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Zhang C, Zhao X, Pan X, Zaya G, Lyu B, Li S, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Chen D. The mother-offspring transfer of chlorothalonil through human breast milk: A multi-city cross-sectional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 941:173511. [PMID: 38825210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
4-Hydroxychlorothalonil (4-OH CHT), the main metabolite of chlorothalonil and the most widely used fungicide, has been frequently detected in human samples during monitoring. 4-OH CHT may exhibit higher toxicity and persistence in the environment compared to its prototype. In this study, a total of 540 paired serum and breast milk samples from pregnant women in three provinces in China were monitored for contaminant residues. 4-OH CHT was analyzed in the samples using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography - high-resolution mass spectrometry with a detection limit of 20 ng/L. The study investigated the effects of demographic factors, such as BMI, region of residence, and education level, on the levels of 4-OH CHT residues in serum and breast milk. Among the three provinces, the highest median concentration of 4-OH CHT in serum samples was observed in Hebei (1.04 × 103 ng/L), while the highest median concentration of 4-OH CHT in breast milk samples was observed in Hubei and Guangdong (491 ng/L). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the significant positive correlation between 4-OH CHT in serum and breast milk (p = 0.000) after adjusting for personal characteristics. Based on this, the study further explored the influencing factors of transfer efficiencies (TEs) in conjunction with the individual TEs and the personal characteristics of the participants. Our results demonstrated that the age of the volunteers and their exercise habits had an effect on TEs, but further studies are needed to determine whether exercise leads to an increase in TEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China
| | - Xingqi Pan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Gerili Zaya
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China.
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2
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Dong B. A comprehensive review on toxicological mechanisms and transformation products of tebuconazole: Insights on pesticide management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168264. [PMID: 37918741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole has been widely applied over three decades because of its high efficiency, low toxicity, and broad spectrum, and it is still one of the most popular fungicides worldwide. Tebuconazole residues have been frequently detected in environmental samples and food, posing potential hazards for humans. Understanding the toxicity of pesticides is crucial to ensuring human and ecosystem health, but the toxic mechanisms and toxicity of tebuconazole are still unclear. Moreover, pesticides could transform into transformation products (TPs) that may be more persistent and toxic than their parents. Herein, the toxicities of tebuconazole to humans, mammals, aquatic organisms, soil animals, amphibians, soil microorganisms, birds, honeybees, and plants were summarized, and its TPs were reviewed. In addition, the toxicity of tebuconazole TPs to aquatic organisms and mammals was predicted. Tebuconazole posed potential developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, mutagenicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity, which were induced via reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis, metabolism and hormone perturbation, DNA damage, and transcriptional abnormalities. In addition, tebuconazole exhibited apparent endocrine-disrupting effects by modulating hormone levels and gene transcription. The toxicity of some TPs was equivalent to and higher than tebuconazole. Therefore, further investigation is necessary into the toxicological mechanisms of tebuconazole and the combined toxicity of a mixture of tebuconazole and its TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Vink MA, Alarcan J, Martens J, Buma WJ, Braeuning A, Berden G, Oomens J. Structural Elucidation of Agrochemical Metabolic Transformation Products Based on Infrared Ion Spectroscopy to Improve In Silico Toxicity Assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:81-97. [PMID: 38118149 PMCID: PMC10792670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological assessments of newly developed agrochemical agents consider chemical modifications and their metabolic and biotransformation products. To carry out an in silico hazard assessment, understanding the type of chemical modification and its location on the original compound can greatly enhance the reliability of the evaluation. Here, we present and apply a method based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) enhanced with infrared ion spectroscopy (IRIS) to better delineate the molecular structures of transformation products before in silico toxicology evaluation. IRIS facilitates the recording of IR spectra directly in the mass spectrometer for features selected by retention time and mass-to-charge ratio. By utilizing quantum-chemically predicted IR spectra for candidate molecular structures, one can either derive the actual structure or significantly reduce the number of (isomeric) candidate structures. This approach can assist in making informed decisions. We apply this method to a plant growth stimulant, digeraniol sinapoyl malate (DGSM), that is currently under development. Incubation of the compound in Caco-2 and HepaRG cell lines in multiwell plates and analysis by LC-MS reveals oxidation, glucuronidation, and sulfonation metabolic products, whose structures were elucidated by IRIS and used as input for an in silico toxicology assessment. The toxicity of isomeric metabolites predicted by in silico tools was also assessed, which revealed that assigning the right metabolite structure is an important step in the overall toxicity assessment of the agrochemical. We believe this identification approach can be advantageous when specific isomers are significantly more hazardous than others and can help better understand metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias
J. A. Vink
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy Alarcan
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department
of Food Safety, German Federal Institute
for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giel Berden
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Oomens
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhao J, Li P, Hu J. Multi-residue monitoring and dietary risk assessment of 17 pesticides and 3 related metabolites in rice and rice flour from markets in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:5275-5288. [PMID: 38114704 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in rice have attracted widespread public attention in recent years. This research aimed to monitor the residues of 17 pesticides and their 3 metabolites in 120 samples of rice and rice flour collected from markets in China using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) pretreatment method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The monitoring results showed that isoprothiolane, tricyclazole, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole were detected in the rice samples, with detection frequencies of 33.3%, 17.5%, 8.3%, and 2.5%, and concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 mg/kg (median = 0.04), 0.01 to 0.17 mg/kg (median = 0.14), 0.04 to 0.06 mg/kg (median = 0.05), and 0.01 to 0.02 mg/kg (median = 0.01), respectively. The residues of these four pesticides were all below their corresponding maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by China. Additionally, isoprothiolane, tricyclazole, fenoxanil, and tebuconazole were detected in rice flour samples, with detection frequencies of 74.2%, 55.0%, 5.0%, and 2.5%, and concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg (median = 0.04), 0.01 to 0.04 mg/kg (median = 0.02), 0.01 to 0.06 mg/kg (median = 0.03), and 0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg (median = 0.03), respectively. Furthermore, the chronic dietary intake risk (HQc), the acute dietary intake risk (HQa), and cumulative dietary risk (HI) for all the detected pesticides were evaluated and found well below 100%, indicating that the dietary intake risks would not pose potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Zhao
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Lab of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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5
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Finckh S, Carmona E, Borchardt D, Büttner O, Krauss M, Schulze T, Yang S, Brack W. Mapping chemical footprints of organic micropollutants in European streams. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108371. [PMID: 38103345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that chemical pollution of freshwater systems with complex mixtures of chemicals from domestic sources, agriculture and industry may cause a substantial chemical footprint on water organisms, pushing aquatic ecosystems outside the safe operating space. The present study defines chemical footprints as the risk that chemicals or chemical mixtures will have adverse effects on a specific group of organisms. The aim is to characterise these chemical footprints in European streams based on a unique and uniform screening of more than 600 chemicals in 445 surface water samples, and to derive site- and compound-specific information for management prioritisation purposes. In total, 504 pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals and other compounds have been detected, including frequently occurring and site-specific compounds with concentrations up to 74 µg/L. Key finding is that three-quarter of the investigated sites in 22 European river basins exceed established thresholds for chemical footprints in freshwater, leading to expected acute or chronic impacts on aquatic organisms. The largest footprints were recorded on invertebrates, followed by algae and fish. More than 70 chemicals exceed thresholds of chronic impacts on invertebrates. For all organism groups, pesticides and biocides were the main drivers of chemical footprints, while mixture impacts were particularly relevant for invertebrates. No clear significant correlation was found between chemical footprints and the urban discharge fractions, suggesting that effluent-specific quality rather than the total load of treated wastewater in the aquatic environment and the contribution of diffuse sources, e.g. from agriculture, determine chemical footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Finckh
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Eric Carmona
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dietrich Borchardt
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Büttner
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Soohyun Yang
