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Backiyalakshmi G, Snekhalatha U, Salvador AL. Recent advancements in non-invasive wearable electrochemical biosensors for biomarker analysis - A review. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115578. [PMID: 38801938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A biomarker is a molecular indicator that can be used to identify the presence or severity of a disease. It may be produced due to biochemical or molecular changes in normal biological processes. In some cases, the presence of a biomarker itself is an indication of the disease, while in other cases, the elevated or depleted level of a particular protein or chemical substance aids in identifying a disease. Biomarkers indicate the progression of the disease in response to therapeutic interventions. Identifying these biomarkers can assist in diagnosing the disease early and providing proper therapeutic treatment. In recent years, wearable electrochemical (EC) biosensors have emerged as an important tool for early detection due to their excellent selectivity, low cost, ease of fabrication, and improved sensitivity. There are several challenges in developing a fully integrated wearable sensor, such as device miniaturization, high power consumption, incorporation of a power source, and maintaining the integrity and durability of the biomarker for long-term continuous monitoring. This review covers the recent advancements in the fabrication techniques involved in device development, the types of sensing platforms utilized, different materials used, challenges, and future developments in the field of wearable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Backiyalakshmi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - U Snekhalatha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Batangas State University, Batangas, Philippines.
| | - Anela L Salvador
- College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Batangas State University, Batangas, Philippines
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2
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Tawakey SH, Mansour M, Soltan A, Salim AI. Early detection of hypo/hyperglycemia using a microneedle electrode array-based biosensor for glucose ultrasensitive monitoring in interstitial fluid. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3958-3972. [PMID: 39015046 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common chronic metabolic disease with a wide range of clinical symptoms and consequences and one of the main causes of death. For the management of diabetes, painless and continuous interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose monitoring is ideal. Here, we demonstrate continuous diabetes monitoring using an integrated microneedle (MN) biosensor with an emergency alert system. MNs are a novel technique in the field of biomedical engineering because of their ability to analyze bioinformation with minimal invasion. In this work we developed a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based MN glucose sensor. The device was produced by the 3D printing technique, microfabrication, electrodeposition, and enzyme immobilization step. The in vitro test for the glucose MN sensor showed a linear range from 1.5 to 14 mM with a sensitivity of 1.51 μA mM-1, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.35 mM and good selectivity. Highly repeatable sensing is observed with good reproducibility. The interference-free detection of glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, and mannose is demonstrated, along with the operational stability of the array. After resolving the biofouling consequences linked to on-body sensing, this MN platform would be appealing for minimally invasive electrochemical glucose monitoring. An alert is sent to confidants via email or SMS when the values are abnormal. The application is also able to display the recorded values in the form of a graph to help determine the state of health of the user over a period of time. It can be concluded that continuous monitoring and an emergency alert system are important for keeping an eye on diabetic patients and can send alert in case of an abnormal situation of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Tawakey
- Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, 26th of July Corridor, Sheikh Zayed City, 12588, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Mansour
- Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, 26th of July Corridor, Sheikh Zayed City, 12588, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Soltan
- Nanoelectronics Integrated Systems Center (NISC), Nile University, 26th of July Corridor, Sheikh Zayed City, 12588, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alyaa I Salim
- School of Biotechnology, Nile University, 26th of July Corridor, Sheikh Zayed City, 12588, Giza, Egypt.
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3
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Wang F, Hu J, Wu X, Yuan G, Su Y, Fan Z, Xue H, Pang H. Streamlined synthesis of superstructure Ni-benzimidazole MOFs: Glucose electrochemical analysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:764-771. [PMID: 38554466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of efficient electrochemical sensors are crucial transformation technologies in electrochemistry. We successfully synthesize a three-dimensional Ni-metal-organic framework (MOF) nanostructured material with a superior architecture using benzimidazole and nickel nitrate as precursors at room temperature which is being applied in glucose electrochemical sensors. The reaction mechanism of M-6 during glucose detection is thoroughly studied using various characterization techniques, such as in situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, synchrotron radiography, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The research findings demonstrate that the M-6 material exhibits high sensitivity for glucose detection, with a sensitivity of 2199.88 mA M-1 cm-2. This study provides an important reference for designing more efficient electrochemical reaction systems and optimizing material performance. Furthermore, the superstructural design offers new ideas and possibilities for the development and application of similar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnology Institute, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| | - Jinliang Hu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Institution Jiangsu Yangnong Chemical Group Co. Ltd., Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yichun Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ziheng Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China.
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4
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Nikitina M, Khramtsov P, Bochkova M, Rayev M. Development and performance of NLISA for C-reactive protein detection based on Prussian blue nanoparticle conjugates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3097-3106. [PMID: 38635074 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs), also called nanozymes, are very attractive as an alternative to horseradish peroxidase in immunoassay development due to their simple and low-cost synthesis, stability and high catalytic activity. Today, there is a method for highly effective PBNP synthesis based on the reduction of an FeCl3/K3[Fe(CN)6] mixture by hydrogen peroxide. However, there is a lack of research showcasing the use of these highly effective PBNPs for specific target detection in clinical settings, as well as a lack of comprehensive comparisons with conventional methods. To address this gap, we prepared diagnostic reagents based on highly effective PBNPs by modifying them using gelatin and attaching anti-C-reactive protein (CRP) monoclonal antibodies through cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. As a result, a solid-phase colorimetric immunoassay in a sandwich format (nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay [NLISA]) using highly effective PBNPs as a label for CRP detection has been demonstrated for the first time. The assay demonstrated a detection limit of 21.8 pg/mL, along with acceptable selectivity, precision (CV < 25%) and accuracy (the recovery index was within acceptable limits (75-125%) for LLOQ /ULOQ range. The analytical performance of this method is on par with sensitive assays developed in the last 5 years. Notably, the results obtained from NLISA align with those from an immunofluorescence assay conducted by a certified clinical laboratory. Furthermore, this study underscores the technological challenges involved in constructing an analysis that necessitate further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikitina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch of RAS, Perm, Russia.
