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Chen Y, Ma S, Zhou M, Yao Y, Gao X, Fan X, Wu G. Advancements in the preparation technology of small molecule artificial antigens and their specific antibodies: a comprehensive review. Analyst 2024; 149:4583-4599. [PMID: 39140248 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Small molecules find extensive application in medicine, food safety, and environmental studies, particularly in biomedicine. Immunoassay technology, leveraging the specific recognition between antigens and antibodies, offers a superior alternative to traditional physical and chemical analysis methods. This approach allows for the rapid and accurate detection of small molecular compounds, owing to its high sensitivity, specificity, and swift analytical capabilities. However, small molecular compounds often struggle to effectively stimulate an immune response due to their low molecular weight, weak antigenicity, and limited antigenic epitopes. To overcome this, coupling small molecule compounds with macromolecular carriers to form complete antigens is typically required to induce specific antibodies in animals. Consequently, the preparation of small-molecule artificial antigens and the production of efficient specific antibodies are crucial for achieving precise immunoassays. This paper reviews recent advancements in small molecule antibody preparation technology, emphasizing the design and synthesis of haptens, the coupling of haptens with carriers, the purification and identification of artificial antigens, and the preparation of specific antibodies. Additionally, it evaluates the current technological shortcomings and limitations while projecting future trends in artificial antigen synthesis and antibody preparation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuo Ma
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuming Yao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xun Gao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Hosztafi S, Galambos AR, Köteles I, Karádi DÁ, Fürst S, Al-Khrasani M. Opioid-Based Haptens: Development of Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7781. [PMID: 39063024 PMCID: PMC11277321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, extensive preclinical research has been conducted to develop vaccinations to protect against substance use disorder caused by opioids, nicotine, cocaine, and designer drugs. Morphine or fentanyl derivatives are small molecules, and these compounds are not immunogenic, but when conjugated as haptens to a carrier protein will elicit the production of antibodies capable of reacting specifically with the unconjugated hapten or its parent compound. The position of the attachment in opioid haptens to the carrier protein will influence the specificity of the antiserum produced in immunized animals with the hapten-carrier conjugate. Immunoassays for the determination of opioid drugs are based on the ability of drugs to inhibit the reaction between drug-specific antibodies and the corresponding drug-carrier conjugate or the corresponding labelled hapten. Pharmacological studies of the hapten-carrier conjugates resulted in the development of vaccines for treating opioid use disorders (OUDs). Immunotherapy for opioid addiction includes the induction of anti-drug vaccines which are composed of a hapten, a carrier protein, and adjuvants. In this review we survey the design of opioid haptens, the development of the opioid radioimmunoassay, and the results of immunotherapy for OUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hosztafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hogyes Endre u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anna Rita Galambos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvá-rad tér 4., H-1445 Budapest, Hungary; (A.R.G.); (D.Á.K.); (S.F.)
| | - István Köteles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hogyes Endre u. 9., H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dávid Á Karádi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvá-rad tér 4., H-1445 Budapest, Hungary; (A.R.G.); (D.Á.K.); (S.F.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78., H-1082 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanna Fürst
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvá-rad tér 4., H-1445 Budapest, Hungary; (A.R.G.); (D.Á.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvá-rad tér 4., H-1445 Budapest, Hungary; (A.R.G.); (D.Á.K.); (S.F.)
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3
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Lei X, Li P, Abd El-Aty AM, Zhao J, Xu L, Gao S, Li J, Zhao Y, She Y, Jin F, Wang J, Zheng L, Hammock BD, Jin M. Generation of a highly specific recombinant full-length antibody for detecting ethirimol in fruit and environmental water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134067. [PMID: 38513441 PMCID: PMC11062638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
High-performance antibodies are core reagents for highly sensitive immunoassays. Herein, based on a novel hapten, a hybridoma secreting the high-affinity anti-ethirimol monoclonal antibody (mAb-14G5F6) was isolated with an IC50 value of 1.35 μg/L and cross-reactivity below 0.20% for 13 analogs. To further address the challenge of hybridoma preservation and antibody immortalization, a recombinant full-length antibody (rAb-14G5F6) was expressed using the HEK293(F) expression system based on the mAb-14G5F6 gene. The affinity, specificity, and tolerance of rAb-14G5F6, as characterized by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and noncompetitive surface plasmon resonance, exhibited high concordance with those of mAb-14G5F6. Further immunoassays based on rAb-14G5F6 were developed for irrigation water and strawberry fruit with limits of detection of 0.0066 and 0.036 mg/kg, respectively, recoveries of 80100%, and coefficients of variation below 10%. Furthermore, homology simulation and molecular docking revealed that GLU(L40), GLY(L107), GLY(H108), and ASP(H114) play important roles in forming hydrogen bonds and pi-anion ionic bonds between rAb-14G5F6 and ethirimol, resulting in the high specificity and affinity of rAb-14G5F6 for ethirimol, with a KD of 5.71 × 10-10 mol/L. Overall, a rAb specific for ethirimol was expressed successfully in this study, laying the groundwork for rAb-based immunoassays for monitoring fungicide residues in agricultural products and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmei Lei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lingyuan Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Li
- Jinhua Miaozhidizhi Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lufei Zheng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maojun Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Research Center of Quality Standards for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China.
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4
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Duque MAL, Vallavoju N, Zhang T, Yvon R, Pan YX, Woo CM. Photo-affinity and Metabolic Labeling Probes Based on the Opioid Alkaloids. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300841. [PMID: 38289703 PMCID: PMC11298156 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The opioids are powerful analgesics yet possess contingencies that can lead to opioid-use disorder. Chemical probes derived from the opioid alkaloids can provide deeper insight into the molecular interactions in a cellular context. Here, we designed and developed photo-click morphine (PCM-2) as a photo-affinity probe based on morphine and dialkynyl-acetyl morphine (DAAM) as a metabolic acetate reporter based on heroin. Application of these probes to SH-SY5Y, HEK293T, and U2OS cells revealed that PCM-2 and DAAM primarily localize to the lysosome amongst other locations inside the cell by confocal microscopy and chemical proteomics. Interaction site identification by mass spectrometry revealed the mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein, solute carrier family 25 member 3, SLC25A3, and histone H2B as acylation targets of DAAM. These data illustrate the utility of chemical probes to measure localization and protein interactions in a cellular context and will inform the design of probes based on the opioids in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiffany Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Robert Yvon
- Department of Chemistry of Chemical Biology, Harvard University
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry of Chemical Biology, Harvard University
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5
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Shafieichaharberoud F, Lang S, Whalen C, Rivera Quiles C, Purcell L, Talbot C, Wang P, Norton EB, Mazei-Robison M, Sulima A, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR, Huang X. Enhancing Protective Antibodies against Opioids through Antigen Display on Virus-like Particles. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:164-173. [PMID: 38113481 PMCID: PMC11259974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) has become a public health crisis, with recent significant increases in the number of deaths due to overdose. Vaccination can provide an attractive complementary strategy to combat OUD. A key for high vaccine efficacy is the induction of high levels of antibodies specific to the drug of abuse. Herein, a powerful immunogenic carrier, virus-like particle mutant bacteriophage Qβ (mQβ), has been investigated as a carrier of a small molecule hapten 6-AmHap mimicking heroin. The mQβ-6-AmHap conjugate was able to induce significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies against 6-AmHap than mice immunized with the corresponding tetanus toxoid-6-AmHap conjugate in head-to-head comparison studies in multiple strains of mice. The IgG antibody responses were persistent with high anti-6-AmHap titers 600 days after being immunized with mQβ-6-AmHap. The antibodies induced exhibited strong binding toward multiple heroin/morphine derivatives that have the potential to be abused, while binding weakly to medications used for OUD treatment and pain relief. Furthermore, vaccination effectively reduced the impacts of morphine on mice in both ambulation and antinociception assays, highlighting the translational potential of the mQβ-6-AmHap conjugate to mitigate the harmful effects of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Shafieichaharberoud
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shuyao Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Cristina Rivera Quiles
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Lillie Purcell
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Cameron Talbot
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Michelle Mazei-Robison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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6
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Li Q, Mi J, Bai Y, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z, Yu X. Antibody Production, Immunoassay Establishment, and Specificity Study for Flunixin and 5-Hydroxyflunixin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3160-3170. [PMID: 38197248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Flunixin (FLU) is a nonsteroidal drug that is widely used in animals, causing severe drug residues in animal-derived foods and environment. The development of antibody-based rapid immunoassay methods is of great significance for the monitoring of FLU and its metabolite 5-hydroxyflunixin (5-FLU). We prepared monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with different recognition spectra through FLU-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates as immunogen coupled with antibody screening strategies. mAb5E6 and mAb6D7 recognized FLU with high affinity, and mAb2H5 and mAb4A4 recognized FLU and 5-FLU with broad specificity. Through evaluating the recognition of these mAbs against more than 11 structural analogues and employing computational chemistry, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics methodologies, we preliminarily determined the recognition epitope and recognition mechanism of these mAbs. Finally, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for FLU based on mAb6D7 was developed, which exhibited limits of detection as low as 0.016-0.042 μg kg -1 (L-1) in milk and muscle samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiafei Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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7
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Leon Duque MA, Vallavoju N, Woo CM. Chemical tools for the opioids. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103845. [PMID: 36948231 PMCID: PMC10247539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The opioids are potent and widely used pain management medicines despite also possessing severe liabilities that have fueled the opioid crisis. The pharmacological properties of the opioids primarily derive from agonism or antagonism of the opioid receptors, but additional effects may arise from specific compounds, opioid receptors, or independent targets. The study of the opioids, their receptors, and the development of remediation strategies has benefitted from derivatization of the opioids as chemical tools. While these studies have primarily focused on the opioids in the context of the opioid receptors, these chemical tools may also play a role in delineating mechanisms that are independent of the opioid receptors. In this review, we describe recent advances in the development and applications of opioid derivatives as chemical tools and highlight opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony Leon Duque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America.