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis and Management, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Gao L, Liang Y, Xiong Q, Huang M, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Control of citrus blue and green molds by Actinomycin X 2 and its possible antifungal mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105718. [PMID: 38225074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Citrus blue and green molds caused by Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. polonicum, are the major postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. In the present study, Actinomycin X2 (Act-X2), a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species, was found to show excellent antifungal effect against these three pathogens with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL for them all, which was better than the positive control thiophanate-methyl. Act-X2 significantly reduced the percentage of spore germination, and highly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. italicum, P. digitatum, and P. polonicum with EC50 values being 34.34, 13.76, and 37.48 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, Act-X2 greatly decreased the intracellular protein content while increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and superoxide anion (O2-) content in the mycelia of pathogens. In vivo test indicated that Act-X2 strongly inhibited the infection of navel oranges by these three Penicillium species, with an inhibition percentage of >50% for them all at the concentration of 10 MIC. Transcriptome analysis suggested that Act-X2 might highly influence the ribosomal functions of P. polonicum, which was supported as well by the molecular docking analysis of Act-X2 with some key functional proteins and RNAs of the ribosome. Furthermore, Act-X2 significantly reduced the decay percentage and improved the firmness, color, and sugar-acid ratio of navel oranges spray-inoculated with P. polonicum during the postharvest storage at 4 °C for 60 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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7
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Slaby S, Catteau A, Le Cor F, Cant A, Dufour V, Iurétig A, Turiès C, Palluel O, Bado-Nilles A, Bonnard M, Cardoso O, Dauchy X, Porcher JM, Banas D. Chemical occurrence of pesticides and transformation products in two small lentic waterbodies at the head of agricultural watersheds and biological responses in caged Gasterosteus aculeatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166326. [PMID: 37591395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent monitoring campaigns have revealed the presence of mixtures of pesticides and their transformation products (TP) in headwater streams situated within agricultural catchments. These observations were attributed to the use of various agrochemicals in surrounding regions. The aim of this work was to compare the application of chemical and ecotoxicological tools for assessing environmental quality in relation to pesticide and TP contamination. It was achieved by deploying these methodologies in two small lentic water bodies located at the top of two agricultural catchments, each characterized by distinct agricultural practices (ALT: organic, CHA: conventional). Additionally, the results make it possible to assess the impact of contamination on fish caged in situ. Pesticides and TP were measured in water using active and passive samplers and suspended solid particles. Eighteen biomarkers (innate immune responses, oxidative stress, biotransformation, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption) were measured in Gasterosteus aculeatus encaged in situ. More contaminants were detected in CHA, totaling 25 compared to 14 in ALT. Despite the absence of pesticide application in the ALT watershed for the past 14 years, 7 contaminants were quantified in 100 % of the water samples. Among these contaminants, 6 were TPs (notably atrazine-2-hydroxy, present at a concentration exceeding 300 ng·L-1), and 1 was a current pesticide, prosulfocarb, whose mobility should prompt more caution and new regulations to protect adjacent ecosystems and crops. Regarding the integrated biomarker response (IBRv2), caged fish was similarly impacted in ALT and CHA. Variations in biomarker responses were highlighted depending on the site, but the results did not reveal whether one site is of better quality than the other. This outcome was likely attributed to the occurrence of contaminant mixtures in both sites. The main conclusions revealed that chemical and biological tools complement each other to better assess the environmental quality of wetlands such as ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Slaby
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Audrey Catteau
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - François Le Cor
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France; ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 Rue Lionnois, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Amélie Cant
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Vincent Dufour
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Alain Iurétig
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Cyril Turiès
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Olivier Palluel
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Marc Bonnard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
| | - Olivier Cardoso
- OFB, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, 9 avenue Buffon, F-45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Xavier Dauchy
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Hydrology, Water Chemistry Department, 40 Rue Lionnois, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Damien Banas
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, URAFPA, F-54000 Nancy, France.
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8
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Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
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9
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Ruan T, Li P, Wang H, Li T, Jiang G. Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Organic Pollutants: From an Analytical and Toxicological Perspective. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10584-10640. [PMID: 37531601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental organic pollutants has triggered significant ecological impacts and adverse health outcomes, which have been received substantial and increasing attention. The contribution of unidentified chemical components is considered as the most significant knowledge gap in understanding the combined effects of pollutant mixtures. To address this issue, remarkable analytical breakthroughs have recently been made. In this review, the basic principles on recognition of environmental organic pollutants are overviewed. Complementary analytical methodologies (i.e., quantitative structure-activity relationship prediction, mass spectrometric nontarget screening, and effect-directed analysis) and experimental platforms are briefly described. The stages of technique development and/or essential parts of the analytical workflow for each of the methodologies are then reviewed. Finally, plausible technique paths and applications of the future nontarget screening methods, interdisciplinary techniques for achieving toxicant identification, and burgeoning strategies on risk assessment of chemical cocktails are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Jie Chen Z, Yan Zhai X, Liu J, Zhang N, Yang H. Detoxification and catabolism of mesotrione and fomesafen facilitated by a Phase II reaction acetyltransferase in rice. J Adv Res 2023; 51:1-11. [PMID: 36494064 PMCID: PMC10491983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The excessive dosage of pesticides required for agronomic reality results in growing contamination of pesticide residues in environment, thus bringing high risks to crop production and human health. OBJECTIVES This study aims to unveil a novel mechanism for catabolism of two pesticides MTR and FSA facilitated by an uncharacterized Phase II reaction enzyme termed acetyltransferase-1 (ACE1) in rice and to make assessment of its potential for bioremediation to minimize the risks to crop production and food safety. METHODS We developed genetically improved cultivars overexpressing OsACE1 (OE) and knockout mutant lines by CRISPR-Cas9 technology to identify the MTR and FSA detoxic and metabolic functions and characterized their metabolites and conjugates by HPLC-LTQ-MS/MS. RESULTS OsACE1 overexpression conferred rice resistance to toxicity of MTR/FSA compared to wild-type, manifested by improved plant elongation and biomass, attenuated cellular injury, and increased chlorophyll accumulation. The OE plants accumulated significantly less parent MTR/FSA and more degradative metabolites, and removed MTR/FSA from their growth medium by 1.38 and 1.61 folds over the wild-type. In contrast, knocking out OsACE1 led to compromised growth fitness and intensified toxic symptoms under MTR/FSA stress and accumulation of more toxic MTR and FSA in rice. The reduced metabolites of MTR and FSA detected in the Cas9 plants suggest the impaired capability of OsACE1 function. CONCLUSIONS These results signified that OsACE1 expression is required for detoxifying the two poisoning chemicals in rice and plays a critical role in accelerating breakdown of the pesticides mainly through Phase II reaction mechanism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jie Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Yan Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jintong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Wang Q, Peng L, Zhou Z, Li C, Chen C, Wang Y, Que X. Promoted dissipation and detoxification of atrazine by graphene oxide coexisting in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:81164-81173. [PMID: 37314562 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide atrazine (ATZ) has a detrimental effect on the health of aquatic ecosystems and has become a global concern in recent years. But the understanding of its persistence and potential toxicity under combined pollution, especially in the coexistence of other emerging pollutants, remains limited. In this work, the dissipation and transformation of ATZ in combination with graphene oxide (GO) in water were investigated. Results showed that dissipation rates of ATZ dramatically increased by 15-95% with half-lives shortened by 15-40% depending on initial concentrations of ATZ, and the products were mainly toxic chloro-dealkylated intermediates (deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA)), but their contents were significantly lower under the coexistence of GO compared to ATZ alone. In the presence of GO, the nontoxic dechlorinated metabolite hydroxyatrazine (HYA) was detected earlier than 2-9 days, and ATZ transformation into HYA was increased by 6-18% during 21-day incubation periods. This study indicated that the coexistence of GO enhanced the dissipation and detoxification of ATZ. From a remediation standpoint, GO-induced hydrolytic dechlorination of ATZ can reduce its ecological toxicity. But the environmental risks of ATZ for aquatic ecosystem under the coexistence of GO should still be given the necessary prominence due to the potential hazard of ATZ adsorbed on GO and the predominant degradation products (DEA and DIA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghai Wang
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Peng
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixin Zhou
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Li
- Institute of Grassland, Flowers and Ecology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoe Que
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Jiang X, Xiao L, Chen Y, Huang C, Wang J, Tang X, Wan K, Xu H. Degradation of the Novel Heterocyclic Insecticide Pyraquinil in Water: Kinetics, Degradation Pathways, Transformation Products Identification, and Toxicity Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37378629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
