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Lu M, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang X, Zhang S, De J. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in Ephedra saxatilis on the vertical altitude gradient changed in southern Tibet Plateau, China. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290696. [PMID: 37624827 PMCID: PMC10456159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ephedra is one of the world's most important plants, used in medicine, plants and ecology. Most Ephedra grows in plain areas and is stable. But the plateau environment is special, with the change of altitude, the variety difference of plateau Ephedra saxatilis is very obvious. E. saxatilis metabolism on the Tibetan Plateau is not only affected by altitude, but also environmental conditions such as climate conditions and different soil components. However, the change mechanism of E. saxatilis alkaloids in special ecological environment is still unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the metabolic and altitude of E. saxatilis species in the Tibetan Plateau. Through the functional analysis of Kyoto Metabolism and Metabolomic Encyclopedia (KEGG), we can determine that the number of E. saxatilis metabolites decreases with the increase of altitude, and there are differences in metabolism among the three mountains. This was confirmed by univariate analysis of the top five metabolic pathways. Based on the analysis of soil and metabolomics, it was found that soil water content was also a factor affecting E. saxatilis metabolism. According to the difference of vertical height gradient, ephedrine and pseudephedrine showed the same change in vertical altitude under different mountains. Ephedrine increased as the altitude gradient increased, and pseudoephedrine decreased as the altitude gradient decreased. Our results provide valuable information for further study of metabolic mechanism and efficacy stability. It provides useful reference for the research of E. saxatilis planting in special area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Lu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Yongjuan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Shiyan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Ji De
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, China
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2
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Guo X, Wang X, Tian C, Dai J, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Development of mass spectrometry imaging techniques and its latest applications. Talanta 2023; 264:124721. [PMID: 37271004 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a novel molecular imaging technology that collects molecular information from the surface of samples in situ. The spatial distribution and relative content of various compounds can be visualized simultaneously with high spatial resolution. The prominent advantages of MSI promote the active development of ionization technology and its broader applications in diverse fields. This article first gives a brief introduction to the vital parts of the processes during MSI. On this basis, provides a comprehensive overview of the most relevant MS-based imaging techniques from their mechanisms, pros and cons, and applications. In addition, a critical issue in MSI, matrix effects is also discussed. Then, the representative applications of MSI in biological, forensic, and environmental fields in the past 5 years have been summarized, with a focus on various types of analytes (e.g., proteins, lipids, polymers, etc.) Finally, the challenges and further perspectives of MSI are proposed and concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China
| | - Caiyan Tian
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Dai
- Aliben Science and Technology Company Limited, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | | | - Yixiang Duan
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, PR China; Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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3
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Applications of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for pharmacokinetic studies during drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:209-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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4
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Grove KJ, Hoque S, Rudewicz PJ. Investigation of amodiaquine localization in liver lobules using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:252-258. [PMID: 30394607 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High mass and high spatial resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) opens new possibilities for the detailed study of the hepatic metabolism of drugs. The spatial and temporal distribution of drug metabolites within liver lobules, anatomical subunits of the liver, may aid in the understanding of the formation of reactive metabolites that bind to liver proteins and cause drug-induced liver injury. METHODS Frozen livers obtained from rats dosed orally with amodiaquine (100 mg/kg) were sectioned at 10 μm and coated with a MALDI matrix. The liver sections were then analyzed using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Images corresponding to amodiaquine and its metabolites were obtained at a spatial resolution of 25 μm. RESULTS Molecular images of amodiaquine within liver lobules have higher intensities near the portal triad and lower intensities near the central vein. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that MALDI IMS can be used to investigate the metabolism of drugs within liver lobules. The results are consistent with existing knowledge of amodiaquine metabolism and reactive metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri J Grove
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Shaila Hoque
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
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5
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Schulz S, Becker M, Groseclose MR, Schadt S, Hopf C. Advanced MALDI mass spectrometry imaging in pharmaceutical research and drug development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 55:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Charkoftaki G, Rattray NJW, Andrén PE, Caprioli RM, Castellino S, Duncan MW, Goodwin RJA, Schey KL, Shahidi-Latham SK, Veselkov KA, Johnson CH, Vasiliou V. Yale School of Public Health Symposium on tissue imaging mass spectrometry: illuminating phenotypic heterogeneity and drug disposition at the molecular level. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:10. [PMID: 29482659 PMCID: PMC5828306 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Charkoftaki
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Per E Andrén
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Imaging, National Resource for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Departments of Biochemistry and the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | - Steve Castellino
- Department of Bio-Imaging, Platform Science and Technology, GSK, King of Prussia, USA
| | | | - Richard J A Goodwin
- Pathology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Departments of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, USA
| | | | - Kirill A Veselkov
- Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA. .,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, USA.