- Biology Faculty, Perm State University, Perm, Russia.
| | - Pavel Khramtsov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch of RAS, Perm, Russia
- Biology Faculty, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Maria Bochkova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch of RAS, Perm, Russia
- Biology Faculty, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Mikhail Rayev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Urals Branch of RAS, Perm, Russia
- Biology Faculty, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
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5
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Zhang S, Staples AE. Microfluidic-based systems for the management of diabetes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01569-y. [PMID: 38509342 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes currently affects approximately 500 million people worldwide and is one of the most common causes of mortality in the United States. To diagnose and monitor diabetes, finger-prick blood glucose testing has long been used as the clinical gold standard. For diabetes treatment, insulin is typically delivered subcutaneously through cannula-based syringes, pens, or pumps in almost all type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients and some type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. These painful, invasive approaches can cause non-adherence to glucose testing and insulin therapy. To address these problems, researchers have developed miniaturized blood glucose testing devices as well as microfluidic platforms for non-invasive glucose testing through other body fluids. In addition, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin levels, and cellular biomechanics-related metrics have also been considered for microfluidic-based diabetes diagnosis. For the treatment of diabetes, insulin has been delivered transdermally through microdevices, mostly through microneedle array-based, minimally invasive injections. Researchers have also developed microfluidic platforms for oral, intraperitoneal, and inhalation-based delivery of insulin. For T2D patients, metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and GLP-1 receptor agonists have also been delivered using microfluidic technologies. Thus far, clinical studies have been widely performed on microfluidic-based diabetes monitoring, especially glucose sensing, yet technologies for the delivery of insulin and other drugs to diabetic patients with microfluidics are still mostly in the preclinical stage. This article provides a concise review of the role of microfluidic devices in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes, as well as the delivery of pharmaceuticals to treat diabetes using microfluidic technologies in the recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhang
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Anne E Staples
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Lin AC, Lee J, Gabriel MK, Arbet RN, Ghawaa Y, Ferguson AM. The Pharmacy 5.0 framework: A new paradigm to accelerate innovation for large-scale personalized pharmacy care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2024; 81:e141-e147. [PMID: 37672000 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Lin
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jay Lee
- A. James Clark School of Engineering, Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mina K Gabriel
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Yazeed Ghawaa
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew M Ferguson
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administrative Sciences, The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
- The Center for Addiction Research, Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Singh R, Gupta R, Bansal D, Bhateria R, Sharma M. A Review on Recent Trends and Future Developments in Electrochemical Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7336-7356. [PMID: 38405479 PMCID: PMC10882602 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods and devices have ignited prodigious interest for sensing and monitoring. The greatest challenge for science is far from meeting the expectations of consumers. Electrodes made of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, metal-organic frameworks, MXene, and transition metal dichalcogenides as well as alternative electrochemical sensing methods offer potential to improve selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit, and response time. Moreover, these advancements have accelerated the development of wearable and point-of-care electrochemical sensors, opening new possibilities and pathways for their applications. This Review presents a critical discussion of the recent developments and trends in electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimmy Singh
- Department of Applied Science & Humanities, DPG Institute of Technology and Management, Gurugram 122004, India
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | - Rachna Bhateria
- Department of Environmental Science, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Mona Sharma
- Department of Environmental Studies, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, India
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Komkova MA, Alexandrovich AS, Karyakin AA. Polyazine nanoparticles as anchors of PQQ glucose dehydrogenase for its most efficient bioelectrocatalysis. Talanta 2024; 267:125219. [PMID: 37734286 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on the drop-cast production of glucose biosensors based on the most efficient bioelectrocatalysis by pyrroloquinoline quinone dependent glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ GDH). To orient the enzyme upon immobilization we suggest using poly(Methylene Green) (p(MG)) nanoparticles acting as anchors. Synthesis of polymeric anchors has been carried out in course of Methylene Green electropolymerization, which allowed to tune polymer-to-monomer ratio in the drop-cast mixtures varying the monomer concentration and applying different number of potential sweep cycles. Except for elimination of electrochemical step for the electrode modification, opening the prospects for mass-production, the use of drop-cast enzyme anchors provides advantageous characteristics of the resulting biosensors. Catalytic current of PQQ GDH immobilized over p(MG) nanoparticles obtained in optimal conditions is increased only 2-2.5 times after addition of the freely diffusing mediator. Obviously, the lowest ratio of mediated-to-reagentless current points to the most efficient bioelectrocatalysis. The obtained ratio is 2.5 times lower than that for biosensors based on electropolymerized p(MG) films and practically an order of magnitude lower than that for the best reagentless sensors based on PQQ GDH immobilized over conductive nanomaterials. The achieved most efficient bioelectrocatalysis provides high sensitivity of the elaborated biosensors even at 0.0 V potential, which allows to operate them in power generation mode and control relative sweat glucose variation as a tool for non-invasive diabetes monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anna S Alexandrovich
- Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/73, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Arkady A Karyakin
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Yin S, Yu Z, Song N, Guo Z, Li W, Ma J, Wang X, Liu J, Liang M. A long lifetime and highly sensitive wearable microneedle sensor for the continuous real-time monitoring of glucose in interstitial fluid. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 244:115822. [PMID: 37956637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The short lifetime and low sensitivity of the current glucose electrochemical sensors are two major issues for implementing continuous real-time monitoring of glucose in vivo. Here we show that a unique microneedle-based glucose monitoring skin patch (termed here MGMSP) can continuously measure glucose in real time in live animals with micromolar sensitivity and over 14 days of service life. This MGMSP employs a glucose oxidase (GOD) and carbon nanotube (CNT) modified hollow syringe as electrochemical sensor for glucose monitoring, an integrated circuit for signal processing and transmission, and the real-time glucose levels are displayed on smartphone via Bluetooth. The designed microneedle device protects the stability of the sensing molecules immobilized within the inner surface of hollow syringe and simultaneously the interior space of hollow syringe substantially increases the amount of immobilized sensing molecules. This microneedle design thus extends the lifetime as well as improves the detection sensitivity. The final MGMSP enables the continuous real-time monitoring of glucose in the interstitial fluid of live rats. This innovative microneedle-based MGMSP could potentially provide the public with high-accuracy continual glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Yin
- School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - NingNing Song
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhanjun Guo
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Li
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinhang Ma
- School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junyao Liu
- Fan Gongxiu Honors College, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Minmin Liang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Liu W, Lewis SE, di Lorenzo M, Squires AM. Development of Redox-Active Lyotropic Lipid Cubic Phases for Biosensing Platforms. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:170-178. [PMID: 38113389 PMCID: PMC10786026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors play an important role in point-of-care diagnostics for personalized medicine. For such devices, lipid cubic phases (LCP) represent an attractive method to immobilize enzymes onto conductive surfaces with no need for chemical linking. However, research has been held back by the lack of effective strategies to stably co-immobilize enzymes with a redox shuttle that enhances the electrical connection between the enzyme redox center and the electrode. In this study, we show that a monoolein (MO) LCP system doped with an amphiphilic redox mediator (ferrocenylmethyl)dodecyldimethylammonium bromide (Fc12) can be used for enzyme immobilization to generate an effective biosensing platform. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) showed that MO LCP can incorporate Fc12 while maintaining the Pn3m symmetry morphology. Cyclic voltammograms of Fc12/MO showed quasi-reversible behavior, which implied that Fc12 was able to freely diffuse in the lipid membrane of LCP with a diffusion coefficient of 1.9 ± 0.2 × 10-8 cm2 s-1 at room temperature. Glucose oxidase (GOx) was then chosen as a model enzyme and incorporated into 0.2%Fc12/MO to evaluate the activity of the platform. GOx hosted in 0.2%Fc12/MO followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward glucose with a KM and Imax of 8.9 ± 0.5 mM and 1.4 ± 0.2 μA, respectively, and a linearity range of 2-17 mM glucose. Our results therefore demonstrate that GOx immobilized onto 0.2% Fc12/MO is a suitable platform for the electrochemical detection of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Simon E. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Mirella di Lorenzo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Adam M. Squires