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8
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The influence of hapten spacer arm length on antibody response and immunoassay development. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340699. [PMID: 36628767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against small molecules with high titer and high affinity are always pursued in the field of vaccines for drugs of abuse, antidotes to toxins and immunoassays in medical, environmental, and food safety. The exposure degree of the target molecule to the immune system is critical to induce a strongly specific antibody response, thus, the spacer arm length between the target molecule and carrier protein plays an important role. However, the influence of spacer arm length on antibody titer, affinity, and assay performance is not yet clear and highly demanded to be addressed. In the present study, we proposed a model study to answer the question by using two typical small molecules, melamine and p-nitroaniline, which were introduced by varied spacer arms with increasing alkane linear length from 2 to 12 carbon atoms brick by brick. The spacer arm lengths of the haptens were obtained by computational chemistry. The titer and affinity of mouse antisera were analyzed and compared, showing that all haptens with spacer arms of 6-8 carbon atoms, i.e. 6.3-8.8 Å in length, induced strong antibodies represented by the highest titer and affinity without exception, while the haptens with spacer arms of 2-4 carbon atoms and 10-12 carbon atoms, i.e. 1.5-3.9 Å and 11.3-13.9 Å in length, failed to induce high-quality antibody response. Moreover, the titer and sensitivity of the subsequently developed immunoassays were significantly affected by using coating haptens with different spacer arm lengths, and coating haptens with a spacer arm of 6.3-8.8 Å in length delivered the optimum detection performance. The antibody recognition mechanism study further confirmed that the hapten spacer arm length had a critical effect on the recognition properties of the induced antibody, which should be interactive with the spacer arm each other. This study showed that the hapten with appropriate spacer arm length is important to antibody response and immunoassay development, providing a valuable and general clue for the rational design of hapten.
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Bai Y, Fei J, Wu W, Dou L, Liu M, Shao S, Yu W, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. Minimum Distance Between Two Epitopes in Sandwich Immunoassays for Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17843-17852. [PMID: 36519948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of the limit between dimensionalities is a scientific goal with high applicability. Sandwich immunoassay, usually based on two antibodies binding two epitopes, is one of the most popular mainstay tools in both academic and industrial fields. Herein, we determined and evaluated the minimum distance of two epitopes in sandwich immunoassays for small molecules. Briefly, nine model analytes comprising two hapten epitopes, that is, melamine (MEL) and p-nitroaniline (NIA), were designed by increasing the linear chain linkers brick by brick. Two groups of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced with different recognition properties toward MEL and NIA using 12 new haptens with different spacer arms. The results indicated that two epitopes of the analyte with a distance of only 2.4 Å could be simultaneously bound by two mAbs, which is the known limit of epitope distance in sandwich immunoassays thus far. We further found that an epitope distance of below 8.8 Å for the analyte generally induces noticeable steric hindrance of antibodies, preventing a sandwich immunoassay with high probability. These observations were investigated and evaluated by molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and surface plasmon resonance and using model and real analytes. Altogether, we determined the minimum distance of two epitopes and explored the molecular mechanism of the antibody-analyte-antibody ternary complex in sandwich immunoassays, providing a theoretical basis for hapten design, antibody discovery and development, and sandwich immunoassay establishment for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leina Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibei Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Haile CN, Baker MD, Sanchez SA, Lopez Arteaga CA, Duddupudi AL, Cuny GD, Norton EB, Kosten TR, Kosten TA. An Immunconjugate Vaccine Alters Distribution and Reduces the Antinociceptive, Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Fentanyl in Male and Female Rats. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2290. [PMID: 36365109 PMCID: PMC9694531 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl (FEN) is a potent synthetic opioid associated with increasing incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdose. Vaccine immunotherapy for FEN-associated disorders may be a viable therapeutic strategy. Here, we expand and confirm our previous study in mice showing immunological and antinociception efficacy of our FEN vaccine administered with the adjuvant dmLT. In this study, immunized male and female rats produced significant levels of anti-FEN antibodies that were highly effective at neutralizing FEN-induced antinociception in the tail flick assay and hot plate assays. The vaccine also decreased FEN brain levels following drug administration. Immunization blocked FEN-induced, but not morphine-induced, rate-disrupting effects on schedule-controlled responding. Vaccination prevented decreases on physiological measures (oxygen saturation, heart rate) and reduction in overall activity following FEN administration in male rats. The impact of FEN on these measures was greater in unvaccinated male rats compared to unvaccinated female rats. Cross-reactivity assays showed anti-FEN antibodies bound to FEN and sufentanil but not to morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, or oxycodone. These data support further clinical development of this vaccine to address OUD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin N. Haile
- Department of Psychology & TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Miah D. Baker
- Department of Psychology & TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Sergio A. Sanchez
- Department of Psychology & TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | | | - Anantha L. Duddupudi
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The Michael E DeBakey Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Therese A. Kosten
- Department of Psychology & TIMES, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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11
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Hossain MK, Davidson M, Kypreos E, Feehan J, Muir JA, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111778. [PMID: 36366287 PMCID: PMC9697687 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are a serious public health concern globally. Existing treatment platforms suffer from a lack of effectiveness. The development of immunotherapies against these substances of abuse for both prophylactic and therapeutic use has gained tremendous importance as an alternative and/or supplementary to existing therapies. Significant development has been made in this area over the last few decades. Herein, we highlight the vaccine and other biologics development strategies, preclinical, clinical updates along with challenges and future directions. Articles were searched in PubMed, ClinicalTrial.gov, and google electronic databases relevant to development, preclinical, clinical trials of nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid vaccines. Various new emerging vaccine development strategies for SUD were also identified through this search and discussed. A good number of vaccine candidates demonstrated promising results in preclinical and clinical phases and support the concept of developing a vaccine for SUD. However, there have been no ultimate success as yet, and there remain some challenges with a massive push to take more candidates to clinical trials for further evaluation to break the bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Kamal Hossain
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Erica Kypreos
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Joshua Alexander Muir
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Worob A, Wenthur CJ. Development of Cross-Reactive Antibodies for the Identification and Treatment of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist Toxicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081253. [PMID: 36016144 PMCID: PMC9415894 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are compounds that mimic the pharmacology of the psychoactive components in cannabis. These compounds are structurally diverse, inexpensive, commercially available, and difficult to identify with modern analytical methods, making them highly accessible for recreational use. Suspected SCRA toxicity, which can present with a breadth of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological disturbances, is currently addressed through symptom management followed by a toxicological screening that often occurs long after patient discharge. Here, we report the development of four cross-reactive anti-SCRA bioconjugate vaccines as a platform for developing improved diagnostic and therapeutic interventions against SCRA intoxication, using SCRA-resembling small molecule haptens that combine common subregional motifs occurring within and across different generations of SCRA molecules. Using a combination of multiplexed competitive ELISA screening and chemoinformatic analyses, it was found that the antibodies resulting from vaccination with these bioconjugates demonstrated their ability to detect multiple SCRAs with a Tanimoto minimum common structure score of 0.6 or greater, at concentrations below 8 ng/mL. The scope of SCRAs detectable using these haptens was found to include both bioisosteric and non-bioisosteric variants within the core and tail subregions, as well as SCRAs bearing valine-like head subregions, which are not addressed by commercially available ELISA screening approaches. Vaccination with these bioconjugates was also found to prevent the changes in locomotion and body temperature that were induced by a panel of SCRAs at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg. Further refinement of this genericized hapten design and cross-reactivity-prioritizing approach may enable the rapid detection of otherwise cryptic SCRAs that arise during overdose outbreaks, and could ultimately lead to identification of monoclonal antibody species applicable for overdose reversal.