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7
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Pourshahian S. Mass Defect from Nuclear Physics to Mass Spectral Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1836-1843. [PMID: 28733967 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass defect is associated with the binding energy of the nucleus. It is a fundamental property of the nucleus and the principle behind nuclear energy. Mass defect has also entered into the mass spectrometry terminology with the availability of high resolution mass spectrometry and has found application in mass spectral analysis. In this application, isobaric masses are differentiated and identified by their mass defect. What is the relationship between nuclear mass defect and mass defect used in mass spectral analysis, and are they the same? Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Pourshahian
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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8
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Jones EE, Quiason C, Dale S, Shahidi-Latham SK. Feasibility Assessment of a MALDI FTICR Imaging Approach for the 3D Reconstruction of a Mouse Lung. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1709-1715. [PMID: 28401432 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) has proven to be a quick, robust, and label-free tool to produce two-dimensional (2D) ion-density maps representing the distribution of a variety of analytes across a tissue section of interest. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) imaging mass spectrometry workflows have been developed that are capable of visualizing these same analytes throughout an entire volume of a tissue rather than a single cross-section. Until recently, the use of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometers for 3D volume reconstruction has been impractical due to software limitations, such as inadequate capacity to manipulate the extremely large data files produced during an imaging experiment. Fortunately with recent software and hardware advancements, 3D reconstruction from MALDI FTICR IMS datasets is now feasible. Here we describe the first proof of principle study for a 3D volume reconstruction of an entire mouse lung using data collected on a FTICR mass spectrometer. Each lung tissue section was analyzed with high mass resolution and mass accuracy, and considered as an independent dataset. Each subsequent lung section image, or lung dataset, was then co-registered to its adjacent section to reconstruct a 3D volume. Volumes representing various endogenous lipid species were constructed, including sphingolipids and phosphatidylcholines (PC), and species confirmation was performed with on-tissue collision induced dissociation (CID). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ellen Jones
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 41-2a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cristine Quiason
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 41-2a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Stephanie Dale
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 41-2a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sheerin K Shahidi-Latham
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way MS 41-2a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Over the last decade mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has been integrated in to many areas of drug discovery and development. It can have significant impact in oncology drug discovery as it allows efficacy and safety of compounds to be assessed against the backdrop of the complex tumour microenvironment. We will discuss the roles of MSI in investigating compound and metabolite biodistribution and defining pharmacokinetic -pharmacodynamic relationships, analysis that is applicable to all drug discovery projects. We will then look more specifically at how MSI can be used to understand tumour metabolism and other applications specific to oncology research. This will all be described alongside the challenges of applying MSI to industry research with increased use of metrology for MSI.
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10
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Abstract
Drug analysis represents a large field in different disciplines. Plasma is commonly considered to be the biosample of choice for that purpose. However, concentrations often do not represent the levels present within deeper compartments and therefore cannot sufficiently explain efficacy or toxicology of drugs. MALDI-MS in drug analysis is of great interest for high-throughput quantification and particularly spatially resolved tissue imaging. The current perspective article will deal with challenges and opportunities of MALDI-MS drug analysis in different biological samples. A particular focus will be on hair samples. Recent applications were included, reviewed for their instrumental setup and sample preparation and pros and cons as well as future perspectives are critically discussed.