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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Park S, Nam DY, Jeon HJ, Han JH, Jang D, Hwang J, Park YS, Han YG, Choy YB, Lee DY. Chromophoric cerium oxide nanoparticle-loaded sucking disk-type strip sensor for optical measurement of glucose in tear fluid. Biomater Res 2023; 27:135. [PMID: 38111009 PMCID: PMC10729336 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive monitoring of tear glucose levels can be convenient for patients to manage their diabetes mellitus. However, there are issues with monitoring tear glucose levels, such as the invasiveness of some methods, the miniaturization, inaccuracy, or the high cost of wearable devices. To overcome the issues, we newly designed a sucking disk-type (SD) strip biosensor that can quickly suck tear fluid and contains cerium oxide nanoparticle (CNP) that causes a unique color change according to the glucose level of the tear without complicated electronic components. METHODS The SD strip biosensor composed of three distinct parts (tip, channel, and reaction chamber) was designed to contain the sensing paper, onto which tear fluid can be collected and delivered. The sensing paper treated with CNP/APTS (aminopropyltriethoxysilane) /GOx (glucose oxidase) was characterized. Then we carried out the reliability of the SD strip biosensor in the diabetic rabbit animals. We quantitatively analyzed the color values of the SD strip biosensor through the colorimetric analysis algorithm. RESULTS We contacted the inferior palpebral conjunctiva (IPC) of a diabetic rabbit eye using an SD strip biosensor to collect tears without eye irritation and successfully verified the performance and quantitative efficacy of the sensor. An image processing algorithm that can optimize measurement accuracy is developed for accurate color change measurement of SD strip biosensors. The validation tests show a good correlation between glucose concentrations measured in the tear and blood. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the CNP-embedded SD strip biosensor and the associated image processing can simply monitor tear glucose to manage diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Park
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeon Nam
- College of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Jeon
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-Gil, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Han
- College of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Juil Hwang
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Seo Park
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Kangwon National University, 1 Gangwondaehak-Gil, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Geun Han
- Department of Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Choy
- College of Engineering, Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-Ro Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-Ro Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) and Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Elixir Pharmatech Inc, 222 Wangsimni-Ro Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Kaushal JB, Raut P, Kumar S. Organic Electronics in Biosensing: A Promising Frontier for Medical and Environmental Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:976. [PMID: 37998151 PMCID: PMC10669243 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The promising field of organic electronics has ushered in a new era of biosensing technology, thus offering a promising frontier for applications in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of organic electronics' remarkable progress and potential in biosensing applications. It explores the multifaceted aspects of organic materials and devices, thereby highlighting their unique advantages, such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and low-cost fabrication. The paper delves into the diverse range of biosensors enabled by organic electronics, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors, thus showcasing their versatility in detecting biomolecules, pathogens, and environmental pollutants. Furthermore, integrating organic biosensors into wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is discussed, wherein they offer real-time, remote, and personalized monitoring solutions. The review also addresses the current challenges and future prospects of organic biosensing, thus emphasizing the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine, environmental sustainability, and the advancement of human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bala Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.B.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Pratima Raut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.B.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, Scott Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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13
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Yuan Q, Fang H, Wu X, Wu J, Luo X, Peng R, Xu S, Yan S. Self-Adhesive, Biocompatible, Wearable Microfluidics with Erasable Liquid Metal Plasmonic Hotspots for Glucose Detection in Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37903285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is a noninvasive metabolite that can provide clinically meaningful information about physical conditions without harming the body. Glucose, a vital component in sweat, is closely related to blood glucose levels, and changes in its concentration can reflect the health status of diabetics. We introduce a self-adhesive, wearable microfluidic chip with erasable liquid metal plasmonic hotspots for the precise detection of glucose concentration in sweat. The self-adhesive, wearable microfluidic chip is made from modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with enhanced stickiness, enabling conformal contact with the skin, and can collect, deliver, and store sweat. The plasmonic hotspots are located inside the microfluidic channel, are generated by synthesizing silver nanostructures on liquid metal, and can be removed in the alkaline solution. It indicates the erasable and reproducible nature of the plasmonic hotspots. The detection method is based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which allows for accurate detection of the glucose concentration. To enhance the sensitive detection of glucose, the SERS substrate is modified by 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid to achieve the limit of detection of 1 ng/L glucose, which is much lower than the physiological conditions (7.2-25.2 μg/L). The developed microfluidic chip is soft, stretchable, and nontoxic, bringing new possibilities to wearable sweat-sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Yuan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiuru Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ran Peng
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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14
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Cao X, Xia J, Wang Z. A flexible and wearable three-electrode electrochemical sensing system consisting of a two-in-one enzyme-mimic working electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341688. [PMID: 37709441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a wearable and flexible three-electrode electrochemical sensing system (TESS) by using a two-in-one enzyme-mimic working electrode (TIOWE) is reported. The integrated three-electrode, including working electrodes, reference electrodes, and counter electrodes are formed by transfer printing of Ni2P-based composite electrode ink (Ni2P/G ink), Ag/AgCl ink, and carbon ink onto PDMS substrate, respectively. The Ni2P/G ink-based working electrodes have both good conductivity and enzyme-mimic catalytic activity towards glucose. Under optimized conditions, the TIOWE-TESS has a low detection limit of 0.37 μM and wide linear ranges of 0.001 mM-0.1 mM and 0.1 mM-1.4 mM. Furthermore, the TIOWE-TESS has good applicability in serum samples and reveals remarkable electrochemical performance at fluctuant working temperatures. The proposed TIOWE-TESS can be integrated on a waterproof bandage to fabricate a skin-friendly patch device for sweet glucose monitoring, which highlights its potential applications in flexible and wearable commercial devices for health-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Yali Liu
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiyue Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Jianfei Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
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15
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark Å, Metzger BE, Nathan DM, Kirkman MS. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:e151-e199. [PMID: 37471273 PMCID: PMC10516260 DOI: 10.2337/dci23-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for laboratory analysis in screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of diabetes. The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were evaluated. The draft consensus recommendations were evaluated by invited reviewers and presented for public comment. Suggestions were incorporated as deemed appropriate by the authors (see Acknowledgments). The guidelines were reviewed by the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry and by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT Diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased concentrations of glucose in venous plasma or increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the blood. Glycemic control is monitored by the people with diabetes measuring their own blood glucose with meters and/or with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and also by laboratory analysis of HbA1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of ketones, autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - George L. Bakris
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David E. Bruns
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrea R. Horvath