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13
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Sulima A, Li F, Morgan JB, Truong P, Antoline JFG, Oertel T, Barrientos RC, Torres OB, Beck Z, Imler GH, Deschamps JR, Matyas GR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Design, Synthesis, and In Vivo Evaluation of C1-Linked 4,5-Epoxymorphinan Haptens for Heroin Vaccines. Molecules 2022; 27:1553. [PMID: 35268659 PMCID: PMC8911913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our continuing effort to develop effective anti-heroin vaccines as potential medications for the treatment of opioid use disorder, herein we present the design and synthesis of the haptens: 1-AmidoMorHap (1), 1-AmidoMorHap epimer (2), 1 Amido-DihydroMorHap (3), and 1 Amido-DihydroMorHap epimer (4). This is the first report of hydrolytically stable haptenic surrogates of heroin with the attachment site at the C1 position in the 4,5-epoxymorophinan nucleus. We prepared respective tetanus toxoid (TT)-hapten conjugates as heroin vaccine immunogens and evaluated their efficacy in vivo. We showed that all TT-hapten conjugates induced high antibody endpoint titers against the targets but only haptens 2 and 3 can induce protective effects against heroin in vivo. The epimeric analogues of these haptens, 1 and 4, failed to protect mice from the effects of heroin. We also showed that the in vivo efficacy is consistent with the results of the in vitro drug sequestration assay. Attachment of the linker at the C1 position induced antibodies with weak binding to the target drugs. Only TT-2 and TT-3 yielded antibodies that bound heroin and 6-acetyl morphine. None of the TT-hapten conjugates induced antibodies that cross-reacted with morphine, methadone, naloxone, or naltrexone, and only TT-3 interacted weakly with buprenorphine, and that subtle structural difference, especially at the C6 position, can vastly alter the specificity of the induced antibodies. This study is an important contribution in the field of vaccine development against small-molecule targets, providing proof that the chirality at C6 in these epoxymorphinans is a vital key to their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
| | - Fuying Li
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Brian Morgan
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
| | - Phong Truong
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
| | - Joshua F. G. Antoline
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
| | - Therese Oertel
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (T.O.); (R.C.B.); (O.B.T.); (Z.B.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Rodell C. Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (T.O.); (R.C.B.); (O.B.T.); (Z.B.); (G.R.M.)
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (T.O.); (R.C.B.); (O.B.T.); (Z.B.); (G.R.M.)
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (T.O.); (R.C.B.); (O.B.T.); (Z.B.); (G.R.M.)
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.H.I.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (G.H.I.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (T.O.); (R.C.B.); (O.B.T.); (Z.B.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.S.); (F.L.); (J.B.M.); (P.T.); (J.F.G.A.)
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14
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Barrientos R, Whalen C, Torres OB, Sulima A, Bow EW, Komla E, Beck Z, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. Bivalent Conjugate Vaccine Induces Dual Immunogenic Response That Attenuates Heroin and Fentanyl Effects in Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2295-2306. [PMID: 34076427 PMCID: PMC8603354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorders and fatal overdose due to consumption of fentanyl-laced heroin remain a major public health menace in the United States. Vaccination may serve as a promising potential remedy to combat accidental overdose and to mitigate the abuse potential of opioids. We previously reported the heroin and fentanyl monovalent vaccines carrying, respectively, a heroin hapten, 6-AmHap, and a fentanyl hapten, para-AmFenHap, conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT). Herein, we describe the mixing of these antigens to formulate a bivalent vaccine adjuvanted with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. Immunization of mice with the bivalent vaccine resulted in IgG titers of >105 against both haptens. The polyclonal sera bound heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, morphine, and fentanyl with dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.25 to 0.50 nM. Mice were protected from the anti-nociceptive effects of heroin, fentanyl, and heroin +9% (w/w) fentanyl. No cross-reactivity to methadone and buprenorphine was observed in vivo. Naloxone remained efficacious in immunized mice. These results highlighted the potential of combining TT-6-AmHap and TT-para-AmFenHap to yield an efficacious bivalent vaccine that could ablate heroin and fentanyl effects. This vaccine warrants further testing to establish its potential translatability to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell
C. Barrientos
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Oscar B. Torres
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eric W. Bow
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Essie Komla
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
- Henry
M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Arthur E. Jacobson
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug
Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery
Branch, Intramural Research Program, National
Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health
and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- Laboratory
of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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15
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Ban B, Barrientos RC, Oertel T, Komla E, Whalen C, Sopko M, You Y, Banerjee P, Sulima A, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR, Yusibov V. Novel chimeric monoclonal antibodies that block fentanyl effects and alter fentanyl biodistribution in mice. MAbs 2021; 13:1991552. [PMID: 34693882 PMCID: PMC8547829 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1991552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and societal impact of opioid use disorder (OUD) is an acknowledged public health crisis that is further aggravated by the current pandemic. One of the devastating consequences of OUD is opioid overdose deaths. While multiple medications are now available to treat OUD, given the prevalence and societal burden, additional well-tolerated and effective therapies are still needed. To this point, we have developed chimeric monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that will specifically complex with fentanyl and its analogs in the periphery, thereby preventing them from reaching the central nervous system. Additionally, mAb-based passive immunotherapy offers a high degree of specificity to drugs of abuse and does not interfere with an individual’s ability to use any of the medications used to treat OUD. We hypothesized that sequestering fentanyl and its analogs in the periphery will mitigate their negative effects on the brain and peripheral organs. This study is the first report of chimeric mAb against fentanyl and its analogs. We have discovered, engineered the chimeric versions, and identified the selectivity of these antibodies, through in vitro characterization and in vivo animal challenge studies. Two mAb candidates with very high (0.1–1.3 nM) binding affinities to fentanyl and its analogs were found to be effective in engaging fentanyl in the periphery and blocking its effects in challenged animals. Results presented in this work constitute a major contribution in the field of novel therapeutics targeting OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupal Ban
- Pharmaceutical Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Therese Oertel
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Essie Komla
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Megan Sopko
- Pharmaceutical Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Yingjian You
- Pharmaceutical Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Partha Banerjee
- Pharmaceutical Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Vidadi Yusibov
- Pharmaceutical Center, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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16
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Barbosa-Mendez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernandez-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juárez A. Synergistic immune and antinociceptive effects induced from the combination of two different vaccines against morphine/heroin in mouse. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3515-3528. [PMID: 34170784 PMCID: PMC8437472 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1935171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have reported the use of different opioid-vaccine formulations with relative success These studies have suggested that new opioid-vaccine formulations are required, which are capable of triggering a robust humoral response. One strategy that has been used is the co-administration of two or more vaccines with different but complementary properties, which are capable of generating a robust immune response. We have developed two formulations of opioid-vaccine, the M6-TT, and M3-TT, which generate a robust immune response capable of recognizing heroin and morphine. In this work, we evaluate the combination of two vaccine formulations, which we call the M3/6-TT vaccine, to elicit a robust immune response and protection against heroin and morphine. Balb/c mice were immunized simultaneously with M6-TT vaccine and with M3-TT vaccine. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used for monitoring antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used tail-flick and hot-plate testing to evaluate the antinociceptive effects induced by heroin or morphine. Immunization with M3-TT and M6-TT vaccine elicits a robust immune response with an antibody titer of 1: 590 000 able to recognize heroin and morphine. These antibodies are capable of reducing the antinociceptive effects induced by doses of up to 40 mg/Kg. of morphine or 10 mg/kg of heroin. This suggests that the combination of two vaccine formulations that generate antibodies with different but complementary characteristics would be a new therapeutic strategy aimed at reducing drug relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Mendez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México, México
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México, México
| | - Ricardo Hernandez-Miramontes
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México, México
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México, México
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17
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The M3-TT Vaccine Decreases the Antinociceptive Effects of Morphine and Heroin in Mice. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00621-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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18
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Barbosa-Méndez S, Matus-Ortega M, Hernández-Miramontes R, Salazar-Juárez A. The morphine/heroin vaccine decreased the heroin-induced antinociceptive and reinforcing effects in three inbred strains mouse. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107887. [PMID: 34186279 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have indicated that a vaccine must be immunogenic in genetically diverse human populations and that immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models are two key indices required for the approval of a new vaccine. Additionally, the immune response (immunogenicity) and immunoprotection are dependent on the mouse strain. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the immune response (immunogenicity) and the protective efficacy (behavioral response) in three inbred mouse strains immunized with the M6TT vaccine. Female BALB/c, C57Bl/6, and DBA/2 inbred mice were immunized with the M6-TT vaccine. A solid-phase antibody-capture ELISA was used to monitor antibody titer responses after each booster dose in vaccinated animals. The study used tail-flick testing to evaluate the antinociceptive effects induced by heroin. Additionally, heroin-induced locomotor activity and place preference were evaluated. The M6-TT vaccine was able to generate a specific antibody titer in the three inbred mouse strains evaluated. The antibodies reduced the antinociceptive effect of different doses of heroin. In addition, they decreased the heroin-induced locomotor activity and place preference. These findings suggest that the M6-TT vaccine generates a powerful immunogenic response capable of reducing the antinociceptive and reinforcing effects of heroin in different inbred mouse strains, which supports its possible future use in clinical trials in genetically diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Maura Matus-Ortega
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Miramontes
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, México DF 14370, Mexico.