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11
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Potential of MALDI imaging for the toxicological evaluation of environmental pollutants. J Proteomics 2016; 144:133-9. [PMID: 27178109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment related to the exposure of humans to chemicals released into the environment is a major concern of our modern societies. In this context, toxicology plays a crucial role to characterize the effects of this exposure on health and identify the targets of these molecules. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is an enabling technology for biodistribution studies of chemicals. Although the majority of published studies are presented in a pharmacological context, the concepts discussed in this review can be applied to the toxicological evaluation of chemicals released into the environment. The major asset of IMS is the simultaneous localization and identification of a parent molecule and its metabolites without labeling and without any prior knowledge. Quantification methods developed in IMS are presented with application to an environmental pollutant. IMS is effective in the localization of chemicals and endogenous species. This opens unique perspectives for the discovery of molecular alterations in metabolites and protein biomarkers that could help for a better understanding of toxicity mechanisms. Distribution studies of agrochemicals in plants by IMS can contribute to a better understanding of their mode of action and to a more effective use of these chemicals, avoiding the current concern of environmental damage.
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12
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Schey KL, Hachey AJ, Rose KL, Grey AC. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry of Pacific White Shrimp L. vannamei and identification of abdominal muscle proteins. Proteomics 2016; 16:1767-74. [PMID: 26990122 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has been applied to whole animal tissue sections of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in an effort to identify and spatially localize proteins in specific organ systems. Frozen shrimp were sectioned along the ventral-dorsal axis and methods were optimized for matrix application. In addition, tissue microextraction and homogenization was conducted followed by top-down LC-MS/MS analysis of intact proteins and searches of shrimp EST databases to identify imaged proteins. IMS images revealed organ system specific protein signals that highlighted the hepatopancreas, heart, nervous system, musculature, and cuticle. Top-down proteomics identification of abdominal muscle proteins revealed the sequence of the most abundant muscle protein that has no sequence homology to known proteins. Additional identifications of abdominal muscle proteins included titin, troponin-I, ubiquitin, as well as intact and multiple truncated forms of flightin; a protein known to function in high frequency contraction of insect wing muscles. The combined use of imaging mass spectrometry and top-down proteomics allowed for identification of novel proteins from the sparsely populated shrimp protein databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda J Hachey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristie L Rose
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Angus C Grey
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Abstract
During the last decade, lateral and temporal localization of drug compounds and their metabolites have been demonstrated and dynamically developed using MS imaging. The pharmaceutical industry has recognized the potential of the technology that provides simultaneous distribution and quantitative data. In this review, we present the latest technological achievements and summarize applications of drug imaging focusing on studies about metabolites by MALDI-MS imaging. We also introduce potential areas with pharmaceutical applications that are currently under exploration, including pharmacological, toxicological characterizations and metabolic enzyme localization in comparison with drug and metabolite distribution.
