnerable to alcohol use. Although longitudinal assessment is ideal for tracking executive function development and onset of alcohol use, prior testing experience must be distinguished from developmental trajectories. METHOD We used the Stroop Match-to-Sample task to examine the improvement of processing speed and specific cognitive and motor control over 4 years in 445 adolescents. The twice-minus-once-tested method was used and expanded to four test sessions to delineate prior experience (i.e., learning) from development. A General Additive Model evaluated the predictive value of age and sex on executive function development and potential influences of alcohol use on development. RESULTS Results revealed strong learning between the first two assessments. Adolescents significantly improved their speed processing over 4 years. Compared with boys, girls enhanced ability to control cognitive interference and motor reactions. Finally, the influence of alcohol use initiation was tested over 4 years for development in 110 no/low, 110 moderate/heavy age- and sex-matched drinkers; alcohol effects were not detected in the matched groups. CONCLUSIONS Estimation of learning effects is crucial for examining developmental changes longitudinally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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16
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Si Y, Wang L, Zhao M. Anti-saccade as a Tool to Evaluate Neurocognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823848. [PMID: 35573351 PMCID: PMC9094713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely shown that chronic alcohol use leads to cognitive dysfunctions, especially inhibitory control. In an extension of the traditional approach, this research field has benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which is an anti-saccade, allowing direct and sensitive measure of the eye movements indexing attention bias to alcohol-related cues and the capability of inhibiting the reflexive saccades to the cues. During the past decade, there are numerous reports showing that drinkers make more unwanted reflexive saccades and longer latency in the anti-saccade task. These increased errors are usually explained by the deficits in inhibitory control. It has been demonstrated that inhibitory control on eye movement may be one of the earliest biomarkers of the onset of alcohol-related cognitive impairments. This review summarizes how an anti-saccade task can be used as a tool to investigate and assess the cognitive dysfunctions and the early detection of relapsing risk of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Si
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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17
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The Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-Use on Neurocognitive Function, Brain Structure, and Brain Function. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2021; 8:134-149. [PMID: 36908333 PMCID: PMC9997650 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-021-00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Given increases in the rates of alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents and young adults, this review aims to summarize literature on the effects of alcohol and cannabis co-use on neurocognitive functioning, brain structure, and brain function. Recent findings The limited existing studies examining concurrent, recent, and lifetime alcohol and cannabis co-use suggest effects on the brain are likely multifaceted. The majority of studies report that co-use is associated with negative outcomes such as impaired cognitive function and significant alterations in key structural and functional regions of the brain, while others report null effects of co-use compared to non-substance using control and single-substance use groups. Summary Current studies lack a general consensus on methodology, definitions of concurrent and simultaneous use, and neuroimaging approaches, which makes it challenging to draw strong conclusions about the effects of co-use. More studies are needed to explore the effects of co-use in the context of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use.