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19
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Effect of Preexisting Immunity to Tetanus Toxoid on the Efficacy of Tetanus Toxoid-Conjugated Heroin Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060573. [PMID: 34205869 PMCID: PMC8229309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a serious health problem that has dramatically increased over the last decade. Although current therapies for the management of OUD can be effective, they have limitations. The complementary strategy to combat the opioid crisis is the development of a conjugate vaccine to generate high affinity antibodies in order to neutralize opioids in circulation before reaching the brain. The components of an opioid vaccine include an opioid hapten (6-AmHap) that is conjugated to a carrier protein (tetanus toxoid) with the addition of adjuvants (Army Liposome Formulation adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide-ALFA). There is no consensus in the literature as to whether preexisting immunity to the carrier protein may impact the immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine by inducing an enhanced or suppressed immune response to the hapten. Here, we investigated whether pre-exposure to tetanus toxoid would affect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the heroin vaccine, TT-6-AmHap. Mice were primed with diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine at weeks -4 and -2, then immunized with TT-6-AmHap vaccine at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Using ELISA and behavioral assays, we found that preexisting immunity to tetanus toxoid had no influence on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the TT-6-AmHap vaccine.
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20
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Stone AE, Scheuermann SE, Haile CN, Cuny GD, Velasquez ML, Linhuber JP, Duddupudi AL, Vigliaturo JR, Pravetoni M, Kosten TA, Kosten TR, Norton EB. Fentanyl conjugate vaccine by injected or mucosal delivery with dmLT or LTA1 adjuvants implicates IgA in protection from drug challenge. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:69. [PMID: 33986280 PMCID: PMC8119695 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl is a major contributor to the devastating increase in overdose deaths from substance use disorders (SUD). A vaccine targeting fentanyl could be a powerful immunotherapeutic. Here, we evaluated adjuvant and delivery strategies for conjugate antigen vaccination with fentanyl-based haptens. We tested adjuvants derived from the heat-labile toxin of E. coli including dmLT and LTA1 by intramuscular, sublingual or intranasal delivery. Our results show anti-fentanyl serum antibodies and antibody secreting cells in the bone-marrow after vaccination with highest levels observed with an adjuvant (alum, dmLT, or LTA1). Vaccine adjuvanted with LTA1 or dmLT elicited the highest levels of anti-fentanyl antibodies, whereas alum achieved highest levels against the carrier protein. Vaccination with sublingual dmLT or intranasal LTA1 provided the most robust blockade of fentanyl-induced analgesia and CNS penetration correlating strongly to anti-FEN IgA. In conclusion, this study demonstrates dmLT or LTA1 adjuvant as well as mucosal delivery may be attractive strategies for improving the efficacy of vaccines against SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison E Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah E Scheuermann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Colin N Haile
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Institute of Measurement Evaluation and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcela Lopez Velasquez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Joshua P Linhuber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anantha L Duddupudi
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer R Vigliaturo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Therese A Kosten
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Institute of Measurement Evaluation and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas R Kosten
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Institute of Measurement Evaluation and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Norton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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21
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Gutman ES, Irvin TC, Morgan JB, Barrientos RC, Torres OB, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Synthesis and immunological effects of C14-linked 4,5-epoxymorphinan analogues as novel heroin vaccine haptens. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:835-842. [PMID: 34179783 PMCID: PMC8190897 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Active immunization is being explored as a potential therapeutic to combat accidental overdose and to mitigate the abuse potential of opioids. Hapten design is one of the crucial factors that determines the efficacy of a candidate vaccine to substance abuse and remains one of the most active areas of research in vaccine development. Herein we report for the first time the synthesis of three novel opiate surrogates with the linker attachment site at C14, 1 (6,14-AmidoHap), 2 (14-AmidoMorHap), and 3 (14-AmidoHerHap) as novel heroin haptens. The compounds 1, 2, and 3 are analogues with different substituents at C6: an acetamide, a hydroxyl moiety, and an acetate, respectively. All three haptens had a phenolic hydroxyl group at C3. The haptens were conjugated to the tetanus toxoid carrier protein, adjuvanted with liposomal monophosphoryl lipid A/aluminum hydroxide and were tested in mice in terms of immunogenicity and efficacy. Immunization of mice resulted in antibody endpoint titers of >105 against all the haptens. Neither of the conjugates of 1, 2, and 3 had induced antibodies with selectivity broad enough to recognize and bind heroin, 6-AM, and morphine resulting in little to no protection against the antinociceptive effects of heroin in vivo. Only the mice immunized with conjugate 3 were partially protected against heroin-induced antinociception. These results contribute to the growing body of knowledge that the linker position and the subtle structural differences in the hapten scaffold impact the selectivity of the induced antibodies. Together, these highlight the importance of rational hapten design for heroin vaccine development. Three novel opiate surrogates with the linker at C14, 1 (6,14-AmidoHap), 2 (14-AmidoMorHap), and 3 (14-AmidoHerHap) were conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and tested as heroin vaccines. The C3 and C6 moieties are crucial in antibody selectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Gutman
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - Thomas C Irvin
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - J Brian Morgan
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 6720A Rockledge Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 6720A Rockledge Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine 6720A Rockledge Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research 503 Robert Grant Avenue Silver Spring MD 20910 USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services 9800 Medical Center Drive Bethesda MD 20892-3373 USA +1 301-451-4799 +1 301-451-5028
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22
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Lee JC, Janda KD. Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:77-93. [PMID: 34458776 PMCID: PMC8341824 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is known to account for substance abuse disorders globally, second only to opioids, yet has no approved pharmacotherapies. Traditional therapies employ small molecule agonists or antagonists for substance use disorders or overdose reversal by targeting drug-specific receptors in the brain. However, the comprehensive mechanism of METH on multiple sites within the central nervous system (CNS) implies its receptors lack the high affinity and specificity required for an "ideal" drug target. The alternative to pharmacotherapies is to sequester abused drugs in the periphery, effectively eliminating the effects from CNS receptor occupation through pharmacokinetic antagonism. This review presents updates on immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse by focusing on the cultivation of research optimization strategies regarding hapten chemistry, carrier proteins, and adjuvants implemented in active immunization. Furthermore, we discuss necessary developments for each component of active immunopharmacotherapies and the future of active vaccines in treating METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Claire Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The WIRM Institute for Research & Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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23
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Eskandari S, Good MF, Pandey M. Peptide-Protein Conjugation and Characterization to Develop Vaccines for Group A Streptococcus. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2355:17-33. [PMID: 34386947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1617-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptide conjugates have been widely used for developing vaccines that prevent common bacterial infections for which peptides alone are either ineffective or provide only short-term protection. Among several carrier proteins, diphtheria toxoid and CRM197 (a genetically detoxified diphtheria toxin) are considered safe and have been used in several licensed vaccines. For developing a vaccine against group A streptococcus (GAS), antigens from conserved region of M protein and the IL-8 protease, SpyCEP, have been identified. In this chapter, we describe a method for producing peptide-conjugate subunit GAS vaccines, which involves maleimide conjugation of peptides to a carrier protein and their subsequent characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
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24
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Pardridge WM. Brain Delivery of Nanomedicines: Trojan Horse Liposomes for Plasmid DNA Gene Therapy of the Brain. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:602236. [PMID: 35047884 PMCID: PMC8757841 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.602236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-viral gene therapy of the brain is enabled by the development of plasmid DNA brain delivery technology, which requires the engineering and manufacturing of nanomedicines that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The development of such nanomedicines is a multi-faceted problem that requires progress at multiple levels. First, the type of nanocontainer, e.g., nanoparticle or liposome, which encapsulates the plasmid DNA, must be developed. Second, the type of molecular Trojan horse, e.g., peptide or receptor-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), must be selected for incorporation on the surface of the nanomedicine, as this Trojan horse engages specific receptors expressed on the BBB, and the brain cell membrane, to trigger transport of the nanomedicine from blood into brain cells beyond the BBB. Third, the plasmid DNA must be engineered without bacterial elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes, to enable administration to humans; the plasmid DNA must also be engineered with tissue-specific gene promoters upstream of the therapeutic gene, to insure gene expression in the target organ with minimal off-target expression. Fourth, upstream manufacturing of the nanomedicine must be developed and scalable so as to meet market demand for the target disease, e.g., annual long-term treatment of 1,000 patients with an orphan disease, short term treatment of 10,000 patients with malignant glioma, or 100,000 patients with new onset Parkinson's disease. Fifth, downstream manufacturing problems, such as nanomedicine lyophilization, must be solved to ensure the nanomedicine has a commercially viable shelf-life for treatment of CNS disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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25
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Makarova M, Barrientos RC, Torres OB, Matyas GR, Jacobson AE, Sulima A, Rice KC. Synthesis of a deuterated 6-AmHap internal standard for the determination of hapten density in a heroin vaccine drug product. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:564-571. [PMID: 32876947 PMCID: PMC7717678 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A deuterated hapten was designed and synthesized that will be essential for a future study of residual hapten and stability of a hapten-protein conjugate. This hapten, 6-AmHap, was chosen for a heroin vaccine that is now slated for a Phase 1 clinical trial. A maleimide-thiol bioconjugation strategy was successfully applied to our heroin vaccine to connect the hapten 6-AmHap with an immunogenic carrier protein (tetanus toxoid, TT) through a trityl-protected 3-mercaptopropanamide linker. The antibodies induced by the vaccine have been found to have activity against several opioids, including heroin and its metabolites, and, importantly, leave alternate pain treatment medications such as methadone untouched. To the best of our knowledge, no other hapten for a heroin vaccine has been deuterated, yet this tool may prove to be of great importance in the study of residual hapten during product release and the long-term stability program of a hapten-protein conjugate as part of FDA regulatory requirements. Hydrocodone was the starting material for the synthesis of the deuterated 6-AmHap, with a stable amide at C6 and a 3-mercaptopropanamide linker attached at C3. The desired deuterated product was prepared as the disulfide, 3,3'-disulfanediylbis(N-((7S,7aR,12bS)-7-acetamido-3-[2 H3 ]methyl)-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-9-yl)propanamide), that could be easily reduced to form the needed hapten, N-((4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-7-acetamido-3-[2 H3 ]methyl]-2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-9-yl)-3-mercaptopropanamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Makarova