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14
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Handberg E, Chingin K, Wang N, Dai X, Chen H. Mass spectrometry imaging for visualizing organic analytes in food. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:641-58. [PMID: 24687728 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The demand for rapid chemical imaging of food products steadily increases. Mass spectrometry (MS) is featured by excellent molecular specificity of analysis and is, therefore, a very attractive method for chemical profiling. MS for food imaging has increased significantly over the past decade, aided by the emergence of various ambient ionization techniques that allow direct and rapid analysis in ambient environment. In this article, the current status of food imaging with MSI is reviewed. The described approaches include matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), but emphasize desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI), electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization (ELDI), probe electrospray ionization (PESI), surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (SDAPCI), and laser ablation flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow (LA-FAPA). The methods are compared with regard to spatial resolution; analysis speed and time; limit of detection; and technical aspects. The performance of each method is illustrated with the description of a related application. Specific requirements in food imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Handberg
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Ximo Dai
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, Department of Applied Chemistry, East China Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P.R. China
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15
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Liu X, Hummon AB. Mass spectrometry imaging of therapeutics from animal models to three-dimensional cell cultures. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9508-19. [PMID: 26084404 PMCID: PMC4766864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful label-free technique for the investigation of the spatial distribution of molecules at complex surfaces and has been widely used in the pharmaceutical sciences to understand the distribution of different drugs and their metabolites in various biological samples, ranging from cell-based models to tissues. Here, we review the current applications of MSI for drug studies in animal models, followed by a discussion of the novel advances of MSI in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures for accurate, efficient, and high-throughput analyses to evaluate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Amanda B. Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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16
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Abstract
Analysis of drug and metabolite distribution is essential for understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pharmacological or toxicological effects. MS imaging (MSI) can visualize the distribution of drugs or biological molecules in tissue sections without radiolabeling, and distinguish between the distribution of a drug and that of its metabolites in tissue sections. Therefore, it is expected to be a potent imaging technique for drug distribution studies. This article includes cases in which MSI was used to analyze drug and metabolite distribution, and discusses the impact of data obtained by MSI in drug discovery and development.
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17
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Quiason CM, Shahidi-Latham SK. Imaging MALDI MS of Dosed Brain Tissues Utilizing an Alternative Analyte Pre-extraction Approach. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:967-973. [PMID: 25840813 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry has been adopted in the pharmaceutical industry as a useful tool to detect xenobiotic distribution within tissues. A unique sample preparation approach for MALDI imaging has been described here for the extraction and detection of cobimetinib and clozapine, which were previously undetectable in mouse and rat brain using a single matrix application step. Employing a combination of a buffer wash and a cyclohexane pre-extraction step prior to standard matrix application, the xenobiotics were successfully extracted and detected with an 8 to 20-fold gain in sensitivity. This alternative approach for sample preparation could serve as an advantageous option when encountering difficult to detect analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine M Quiason
- Department of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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18
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In situ drug and metabolite analysis [corrected] in biological and clinical research by MALDI MS imaging. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:1241-53. [PMID: 24946924 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the analysis in mass spectrometry (MS) [corrected] imaging has been expanded to detect a wide variety of low molecular weight compounds (LMWC), including exogenous and endogenous compounds. The high sensitivity and selectivity of MS imaging combined with visualization of molecular spatial distribution in tissues, makes it a valuable [corrected] platform in targeted drug and untargeted metabolomic analysis [corrected] in biological and clinical research. Here, we review the current and potential applications of MALDI MS imaging in these areas. The aim of advancing MALDI MS imaging in the field of LMWC is to support clinical applications by understanding drug and drug-metabolite distribution, investigating toxicity and discovering [corrected] new biomarkers.
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19
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Wang C, Wang M, Han X. Applications of mass spectrometry for cellular lipid analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:698-713. [PMID: 25598407 PMCID: PMC4376555 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00586d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric analysis of cellular lipids is an enabling technology for lipidomics, which is a rapidly-developing research field. In this review, we briefly discuss the principles, advantages, and possible limitations of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry-based methodologies for the analysis of lipid species. The applications of these methodologies to lipidomic research are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA.