As new pesticides are continuously introduced into agricultural systems, it is essential to investigate their environmental behavior and toxicity effects to better evaluate their potential risks. In this study, the degradation kinetics, pathways, and aquatic toxicity of the new fused heterocyclic insecticide pyraquinil in water under different conditions were investigated for the first time. Pyraquinil was classified as an easily degradable pesticide in natural water, and hydrolyzes faster in alkaline conditions and at higher temperatures. The formation trends of the main transformation products (TPs) of pyraquinil were also quantified. Fifteen TPs were identified in water using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) and Compound Discoverer software, which adopted suspect and nontarget screening strategies. Among them, twelve TPs were reported for the first time and 11 TPs were confirmed by synthesis of their standards. The proposed degradation pathways have demonstrated that the 4,5-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline skeleton of pyraquinil is stable enough to retain in its TPs. ECOSAR prediction and laboratory tests showed that pyraquinil was "very toxic" or "toxic" to aquatic organisms, while the toxicities of all of the TPs are substantially lower than that of pyraquinil except for TP484, which was predicted to pose a higher toxicity. The results are important for elucidating the fate and assessing the environmental risks of pyraquinil, and provide guidance for scientific and reasonable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyuan Jiang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Congling Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kai Wan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products, and Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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13
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Kang D, Lee H, Bae H, Jeon J. Comparative insight of pesticide transformations between river and wetland systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163172. [PMID: 37003314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides threatens the environment and ecosystems. Despite the positive effects of plant protection products, pesticides also have unexpected negative effects on nontarget organisms. The microbial biodegradation of pesticides is one of the major pathways for reducing their risks at aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to compare the biodegradability of pesticides in simulated wetland and river systems. Parallel experiments were conducted with 17 pesticides based on the OECD 309 guidelines. A comprehensive analytical method, such as target screening combined with suspect and non-target screening, was performed to evaluate the biodegradation via identification of transformation products (TPs) using LC-HRMS. As evidence of biodegradation, we identified 97 TPs for 15 pesticides. Metolachlor and dimethenamid had 23 and 16 TPs, respectively, including Phase II glutathione conjugates. The analysis of 16S rRNA sequences for microbials characterized operational taxonomic units. Rheinheimera and Flavobacterium, which have the potential for glutathione S-transferase, were dominant in wetland systems. Estimation of toxicity, biodegradability, and hydrophobicity using QSAR prediction indicated lower environmental risks of detected TPs. We conclude that the wetland system is more favorable for pesticide degradation and risk mitigation mainly attributed to the abundance and variety of the microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Lee
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyokwan Bae
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Oliver SK, Corsi SR, Baldwin AK, Nott MA, Ankley GT, Blackwell BR, Villeneuve DL, Hladik ML, Kolpin DW, Loken L, DeCicco LA, Meyer MT, Loftin KA. Pesticide Prioritization by Potential Biological Effects in Tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:367-384. [PMID: 36562491 PMCID: PMC10107260 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Watersheds of the Great Lakes Basin (USA/Canada) are highly modified and impacted by human activities including pesticide use. Despite labeling restrictions intended to minimize risks to nontarget organisms, concerns remain that environmental exposures to pesticides may be occurring at levels negatively impacting nontarget organisms. We used a combination of organismal-level toxicity estimates (in vivo aquatic life benchmarks) and data from high-throughput screening (HTS) assays (in vitro benchmarks) to prioritize pesticides and sites of concern in streams at 16 tributaries to the Great Lakes Basin. In vivo or in vitro benchmark values were exceeded at 15 sites, 10 of which had exceedances throughout the year. Pesticides had the greatest potential biological impact at the site with the greatest proportion of agricultural land use in its basin (the Maumee River, Toledo, OH, USA), with 72 parent compounds or transformation products being detected, 47 of which exceeded at least one benchmark value. Our risk-based screening approach identified multiple pesticide parent compounds of concern in tributaries of the Great Lakes; these compounds included: eight herbicides (metolachlor, acetochlor, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diuron, atrazine, alachlor, triclopyr, and simazine), three fungicides (chlorothalonil, propiconazole, and carbendazim), and four insecticides (diazinon, fipronil, imidacloprid, and clothianidin). We present methods for reducing the volume and complexity of potential biological effects data that result from combining contaminant surveillance with HTS (in vitro) and traditional (in vivo) toxicity estimates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:367-384. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Oliver
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterWisconsinMadisonUSA
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterWisconsinMadisonUSA
| | | | - Michele A. Nott
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterWisconsinMadisonUSA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection AgencyGreat Lakes Ecology and Toxicology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection AgencyGreat Lakes Ecology and Toxicology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection AgencyGreat Lakes Ecology and Toxicology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Michelle L. Hladik
- US Geological SurveySacramento, California Water Science CenterCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Luke Loken
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterWisconsinMadisonUSA
| | - Laura A. DeCicco
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterWisconsinMadisonUSA
| | - Michael T. Meyer
- US Geological SurveyKansas Water Science CenterLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - Keith A. Loftin
- US Geological SurveyKansas Water Science CenterLawrenceKansasUSA
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15
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Loken LC, Corsi SR, Alvarez DA, Ankley GT, Baldwin AK, Blackwell BR, De Cicco LA, Nott MA, Oliver SK, Villeneuve DL. Prioritizing Pesticides of Potential Concern and Identifying Potential Mixture Effects in Great Lakes Tributaries Using Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:340-366. [PMID: 36165576 PMCID: PMC10107608 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To help meet the objectives of the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative with regard to increasing knowledge about toxic substances, 223 pesticides and pesticide transformation products were monitored in 15 Great Lakes tributaries using polar organic chemical integrative samplers. A screening-level assessment of their potential for biological effects was conducted by computing toxicity quotients (TQs) for chemicals with available US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Aquatic Life Benchmark values. In addition, exposure activity ratios (EAR) were calculated using information from the USEPA ToxCast database. Between 16 and 81 chemicals were detected per site, with 97 unique compounds detected overall, for which 64 could be assessed using TQs or EARs. Ten chemicals exceeded TQ or EAR levels of concern at two or more sites. Chemicals exceeding thresholds included seven herbicides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diuron, metolachlor, acetochlor, atrazine, simazine, and sulfentrazone), a transformation product (deisopropylatrazine), and two insecticides (fipronil and imidacloprid). Watersheds draining agricultural and urban areas had more detections and higher concentrations of pesticides compared with other land uses. Chemical mixtures analysis for ToxCast assays associated with common modes of action defined by gene targets and adverse outcome pathways (AOP) indicated potential activity on biological pathways related to a range of cellular processes, including xenobiotic metabolism, extracellular signaling, endocrine function, and protection against oxidative stress. Use of gene ontology databases and the AOP knowledgebase within the R-package ToxMixtures highlighted the utility of ToxCast data for identifying and evaluating potential biological effects and adverse outcomes of chemicals and mixtures. Results have provided a list of high-priority chemicals for future monitoring and potential biological effects warranting further evaluation in laboratory and field environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:340-366. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. Loken
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David A. Alvarez
- US Geological SurveyColumbia Environmental Research CenterColombiaMissouriUSA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Laura A. De Cicco
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michele A. Nott
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Samantha K. Oliver
- US Geological SurveyUpper Midwest Water Science CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureGreat Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionDuluthMinnesotaUSA
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16
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Masoner JR, Kolpin DW, Cozzarelli IM, Bradley PM, Arnall BB, Forshay KJ, Gray JL, Groves JF, Hladik ML, Hubbard LE, Iwanowicz LR, Jaeschke JB, Lane RF, McCleskey RB, Polite BF, Roth DA, Pettijohn MB, Wilson MC. Contaminant Exposure and Transport from Three Potential Reuse Waters within a Single Watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1353-1365. [PMID: 36626647 PMCID: PMC9878729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for safe and sustainable water supplies necessitates a better understanding of contaminant exposures in potential reuse waters. In this study, we compared exposures and load contributions to surface water from the discharge of three reuse waters (wastewater effluent, urban stormwater, and agricultural runoff). Results document substantial and varying organic-chemical contribution to surface water from effluent discharges (e.g., disinfection byproducts [DBP], prescription pharmaceuticals, industrial/household chemicals), urban stormwater (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, nonprescription pharmaceuticals), and agricultural runoff (e.g., pesticides). Excluding DBPs, episodic storm-event organic concentrations and loads from urban stormwater were comparable to and often exceeded those of daily wastewater-effluent discharges. We also assessed if wastewater-effluent irrigation to corn resulted in measurable effects on organic-chemical concentrations in rain-induced agricultural runoff and harvested feedstock. Overall, the target-organic load of 491 g from wastewater-effluent irrigation to the study corn field during the 2019 growing season did not produce substantial dissolved organic-contaminant contributions in subsequent rain-induced runoff events. Out of the 140 detected organics in source wastewater-effluent irrigation, only imidacloprid and estrone had concentrations that resulted in observable differences between rain-induced agricultural runoff from the effluent-irrigated and nonirrigated corn fields. Analyses of pharmaceuticals and per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in at-harvest corn-plant samples detected two prescription antibiotics, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, at concentrations of 36 and 70 ng/g, respectively, in effluent-irrigated corn-plant samples; no contaminants were detected in noneffluent irrigated corn-plant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Masoner