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Wen K, Bai Y, Wei Y, Li C, Shen J, Wang Z. Influence of Small Molecular Property on Antibody Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10944-10950. [PMID: 32854496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies with high titer and affinity to small molecules are critical in the field of vaccines against drugs of abuse, antidotes to toxins, and immunoassays for compounds. However, little is known regarding how properties of small molecules have influence and which molecular descriptors could indicate the degree of the antibody response. On the basis of our previous study, we designed and synthesized two groups of hapten molecules with varied hydrophobicity to investigate the relationship between the properties of the small molecules and the antibody response in terms of titer and affinity. We found that the magnitude of the antibody response was positively correlated with the degree of molecular hydrophobicity and related descriptors. This study provides insight into the immunological characteristics of small molecules themselves and useful clues to produce high-quality antibodies against small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Brisse M, Vrba SM, Kirk N, Liang Y, Ly H. Emerging Concepts and Technologies in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583077. [PMID: 33101309 PMCID: PMC7554600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of vaccination to greatly mitigate or eliminate threat of diseases caused by pathogens, there are still known diseases and emerging pathogens for which the development of successful vaccines against them is inherently difficult. In addition, vaccine development for people with compromised immunity and other pre-existing medical conditions has remained a major challenge. Besides the traditional inactivated or live attenuated, virus-vectored and subunit vaccines, emerging non-viral vaccine technologies, such as viral-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, and rational vaccine design, offer innovative approaches to address existing challenges of vaccine development. They have also significantly advanced our understanding of vaccine immunology and can guide future vaccine development for many diseases, including rapidly emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and diseases that have not traditionally been addressed by vaccination, such as cancers and substance abuse. This review provides an integrative discussion of new non-viral vaccine development technologies and their use to address the most fundamental and ongoing challenges of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Sophia M. Vrba
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Natalie Kirk
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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28
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Natori Y, Janda KD. Synthesis of Drug Vaccine against Heroin Contaminated with Fentanyl and Their Biological Evaluation. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2020. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.78.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute
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29
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Barrientos RC, Bow EW, Whalen C, Torres OB, Sulima A, Beck Z, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. Novel Vaccine That Blunts Fentanyl Effects and Sequesters Ultrapotent Fentanyl Analogues. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3447-3460. [PMID: 32787282 PMCID: PMC7482402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Active
immunization is an emerging potential modality to combat
fatal overdose amid the opioid epidemic. In this study, we described
the design, synthesis, formulation, and animal testing of an efficacious
vaccine against fentanyl. The vaccine formulation is composed of a
novel fentanyl hapten conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and adjuvanted
with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A adsorbed on aluminum
hydroxide. The linker and hapten N-phenyl-N-(1-(4-(3-(tritylthio)propanamido)phenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)propionamide
were conjugated sequentially to TT using amine-N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester
and thiol–maleimide reaction chemistries, respectively. Conjugation
was facile, efficient, and reproducible with a protein recovery of
>98% and a hapten density of 30–35 per carrier protein molecule.
In mice, immunization induced high and robust antibody endpoint titers
in the order of >106 against the hapten. The antisera
bound
fentanyl, carfentanil, cyclopropyl fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, and furanyl fentanyl in vitro with
antibody-drug dissociation constants in the range of 0.36–4.66
nM. No cross-reactivity to naloxone, naltrexone, methadone, or buprenorphine
was observed. In vivo, immunization shifted the antinociceptive
dose–response curve of fentanyl to higher doses. Collectively,
these preclinical results showcased the desired traits of a potential
vaccine against fentanyl and demonstrated the feasibility of immunization
to combat fentanyl-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Eric W Bow
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Connor Whalen
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Hapten Design and Monoclonal Antibody to Fluoroacetamide, a Small and Highly Toxic Chemical. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070986. [PMID: 32630260 PMCID: PMC7407904 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroacetamide (FAM) is a small (77 Da) and highly toxic chemical, formerly used as a rodenticide and potentially as a poison by terrorists. Poisoning with FAM has occurred in humans, but few reliably rapid detection methods and antidotes have been reported. Therefore, producing a specific antibody to FAM is not only critical for the development of a fast diagnostic but also a potential treatment. However, achieving this goal is a great challenge, mainly due to the very low molecular weight of FAM. Here, we design two groups of FAM haptens for the first time, maximally exposing the fluorine or amino groups, with the aid of linear aliphatic or phenyl-contained spacer arms. Interestingly, whereas the hapten with fluorine at the far end of the hapten did not induce an antibody response to FAM, the hapten with an amino group at the far end and phenyl-contained spacer arm triggered a significantly specific antibody response. Finally, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) named 5D11 was successfully obtained with an IC50 value of 97 μg mL−1 and negligible cross-reactivities to the other nine functional and structural analogs.
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31
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Schwienteck KL, Blake S, Bremer PT, Poklis JL, Townsend EA, Negus SS, Banks ML. Effectiveness and selectivity of a heroin conjugate vaccine to attenuate heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine antinociception in rats: Comparison with naltrexone. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 204:107501. [PMID: 31479865 PMCID: PMC6878171 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One emerging strategy to address the opioid crisis includes opioid-targeted immunopharmacotherapies. This study compared effectiveness of a heroin-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate vaccine to antagonize heroin, 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM), morphine, and fentanyl antinociception in rats. METHODS Adult male and female Sprague Dawley rats received three doses of active or control vaccine at weeks 0, 2, and 4. Vaccine pharmacological selectivity was assessed by comparing opioid dose-effect curves in 50 °C warm-water tail-withdrawal procedure before and after active or control heroin-TT vaccine. Route of heroin administration [subcutaneous (SC) vs. intravenous [IV)] was also examined as a determinant of vaccine effectiveness. Continuous naltrexone treatment (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/h) effects on heroin, 6-AM, and morphine antinociceptive potency were also determined as a benchmark for minimal vaccine effectiveness. RESULTS The heroin-TT vaccine decreased potency of SC heroin (5-fold), IV heroin (3-fold), and IV 6-AM (3-fold) for several weeks without affecting IV morphine or SC and IV fentanyl potency. The control vaccine did not alter potency of any opioid. Naltrexone dose-dependently decreased antinociceptive potency of SC heroin, and treatment with 0.01 mg/kg/h naltrexone produced similar, approximate 8-fold decreases in potencies of SC and IV heroin, IV 6-AM, and IV morphine. The combination of naltrexone and active vaccine was more effective than naltrexone alone to antagonize SC heroin but not IV heroin. CONCLUSIONS The heroin-TT vaccine formulation examined is less effective, but more selective, than chronic naltrexone to attenuate heroin antinociception in rats. Furthermore, these results provide an empirical framework for future preclinical opioid vaccine research to benchmark effectiveness against naltrexone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Schwienteck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Steven Blake
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute for Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - E. Andrew Townsend
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - S. Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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32
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Hwang CS, Smith LC, Wenthur CJ, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Heroin vaccine: Using titer, affinity, and antinociception as metrics when examining sex and strain differences. Vaccine 2019; 37:4155-4163. [PMID: 31176539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-drug vaccines have potential as new interventions against substance use disorder (SUD). However, given the challenges seen with inter-individual variability in SUD vaccine trials to date, new interventions should ensure a robust immune response and safety profile among a diverse population. This requires accounting for sex and heritable genetic differences in response to both abused substances as well as the vaccination itself. To test response variability to our heroin-tetanus toxoid (Her-TT) immunoconjugate vaccine, we vaccinated male and female mice from several mouse strains including Swiss Webster (SW), BALB/c, and Jackson diversity mice (J:DO). Previous studies with vaccinated male SW mice demonstrated a rare hypersensitivity resulting in mice rapidly expiring with exposure to a low dose of heroin. Our results indicate that this response is limited to only male SW mice, and not to any other strain or female SW mice. Our data suggest that this hypersensitivity is not the result of an overactive cytokine or IgE response. Vaccination was similarly effective among the sexes for each strain and against repeated heroin challenge. Inbred BALB/c and J:DO mice were found to have the best vaccine response against heroin in antinociception behavioral assay. These results highlight the importance of incorporating both male and female subjects, along with different strains to mimic diverse human populations, as new SUD vaccines are being tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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33
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Pravetoni M, Comer SD. Development of vaccines to treat opioid use disorders and reduce incidence of overdose. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107662. [PMID: 31173759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines offer a promising therapeutic strategy to treat substance use disorders (SUD). Vaccines have shown extensive preclinical proof of selectivity, safety, and efficacy against opioids, nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and designer drugs. Despite clinical evaluation of vaccines targeting nicotine and cocaine showing proof of concept for this approach, no vaccine for SUD has yet reached the market. This review first discusses how vaccines for treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD) and reduction of opioid-induced fatal overdoses fit within the current medication assisted treatment (MAT) portfolio, and then summarizes ongoing efforts toward translation of vaccines targeting heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioids. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pravetoni
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Sandra D Comer
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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34
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Peptide Conjugates with Small Molecules Designed to Enhance Efficacy and Safety. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101855. [PMID: 31091786 PMCID: PMC6572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides constitute molecular diversity with unique molecular mechanisms of action that are proven indispensable in the management of many human diseases, but of only a mere fraction relative to more traditional small molecule-based medicines. The integration of these two therapeutic modalities offers the potential to enhance and broaden pharmacology while minimizing dose-dependent toxicology. This review summarizes numerous advances in drug design, synthesis and development that provide direction for next-generation research endeavors in this field. Medicinal studies in this area have largely focused upon the application of peptides to selectively enhance small molecule cytotoxicity to more effectively treat multiple oncologic diseases. To a lesser and steadily emerging extent peptides are being therapeutically employed to complement and diversify the pharmacology of small molecule drugs in diseases other than just cancer. No matter the disease, the purpose of the molecular integration remains constant and it is to achieve superior therapeutic outcomes with diminished adverse effects. We review linker technology and conjugation chemistries that have enabled integrated and targeted pharmacology with controlled release. Finally, we offer our perspective on opportunities and obstacles in the field.