- New South Wales Health Pathology Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Boyd E. Metzger
- Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David M. Nathan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M. Sue Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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16
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Zhang Q, Li P, Wu J, Peng Y, Pang H. Pyridine-Regulated Lamellar Nickel-Based Metal-Organic Framework (Ni-MOF) for Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensor. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304102. [PMID: 37470100 PMCID: PMC10520646 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
2D metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as promising electrochemical sensing materials and have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Compared with bulk MOFs, the construction of 2D MOFs can increase the exposure of active sites by obtaining a larger surface area ratio. Herein, a facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of pyridine-regulated lamellar Ni-MOFs with ultrathin and well-defined 2D morphology is described. Compared with the bulk structure, the 2D lamellar Ni-MOF has higher surface area and active site density, showing better electrochemical glucose sensing performance. The 2D lamellar Ni-MOF exhibits a fast amperometric response of less than 3 s and a high sensitivity of 907.54 µA mm-1 cm-2 toward glucose with a wide linear range of 0.5-2665.5 µm. Furthermore, the 2D lamellar Ni-MOF also possesses excellent stability and reproducibility, and can be used to detect glucose with high accuracy and reliability in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Panpan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Yi Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou UniversityYangzhou225009P. R. China
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17
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Khaleque MA, Hossain MI, Ali MR, Bacchu MS, Saad Aly MA, Khan MZH. Nanostructured wearable electrochemical and biosensor towards healthcare management: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22973-22997. [PMID: 37529357 PMCID: PMC10387826 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03440b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in demand for wearable sensors, particularly these tracking the surroundings, fitness, and health of people. Thus, selective detection in human body fluid is a demand for a smart lifestyle by quick monitoring of electrolytes, drugs, toxins, metabolites and biomolecules, proteins, and the immune system. In this review, these parameters along with the main features of the latest and mostly cited research work on nanostructured wearable electrochemical and biosensors are surveyed. This study aims to help researchers and engineers choose the most suitable selective and sensitive sensor. Wearable sensors have broad and effective sensing platforms, such as contact lenses, Google Glass, skin-patch, mouth gourds, smartwatches, underwear, wristbands, and others. For increasing sensor reliability, additional advancements in electrochemical and biosensor precision, stability in uncontrolled environments, and reproducible sample conveyance are necessary. In addition, the optimistic future of wearable electrochemical sensors in fields, such as remote and customized healthcare and well-being is discussed. Overall, wearable electrochemical and biosensing technologies hold great promise for improving personal healthcare and monitoring performance with the potential to have a significant impact on daily lives. These technologies enable real-time body sensing and the communication of comprehensive physiological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khaleque
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - M I Hossain
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - M R Ali
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - M S Bacchu
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - M Aly Saad Aly
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Tech Shenzhen Institute (GTSI), Tianjin University Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - M Z H Khan
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Nano-bio and Advanced Materials Engineering (NAME), Jashore University of Science and technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
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18
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Li J, Liu J, Wu Z, Shang X, Li Y, Huo W, Huang X. Fully printed and self-compensated bioresorbable electrochemical devices based on galvanic coupling for continuous glucose monitoring. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3839. [PMID: 37467335 PMCID: PMC10355816 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Real-time glucose monitoring conventionally involves non-bioresorbable semi-implantable glucose sensors, causing infection and pain during removal. Despite bioresorbable electronics serves as excellent alternatives, the bioresorbable sensor dissolves in aqueous environments with interferential biomolecules. Here, the theories to achieve stable electrode potential and accurate electrochemical detection using bioresorbable materials have been proposed, resulting in a fully printed bioresorbable electrochemical device. The adverse effect caused by material degradation has been overcome by a molybdenum-tungsten reference electrode that offers stable potential through galvanic-coupling and self-compensation modules. In vitro and in vivo glucose monitoring has been conducted for 7 and 5 days, respectively, followed by full degradation within 2 months. The device offers a glucose detection range of 0 to 25 millimolars and a sensitivity of 0.2458 microamperes per millimolar with anti-interference capability and biocompatibility, indicating the possibility of mass manufacturing high-performance bioresorbable electrochemical devices using printing and low-temperature water-sintering techniques. The mechanisms may be implemented developing more comprehensive bioresorbable sensors for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiameng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiayin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziyue Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xue Shang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenxing Huo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Institute of Wearable Technology and Bioelectronics, Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, 1002 23rd Street, Hangzhou 310018, China
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19
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark Å, Metzger BE, Nathan DM, Kirkman MS. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Chem 2023:hvad080. [PMID: 37473453 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for laboratory analysis in screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of diabetes. The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were evaluated. The draft consensus recommendations were evaluated by invited reviewers and presented for public comment. Suggestions were incorporated as deemed appropriate by the authors (see Acknowledgments). The guidelines were reviewed by the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Association of Clinical Chemistry and by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT Diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased concentrations of glucose in venous plasma or increased hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) in the blood. Glycemic control is monitored by the people with diabetes measuring their own blood glucose with meters and/or with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and also by laboratory analysis of Hb A1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of ketones, autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, ILUnited States
| | - David E Bruns
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andrea R Horvath
- New South Wales Health Pathology Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Boyd E Metzger
- Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David M Nathan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M Sue Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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20
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Braz JF, Dencheva NV, Tohidi SD, Denchev ZZ. Fast, Multiple-Use Optical Biosensor for Point-of-Care Glucose Detection with Mobile Devices Based on Bienzyme Cascade Supported on Polyamide 6 Microparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2802. [PMID: 37447448 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive glucose determination provides major advantages in health monitoring and protection. It enables widespread point-of-care testing, which is affordable, sensitive, specific, rapid and equipment-free. This work reports on the development and analytical performance of a colorimetric biosensor in detecting glucose in human urine. Highly porous polyamide microparticles were synthesized as the support for the glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) dyad, which was immobilized randomly or consecutively-first HRP and then GOx. The latter system was superior, as GH@PA-C showed much higher activity than the random system, and it was used to prepare the biosensor, along with the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine chromogen. When in contact with urine, the biosensor displayed a strict linear correlation between the color difference and the glucose concentration in urine in the range of 0.01-3.0 mM, as established by the CIELab image processing algorithm and UV-VIS measurements. The biosensor acted in 20 s and had a detection limit of 30.7 µM in urine, high operational activity at pH = 4-8 and unchanged detection performance after 30 days of storage. Its unique feature is the possibility of multiple consecutive uses without the serious deterioration of the recovery and dispersion values. These characteristics can open the way for new routines in non-invasive personal diabetes detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F Braz
- IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nadya V Dencheva
- IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Shafagh D Tohidi
- DTx CoLab-Digital Transformation CoLab, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Zlatan Z Denchev
- IPC-Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-056 Guimarães, Portugal
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21