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18
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Azadi M, Moazen P, Wiskerke J, Semnanian S, Azizi H. Preconception paternal morphine exposure leads to an impulsive phenotype in male rat progeny. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3435-3446. [PMID: 34427719 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05962-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Identifying the long-term neurocognitive implications of opioid addiction may further our understanding of the compulsive nature of this brain disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of paternal adolescent opiate exposure on cognitive performance (visual attention, impulsivity, and compulsivity) in the next generation. METHODS Male Wistar rats received escalating doses of morphine (2.5-25 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline for 10 days during adolescence (P30-39). In adulthood (P70-80), these rats were allowed to mate with drug-naive females. Male offspring from morphine- and saline-exposed sires, once in adulthood, were trained and tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time test (5-CSRTT) to evaluate their cognitive abilities under baseline, drug-free conditions as well as following acute (1, 3, 5 mg/kg morphine) and subchronic morphine (5 mg/kg morphine for 5 days) treatment. Behavioral effects of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone were also assessed. RESULTS Morphine-sired offspring exhibited delayed learning when the shortest stimulus duration (1 s) was introduced, i.e., when cognitive load was highest. These subjects also exhibited a reduced ability to exert inhibitory control, as reflected by increased premature and perseverative responding under drug-free baseline conditions in comparison to saline-sired rats. These impairments could not be reversed by administration of naloxone. Moreover, impulsive behavior was further enhanced in morphine-sired rats following acute and subchronic morphine treatment. CONCLUSION Paternal opiate exposure during adolescence was found to primarily impair inhibitory control in male progeny. These results further our understanding of the long-term costs and risk of opioid abuse, extending across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Moazen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joost Wiskerke
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Saeed Semnanian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol and cannabis are the most commonly used substances during adolescence and are typically initiated during this sensitive neurodevelopmental period. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent literature focused on understanding how these substances affect the developing brain. SEARCH METHODS Articles included in this review were identified by entering 30 search terms focused on substance use, adolescence, and neurodevelopment into MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, ProQuest Central, and Web of Science. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they longitudinally examined the effect of adolescent alcohol and/or cannabis use on structural or functional outcomes in 50 or more participants. SEARCH RESULTS More than 700 articles were captured by the search, and 43 longitudinal studies met inclusion criteria, including 18 studies focused on alcohol use, 13 on cannabis use, and 12 on alcohol and cannabis co-use. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Existing studies suggest heavy alcohol and cannabis use during adolescence are related to small to moderate disruptions in brain structure and function, as well as neurocognitive impairment. The effects of alcohol use include widespread decreases in gray matter volume and cortical thickness across time; slowed white matter growth and poorer integrity; disrupted network efficiency; and poorer impulse and attentional control, learning, memory, visuospatial processing, and psychomotor speed. The severity of some effects is dependent on dose. Heavy to very heavy cannabis use is associated with decreased subcortical volume and increased frontoparietal cortical thickness, disrupted functional development, and decreased executive functioning and IQ compared to non-using controls. Overall, co-use findings suggest more pronounced effects related to alcohol use than to cannabis use. Several limitations exist in the literature. Sample sizes are relatively small and demographically homogenous, with significant heterogeneity in substance use patterns and methodologies across studies. More research is needed to clarify how substance dosing and interactions between substances, as well as sociodemographic and environmental factors, affect outcomes. Larger longitudinal studies, already underway, will help clarify the relationship between brain development and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Lees
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Jennifer Debenham
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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20
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Grodin EN, Burnette E, Towns B, Venegas A, Ray LA. Effect of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis co-use on gray matter volume in heavy drinkers. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2021; 35:760-768. [PMID: 34435833 PMCID: PMC8484037 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis are the three most frequently used drugs in the United States and co-use is common. Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use has been separately associated with altered brain structure, and alcohol and tobacco co-use results in decreases in gray matter volume. Less is known about the effect of alcohol and cannabis co-use, and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis tri-use. Therefore, this study examined the effect of co- and tri-use on gray matter volume, a measure of brain cell density, in heavy drinkers. METHOD Heavy drinkers (n = 237; 152m/85f; age = 32.52; white = 111; black = 28; Latino = 9; American Indian = 2; Pacific Islander = 4; Asian = 59; mixed = 15; other = 9) were classified into four groups based on their alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use: alcohol only users (n = 70), alcohol and tobacco co-users (n = 90), alcohol and cannabis co-users (n = 35), and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis tri-users (n = 42). All participants completed a structural MRI scan. Voxel-based morphometry was conducted to evaluate the effect of co-use on gray matter volume, with alcohol only users as the reference group. Age, sex, and scanner were included as covariates. RESULTS Alcohol and tobacco co-users had significantly decreased left orbitofrontal gray matter volume relative to alcohol only users (Cohen's d = .79). There were no differences in gray matter volume between the alcohol only and alcohol and cannabis co-users, or between the alcohol only and tri-user groups. CONCLUSION The additive effect of tobacco co-use on gray matter volumes in heavy drinkers was limited and localized. The effect of tri-use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis may have interacted, such that overlapping cannabis and tobacco use masked volume differences present in separate co-using groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. Grodin