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35
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Baruffaldi F, Raleigh MD, King SJ, Roslawski MJ, Birnbaum AK, Hassler C, Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Winston S, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Formulation and Characterization of Conjugate Vaccines to Reduce Opioid Use Disorders Suitable for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Clinical Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2364-2375. [PMID: 31018096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on formulating conjugate vaccines targeting oxycodone and heroin for technology transfer, good manufacturing practice (GMP), and clinical evaluation. Lead vaccines used the highly immunogenic carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), which poses formulation problems because of its size. To address this barrier to translation, an oxycodone-based hapten conjugated to GMP-grade subunit KLH (OXY-sKLH) and adsorbed on alum adjuvant was studied with regard to carbodiimide coupling reaction time, buffer composition, purification methods for conjugates, conjugate size, state of aggregation, and protein/alum ratio. Vaccine formulations were screened for post-immunization antibody levels and efficacy in reducing oxycodone distribution to the brain in rats. While larger conjugates were more immunogenic, their size prevented characterization of the haptenation ratio by standard analytical methods and sterilization by filtration. To address this issue, conjugation chemistry and vaccine formulation were optimized for maximal efficacy, and conjugate size was measured by dynamic light scattering prior to adsorption to alum. An analogous heroin vaccine (M-sKLH) was also optimized for conjugation chemistry, formulated in alum, and characterized for potency against heroin in rats. Finally, this study found that the efficacy of OXY-sKLH was preserved when co-administered with M-sKLH, supporting the proof of concept for a bivalent vaccine formulation targeting both heroin and oxycodone. This study suggests methods for addressing the unique formulation and characterization challenges posed by conjugating small molecules to sKLH while preserving vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baruffaldi
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M D Raleigh
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - S J King
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M J Roslawski
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - A K Birnbaum
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - C Hassler
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - F I Carroll
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S P Runyon
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - S Winston
- Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting , 4475 Laguna Place #215 , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - P R Pentel
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
| | - M Pravetoni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55404 , United States
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36
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Myagkova MA, Morozova VS. Vaccines for substance abuse treatment: new approaches in the immunotherapy of addictions. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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37
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Baruffaldi F, Kelcher AH, Laudenbach M, Gradinati V, Limkar A, Roslawski M, Birnbaum A, Lees A, Hassler C, Runyon S, Pravetoni M. Preclinical Efficacy and Characterization of Candidate Vaccines for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders Using Clinically Viable Carrier Proteins. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4947-4962. [PMID: 30240216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines may offer a new treatment strategy for opioid use disorders and opioid-related overdoses. To speed translation, this study evaluates opioid conjugate vaccines containing components suitable for pharmaceutical manufacturing and compares analytical assays for conjugate characterization. Three oxycodone-based haptens (OXY) containing either PEGylated or tetraglycine [(Gly)4] linkers were conjugated to a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) carrier protein via carbodiimide (EDAC) or maleimide chemistry. The EDAC-conjugated OXY(Gly)4-KLH was most effective in reducing oxycodone distribution to the brain in mice. Vaccine efficacy was T cell-dependent. The lead OXY hapten was conjugated to the KLH, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria cross-reactive material (CRM), as well as the E. coli-expressed CRM (EcoCRM) and nontoxic tetanus toxin heavy chain fragment C (rTTHc) carrier proteins. All vaccines induced early hapten-specific B cell expansion and showed equivalent efficacy against oxycodone in mice. However, some hapten-protein conjugates were easier to characterize for molecular weight and size. Finally, heroin vaccines formulated with either EcoCRM or KLH were equally effective in reducing heroin-induced antinociception and distribution to the brain of heroin and its metabolites in mice. This study identifies vaccine candidates and vaccine components for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Baruffaldi
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States
| | - April Huseby Kelcher
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States
| | - Valeria Gradinati
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Socrates Program , Universitá degli Studi di Milano , Milan 20122 , Italy
| | - Ajinkya Limkar
- University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | | | - Angela Birnbaum
- University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Andrew Lees
- Fina Biosolutions, LLC , Rockville , Maryland 20850 , United States
| | - Carla Hassler
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Scott Runyon
- RTI International , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina 27709-2194 , United States
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI, formerly Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation or MMRF) , 701 Park Avenue , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55415 , United States.,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Immunology , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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38
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Hwang C, Smith LC, Natori Y, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Improved Admixture Vaccine of Fentanyl and Heroin Hapten Immunoconjugates: Antinociceptive Evaluation of Fentanyl-Contaminated Heroin. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11537-11543. [PMID: 30288464 PMCID: PMC6166218 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl and its derivatives have become pervasive contaminants in the U.S. heroin supply. Previously, we reported a proof-of-concept vaccine designed to combat against heroin contaminated with fentanyl. Herein, we optimized the admixture vaccine and found that it surpassed the individual vaccines in every antinociceptive test, including a 10% fentanyl to heroin formulation. It is anticipated that other co-occurring drug abuse disorders may also be examined with admixture vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy
S. Hwang
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments
of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs
Institute for Chemical Biology, and Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037 United States
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39
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Hwang CS, Smith LC, Natori Y, Ellis B, Zhou B, Janda KD. Efficacious Vaccine against Heroin Contaminated with Fentanyl. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:1269-1275. [PMID: 29558798 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sharp increase in overdose deaths involving illicit opioid use has been declared a national crisis in the United States. This growing number of overdose deaths can in part be attributed to the increased frequency of fentanyl contamination in the United States heroin supply. To combat this growing trend, we designed a vaccine containing a mixture of heroin and fentanyl hapten-conjugates as a proof-of-concept immunotherapy targeting a combination of these drugs. Rodents immunized with the admixture vaccine showed drug retention in serum and reduced distribution in the brain after administration of an intravenous bolus of heroin coadministered with fentanyl (10% w/w). Moreover, the admixture vaccine performed as well as or better than individual immunoconjugate vaccines in antinociception behavioral models and recognized six other fentanyl analogues with nanomolar affinity. Taken together, these data highlight the potential of an admixture vaccine against heroin contaminated with fentanyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S. Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lauren C. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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40
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A rapid solution-based method for determining the affinity of heroin hapten-induced antibodies to heroin, its metabolites, and other opioids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3885-3903. [PMID: 29675707 PMCID: PMC5956019 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe for the first time a method that utilizes microscale thermophoresis (MST) technology to determine polyclonal antibody affinities to small molecules. Using a novel type of heterologous MST, we have accurately measured a solution-based binding affinity of serum antibodies to heroin which was previously impossible with other currently available methods. Moreover, this mismatch approach (i.e., using a cross-reactive hapten tracer) has never been reported in the literature. When compared with equilibrium dialysis combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ED-UPLC/MS/MS), this novel MST method yields similar binding affinity values for polyclonal antibodies to the major heroin metabolites 6-AM and morphine. Additionally, we herein report the method of synthesis of this novel cross-reactive hapten, MorHap-acetamide—a useful analog for the study of heroin hapten–antibody interactions. Using heterologous MST, we were able to determine the affinities, down to nanomolar accuracies, of polyclonal antibodies to various abused opioids. While optimizing this method, we further discovered that heroin is protected from serum esterase degradation by the presence of these antibodies in a concentration-dependent manner. Lastly, using affinity data for a number of structurally different opioids, we were able to dissect the moieties that are crucial to antibody binding. The novel MST method that is presented herein can be extended to the analysis of any ligand that is prone to degradation and can be applied not only to the development of vaccines to substances of abuse but also to the analysis of small molecule/protein interactions in the presence of serum. Strategy for the determination of hapten-induced antibody affinities using Microscale thermophoresis ![]()