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Brian B. Arnall
- Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Forshay
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Justin F. Groves
- U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ada, Oklahoma 74820, United States
| | | | | | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia, 25430, United States
| | | | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S. Geological
Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | | | | | - David A. Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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17
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Oltramare C, Weiss FT, Staudacher P, Kibirango O, Atuhaire A, Stamm C. Pesticides monitoring in surface water of a subsistence agricultural catchment in Uganda using passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:10312-10328. [PMID: 36074287 PMCID: PMC9898397 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are intensely used in the agricultural sector worldwide including smallholder farming. Poor pesticide use practices in this agronomic setting are well documented and may impair the quality of water resources. However, empirical data on pesticide occurrence in water bodies of tropical smallholder agriculture is scarce. Many available data are focusing on apolar organochlorine compounds which are globally banned. We address this gap by studying the occurrence of a broad range of more modern pesticides in an agricultural watershed in Uganda. During 2.5 months of the rainy season in 2017, three passive sampler systems were deployed at five locations in River Mayanja to collect 14 days of composite samples. Grab samples were taken from drinking water resources. In these samples, 27 compounds out of 265 organic pesticides including 60 transformation products were detected. In the drinking water resources, we detected eight pesticides and two insecticide transformation products in low concentrations between 1 and 50 ng/L. Also, in the small streams and open fetch ponds, detected concentrations were generally low with a few exceptions for the herbicide 2,4-D and the fungicide carbendazim exceeding 1 ug/L. The widespread occurrence of chlorpyrifos posed the largest risk for macroinvertebrates. The extensive detection of this compound and its transformation product 3,4,5-trichloro-2-pyridinol was unexpected and called for a better understanding of the use and fate of this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Oltramare
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederik T Weiss
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Staudacher
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Kibirango
- Directorate of Government Analytical Laboratory (DGAL), Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Man Y, Wang W, Mao L, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Jiang H, Liu X. Degradation of Kresoxim-Methyl in Different Soils: Kinetics, Identification of Transformation Products, and Pathways Using High-Resolution-Mass-Spectrometry-Based Suspect and Non-Target Screening Approaches. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16146-16155. [PMID: 36515273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of strobilurin fungicide kresoxim-methyl (KM) in three typical agricultural soils from China by aerobic and anaerobic degradation experiments, focusing on degradation kinetics of KM, identification of transformation products (TPs), and prediction of toxicity end points via in silico approaches. KM showed a pronounced biphasic degradation in different soils and could rapidly degrade, with DT50 of <3 days. Four TPs were identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and three of them have never been reported before. Possible degradation pathways of KM in soil were proposed, including hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction, and the main mechanism involved in the biodegradation of KM was the hydrolysis of methyl ester regardless of aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The results of toxicity evaluation indicated that some TPs are more toxic than KM and may have a developmental toxicity and mutagenicity, and further risk assessment should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Man
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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19
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Wang S, Basijokaite R, Murphy BL, Kelleher CA, Zeng T. Combining Passive Sampling with Suspect and Nontarget Screening to Characterize Organic Micropollutants in Streams Draining Mixed-Use Watersheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16726-16736. [PMID: 36331382 PMCID: PMC9730844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) represent an anthropogenic stressor on stream ecosystems. In this work, we combined passive sampling with suspect and nontarget screening enabled by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry to characterize complex mixtures of OMPs in streams draining mixed-use watersheds. Suspect screening identified 122 unique OMPs for target quantification in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and grab samples collected from 20 stream sites in upstate New York over two sampling seasons. Hierarchical clustering established the co-occurrence profiles of OMPs in connection with watershed attributes indicative of anthropogenic influences. Nontarget screening leveraging the time-integrative nature of POCIS and the cross-site variability in watershed attributes prioritized and confirmed 11 additional compounds that were ubiquitously present in monitored streams. Field sampling rates for 37 OMPs that simultaneously occurred in POCIS and grab samples spanned the range of 0.02 to 0.22 L/d with a median value of 0.07 L/d. Comparative analyses of the daily average loads, cumulative exposure-activity ratios, and multi-substance potentially affected fractions supported the feasibility of complementing grab sampling with POCIS for OMP load estimation and screening-level risk assessments. Overall, this work demonstrated a multi-watershed sampling and screening approach that can be adapted to assess OMP contamination in streams across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - Ruta Basijokaite
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse
University, 204 Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Bethany L. Murphy
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - Christa A. Kelleher
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse
University, 204 Heroy Geology Laboratory, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
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20
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Gallé T, Bayerle M, Pittois D. Geochemical matrix differently affects the response of internal standards and target analytes for pesticide transformation products measured in groundwater samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135815. [PMID: 35921885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most common technique in liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) allowing for sensitive detection of polar compounds with online water concentration. The technique is popular in groundwater monitoring programs and has permitted great progress in the detection and quantification of polar pesticide transformation products (TP) in recent years. However, ESI is also known to be prone to matrix effects. The common solution to this potential bias is the use of labelled internal standards. Unfortunately, these are not available for all target compounds, which leads to the linkage of target compounds to non-homologue internal standards with unknown consequences for quantification in variable geochemical settings. We investigated these matrix effects for polar TP with a molecular mass range of 225-350 Da and logDpH7 between -0.27 and -1.7 as well as for parent compounds with logDpH3 between 0.84 and 3.22. The acquired internal standards were tested on a gradient of DOC, anions, conductivity and inorganic carbon with a set of ten carefully chosen groundwater samples. Internal standards that were measured in positive ionization mode proved to be insensitive to geochemical variations while those that were measured in negative ionization mode showed reduced response with increasing anion concentration. All pairs of internal standards and target analytes were investigated for deviating matrix effects using standard addition experiments. Positive ionization compounds and target compounds with deuterated homologues showed little deviation while non-homologue pairs in negative mode proved to be strongly biased. Although bias was up to factor five for some compounds it was remarkably stable over the entire gradient studied, suggesting an identical suppression mode at varying matrix levels for different compounds. We advocate the conduct of standard addition experiments if homologue internal standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gallé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael Bayerle
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Denis Pittois
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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21
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Rocco K, Margoum C, Richard L, Coquery M. Enhanced database creation with in silico workflows for suspect screening of unknown tebuconazole transformation products in environmental samples by UHPLC-HRMS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129706. [PMID: 35961075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The search and identification of organic contaminants in agricultural watersheds has become a crucial effort to better characterize watershed contamination by pesticides. The past decade has brought a more holistic view of watershed contamination via the deployment of powerful analytical strategies such as non-target and suspect screening analysis that can search more contaminants and their transformation products. However, suspect screening analysis remains broadly confined to known molecules, primarily due to the lack of analytical standards and suspect databases for unknowns such as pesticide transformation products. Here we developed a novel workflow by cross-comparing the results of various in silico prediction tools against literature data to create an enhanced database for suspect screening of pesticide transformation products. This workflow was applied on tebuconazole, used here as a model pesticide, and resulted in a suspect screening database counting 291 transformation products. The chromatographic retention times and tandem mass spectra were predicted for each of these compounds using 6 models based on multilinear regression and more complex machine-learning algorithms. This comprehensive approach to the investigation and identification of tebuconazole transformation products was retrospectively applied on environmental samples and found 6 transformation products identified for the first time in river water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rocco
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, 69625 Villeurbanne, France.