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20
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Barry JA, Groseclose MR, Robichaud G, Castellino S, Muddiman DC. Assessing drug and metabolite detection in liver tissue by UV-MALDI and IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging coupled to FT-ICR MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 377:448-155. [PMID: 26056514 PMCID: PMC4456684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining the distribution of a drug and its metabolites within tissue is a key facet of evaluating drug candidates. Drug distribution can have a significant implication in appraising drug efficacy and potential toxicity. The specificity and sensitivity of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) make it a perfect complement to the analysis of drug distributions in tissue. The detection of lapatinib as well as several of its metabolites in liver tissue was determined by MSI using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) coupled to high resolving power Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometers. IR-MALDESI required minimal sample preparation while maintaining high sensitivity. The effect of the electrospray solvent composition on IR-MALDESI MSI signal from tissue analysis was investigated and an empirical comparison of IR-MALDESI and UV-MALDI for MSI analysis is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Barry
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - M. Reid Groseclose
- Department of Drug Metabolism& Pharmacokinetics, Platform Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Guillaume Robichaud
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Stephen Castellino
- Department of Drug Metabolism& Pharmacokinetics, Platform Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Author for Correspondence David C. Muddiman, Ph.D. W.M. Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Phone: 919-513-0084 Fax: 919-513-7993
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Spengler
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry, Schubertstrasse
60, Building 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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22
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Barry JA, Robichaud G, Bokhart MT, Thompson C, Sykes C, Kashuba AD, Muddiman DC. Mapping antiretroviral drugs in tissue by IR-MALDESI MSI coupled to the Q Exactive and comparison with LC-MS/MS SRM assay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:2038-47. [PMID: 24744212 PMCID: PMC4201889 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the coupling of the IR-MALDESI imaging source with the Q Exactive mass spectrometer. IR-MALDESI MSI was used to elucidate the spatial distribution of several HIV drugs in cervical tissues that had been incubated in either a low or high concentration. Serial sections of those analyzed by IR-MALDESI MSI were homogenized and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify the amount of each drug present in the tissue. By comparing the two techniques, an agreement between the average intensities from the imaging experiment and the absolute quantities for each drug was observed. This correlation between these two techniques serves as a prerequisite to quantitative IR-MALDESI MSI. In addition, a targeted MS(2) imaging experiment was also conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of the Q Exactive and to highlight the added selectivity that can be obtained with SRM or MRM imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Barry
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Guillaume Robichaud
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mark T. Bokhart
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Corbin Thompson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Author for Correspondence: David C. Muddiman, Ph.D., W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Phone: 919-513-0084, Fax: 919-513-7993,
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23
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Three-dimensional imaging of lipids and metabolites in tissues by nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2063-71. [PMID: 25395201 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of tissue sections is a new frontier in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Here, we report on fast 3D imaging of lipids and metabolites associated with mouse uterine decidual cells and embryo at the implantation site on day 6 of pregnancy. 2D imaging of 16-20 serial tissue sections deposited on the same glass slide was performed using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI)-an ambient ionization technique that enables sensitive localized analysis of analytes on surfaces without special sample pretreatment. In this proof-of-principle study, nano-DESI was coupled to a high-resolution Q-Exactive instrument operated at high repetition rate of >5 Hz with moderate mass resolution of 35,000 (m/Δm at m/z 200), which enabled acquisition of the entire 3D image with a spatial resolution of ∼150 μm in less than 4.5 h. The results demonstrate localization of acetylcholine in the primary decidual zone (PDZ) of the implantation site throughout the depth of the tissue examined, indicating an important role of this signaling molecule in decidualization. Choline and phosphocholine-metabolites associated with cell growth-are enhanced in the PDZ and abundant in other cellular regions of the implantation site. Very different 3D distributions were obtained for fatty acids (FA), oleic acid and linoleic acid (FA 18:1 and FA 18:2), differing only by one double bond. Localization of FA 18:2 in the PDZ indicates its important role in decidualization while FA 18:1 is distributed more evenly throughout the tissue. In contrast, several lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) observed in this study show donut-like distributions with localization around the PDZ. Complementary distributions with minimal overlap were observed for LPC 18:0 and FA 18:2 while the 3D image of the potential precursor phosphatidylcholine 36:2 (PC 36:2) showed a significant overlap with both LPC 18:0 and FA 18:2.