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41
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Raleigh MD, Laudenbach M, Baruffaldi F, Peterson SJ, Roslawski MJ, Birnbaum AK, Carroll FI, Runyon SP, Winston S, Pentel PR, Pravetoni M. Opioid Dose- and Route-Dependent Efficacy of Oxycodone and Heroin Vaccines in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018. [PMID: 29535156 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heroin and oxycodone abuse occurs over a wide range of drug doses and by various routes of administration characterized by differing rates of drug absorption. The current study addressed the efficacy of a heroin vaccine [morphine hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (M-KLH)] or oxycodone vaccine [oxycodone hapten conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (OXY-KLH)] for reducing drug distribution to brain after intravenous heroin or oxycodone, or subcutaneous oxycodone. Rats immunized with M-KLH or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) control received an intravenous bolus dose of 0.26 or 2.6 mg/kg heroin. Vaccination with M-KLH increased retention of heroin and its active metabolites 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine in plasma compared with KLH controls, and reduced total opioid (heroin + 6-AM + morphine) distribution to brain but only at the lower heroin dose. Immunization also protected against respiratory depression at the lower heroin dose. Rats immunized with OXY-KLH or KLH control received 0.22 or 2.2 mg/kg oxycodone intravenously, the molar equivalent of the heroin doses. Immunization with OXY-KLH significantly reduced oxycodone distribution to brain after either oxycodone dose, although the magnitude of effect of immunization at the higher oxycodone dose was small (12%). By contrast, vaccination with OXY-KLH was more effective when oxycodone was administered subcutaneously rather than intravenously, reducing oxycodone distribution to brain by 44% after an oxycodone dose of 2.3 mg/kg. Vaccination also reduced oxycodone-induced antinociception. These data suggest that the efficacy of OXY-KLH and M-KLH opioid vaccines is highly dependent upon opioid dose and route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Raleigh
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Federico Baruffaldi
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Samantha J Peterson
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michaela J Roslawski
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Angela K Birnbaum
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - F Ivy Carroll
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott P Runyon
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott Winston
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul R Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.D.R., M.L., F.B., S.J.P., P.R.P., M.P.); University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (M.J.R., A.K.B.); Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (F.I.C., S.P.R.); Winston Biopharmaceutical Consulting, Boulder, Colorado (S.W.); and University of Minnesota Medical School (P.R.P., M.P.), and Center for Immunology (M.P.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Carfora A, Cassandro P, Feola A, La Sala F, Petrella R, Borriello R. Ethical Implications in Vaccine Pharmacotherapy for Treatment and Prevention of Drug of Abuse Dependence. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2018; 15:45-55. [PMID: 29350320 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-017-9834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Different immunotherapeutic approaches are in the pipeline for the treatment of drug dependence. "Drug vaccines" aim to induce the immune system to produce antibodies that bind to drugs and prevent them from inducing rewarding effects in the brain. Drugs of abuse currently being tested using these new approaches are opioids, nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine. In human clinical trials, "cocaine and nicotine vaccines" have been shown to induce sufficient antibody levels while producing few side effects. Studies in humans, determining how these vaccines interact in combination with their target drug, are underway. However, although vaccines can become a reasonable treatment option for drugs of abuse, there are several disadvantages that must be considered. These include i) great individual variability in the formation of antibodies, ii) the lack of protection against a structurally dissimilar drug that produces the same effects as the drug of choice, and iii) the lack of an effect on the drug desire that may predispose an addict to relapse. In addition, a comprehensive overview of several crucial ethical issues has not yet been widely discussed in order to have not only a biological approach to immunotherapy of addiction. Overall, immunotherapy offers a range of possible treatment options: the pharmacological treatment of addiction, the treatment of overdoses, the prevention of toxicity to the brain or the heart, and the protection of the fetus during pregnancy. So far, the results obtained from a small-scale experiment using vaccines against cocaine and nicotine suggest that a number of important technical challenges still need to be overcome before such vaccines can be approved for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carfora
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Paola Cassandro
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Feola
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco La Sala
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Petrella
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Borriello
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Section of Legal Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via L. Armanni, 5, 80138, Naples, Italy
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43
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Hwang CS, Bremer PT, Wenthur CJ, Ho SO, Chiang S, Ellis B, Zhou B, Fujii G, Janda KD. Enhancing Efficacy and Stability of an Antiheroin Vaccine: Examination of Antinociception, Opioid Binding Profile, and Lethality. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1062-1072. [PMID: 29420901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, drug conjugate vaccines have shown promise as therapeutics for substance use disorder. As a means to improve the efficacy of a heroin conjugate vaccine, we systematically explored 20 vaccine formulations with varying combinations of carrier proteins and adjuvants. In regard to adjuvants, we explored a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist and a TLR3 agonist in the presence of alum. The TLR9 agonist was cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 (CpG ODN 1826), while the TLR3 agonist was virus-derived genomic doubled-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The vaccine formulations containing TLR3 or TLR9 agonist alone elicited strong antiheroin antibody titers and blockade of heroin-induced antinociception when formulated with alum; however, a combination of TLR3 and TLR9 adjuvants did not result in improved efficacy. Investigation of month-long stability of the two lead formulations revealed that the TLR9 but not the TLR3 formulation was stable when stored as a lyophilized solid or as a liquid over 30 days. Furthermore, mice immunized with the TLR9 + alum heroin vaccine gained significant protection from lethal heroin doses, suggesting that this vaccine formulation is suitable for mitigating the harmful effects of heroin, even following month-long storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy S Hwang
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Cody J Wenthur
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Sam On Ho
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez , California 90220 , United States
| | - SuMing Chiang
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez , California 90220 , United States
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Gary Fujii
- Molecular Express, Inc., Rancho Dominguez , California 90220 , United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology, and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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44
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Beck Z, Torres OB, Matyas GR, Lanar DE, Alving CR. Immune response to antigen adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide particles: Effects of co-adsorption of ALF or ALFQ adjuvant to the aluminum-antigen complex. J Control Release 2018; 275:12-19. [PMID: 29432824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum salts have been used as vaccine adjuvants for >50 years, and they are currently present in at least 146 licensed vaccines worldwide. In this study we examined whether adsorption of Army Liposome Formulation (ALF) to an aluminum salt that already has an antigen adsorbed to it might result in improved immune potency of the aluminum-adsorbed antigen. ALF is composed of a family of anionic liposome-based adjuvants, in which the liposomes contain synthetic phospholipids having dimyristoyl fatty acyl groups, cholesterol and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). For certain candidate vaccines, ALF has been added to aluminum hydroxide (AH) gel as a second adjuvant to form ALFA. Here we show that different methods of preparation of ALF changed the physical structures of both ALF and ALFA. Liposomes containing the saponin QS21 (ALFQ) have also been mixed with AH to form ALFQA as an effective combination. In this study, we first adsorbed one of two different antigens to AH, either tetanus toxoid conjugated to 34 copies of a hapten (MorHap), which has been used in a candidate heroin vaccine, or gp140 protein derived from the envelope protein of HIV-1. We then co-adsorbed ALF or ALFQ to the AH to form ALFA or ALFQA. In each case, the immune potency of the antigen adsorbed to AH was greatly increased by co-adsorbing either ALF or ALFQ to the AH. Based on IgG subtype and cytokine analysis by ELISPOT, ALFA induced predominately a Th2-type response and ALFQ and ALFQA each induced more balanced Th1/Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Oscar B Torres
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - David E Lanar
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, US Military Malaria Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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45
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Sulima A, Jalah R, Antoline JFG, Torres OB, Imler GH, Deschamps JR, Beck Z, Alving CR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Matyas GR. A Stable Heroin Analogue That Can Serve as a Vaccine Hapten to Induce Antibodies That Block the Effects of Heroin and Its Metabolites in Rodents and That Cross-React Immunologically with Related Drugs of Abuse. J Med Chem 2017; 61:329-343. [PMID: 29236495 PMCID: PMC5767880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
An
improved synthesis of a haptenic heroin surrogate 1 (6-AmHap)
is reported. The intermediate needed for the preparation
of 1 was described in the route in the synthesis of 2 (DiAmHap). A scalable procedure was developed to install
the C-3 amido group. Using the Boc protectng group in 18 allowed preparation of 1 in an overall yield of 53%