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22
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Snyder MN, Henderson WM, Glinski DA, Purucker ST. Differentiating metabolomic responses of amphibians to multiple stressors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155666. [PMID: 35598671 PMCID: PMC9875051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in ecological risk assessment is determining the impact of multiple stressors on individual organisms and populations in real world scenarios. Frequently, data derived from laboratory studies of single stressors are used to estimate risk parameters and do not adequately address scenarios where other stressors exist. Emerging 'omic technologies, notably metabolomics, provide an opportunity to address the uncertainties surrounding ecological risk assessment of multiple stressors. The objective of this study was to use metabolomic profiling to investigate the effect of multiple stressors on amphibian metamorphs. We exposed post-metamorphosis (180 days) southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephala) to the insecticide carbaryl (480 μg/L), predation stress, and a combined pesticide and predation stress treatment. Corticosterone analysis revealed mild support for an induction in response to predation stress alone but strongly suggests that carbaryl exposure, alone or in combination with predation cues, can significantly elevate this known biomarker in amphibians. Metabolomics analysis accurately classed, based on relative nearness, carbaryl and predation induced changes in the hepatic metabolome and biochemical fluxes appear to be associated with a similar biological response. Support vector machine analysis with recursive feature elimination of the acquired metabolomic spectra demonstrated 85-96% classification accuracy among control and all treatment groups when using the top 75 ranked retention time bins. Biochemical fluxes observed in the groups exposed to carbaryl, predation, and the combined treatment include amino acids, sugar derivatives, and purine nucleotides. Ultimately, this methodology could be used to interpret short-term toxicity assays and the presence of environmental stressors to overall metabolomic effects in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcía N Snyder
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CPHEA, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA.
| | | | - Donna A Glinski
- NRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - S Thomas Purucker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CCTE, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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23
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Qiao W, Liu G, Li M, Su X, Lu L, Ye S, Wu J, Edwards EA, Jiang J. Complete Reductive Dechlorination of 4-Hydroxy-chlorothalonil by Dehalogenimonas Populations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12237-12246. [PMID: 35951369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile, TePN) is one of the most widely used fungicides all over the world. Its major environmental transformation product 4-hydroxy-chlorothalonil (4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile, 4-OH-TPN) is more persistent, mobile, and toxic and is frequently detected at a higher concentration in various habitats compared to its parent compound TePN. Further microbial transformation of 4-OH-TPN has never been reported. In this study, we demonstrated that 4-OH-TPN underwent complete microbial reductive dehalogenation to 4-hydroxy-isophthalonitrile via 4-hydroxy-dichloroisophthalonitrile and 4-hydroxy-monochloroisophthalonitrile. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing demonstrated that Dehalogenimonas species was enriched from 6% to 17-22% after reductive dechlorination of 77.24 μmol of 4-OH-TPN. Meanwhile, Dehalogenimonas copies increased by one order of magnitude and obtained a yield of 1.78 ± 1.47 × 108 cells per μmol Cl- released (N = 6), indicating that 4-OH-TPN served as the terminal electron acceptor for organohalide respiration of Dehalogenimonas species. A draft genome of Dehalogenimonas species was assembled through metagenomic sequencing, which harbors 30 putative reductive dehalogenase genes. Syntrophobacter, Acetobacterium, and Methanosarcina spp. were found to be the major non-dechlorinating populations in the microbial community, who might play important roles in the reductive dechlorination of 4-OH-TPN by the Dehalogenimonas species. This study first reports that Dehalogenimonas sp. can also respire on the seemingly dead-end product of TePN, paving the way to complete biotransformation of the widely present TePN and broadening the substrate spectrum of Dehalogenimonas sp. to polychlorinated hydroxy-benzonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guiping Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengya Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojing Su
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianghua Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Shujun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Elizabeth A Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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24
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Liu Y, Li F, Li H, Tong Y, Li W, Xiong J, You J. Bioassay-based identification and removal of target and suspect toxicants in municipal wastewater: Impacts of chemical properties and transformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129426. [PMID: 35897175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater contains numerous chemicals and transformation products with highly diverse physiochemical properties and intrinsic toxicity; thus, it is imperative but challenging to identify major toxicants. Herein, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was applied to identify major toxicants in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Impacts of chemical properties on the removal of contaminants and toxicity at individual treatment stages were also examined. The WWTP influent caused 100% death of Daphnia magna and zebrafish embryos, and toxicity characterization suggested that organics, metals, and volatiles all contributed to the toxicity. Toxicity identification based on 189 target and approximately one-thousand suspect chemicals showed that toxicity contributions of organic contaminants, metals, and ammonia to D. magna were 77%, 4%, and 19%, respectively. Galaxolide, pyrene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene, fluoranthene, octinoxate, silver, and ammonia were identified as potential toxicants. Comparatively, the detected transformation products elicited lower toxicity than their respective parent contaminants. In contrast, the analyzed contaminants showed negligible contributions to the toxicity of zebrafish embryos. Removal efficiencies of these toxicants in WWTP were highly related to their hydrophobicity. Diverse transformation and removal efficiencies of contaminants in WWTPs may influence the chemical compositions in effluent and ultimately the risk to aquatic organisms in the receiving waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Faxu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China.