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Adane AM, Park SY. Bilayer Actuator Film for Urea Biosensing with Dual Responsiveness: Bending Actuation and Photonic Color Change. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2290-2297. [PMID: 37213078 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A noninvasive sweat-based biosensor was developed for urea detection using a photonic bilayer actuator film (BAF) consisting of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) as the active layer and a flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate as the passive layer (IPN/PET). The active IPN layer comprises intertwined solid-state cholesteric liquid crystal and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) networks. Urease was immobilized in the PAA network in the IPN layer of the photonic BAF. The interaction with aqueous urea altered the curvature and photonic color of the photonic urease-immobilized IPN/PET (IPNurease/PET) BAF. The curvature (and wavelength of the photonic color) of the IPNurease/PET BAF increased linearly with urea concentration (Curea) in the range of Curea = 20-65 (and 30-65) mM with a limit of detection value of 1.42 (and 1.34) mM. The developed photonic IPNurease/PET BAF exhibited high selectivity toward urea and excellent spike test results with real human sweat. This novel IPNurease/PET BAF is promising because it enables battery-free, cost-effective, and visual detection-based analysis without the use of sophisticated instruments. Furthermore, the application of this photonic IPN/PET BAF can be easily extended to other biosensors by immobilizing other receptors on the IPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amhagiyorgis Mesfin Adane
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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22
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Qureshi A, Niazi JH. Graphene-interfaced flexible and stretchable micro-nano electrodes: from fabrication to sweat glucose detection. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1580-1607. [PMID: 36880340 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable wearable electronic devices have received tremendous attention for their non-invasive and personal health monitoring applications. These devices have been fabricated by integrating flexible substrates and graphene nanostructures for non-invasive detection of physiological risk biomarkers from human bodily fluids, such as sweat, and monitoring of human physical motion tracking parameters. The extraordinary properties of graphene nanostructures in fully integrated wearable devices have enabled improved sensitivity, electronic readouts, signal conditioning and communication, energy harvesting from power sources through electrode design and patterning, and graphene surface modification or treatment. This review explores advances made toward the fabrication of graphene-interfaced wearable sensors, flexible and stretchable conductive graphene electrodes, as well as their potential applications in electrochemical sensors and field-effect-transistors (FETs) with special emphasis on monitoring sweat biomarkers, mainly in glucose-sensing applications. The review emphasizes flexible wearable sweat sensors and provides various approaches thus far employed for the fabrication of graphene-enabled conductive and stretchable micro-nano electrodes, such as photolithography, electron-beam evaporation, laser-induced graphene designing, ink printing, chemical-synthesis and graphene surface modification. It further explores existing graphene-interfaced flexible wearable electronic devices utilized for sweat glucose sensing, and their technological potential for non-invasive health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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23
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Komkova MA, Eliseev AA, Kasimovskaya VS, Poyarkov AA, Eliseev AA, Karyakin AA. Pulse Power Generation Chronoamperometry as an Advanced Readout for (Bio)sensors: Application for Noninvasive Diabetes Monitoring. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7528-7535. [PMID: 37129422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose pulse power generation (PPG) amperometry as an advanced readout realized for Prussian blue (PB)-based (bio)sensors. In contrast to the conventional power generation mode, when the current response is generated upon continuous short-circuiting, the suggested pulse regime is fulfilled by periodic opening and shorting of the circuit. Despite PB being electroactive, the pulse readout is advantageous over conventional steady-state power generation, providing up to a 15-fold increased signal-to-background ratio as well as dramatically improved sensitivity exceeding 10 A·M-1·cm-2 for H2O2 sensors and 3.9 A·M-1·cm-2 for glucose biosensors. Such analytical performance characteristics are, most probably, achieved due to the enrichment of the diffusion layer by analyte mass transfer from the bulk upon opening of the circuit. Due to an improved sensitivity-to-background ratio, reduced flow-rate dependence, and enhanced operational stability, the regime allows reliable monitoring of blood glucose variations through sweat analysis with the on-skin device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valeria S Kasimovskaya
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-73, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-73, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-73, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Arkady A Karyakin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Komkova MA, Poyarkov AA, Eliseev AA, Eliseev AA. Mass transport limitations for electrochemical sensing in low-flux excretory fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115148. [PMID: 36841113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite non-invasive instant monitoring of sweat metabolites is becoming a general trend in early diagnostics and screening, the reliability and accuracy of the on-skin electrochemical biosensors in real-life scenarios still remain questionable. As a rule, mass transport effects in scantily excreted liquids are ignored, when considering the design of such wearable setups. Here we provide a comprehensive investigation of the disruption factors for commonly used Prussian Blue based (bio)sensors under different hydrodynamic conditions (2 × 10-5 - 5 × 100 mm s-1 electrolyte velocity). A huge effect of flow on the (bio)sensors response has been revealed and explained with transport limitations for both analyte influx and reaction product outflux. It suggests no need for improving the sensor sensitivity, while minimizing analyte consumption and enhancing product withdrawal. Some strategies concerning measurement schemes and sensor design ensuring reliable sweat analysis have been discussed and illustrated for lactate and glucose on-skin monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Li A, Li X, Xu Y, Wu C, Geng Z, Zhang J, Wang X, Li Y, Li H, Guo X, Tang F. Evaluating the Clinical Accuracy of a Non-invasive Single-Fasting-Calibration Glucometer in Patients with Diabetes: A Multicentre Study. Diabetes Ther 2023; 14:989-1004. [PMID: 37103775 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-023-01402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and accuracy of glucose measurements determined using the metabolic heat conformation (MHC)-based non-invasive glucometer in a multicentre, self-controlled clinical trial. This device is the first to obtain a medical device registration certificate awarded by the National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA). METHODS The multicentre clinical study was conducted at three sites and enrolled 200 subjects whose glucose was measured with a non-invasive glucometer (the Contour Plus blood glucose monitoring system) and by venous plasma glucose (VPG) measurements, in a fasted state and at 2 and 4 h after meals. RESULTS Based on both the non-invasive and VPG measurements, 93.9% (95% confidence interval 91.7-95.6%) of the blood glucose (BG) values fell within consensus error grid (CEG) zones A + B. The measurements obtained in a fasted state and at 2 h after meals were more accurate, with 99.0% and 97.0% of the BG values, respectively, falling within zones A + B. Compared to those subjects who received insulin, the proportion of values in zones A + B and the correlation coefficients were 3.1% and 0.0596 higher, respectively. The accuracy of the non-invasive glucometer was influenced by the level of insulin resistance calculated by the homeostatic model assessment method, which had a correlation coefficient with the mean absolute relative difference of - 0.1588 (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The MHC-based non-invasive glucometer assessed in the present study demonstrates generally high stability and accuracy in the glucose monitoring of people with diabetes. The calculation model needs to be further explored and optimised for patients with different diabetes subtypes, levels of insulin resistance and insulin secretion capacity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER ChiCTR1900020523.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanmeng Xu
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chenyang Wu
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhanxiao Geng
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuxiu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of the Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, China Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Fei Tang
- Department of Precision Instrument, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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27
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Vokhmyanina DV, Sharapova OE, Buryanovataya KE, Karyakin AA. Novel Siloxane Derivatives as Membrane Precursors for Lactate Oxidase Immobilization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4014. [PMID: 37112357 PMCID: PMC10145638 DOI: 10.3390/s23084014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report new enzyme-containing siloxane membranes for biosensor elaboration. Lactate oxidase immobilization from water-organic mixtures with a high concentration of organic solvent (90%) leads to advanced lactate biosensors. The use of the new alkoxysilane monomers-(3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and trimethoxy[3-(methylamino)propyl]silane (MAPS)-as the base for enzyme-containing membrane construction resulted in a biosensor with up to a two times higher sensitivity (0.5 A·M-1·cm-2) compared to the biosensor based on (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) we reported previously. The validity of the elaborated lactate biosensor for blood serum analysis was shown using standard human serum samples. The developed lactate biosensors were validated through analysis of human blood serum.