from 4 and eliminated the necessity of preparing the
diamide 13. Hapten 1 was conjugated to tetanus
toxoid and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A
as an adjuvant. The 1 vaccine induced high anti-1 IgG levels that reduced heroin-induced antinociception and
locomotive behavioral changes following repeated subcutaneous and
intravenous heroin challenges in mice and rats. Vaccinated mice had
reduced heroin-induced hyperlocomotion following a 50 mg/kg heroin
challenge. The 1 vaccine-induced antibodies bound to
heroin and other abused opioids, including hydrocodone, oxycodone,
hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sulima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory , Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory , Washington D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine , 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Abstract
Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial interest exists in developing therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused drugs. A promising universal strategy for antagonizing the pharmacology of virtually any drug involves the development of a conjugate vaccine, wherein a hapten structurally similar to the target drug is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. When formulated with adjuvants and immunized, the immunoconjugate should elicit serum IgG antibodies with the ability to sequester the target drug to prevent its entry to the brain, thereby acting as an immunoantagonist. Despite the failures of first-generation conjugate vaccines against cocaine and nicotine in clinical trials, second-generation vaccines have shown dramatically improved performance in preclinical models, thus renewing the potential clinical utility of conjugate vaccines in curbing substance use disorder. This review explores the critical design elements of drug conjugate vaccines such as hapten structure, adjuvant formulation, bioconjugate chemistry, and carrier protein selection. Methods for evaluating these vaccines are discussed, and recent progress in vaccine development for each drug is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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47
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Abbas IM, Schwaar T, Bienwald F, Weller MG. Predictable Peptide Conjugation Ratios by Activation of Proteins with Succinimidyl Iodoacetate (SIA). Methods Protoc 2017; 1:mps1010002. [PMID: 31164550 PMCID: PMC6526413 DOI: 10.3390/mps1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The small heterobifunctional linker succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA) was examined for the preparation of peptide–protein bioconjugates with predicable conjugation ratios. For many conjugation protocols, the protein is either treated with a reductant to cleave disulfide bonds or is reacted with thiolation chemicals, such as Traut’s reagent. Both approaches are difficult to control, need individual optimization and often lead to unsatisfactory results. In another popular approach, a heterobifunctional linker with a N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and a maleimide functionality is applied to the protein. After the activation of some lysine ε-amino groups with the NHS ester functionality, a cysteine-containing peptide is attached to the activated carrier protein via maleimide. Particularly, the maleimide reaction leads to some unwanted byproducts or even cleavage of the linker. Many protocols end up with conjugates with unpredictable and irreproducible conjugation ratios. In addition, the maleimide-thiol addition product should be assumed immunogenic in vivo. To avoid these and other disadvantages of the maleimide approach, we examined the known linker succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA) in more detail and developed two protocols, which lead to peptide–protein conjugates with predefined average conjugation ratios. This holds potential to eliminate tedious and expensive optimization steps for the synthesis of a bioconjugate of optimal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana M Abbas
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timm Schwaar
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Bienwald
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael G Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Zhao Z, Hu Y, Harmon T, Pentel P, Ehrich M, Zhang C. Rationalization of a nanoparticle-based nicotine nanovaccine as an effective next-generation nicotine vaccine: A focus on hapten localization. Biomaterials 2017; 138:46-56. [PMID: 28551462 PMCID: PMC5544940 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A lipid-polymeric hybrid nanoparticle-based next-generation nicotine nanovaccine was rationalized in this study to combat nicotine addiction. A series of nanovaccines, which had nicotine-haptens localized on carrier protein (LPKN), nanoparticle surface (LPNK), or both (LPNKN), were designed to study the impact of hapten localization on their immunological efficacy. All three nanovaccines were efficiently taken up and processed by dendritic cells. LPNKN induced a significantly higher immunogenicity against nicotine and a significantly lower anti-carrier protein antibody level compared to LPKN and LPNK. Meanwhile, it was found that the anti-nicotine antibodies elicited by LPKN and LPNKN bind nicotine stronger than those elicited by LPKN, and LPNK and LPNKN resulted in a more balanced Th1-Th2 immunity than LPKN. Moreover, LPNKN exhibited the best ability to block nicotine from entering the brain of mice. Collectively, the results demonstrated that the immunological efficacy of the hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine could be enhanced by modulating hapten localization, providing a promising strategy to combatting nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Theresa Harmon
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Paul Pentel
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA
| | - Marion Ehrich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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49
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Bremer PT, Schlosburg JE, Banks ML, Steele FF, Zhou B, Poklis JL, Janda KD. Development of a Clinically Viable Heroin Vaccine. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8601-8611. [PMID: 28574716 PMCID: PMC5612493 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly abused opioid and incurs a significant detriment to society worldwide. In an effort to expand the limited pharmacotherapy options for opioid use disorders, a heroin conjugate vaccine was developed through comprehensive evaluation of hapten structure, carrier protein, adjuvant and dosing. Immunization of mice with an optimized heroin-tetanus toxoid (TT) conjugate formulated with adjuvants alum and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) generated heroin "immunoantagonism", reducing heroin potency by >15-fold. Moreover, the vaccine effects proved to be durable, persisting for over eight months. The lead vaccine was effective in rhesus monkeys, generating significant and sustained antidrug IgG titers in each subject. Characterization of both mouse and monkey antiheroin antibodies by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed low nanomolar antiserum affinity for the key heroin metabolite, 6-acetylmorphine (6AM), with minimal cross reactivity to clinically used opioids. Following a series of heroin challenges over six months in vaccinated monkeys, drug-sequestering antibodies caused marked attenuation of heroin potency (>4-fold) in a schedule-controlled responding (SCR) behavioral assay. Overall, these preclinical results provide an empirical foundation supporting the further evaluation and potential clinical utility of an effective heroin vaccine in treating opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel E. Schlosburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Floyd. F. Steele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kim D. Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Worm Institute of Research and Medicine (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Roadd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Torres OB, Matyas GR, Rao M, Peachman KK, Jalah R, Beck Z, Michael NL, Rice KC, Jacobson AE, Alving CR. Heroin-HIV-1 (H2) vaccine: induction of dual immunologic effects with a heroin hapten-conjugate and an HIV-1 envelope V2 peptide with liposomal lipid A as an adjuvant. NPJ Vaccines 2017; 2:13. [PMID: 29263870 PMCID: PMC5604742 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic heroin analog (MorHap) and a synthetic 42 amino acid V2 loop peptide from A/E strain of HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein that was previously used in a successful phase III vaccine trial were constructed as antigens together with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant, to explore the feasibility of producing a dual use vaccine both for treatment of heroin addiction and prevention of HIV-1 infection among injection drug users. The V2 peptide was tethered by a palmitoyl fatty acyl tail embedded in the liposomal lipid bilayer, and the heroin analog was conjugated to tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein that was mixed with the adjuvant. Upon comparison of a linear V2 peptide with a cyclic peptide, differences were found in the secondary configurations by circular dichroism, with the tethered cyclic peptide (palm-cyclic peptide) entirely in a random coil, and the tethered linear V2 peptide (palm-linear V2 peptide) entirely in a beta-sheet. Upon immunization of mice, palm-cyclic peptide induced anti-cyclic peptide endpoint titers >106 and was considered to be a better immunogen overall than palm-linear V2 peptide for inducing antibodies to gp120 and gp70-V1V2. The antibodies also inhibited the binding of V2 peptide to the HIV-1 α4β7 integrin receptor. Antibody titers to MorHap, even with the presence of injected cyclic peptide, were very high, and resulted in inhibition of the hyper-locomotion and antinociception effects of injected heroin. From these initial experiments, we conclude that with a potent adjuvant and mostly synthetic constituents, a vaccine directed to heroin and HIV-1 (H2 vaccine) could be a feasible objective. A vaccine designed to treat heroin addiction while at the same time preventing HIV infection elicited strong immune responses in mice. Scientists from the US government led by Carl Alving from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Bethesda, Maryland, created a dual vaccine formulated with three main components: a segment of a protein expressed on the surface of HIV; synthetic molecules that resemble heroin and its degradation products; and a potent adjuvant to stimulate the immune system. Mice immunized with this vaccine had high antibody titers against the HIV surface protein as well as heroin and its derivatives. These mice also showed dulled responses to injected heroin. The findings suggest this vaccine strategy could help fight heroin abuse and the high risk of HIV infection among intravenous drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar B Torres
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, 20817 MD USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, 20910 MD USA
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