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Weizong Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
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25
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Vieira Y, Rossatto DL, Leichtweis J, Foletto EL, Oliveira ML, Silva LF, Luiz Dotto G. Iron-enriched coal and volcanic rock waste powder composite with enhanced microwave absorption capacity for the degradation of 2,4-D and atrazine pesticides in single and binary systems. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Wang S, Li R, Dong F, Zheng Y, Li Y. Determination of a novel pesticide cyetpyrafen and its two main metabolites in crops, soils and water. Food Chem 2022; 400:134049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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27
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Finckh S, Beckers LM, Busch W, Carmona E, Dulio V, Kramer L, Krauss M, Posthuma L, Schulze T, Slootweg J, Von der Ohe PC, Brack W. A risk based assessment approach for chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107234. [PMID: 35483182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 56 effluent samples from 52 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated for the occurrence of 499 emerging chemicals (ECs) and their associated potential risks to the environment. The two main objectives were (i) to extend our knowledge on chemicals occurring in treated wastewater, and (ii) to identify and prioritize compounds of concern based on three different risk assessment approaches for the identification of consensus mixture risk drivers of concern. Approaches include (i) PNEC and EQS-based regulatory risk quotients (RQs), (ii) species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based hazard units (HUs) and (iii) toxic units (TUs) for three biological quality elements (BQEs) algae, crustacean, and fish. For this purpose, solid-phase extracts were analysed with wide-scope chemical target screening via liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), resulting in 366 detected compounds, with concentrations ranging from < 1 ng/L to > 100 µg/L. The detected chemicals were categorized with respect to critical information relevant for risk assessment and management prioritization including: (1) frequency of occurrence, (2) measured concentrations, (3) use groups, (4) persistence & bioaccumulation, and (5) modes of action. A comprehensive assessment using RQ, HU and TU indicated exceedance of risk thresholds for the majority of effluents with RQ being the most sensitive metric. In total, 299 out of the 366 compounds were identified as mixture risk contributors in one of the approaches, while 32 chemicals were established as consensus mixture risk contributors of high concern, including a high percentage (66%) of pesticides and biocides. For samples which have passed an advanced treatment using ozonation or activated carbon (AC), consistently much lower risks were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Finckh
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Liza-Marie Beckers
- Department of Aquatic Chemistry, BfG - Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Wibke Busch
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eric Carmona
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valeria Dulio
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Lena Kramer
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leo Posthuma
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Schulze
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaap Slootweg
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Werner Brack
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity - Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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28
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Lanasa S, Niedzwiecki M, Reber KP, East A, Sivey JD, Salice CJ. Comparative Toxicity of Herbicide Active Ingredients, Safener Additives, and Commercial Formulations to the Nontarget Alga Raphidocelis Subcapitata. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1466-1476. [PMID: 35262227 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetanilide herbicides are used worldwide to control weeds that affect crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton. These herbicides are frequently paired with a "safener," which prevents herbicidal damage to the crop without diminishing weed control. Formulated herbicide products that include safeners and other ingredients are infrequently assessed for toxicity. Our goal was to understand the potential toxicity of safeners and herbicide + safener formulations relative to the toxicity of associated active ingredients. We quantified the concentration of safeners in commercially available formulations and tested effects on nontarget algae, Raphidocelis subcapitata, when exposed to individual herbicide active ingredients, safeners, and commercial formulations. The median effective concentrations (EC50s) causing 50% reduction in population growth for the herbicide active ingredients S-metolachlor and acetochlor were 0.046 and 0.003 ppm, respectively. The safeners benoxacor, AD-67, furilazole, and dichlormid were all substantially less toxic than the herbicides and were not toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations. The commercial formulations Dual II Magnum®, Me-Too-Lachlor II®, Harness®, and Surpass EC® all resulted in EC50 values that fell within the 95% confidence interval of the associated active ingredient herbicide. Interestingly, a significant increase in cell size was observed when algae were exposed to all the formulations, herbicides (acetochlor and S-metolachlor), and safener (dichlormid). The safener furilazole caused a significant decrease in cell size, whereas benoxacor and AD-67 had no observed effect on algae cell size. Significant algae cell size effects all occurred at or above the EC50 concentrations for each chemical, suggesting that other morphological effects may be occurring. Importantly, safeners in commercial formulations appeared not to impact toxicity to R. subcapitata compared with the active ingredient alone. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1466-1476. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lanasa
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Niedzwiecki
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew East
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher J Salice
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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29
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Anagnostopoulou K, Nannou C, Evgenidou E, Lambropoulou D. Overarching issues on relevant pesticide transformation products in the aquatic environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152863. [PMID: 34995614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of agricultural production during the last decades has forced the rapid increase in the use of pesticides that finally end up in the aquatic environment. Albeit well-documented, pesticides continue to raise researchers' attention, because of their potential adverse impacts on the environment and, inevitably, humans. Once entering the aquatic bodies, pesticides undergo biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in transformation products (TPs) that sometimes are even more toxic than the parent compounds. A substantial shift of the scientific interest in the TPs of pesticides has been observed since their environmental fate, occurrence and toxicity is still in its formative stage. In an ongoing effort to expand the existing knowledge on the topic, several interesting works have been performed mostly in European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, and Spain that counts the highest number of relevant publications. Pesticide TPs have been also studied to a lesser extent in Asia, North and South America. To this end, the main objective of this review is to delineate the global occurrence, fate, toxicity as well as the analytical challenges related to pesticide TPs in surface, ground, and wastewaters, with the view to contribute to a better understanding of the environmental problems related with TPs formation. The concentration levels of the TPs, ranging from the low ng/L to high μg/L scale and distributed worldwide. Ultimately, an attempt to predict the acute and chronic toxicity of TPs has been carried out with the aid of an in-silico approach based on ECOSAR, revealing increased chronic toxicity for the majority of the identified TPs, despite the change they underwent, while a small portion of them presented serious acute toxicity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Anagnostopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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30