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28
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Chmayssem A, Nadolska M, Tubbs E, Sadowska K, Vadgma P, Shitanda I, Tsujimura S, Lattach Y, Peacock M, Tingry S, Marinesco S, Mailley P, Lablanche S, Benhamou PY, Zebda A. Insight into continuous glucose monitoring: from medical basics to commercialized devices. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:177. [PMID: 37022500 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the latest statistics, more than 537 million people around the world struggle with diabetes and its adverse consequences. As well as acute risks of hypo- or hyper- glycemia, long-term vascular complications may occur, including coronary heart disease or stroke, as well as diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage disease, neuropathy or retinopathy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve diabetes management to reduce the risk of complications but also to improve patient's quality life. The impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is well recognized, in this regard. The current review aims at introducing the basic principles of glucose sensing, including electrochemical and optical detection, summarizing CGM technology, its requirements, advantages, and disadvantages. The role of CGM systems in the clinical diagnostics/personal testing, difficulties in their utilization, and recommendations are also discussed. In the end, challenges and prospects in future CGM systems are discussed and non-invasive, wearable glucose biosensors are introduced. Though the scope of this review is CGMs and provides information about medical issues and analytical principles, consideration of broader use will be critical in future if the right systems are to be selected for effective diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Chmayssem
- UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, INSERM, TIMC, VetAgro Sup, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Małgorzata Nadolska
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Emily Tubbs
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, IRIG, 38000, Grenoble, Biomics, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LBFA and BEeSy, INSERM, U1055, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Kamila Sadowska
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pankaj Vadgma
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Isao Shitanda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Seiya Tsujimura
- Japanese-French lAaboratory for Semiconductor physics and Technology (J-F AST)-CNRS-Université Grenoble Alpes-Grenoble, INP-University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan
- Division of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, 305-5358, Japan
| | | | - Martin Peacock
- Zimmer and Peacock, Nedre Vei 8, Bldg 24, 3187, Horten, Norway
| | - Sophie Tingry
- Institut Européen Des Membranes, UMR 5635, IEM, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- Plate-Forme Technologique BELIV, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, UMR5292, Inserm U1028, CNRS, Univ. Claude-Bernard-Lyon I, 69675, Lyon 08, France
| | - Pascal Mailley
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 38000, Grenoble, DTBS, France
| | - Sandrine Lablanche
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LBFA and BEeSy, INSERM, U1055, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Grenoble University Hospital, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Pôle DigiDune, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Yves Benhamou
- Department of Endocrinology, Grenoble University Hospital, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Pôle DigiDune, Grenoble, France
| | - Abdelkader Zebda
- UMR 5525, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, INSERM, TIMC, VetAgro Sup, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- Japanese-French lAaboratory for Semiconductor physics and Technology (J-F AST)-CNRS-Université Grenoble Alpes-Grenoble, INP-University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Japan.
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29
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Zou Y, Chu Z, Guo J, Liu S, Ma X, Guo J. Minimally invasive electrochemical continuous glucose monitoring sensors: Recent progress and perspective. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115103. [PMID: 36724658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are seriously threatening the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of people. Glucose levels are essential indicators of the health conditions of diabetics. Over the past decade, concerted efforts in various fields have led to significant advances in glucose monitoring technology. In particular, the rapid development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) based on electrochemical sensing principles has great potential to overcome the limitations of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in continuously tracking glucose trends, evaluating diabetes treatment options, and improving the quality of life of diabetics. However, the applications of minimally invasive electrochemical CGM sensors are still limited owing to the following aspects: i) invasiveness, ii) short lifespan, iii) biocompatibility, and iv) calibration and prediction. In recent years, the performance of minimally invasive electrochemical CGM systems (CGMSs) has been significantly improved owing to breakthrough developments in new materials and key technologies. In this review, we summarize the history of commercial CGMSs, the development of sensing principles, and the research progress of minimally invasive electrochemical CGM sensors in reducing the invasiveness of implanted probes, maintaining enzyme activity, and improving the biocompatibility of the sensor interface. In addition, this review also introduces calibration algorithms and prediction algorithms applied to CGMSs and describes the application of machine learning algorithms for glucose prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zou
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengkang Chu
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China; Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China; School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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30
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On-Body Hypoxia Monitor Based on Lactate Biosensors with a Tunable Concentration Range. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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31
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Yuan X, Li C, Yin X, Yang Y, Ji B, Niu Y, Ren L. Epidermal Wearable Biosensors for Monitoring Biomarkers of Chronic Disease in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:313. [PMID: 36979525 PMCID: PMC10045998 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological information detection technology is mainly used for the detection of physiological and biochemical parameters closely related to human tissues and organ lesions, such as biomarkers. This technology has important value in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases in their early stages. Wearable biosensors can be integrated with the Internet of Things and Big Data to realize the detection, transmission, storage, and comprehensive analysis of human physiological and biochemical information. This technology has extremely wide applications and considerable market prospects in frontier fields including personal health monitoring, chronic disease diagnosis and management, and home medical care. In this review, we systematically summarized the sweat biomarkers, introduced the sweat extraction and collection methods, and discussed the application and development of epidermal wearable biosensors for monitoring biomarkers in sweat in preclinical research in recent years. In addition, the current challenges and development prospects in this field were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yuan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Xu Yin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Bowen Ji
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yinbo Niu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Li Ren
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
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Ahmadian N, Manickavasagan A, Ali A. Comparative assessment of blood glucose monitoring techniques: a review. J Med Eng Technol 2023; 47:121-130. [PMID: 35895023 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2022.2100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring blood glucose levels is a vital indicator of diabetes mellitus management. The mainstream techniques of glucometers are invasive, painful, expensive, intermittent, and time-consuming. The ever-increasing number of global diabetic patients urges the development of alternative non-invasive glucose monitoring techniques. Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors, biomaterials, wearable sensors, biomedical signal processing, and microfabrication technologies have led to significant research and ideas in elevating the patient's life quality. This review provides up-to-date information about the available technologies and compares the advantages and limitations of invasive and non-invasive monitoring techniques. The scope of measuring glucose concentration in other bio-fluids such as interstitial fluid (ISF), tears, saliva, and sweat are also discussed. The high accuracy level of invasive methods in measuring blood glucose concentrations gives them superiority over other methods due to lower average absolute error between the detected glucose concentration and reference values. Whereas minimally invasive, and non-invasive techniques have the advantages of continuous and pain-free monitoring. Various blood glucose monitoring techniques have been evaluated based on their correlation to blood, patient-friendly, time efficiency, cost efficiency, and accuracy. Finally, this review also compares the currently available glucose monitoring devices in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivad Ahmadian