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Burnette
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Brandon Towns
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alexandra Venegas
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lara A. Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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21
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de Goede J, van der Mark-Reeuwijk KG, Braun KP, le Cessie S, Durston S, Engels RCME, Goudriaan AE, Moons KGM, Vollebergh WAM, de Vries TJ, Wiers RW, Oosterlaan J. Alcohol and Brain Development in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Advisory Report of the Health Council of the Netherlands. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1379-1410. [PMID: 33530096 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Young people, whose brains are still developing, might entail a greater vulnerability to the effects of alcohol consumption on brain function and development. A committee of experts of the Health Council of the Netherlands evaluated the state of scientific knowledge regarding the question whether alcohol negatively influences brain development in young people. A systematic literature search for prospective studies was performed in PubMed and PsychINFO, for longitudinal studies of adolescents or young adults ranging between 12 and 24 y of age at baseline, investigating the relation between alcohol use and outcome measures of brain structure and activity, cognitive functioning, educational achievement, or alcohol use disorder (AUD), with measures at baseline and follow-up of the outcome of interest. Data were extracted from original articles and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A total of 77 studies were included, 31 of which were of sufficient quality in relation to the study objectives. There were indications that the gray matter of the brain develops abnormally in young people who drink alcohol. In addition, the more often young people drink or the younger they start, the higher the risk of developing AUD later in life. The evidence on white matter volume or quality, brain activity, cognitive function, and educational achievement is still limited or unclear. The committee found indications that alcohol consumption can have a negative effect on brain development in adolescents and young adults and entails a risk of later AUD. The committee therefore considers it a wise choice for adolescents and young adults not to drink alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kees P Braun
- Department of Child Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Datasciences, section Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- NICHE-lab, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rutger C M E Engels
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies/Clinical Psychology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Arkin, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wilma A M Vollebergh
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Taco J de Vries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT)-lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Emma Neuroscience Group, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Initiation of Moderately Frequent Cannabis use in Adolescence and Young Adulthood is Associated with Declines in Verbal Learning and Memory: A Longitudinal Comparison of Pre- versus Post-Initiation Cognitive Performance. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2021; 27:621-636. [PMID: 34261549 PMCID: PMC8486043 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use is associated with relative cognitive weaknesses as observed by cross-sectional as well as longitudinal research. Longitudinal studies, controlling for relevant confounds, are necessary to differentiate premorbid from post-initiation contributions to these effects. METHODS We followed a sample of adolescents and young adults across ten years. Participants provided neurocognitive data and substance use information at two-year intervals. Participants who initiated cannabis and/or alcohol use were identified (n = 86) and split into alcohol-only initiators (n = 39) and infrequent (n = 29) and moderately frequent (n = 18) cannabis initiators. Participants completed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (RAVLT) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Group differences before and after substance use initiation and the extent to which alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use frequencies contributed to cognitive functions over time were examined. RESULTS After controlling for parental education, RAVLT new learning was worse in moderately frequent cannabis users prior to use initiation. RAVLT total learning and delayed recall showed significant declines from pre- to post-initiation in moderately frequent cannabis users. Regression analyses confirmed that frequencies of cannabis, but not alcohol, use contributed to post-initiation variations. Nicotine use showed an independent negative association with delayed memory. Findings for the IGT were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Verbal learning and memory may be disrupted following the initiation of moderately frequent cannabis use while decreased new learning may represent a premorbid liability. Our use of a control group of alcohol-only users adds interpretive clarity to the findings and suggests that future studies should carefully control for comorbid substance use.