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Zhao H, Hu J. Total residue levels and risk assessment of flufenacet and its four metabolites in corn. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Yang W, Tang Y, Jiang L, Luo P, Wu Y, Cao Y, Wu X, Xiong J. Coupling suspect and non-target analytical methods for screening organic contaminants of concern in agricultural & urban impacted waters: Optimization and application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151117. [PMID: 34688742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure of contaminants to emerging concern (CECs) may pose risks to human health and ecosystems, even at low concentrations. Rivers impacted by both agricultural and urban activities experience distinctive environmental pressures due to receiving wastewaters that contain complex organics and their transformation products (TPs). In this study, we developed a regional database composed of 1200 CECs of high concern in Guangxi (South China). Further, we optimized a comprehensive analytical method for simultaneously screening for CECs and their TPs. The optimized screening method was applied to surface waters sampled from 10 different cross sections of a river that is impacted by both agricultural and urban activities. The best results of method optimization were achieved when the screening detection limit (SDL) ranged from 0.05 to 2 ng L-1, and over 90% of the analytes had acceptable recovery rates ranging between 64.7% and 95.6% (RSD < 11%). Of the 1200 CECs contained in the regional database, 168 were detected in at least one sampling site of the studied river via suspect screening, and among them, 36 contaminants were found at all sampling sites. Also, 58 additional contaminants and 39 TPs were tentatively identified via non-target screening, among which 4 TPs were reported for the first time in the aquatic environment. Triazine herbicides and their TPs were identified at most of the sampling sites, with ametryn and atrazine posing relatively high risks in the river ecosystems. Furthermore, 31 known analytes were selected as standards in order to confirm the combined screening method; one false positive occurred in the non-target screening method. According to these results, the suspect screening strategy provides valuable confirmation for the identification of a wide range of CECs in water, while non-target screening can provide a reference for researchers and supplement the regional database, particularly in the study of TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yankui Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Lu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Penghong Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyi Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xinying Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianghua Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-ferrous Metals and Featured Materials & MOE Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Hubbard LE, Kolpin DW, Givens CE, Blackwell BR, Bradley PM, Gray JL, Lane RF, Masoner JR, McCleskey RB, Romanok KM, Sandstrom MW, Smalling KL, Villeneuve DL. Food, Beverage, and Feedstock Processing Facility Wastewater: a Unique and Underappreciated Source of Contaminants to U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1028-1040. [PMID: 34967600 PMCID: PMC9219000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Process wastewaters from food, beverage, and feedstock facilities, although regulated, are an under-investigated environmental contaminant source. Food process wastewaters (FPWWs) from 23 facilities in 17 U.S. states were sampled and documented for a plethora of chemical and microbial contaminants. Of the 576 analyzed organics, 184 (32%) were detected at least once, with concentrations as large as 143 μg L-1 (6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid), and as many as 47 were detected in a single FPWW sample. Cumulative per/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations up to 185 μg L-1 and large pesticide transformation product concentrations (e.g., methomyl oxime, 40 μg L-1; clothianidin TMG, 2.02 μg L-1) were observed. Despite 48% of FPWW undergoing disinfection treatment prior to discharge, bacteria resistant to third-generation antibiotics were found in each facility type, and multiple bacterial groups were detected in all samples, including total coliforms. The exposure-activity ratios and toxicity quotients exceeded 1.0 in 13 and 22% of samples, respectively, indicating potential biological effects and toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates associated with the discharge of FPWW. Organic contaminant profiles of FPWW differed from previously reported contaminant profiles of municipal effluents and urban storm water, indicating that FPWW is another important source of chemical and microbial contaminant mixtures discharged into receiving surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Brett R. Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55084, United States
| | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Jason R. Masoner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kelly L. Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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la Cecilia D, Dax A, Ehmann H, Koster M, Singer H, Stamm C. Continuous high-frequency pesticide monitoring to observe the unexpected and the overlooked. WATER RESEARCH X 2021; 13:100125. [PMID: 34816114 PMCID: PMC8593654 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic Plant Protection Products (PPPs) are a key element for a large part of today's global food systems. However, the transport of PPPs and their transformation products (TPs) to water bodies has serious negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. Small streams in agricultural catchments may experience pronounced concentration peaks given the proximity to fields and poor dilution capacity. Traditional sampling approaches often prevent a comprehensive understanding of PPPs and TPs concentration patterns being limited by trade-offs between temporal resolution and duration of the observation period. These limitations result in a knowledge gap for accurate ecotoxicological risk assessment and the achievement of optimal monitoring strategies for risk mitigation. We present here high-frequency PPPs and TPs concentration time-series measured with the autonomous MS2Field platform that combines continuous sampling and on-site measurements with a high-resolution mass spectrometer, which allows for overcoming temporal trade-offs. In a small agricultural catchment, we continuously measured 60 compounds at 20 minutes resolution for 41 days during the growing season. This observation period included 8 large and 15 small rain events and provided 2560 concentration values per compound. To identify similarities and differences among the compound-specific concentration time-series, we analysed the entire dataset with positive matrix factorisation. Six factors sufficiently captured the overall complexity in concentration dynamics. While one factor reflected dilution during rainfall, five factors identified PPPs groups that seemed to share a common history of recent applications. The investigation per event of the concentration time-series revealed a surprising complexity of dynamic patterns; physico-chemical properties of the compounds did not influence the (dis)similarity of chemographs. Some PPPs concentration peaks led while others lagged by several hours the water level peaks during large events. During small events, water level peaks always preceded concentration peaks, which were generally only observed when the water levels had almost receded to pre-event levels. Thus, monitoring schemes relying on rainfall or water level as proxies for triggering sampling may lead to systematic biases. The high temporal resolution revealed that the Swiss national monitoring integrating over 3.5 days underestimated critical concentration peaks by a factor of eight to more than 32, captured 3 out of 11 exceedances of legal acute quality standards (the relevant values in the Swiss Water Protection Law) and recorded 1 out of 9 exceedances of regulatory acceptable concentrations (the relevant values for the PPPs registration process). MS2Field allowed for observing unexpected and overlooked pesticide dynamics with consequences for further research but also for monitoring. The large variability in timing of concentration peaks relative to water level calls for more in-depth analyses regarding the respective transport mechanisms. To perform these analyses, spatially distributed sampling and time-series of geo-referenced PPPs application data are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. la Cecilia
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A. Dax
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - H. Ehmann
- Cantonal Office for the Environment, Thurgau 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - M. Koster
- Cantonal Office for the Environment, Thurgau 8510, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - H. Singer
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C. Stamm
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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34
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Nowell LH, Moran PW, Bexfield LM, Mahler BJ, Van Metre PC, Bradley PM, Schmidt TS, Button DT, Qi SL. Is there an urban pesticide signature? Urban streams in five U.S. regions share common dissolved-phase pesticides but differ in predicted aquatic toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148453. [PMID: 34182445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides occur in urban streams globally, but the relation of occurrence to urbanization can be obscured by regional differences. In studies of five regions of the United States, we investigated the effect of region and urbanization on the occurrence and potential toxicity of dissolved pesticide mixtures. We analyzed 225 pesticide compounds in weekly discrete water samples collected during 6-12 weeks from 271 wadable streams; development in these basins ranged from undeveloped to highly urbanized. Sixteen pesticides were consistently detected in 16 urban centers across the five regions-we propose that these pesticides comprise a suite of urban signature pesticides (USP) that are all common in small U.S. urban streams. These USPs accounted for the majority of summed maximum pesticide concentrations at urban sites within each urban center. USP concentrations, mixture complexity, and potential toxicity increased with the degree of urbanization in the basin. Basin urbanization explained the most variability in multivariate distance-based models of pesticide profiles, with region always secondary in importance. The USPs accounted for 83% of pesticides in the 20 most frequently occurring 2-compound unique mixtures at urban sites, with carbendazim+prometon the most common. Although USPs were consistently detected in all regions, detection frequencies and concentrations varied by region, conferring differences in potential aquatic toxicity. Potential toxicity was highest for invertebrates (benchmarks exceeded in 51% of urban streams), due most often to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and secondarily to organophosphate insecticides and fipronil. Benchmarks were rarely exceeded in urban streams for plants (at 3% of sites) or fish (<1%). We propose that the USPs identified here would make logical core (nonexclusive) constituents for monitoring dissolved pesticides in U.S. urban streams, and that unique mixtures containing imidacloprid, fipronil, and carbendazim are priority candidates for mixtures toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Placer Hall, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819, United States of America.