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annamalai Manickavasagan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanat Ali
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Zhou Q, Li H, Liao Z, Gao B, He B. Bridging the Gap between Invasive and Noninvasive Medical Care: Emerging Microneedle Approaches. Anal Chem 2023; 95:515-534. [PMID: 36625106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huimei Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhijun Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Xu L, Zhou Z, Fan M, Fang X. Advances in wearable flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat monitoring: A mini-review. INT J ELECTROCHEM SC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoes.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Noura Z, Shah I, Aziz S, Ahmed A, Jung DW, Brahim L, ElMostafa R. Wearable Healthcare Monitoring Based on a Microfluidic Electrochemical Integrated Device for Sensing Glucose in Natural Sweat. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8971. [PMID: 36433566 PMCID: PMC9698867 DOI: 10.3390/s22228971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors offer the possibility of continuous real-time health monitoring of an individual at a low cost without invasion. A variety of sweat glucose sensors have been developed thus far to help diabetes patients frequently monitor blood glucose levels through sweat glucose as a surrogate marker. The present study demonstrates the development and characterization of a three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic electrochemical integrated device (3D PMED) for measuring glucose concentration in sweat in real-time via simple, non-invasive, capillary-action-based sample collection. The device was selective for glucose, and it detected glucose accurately in the clinically relevant range (0~2 mM) in an off-body setup. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time NEXAR™ has been used for biosensing applications. Further, the developed glucose sensor has acceptable sensitivity of 16.8 µA/mM/cm2. Importantly, in an on-body setup, the device achieved a significant amperometric response to sweat glucose in a very short amount of time (a few seconds). With detailed investigations, this proof-of-concept study could help further the development of sensitive and selective sweat-based glucose sensing devices for real-time glucose monitoring in diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouaghi Noura
- National School of Applied Sciences, LISA Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Imran Shah
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 24090, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Aamouche Ahmed
- National School of Applied Sciences, LISA Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
| | - Dong-Won Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Lakssir Brahim
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Ressami ElMostafa
- Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco
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Sempionatto JR, Lasalde-Ramírez JA, Mahato K, Wang J, Gao W. Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:899-915. [PMID: 37117704 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.
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Fine J, Coté GL, McShane MJ. Geometry design for a fully insertable glucose biosensor with multimodal optical readout. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220128GR. [PMID: 36401344 PMCID: PMC9673816 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.11.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance Insertable optical continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) with wearable readers are a strong option for monitoring individuals with diabetes. However, a fully insertable CGM requires a small form factor while still delivering sufficient signal to be read through tissue by an external device. Previous work has suggested that a multimodal repeating unit (barcode) approach may meet these requirements, but the biosensor geometry must be optimized to meet performance criteria. Aim This work details in silico trials conducted to evaluate the geometry of a fully insertable multimodal optical biosensor with respect to both optical output and species diffusion in vivo. Approach Monte Carlo modeling is used to evaluate the luminescent output of three presupposed biosensor designs based on size constraints for an injectable and logical placement of the bar code compartments. Specifically, the sensitivity of the luminescent output to displacement of the biosensor in the X and Y directions, overall size of the selected design, and size of an individual repeating unit are analyzed. Further, an experimentally validated multiphysics model is used to evaluate the diffusion and reaction of glucose and oxygen within the biosensor to estimate the occurrence of chemical crosstalk between the assay components. Results A stacked cylinder multimodal biosensor 4.4 mm in length with repeating units 0.36 mm in length was found to yield a greater luminescent output than the current "barcode" biosensor design. In addition, it was found that a biosensor with enzymatic elements does not significantly deplete glucose locally and thus does not impact the diffusion profile of glucose in adjacent compartments containing nonenzymatic assays. Conclusions Computational modeling was used to design the geometry of a multimodal, insertable, and optical CGM to ensure that the optical output and chemical diffusion profile are sufficient for this device to function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fine
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Gerard L. Coté
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Michael J. McShane
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
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Shchemelev IS, Smirnova MA, Ivanov AV, Ferapontov NB. Application of Complex Forming Impregnated Polyvinyl Alcohol for the Determination of Carbohydrates by Optical Micrometry. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Wearable energy devices on mask-based printed electrodes for self-powered glucose biosensors. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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40
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Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Maeda Y, Minoji S, Morisue T, Katsumata Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nagura T. Realtime Monitoring of Local Sweat Rate Kinetics during Constant-Load Exercise Using Perspiration-Meter with Airflow Compensation System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5473. [PMID: 35897977 PMCID: PMC9331097 DOI: 10.3390/s22155473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal wearable sweat biomarker sensing technologies are likely affected by sweat rate because of the dilution effect and limited measurement methods. However, there is a dearth of reports on the local sweat rate (LSR) monitored in real-time during exercise. This explorative study investigated the feasibility of real-time LSR monitoring and clarified LSR kinetics on the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise using a perspiration meter with an airflow compensation system. This observational cross-sectional study included 18 recreationally trained males (mean age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years). LSR on the forehead and upper arm (mg/cm2/min) were measured during a constant-load exercise test at 25% of their pre-evaluated peak power until exhaustion. The LSR kinetics had two inflection points, with a gradual decrease in the incremental slope for each section. After the second flexion point, the LSR slope slightly decreased and was maintained until exhaustion. However, the degree of change varied among the participants. Although the ratio of forehead LSR to upper arm LSR tended to decrease gradually over time, there was little change in this ratio after a second flexion point of LSR in both. These findings suggest possible differences in LSR control between the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise to prolonged exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuta Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Minoji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Takashi Morisue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Department of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Multifunctional Prussian Blue from Nano-Structure Designed to Wearable Sensors Application. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Daboss EV, Tikhonov DV, Shcherbacheva EV, Karyakin AA. Ultrastable Lactate Biosensor Linearly Responding in Whole Sweat for Noninvasive Monitoring of Hypoxia. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9201-9207. [PMID: 35687799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report on the lactate biosensor with linear calibration range from 0.5 to 100 mM, which encircles possible levels of this metabolite concentration in both human sweat and blood. The linear calibration range at high analyte concentrations, which exceeds the Michaelis constant of lactate oxidase by several orders of magnitude, is provided by an additional perfluorosulfonated ionomer diffusion membrane. In contrast to the known lactate biosensors, which retain their response within less than a couple of hours, the reported system displays 100% response for dozens of hours even upon high analyte concentrations. The biosensors with an additional diffusion-limiting membrane have been validated for lactate detection both in human blood serum and in undiluted human sweat shortly after its secretion. Both linear response in the entire range of blood and sweat lactate concentrations and ultrahigh operational stability would provide the use of the elaborated biosensor in wearable devices for the monitoring of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Daboss
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Tikhonov
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Arkady A Karyakin