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23
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May A, Aguinaldo L, Tan R, Courtney K, Jacobus J. The Relationship between Early Alcohol Use Behaviors and Adolescent Pubertal and Psychosocial Development: A Latent Growth Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:861-870. [PMID: 33754935 PMCID: PMC8118223 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1899231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present longitudinal study examines how age of alcohol initiation and regular use (weekly drinking for ≥6 months) relates to adolescent physiological development, social behaviors, psychological functioning, and substance use patterns. Method: Data are drawn from a prospective sample of 295 youth (42% female) who completed a 15-year longitudinal study. The current investigation uses data collected at 4 timepoints from ages 12-19. Results: Latent growth modeling revealed earlier age of alcohol initiation is associated with (1) a more advanced stage of pubertal development, more self-reported dating experience, and greater externalizing behaviors at ages 12-13 (study entry); (2) a slower rate of change in pubertal development; and (3) greater rate of increase in externalizing and internalizing symptoms from ages 12 to 19. These relationships were not moderated by gender. Conclusion: Early alcohol initiation appears to be associated with early onset pubertal development and dating behaviors. Over time, early alcohol use behaviors may delay pubertal development while exacerbating psychological risk behaviors (i.e. externalizing and internalizing behaviors). These findings suggest the importance of delaying alcohol initiation and may be beneficial for improving existing adolescent substance use prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.C. May
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L.D. Aguinaldo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R. Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - K.E. Courtney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J. Jacobus
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Aloi J, Crum KI, Blair KS, Zhang R, Bashford-Largo J, Bajaj S, Schwartz A, Carollo E, Hwang S, Leiker E, Filbey FM, Averbeck BB, Dobbertin M, Blair RJR. Individual associations of adolescent alcohol use disorder versus cannabis use disorder symptoms in neural prediction error signaling and the response to novelty. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100944. [PMID: 33773241 PMCID: PMC8024914 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most commonly used illegal substances by adolescents are alcohol and cannabis. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are associated with poorer decision-making in adolescents. In adolescents, level of AUD symptomatology has been negatively associated with striatal reward responsivity. However, little work has explored the relationship with striatal reward prediction error (RPE) representation and the extent to which any augmentation of RPE by novel stimuli is impacted. One-hundred fifty-one adolescents participated in the Novelty Task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this task, participants learn to choose novel or non-novel stimuli to gain monetary reward. Level of AUD symptomatology was negatively associated with both optimal decision-making and BOLD response modulation by RPE within striatum and regions of prefrontal cortex. The neural alterations in RPE representation were particularly pronounced when participants were exploring novel stimuli. Level of CUD symptomatology moderated the relationship between novelty propensity and RPE representation within inferior parietal lobule and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. These data expand on an emerging literature investigating individual associations of AUD symptomatology levels versus CUD symptomatology levels and RPE representation during reinforcement processing and provide insight on the role of neuro-computational processes underlying reinforcement learning/decision-making in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aloi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States; College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Kathleen I Crum
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Adolescent Behavioral Health Research Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Karina S Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Ru Zhang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Johannah Bashford-Largo
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Sahil Bajaj
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Amanda Schwartz
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Erin Carollo
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - Soonjo Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Emily Leiker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Francesca M Filbey
- Center for BrainHealth, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- Section on Learning and Decision Making, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew Dobbertin
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
| | - R James R Blair
- Center for Neurobehavioral Research in Children, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, United States