| | - Patrick W Moran
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway, Suite 300, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America
| | - Laura M Bexfield
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Mexico Water Science Center, 6700 Edith Blvd NE, Bldg E, Albuquerque, NM 87113, United States of America
| | - Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States of America
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, TX 78754, United States of America
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd., Suite 129, Columbia, SC 29210, United States of America
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, 3162 Bozeman Ave., Helena, MT 59601, United States of America
| | - Daniel T Button
- U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center, 6460 Busch Blvd., Suite 100, Columbus, OH 43229, United States of America
| | - Sharon L Qi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Laboratory, 1300 SE Cardinal Ct, Vancouver, WA 98683, United States of America
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35
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Zhao HN, Tian Z, Kim KE, Wang R, Lam K, Kolodziej EP. Biotransformation of Current-Use Progestin Dienogest and Drospirenone in Laboratory-Scale Activated Sludge Systems Forms High-Yield Products with Altered Endocrine Activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13869-13880. [PMID: 34582191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dienogest (DIE) and drospirenone (DRO) are two fourth-generation synthetic progestins widely used as oral contraceptives. Despite their increasing detection in wastewaters and surface waters, their fate during biological wastewater treatment is unclear. Here, we investigated DIE and DRO biotransformation with representative activated sludge batch incubations and identified relevant transformation products (TPs) using high-resolution mass spectrometry. DIE exhibited slow biotransformation (16-30 h half-life) and proceeded through a quantitative aromatic dehydrogenation to form TP 309 (molar yields of ∼55%), an aromatic TP ∼30% estrogenic as 17β-estradiol. DRO experienced more rapid biotransformation (<0.5 h half-life), and 1,2-dehydrogenation formed the major TP 364 (molar yields of ∼40%), an antimineralocorticoid drug candidate named as spirorenone. Lactone ring hydrolysis was another important biotransformation pathway for DRO (molar yields of ∼20%) and generated pharmacologically inactive TP 384. Other minor pathways for DIE and DRO included hydroxylation, methoxylation, and 3-keto and C4(5) double-bond hydrogenation; distinct bioactivities are plausible for such TPs, including antigestagenic activity, antigonadotropic activity, and pregnancy inhibition effects. Thus, biotransformation products of DIE and DRO during wastewater treatment should be considered in environmental assessments of synthetic progestins, especially certain TPs such as the estrogenic TP 309 of DIE and the antimineralocorticoid spirorenone (TP 364) of DRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Kelly E Kim
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Kenji Lam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
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36
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Zhi H, Mianecki AL, Kolpin DW, Klaper RD, Iwanowicz LR, LeFevre GH. Tandem field and laboratory approaches to quantify attenuation mechanisms of pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical transformation products in a wastewater effluent-dominated stream. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117537. [PMID: 34416647 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evolving complex mixtures of pharmaceuticals and transformation products in effluent-dominated streams pose potential impacts to aquatic species; thus, understanding the attenuation dynamics in the field and characterizing the prominent attenuation mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products (TPs) is critical for hazard assessments. Herein, we determined the attenuation dynamics and the associated prominent mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and their corresponding TPs via a combined long-term field study and controlled laboratory experiments. For the field study, we quantified spatiotemporal exposure concentrations of five pharmaceuticals and six associated TPs in a small, temperate-region effluent-dominated stream during baseflow conditions where the wastewater plant was the main source of pharmaceuticals. We selected four sites (upstream, at, and two progressively downstream from effluent discharge) and collected water samples at 16 time points (64 samples in total, approximately twice monthly, depending on flows) for 1 year. Concurrently, we conducted photolysis, sorption, and biodegradation batch tests under controlled conditions to determine the major attenuation mechanisms. We observed 10-fold greater attenuation rates in the field compared to batch tests, demonstrating that connecting laboratory batch tests with field measurements to enhance predictive power is a critical need. Batch systems alone, often used for assessment, are useful for determining fate processes but poorly approximate in-stream attenuation kinetics. Sorption was the dominant attenuation process (t1/2<7.7 d) for 5 of 11 compounds in the batch tests, while the other compounds (n = 6) persisted in the batch tests and along the 5.1 km stream reach. In-stream parent-to-product transformation was minimal. Differential attenuation contributed to the evolving pharmaceutical mixture and created changing exposure conditions with concomitant implications for aquatic and terrestrial biota. Tandem field and laboratory characterization can better inform modeling efforts for transport and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Alyssa L Mianecki
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, 400 S. Clinton St, Rm 269 Federal Building, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Rebecca D Klaper
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Great Lakes Water Institute, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53204, United States
| | - Luke R Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States
| | - Gregory H LeFevre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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37
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Stackpoole SM, Shoda ME, Medalie L, Stone WW. Pesticides in US Rivers: Regional differences in use, occurrence, and environmental toxicity, 2013 to 2017. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147147. [PMID: 33994194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides pose a threat to the environment, but because of the substantial number of compounds, a comprehensive assessment of pesticides and an evaluation of the risk that they pose to human and aquatic life is challenging. In this study, improved analytical methods were used to quantify 221 pesticide concentrations in surface waters over the time period from 2013 to 2017. Samples were collected from 74 river sites in the conterminous US (CONUS). Potential toxicity was assessed by comparing surface water pesticide concentrations to standard concentrations that are considered to have adverse effects on human health or aquatic organisms. The majority of pesticide use is related to agriculture, and agricultural production varies across the CONUS. Therefore, our results were summarized by region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West and Pacific), with the expectation that crop production differences would drive variability in pesticide use, detection frequency, and benchmark exceedance patterns. Although agricultural pesticide use was at least 2.5 times higher in the Midwest (49 kg km-2) than in any of the other four regions (Northeast, South, West, and Pacific, 3 to 21 kg km-2) and the average number of pesticides detected in the Midwest was at least 1.5 higher (n = 25) than the other four regions (n = 8 to n = 16), the potential toxicity results were more evenly distributed. At least 50% of the sites within each of the 5 regions had at least 1 chronic benchmark exceedance. Imidacloprid posed the greatest potential threat to aquatic life with a total of 245 benchmark exceedances at 60 of the 74 sites. These results show that pesticides persist in the environment beyond the site of application and expected period of use. Continued monitoring and research are needed to improve our understanding of pesticide effects on aquatic and human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Stackpoole
- U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, Denver, CO 80225, United States of America.
| | - Megan E Shoda
- U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center, Indianapolis, IN 46278, United States of America.
| | - Laura Medalie
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Montpelier, VT 05602, United States of America.
| | - Wesley W Stone
- U.S. Geological Survey, Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center, Lutz, FL 33559, United States of America.
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38
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Bradley PM, Kulp MA, Huffman BJ, Romanok KM, Smalling KL, Breitmeyer SE, Clark JM, Journey CA. Reconnaissance of cumulative risk of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146711. [PMID: 33798883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The United States (US) National Park Service (NPS) manages protected public lands to preserve biodiversity. Exposure to and effects of bioactive organic contaminants in NPS streams are challenges for resource managers. Recent assessment of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in protected-streams within the urbanized NPS Southeast Region (SER) indicated the importance of fluvial inflows from external sources as drivers of aquatic contaminant-mixture exposures. Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM), lies within SER, has the highest biodiversity and annual visitation of NPS parks, but, in contrast to the previously studied systems, straddles a high-elevation hydrologic divide; this setting limits fluvial-inflows of contaminants but potentially increases visitation-driven contaminant deliveries. We leveraged the unique characteristics of GRSM to test further the importance of fluvial contaminant inflows as drivers of protected-stream exposures and to inform the relative importance of potential additional contaminant transport mechanisms, by comparing the estimated risks of 328 pesticides and pharmaceuticals in water at 16 GRSM stream locations to those estimated previously in SER streams. Extensive mixtures (31 compounds) were only observed in an atypical reach on the boundary of GRSM downstream of a wastewater discharge, while limited mixtures (2-5 compounds) were observed in one stream with elevated visitation pressure (recreational "tube floating"). The insecticide, imidacloprid, used to eradicate hemlock woolly adelgid, was detected in 8 (50%) streams. Infrequent exceedances of a cumulative ToxCast-based, exposure-activity ratio (ΣEAR) 0.001 screening-level of concern suggested limited risk to non-target, aquatic vertebrates, whereas exceedances of a cumulative benchmark-based, invertebrate toxicity quotient (ΣTQ) 0.1 screening level at 8 locations indicated generally high risk to invertebrates. The results are consistent with the importance of fluvial transport from extra-park sources as a driver of bioactive-contaminant mixture exposures in protected streams and illustrate the potential additional risks from visitation-driven and tactical-use-pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Matt A Kulp
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, National Park Service, Gatlinburg, TN, USA
| | - Bradley J Huffman
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Sara E Breitmeyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Jimmy M Clark
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Celeste A Journey
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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