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Alhaddad AY, Aly H, Gad H, Al-Ali A, Sadasivuni KK, Cabibihan JJ, Malik RA. Sense and Learn: Recent Advances in Wearable Sensing and Machine Learning for Blood Glucose Monitoring and Trend-Detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:876672. [PMID: 35646863 PMCID: PMC9135106 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.876672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, however patients with diabetes may also develop hypoglycemia due to treatment. There is an increasing demand for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring and trends detection amongst people with diabetes and healthy individuals, especially athletes. Wearable devices and non-invasive sensors for blood glucose monitoring have witnessed considerable advances. This review is an update on recent contributions utilizing novel sensing technologies over the past five years which include electrocardiogram, electromagnetic, bioimpedance, photoplethysmography, and acceleration measures as well as bodily fluid glucose sensors to monitor glucose and trend detection. We also review methods that use machine learning algorithms to predict blood glucose trends, especially for high risk events such as hypoglycemia. Convolutional and recurrent neural networks, support vector machines, and decision trees are examples of such machine learning algorithms. Finally, we address the key limitations and challenges of these studies and provide recommendations for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yaser Alhaddad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hussein Aly
- KINDI Center for Computing Research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hoda Gad
- Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Ali
- KINDI Center for Computing Research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - John-John Cabibihan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rayaz A. Malik
- Weill Cornell Medicine - Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Rayaz A. Malik,
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In-situ growth of multienzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers on PVA-co-PE nanofibrous strip for colorimetric biosensor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Zhang W, Zhu X, Kang M, Xu J, Zuo Y, Sun M, Zhao C, Liu H. Water splitting-assisted electrocatalysis based on dendrimer-encapsulated Au nanoparticles for perspiration glucose analysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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47
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Tabasum H, Gill N, Mishra R, Lone S. Wearable microfluidic-based e-skin sweat sensors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8691-8707. [PMID: 35424805 PMCID: PMC8985157 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) are soft (deformable and stretchable) state-of-the-art wearable devices that emulate the attributes of human skin and act as a Human-Machine Interface (HMI). Recent advances in e-skin for real-time detection of medical signals such as pulse, temperature, electromyogram (EMG), electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and other bioelectric signals laid down an intelligent foundation for early prediction and diagnosis of diseases with a motive of reducing the risk of the ailment reaching to the end stage. In particular, sweat testing has been employed in diverse applications ranging from medical diagnosis of diabetes, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, blood pressure, and autonomic neuropathy to evaluating fluid and electrolyte balance in athletes. Typically, sweat testing techniques are done by trained experts and require off-body measurements, which prevent individuals from de-coding health issues quickly and independently. With the onset of soft electronics, wearable sweat sensors overcome this disadvantage via in situ sweat measurements with real-time feedback, timely diagnosis, creating the potential for preventive care and treatment. Over the past few decades, wearable microfluidic-based e-skin sweat sensors have paved a new way, promising sensing interfaces that are highly compatible with arranging medical and electronic applications. The present review highlights the recent research carried out in the microfluidic-based wearable sweat sensors with a critical focus on real-time sensing of lactate, chloride, and glucose concentration; sweat rate, simultaneously with pH, and total sweat loss for preventive care, timely diagnosis, and point-of-care health and fitness monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humairah Tabasum
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar J&K India 190006 +91-60005221589
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT Srinagar India 190006
| | - Nikita Gill
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar J&K India 190006 +91-60005221589
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT Srinagar India 190006
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar J&K India 190006 +91-60005221589
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT Srinagar India 190006
| | - Saifullah Lone
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar J&K India 190006 +91-60005221589
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT Srinagar India 190006
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Bolat G, De la Paz E, Azeredo NF, Kartolo M, Kim J, de Loyola E Silva AN, Rueda R, Brown C, Angnes L, Wang J, Sempionatto JR. Wearable soft electrochemical microfluidic device integrated with iontophoresis for sweat biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5411-5421. [PMID: 35015101 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A soft and flexible wearable sweat epidermal microfluidic device capable of simultaneously stimulating, collecting, and electrochemically analyzing sweat is demonstrated. The device represents the first system integrating an iontophoretic pilocarpine delivery system around the inlet channels of epidermal polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device for sweat collection and analysis. The freshly generated sweat is naturally pumped into the fluidic inlet without the need of exercising. Soft skin-mounted systems, incorporating non-invasive, on-demand sweat sampling/analysis interfaces for tracking target biomarkers, are in urgent need. Existing skin conformal microfluidic-based sensors for continuous monitoring of target sweat biomarkers rely on assays during intense physical exercising. This work demonstrates the first example of combining sweat stimulation, through transdermal pilocarpine delivery, with sample collection through a microfluidic channel for real-time electrochemical monitoring of sweat glucose, in a fully integrated soft and flexible multiplexed device which eliminates the need of exercising. The on-body operational performance and layout of the device were optimized considering the fluid dynamics and evaluated for detecting sweat glucose in several volunteers. Furthermore, the microfluidic monitoring device was integrated with a real-time wireless data transmission system using a flexible electronic board PCB conformal with the body. The new microfluidic platform paves the way to real-time non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers in stimulated sweat samples for diverse healthcare and wellness applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Bolat
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathalia F Azeredo
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Kartolo
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Rueda
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Juliane R Sempionatto
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Sun M, Pei X, Xin T, Liu J, Ma C, Cao M, Zhou M. A Flexible Microfluidic Chip-Based Universal Fully Integrated Nanoelectronic System with Point-of-Care Raw Sweat, Tears, or Saliva Glucose Monitoring for Potential Noninvasive Glucose Management. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1890-1900. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Xinyi Pei
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Tong Xin
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Chongbo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Mengzhu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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Komkova MA, Eliseev AA, Poyarkov AA, Daboss EV, Evdokimov PV, Eliseev AA, Karyakin AA. Simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate content and sweat secretion rate by wearable remote biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113970. [PMID: 35032921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate concentration and sweat secretion rate. For this aim lactate oxidase-Prussian Blue enzyme-nanozyme type lactate biosensors were elaborated. The use of siloxane-perfluorosulfonated ionomer composite membrane for enzyme-nanozyme immobilization results in the biosensor displaying flux independence in the whole range of physiological sweat secretion rates (0.025-2 μl cm-2 min-1). On the contrary, current response of the biosensor based on solely siloxane membranes becomes saturated at physiological sweat lactate concentration, depending mostly on the flow rate. Accordingly, for simultaneous monitoring of sweat lactate concentration and its secretion rate both flow-through biosensors were integrated with high-accuracy wearable electronic devices allowing real-time remote monitoring. As found, during exhaustive physical exercise sweat secretion rate and lactate content are independent of each other, thus, confirming that this excretory liquid is suitable for non-invasive diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Materials Science faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Daboss
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel V Evdokimov
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii prospect 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Materials Science faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Arkady A Karyakin
- Chemistry faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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