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Multilevel Modeling of Interval-Contingent Data in Neuropsychology Research Using the lmerTest Package in R. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-020-00095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bourque J, Potvin S. Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning: From Acute to Residual Effects, From Randomized Controlled Trials to Prospective Designs. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:596601. [PMID: 34177633 PMCID: PMC8222623 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several jurisdictions have revised their regulation policy toward both medical and recreational use of cannabis. These changes have elicited concerns regarding how legalization impacts academic achievement and work performance. This review evaluates the acute and long-term (residual) association between cannabis use and cognitive functioning that underlies poor academic and work performance. Relative to other reviews, this article focuses on cross-over randomized controlled trials and prospective designs given that they allow to test the impairing effects of cannabis exposure at the within-subject level. Acute cannabis cognitive effects are discussed separately for known confounding factors such as levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ9-THC:cannabidiol ratio, previous cannabis use and, comorbidity with psychosis-spectrum disorders. The cognitive residual effects of cannabis are detailed in relation to duration of abstinence, frequency of use, comorbidity with psychosis-spectrum disorders, types of cognitive domains assessed, and age of cannabis use initiation. Moreover, considering the fact that adequate longitudinal studies can make inferences about causality between cannabis use and impaired cognitive functioning when disentangling between-subject from within-subject variation, proofs for the three main non-mutually exclusive hypotheses about this relationship will be presented: i) the cognitive vulnerability hypothesis as part of the more general common antecedent hypothesis, ii) the concurrent cannabis impairing hypothesis, and iii) the neurotoxic hypothesis of cannabis. Current research provides evidence for mild to moderate acute cannabis effects on episodic and working memory, processing speed, and executive functions. Mild residual impairing effects were also observed in these exact same cognitive domains, suggesting that adverse effects following cannabis intoxication persist at least days or weeks following cannabis abstinence. Relative to adult-onset, adolescent-onset cannabis use seems to explain the dose-response relationship and is associated with longer lasting residual effects even in mild users (<weekly). The association between cannabis and cognition is likely explained by common antecedents, such that genetic and shared environment factors predispose individuals to both cannabis use and cognitive deficits, and to a lesser degree, neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Sorkhou M, Bedder RH, George TP. The Behavioral Sequelae of Cannabis Use in Healthy People: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:630247. [PMID: 33664685 PMCID: PMC7920961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cannabis is known to have a broad range of effects on behavior, including experiencing a "high" and tranquility/relaxation. However, there are several adverse behavioral sequalae that can arise from cannabis use, depending on frequency of use, potency (e.g., THC content), age of onset, and cumulative exposure. This systematic review examined evidence for cannabis-related adverse behavioral sequalae in otherwise healthy human subjects. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies from 1990 to 2020 that identified cannabis-related adverse behavioral outcomes in subjects without psychiatric and medical co-morbidities from PubMed and PsychInfo searches. Key search terms included "cannabis" OR "tetrahydrocannabinol" OR "cannabidiol" OR "marijuana" AND "anxiety" OR "depression" OR "psychosis" OR "schizophrenia" "OR "IQ" OR "memory" OR "attention" OR "impulsivity" OR "cognition" OR "education" OR "occupation". Results: Our search detected a total of 2,870 studies, from which we extracted 124 relevant studies from the literature on cannabis effects in the non-clinical population. Effects of cannabis on several behavioral sequelae including cognition, motivation, impulsivity, mood, anxiety, psychosis intelligence, and psychosocial functioning were identified. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that frequency of cannabis use, THC (but not CBD) content, age of onset, and cumulative cannabis exposure can all contribute to these adverse outcomes in individuals without a pre-existing medical condition or psychiatric disorder. The strongest evidence for the negative effects of cannabis are for psychosis and psychosocial functioning. Conclusions: Although more research is needed to determine risk factors for development of adverse behavioral sequelae of cannabis use, these findings underline the importance of understanding vulnerability to the adverse effects of cannabis, which has implications for prevention and treatment of problematic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sorkhou
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel H Bedder
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hamidullah S, Thorpe HHA, Frie JA, Mccurdy RD, Khokhar JY. Adolescent Substance Use and the Brain: Behavioral, Cognitive and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:298. [PMID: 32848673 PMCID: PMC7418456 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is an important ontogenetic period that is characterized by behaviors such as enhanced novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and reward preference, which can give rise to an increased risk for substance use. While substance use rates in adolescence are generally on a decline, the current rates combined with emerging trends, such as increases in e-cigarette use, remain a significant public health concern. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological divergences associated with adolescent substance use, derived from a cross-sectional, retrospective, and longitudinal studies, and highlight how the use of these substances during adolescence may relate to behavioral and neuroimaging-based outcomes. Identifying and understanding the associations between adolescent substance use and changes in cognition, mental health, and future substance use risk may assist our understanding of the consequences of drug exposure during this critical window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Richard D Mccurdy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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