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24
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Kell DB, Oliver SG. How drugs get into cells: tested and testable predictions to help discriminate between transporter-mediated uptake and lipoidal bilayer diffusion. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:231. [PMID: 25400580 PMCID: PMC4215795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to experimental science involves creating hypotheses, then testing them by varying one or more independent variables, and assessing the effects of this variation on the processes of interest. We use this strategy to compare the intellectual status and available evidence for two models or views of mechanisms of transmembrane drug transport into intact biological cells. One (BDII) asserts that lipoidal phospholipid Bilayer Diffusion Is Important, while a second (PBIN) proposes that in normal intact cells Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (i.e., may be neglected quantitatively), because evolution selected against it, and with transmembrane drug transport being effected by genetically encoded proteinaceous carriers or pores, whose “natural” biological roles, and substrates are based in intermediary metabolism. Despite a recent review elsewhere, we can find no evidence able to support BDII as we can find no experiments in intact cells in which phospholipid bilayer diffusion was either varied independently or measured directly (although there are many papers where it was inferred by seeing a covariation of other dependent variables). By contrast, we find an abundance of evidence showing cases in which changes in the activities of named and genetically identified transporters led to measurable changes in the rate or extent of drug uptake. PBIN also has considerable predictive power, and accounts readily for the large differences in drug uptake between tissues, cells and species, in accounting for the metabolite-likeness of marketed drugs, in pharmacogenomics, and in providing a straightforward explanation for the late-stage appearance of toxicity and of lack of efficacy during drug discovery programmes despite macroscopically adequate pharmacokinetics. Consequently, the view that Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (PBIN) provides a starting hypothesis for assessing cellular drug uptake that is much better supported by the available evidence, and is both more productive and more predictive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen G Oliver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK ; Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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25
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Distribution and quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 in colon cancer murine model systems using MALDI MSI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2107-16. [PMID: 25311193 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue distribution and quantitative analysis of small molecules is a key to assess the mechanism of drug action and evaluate treatment efficacy. The prodrug irinotecan (CPT-11) is widely used for chemotherapeutic treatment of colorectal cancer. CPT-11 requires conversion into its active metabolite SN-38 to exert the desired pharmacological effect. MALDI-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) and MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) were performed for detection of CPT-11 and SN-38 in tissue sections from mice post CPT-11 injection. In-depth information was gained about the distribution and quantity of drug compounds in normal and tumor tissue. The prodrug was metabolized, as proven by the detection of SN-38 in liver, kidney and digestive tract. In tumors from genetic mouse models for colorectal cancer (Apc (1638N/wt) x pvillin-Kras (V12G) ), CPT-11 was detected but not the active metabolite. In order to correlate drug distribution relative to vascularization, MALDI data were superimposed with CD31 (PECAM-1) immunohistochemistry. This analysis indicated that intratumoral access of CPT-11 mainly occurred by extravasation from microvessels. The present study exploits the power of MALDI MSI in drug analysis, and presents a novel approach to monitor drug distribution in relation to vessel functionality in preclinical and clinical research.
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26
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Gessel MM, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: spatial molecular analysis to enable a new age of discovery. J Proteomics 2014; 107:71-82. [PMID: 24686089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) combines the sensitivity and selectivity of mass spectrometry with spatial analysis to provide a new dimension for histological analyses to provide unbiased visualization of the arrangement of biomolecules in tissue. As such, MALDI IMS has the capability to become a powerful new molecular technology for the biological and clinical sciences. In this review, we briefly describe several applications of MALDI IMS covering a range of molecular weights, from drugs to proteins. Current limitations and challenges are discussed along with recent developments to address these issues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 20years of Proteomics in memory of Viatliano Pallini. Guest Editors: Luca Bini, Juan J. Calvete, Natacha Turck, Denis Hochstrasser and Jean-Charles Sanchez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Gessel
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States
| | - Jeremy L Norris
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575, United States.
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27
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Lanekoff I, Burnum-Johnson K, Thomas M, Short J, Carson JP, Cha J, Dey SK, Yang P, Conaway MCP, Laskin J. High-speed tandem mass spectrometric in situ imaging by nanospray desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9596-603. [PMID: 24040919 PMCID: PMC3867692 DOI: 10.1021/ac401760s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), high-resolution mass analysis of the fragment ions (m/Δm = 17 500 at m/z 200), and rapid spectral acquisition enabled simultaneous imaging and identification of a large number of metabolites and lipids from 92 selected m/z windows (±1 Da) with a spatial resolution of better than 150 μm. Mouse uterine sections of implantation sites on day 6 of pregnancy were analyzed in the ambient environment without any sample pretreatment. MS/MS imaging was performed by scanning the sample under the nano-DESI probe at 10 μm/s, while higher-energy collision-induced dissociation (HCD) spectra were acquired for a targeted inclusion list of 92 m/z values at a rate of ∼6.3 spectra/s. Molecular ions and their corresponding fragments, separated by high-resolution mass analysis, were assigned on the basis of accurate mass measurement. Using this approach, we were able to identify and image both abundant and low-abundance isobaric and isomeric species within each m/z window. MS/MS analysis enabled efficient separation and identification of isomeric and isobaric phospholipids that are difficult to separate in full-scan mode. Furthermore, we identified several metabolites associated with early pregnancy and obtained the first 2D images of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Lanekoff
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Kristin Burnum-Johnson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Mathew Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Joshua Short
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - James P. Carson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Jeeyeon Cha
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Sudhansu K. Dey
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | | | | | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352
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28
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Qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of drugs and metabolites in tissue at therapeutic levels. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:93-104. [PMID: 23881163 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a rapidly evolving technology that yields qualitative and quantitative distribution maps of small pharmaceutical-active molecules and their metabolites in tissue sections in situ. The simplicity, high sensitivity and ability to provide comprehensive spatial distribution maps of different classes of biomolecules make MSI a valuable tool to complement histopathology for diagnostics and biomarker discovery. In this review, qualitative and quantitative MSI of drugs and metabolites in tissue at therapeutic levels are discussed and the impact of this technique in drug discovery and clinical research is highlighted.
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29
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Angel PM, Caprioli RM. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry: in situ molecular mapping. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3818-28. [PMID: 23259809 PMCID: PMC3864574 DOI: 10.1021/bi301519p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a relatively new imaging modality that allows mapping of a wide range of biomolecules within a thin tissue section. The technology uses a laser beam to directly desorb and ionize molecules from discrete locations on the tissue that are subsequently recorded in a mass spectrometer. IMS is distinguished by the ability to directly measure molecules in situ ranging from small metabolites to proteins, reporting hundreds to thousands of expression patterns from a single imaging experiment. This article reviews recent advances in IMS technology, applications, and experimental strategies that allow it to significantly aid in the discovery and understanding of molecular processes in biological and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggi M. Angel
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, MRB III Suite 9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Medicine, Pharmacology, and Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Avenue South, MRB III Suite 9160, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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30
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Eriksson C, Masaki N, Yao I, Hayasaka T, Setou M. MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry-A Mini Review of Methods and Recent Developments. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2013; 2:S0022. [PMID: 24349941 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the only imaging method available, Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS) can determine both the identity and the distribution of hundreds of molecules on tissue sections, all in one single run. IMS is becoming an established research technology, and due to recent technical and methodological improvements the interest in this technology is increasing steadily and within a wide range of scientific fields. Of the different IMS methods available, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) IMS is the most commonly employed. The course at IMSC 2012 in Kyoto covered the fundamental principles and techniques of MALDI-IMS, assuming no previous experience in IMS. This mini review summarizes the content of the one-day course and describes some of the most recent work performed within this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Eriksson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine ; Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University
| | - Noritaka Masaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Ikuko Yao
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University
| | - Takahiro Hayasaka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
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31
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Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Analysis of tissue specimens by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry in biological and clinical research. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2309-42. [PMID: 23394164 PMCID: PMC3624074 DOI: 10.1021/cr3004295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Norris
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- National Research Resource for Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 9160 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-8575
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