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Fazakas E, Neamtiu IA, Gurzau ES. Health effects of air pollutant mixtures (volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen oxides) - a review of the literature. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:459-478. [PMID: 36932657 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The health risks associated with individual air pollutant exposures have been studied and documented, but in real-life, the population is exposed to a multitude of different substances, designated as mixtures. A body of literature on air pollutants indicated that the next step in air pollution research is investigating pollutant mixtures and their potential impacts on health, as a risk assessment of individual air pollutants may actually underestimate the overall risks. This review aims to synthesize the health effects related to air pollutant mixtures containing selected pollutants such as: volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, sulfur and nitrogen oxides. For this review, the PubMed database was used to search for articles published within the last decade, and we included studies assessing the associations between air pollutant mixtures and health effects. The literature search was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A number of 110 studies were included in the review from which data on pollutant mixtures, health effects, methods used, and primary results were extracted. Our review emphasized that there are a relatively small number of studies addressing the health effects of air pollutants as mixtures and there is a gap in knowledge regarding the health effects associated with these mixtures. Studying the health effects of air pollutant mixtures is challenging due to the complexity of components that mixtures may contain, and the possible interactions these different components may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Fazakas
- Health Department, Environmental Health Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iulia A Neamtiu
- Health Department, Environmental Health Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eugen S Gurzau
- Health Department, Environmental Health Center, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Research Center for functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Di Maria F, Sisani F, Cesari D, Bontempi E. Supporting the investigation of health outcomes due to airborne emission by different approaches: current evidence for the waste incineration sector. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34989-x. [PMID: 39316216 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment (LCA) along with a survey on epidemiologic and oxidative potential studies was used for analysing the current evidence of the impact of airborne emissions from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) on human health. The correspondence among investigated health outcomes and pollutants was discussed based on the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). LCA indicated the ability of MSWI in avoiding human health impact, about - 2 × 10-4 DALY/tonne together with avoided emissions of particulate matter (PM) and resource depletion, about - 2.5 × 10-3 kg Sbeq/tonne and about - 0.11 kg PM2.5 eq/tonne, respectively. Positive emissions were detected for greenhouses (about 900 kg CO2eq/tonne) and ecotoxicity (about 15,000 CTUe/tonne). Epidemiologic studies performed on population exposed to MSWI reported quite contrasting results. In some of these, hazard ratio (HR) ranging from about 0.7 to 2.2 was reported concerning the incidence of stomach, liver, breast and bladder cancer. Larger agreement was detected concerning the incidence of larynx and lung cancer with HR ranging from about 1 to about 2.6. Direct causal nexuses were not definitively identified. Oxidative potential of PM was characterized by a high Pearson correlation > 0.8 to the presence of CrVI, Cu and Zn. These heavy metals were also identified by both CAS and IARC as toxic (i.e. Cu and Zn) and cancerous (i.e. CrVI) substances affecting the organs of both respiratory and digestive apparatus. In general, even if more research is necessary, LCA, oxidative potential and the epidemiologic survey results showed a high level of accordance. This suggests their integrated exploitation for supporting the investigation of both direct and indirect consequences on environment and health related to waste incineration for both retrospective and predictive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Maria
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Federico Sisani
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Cesari
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric and Climatic Sciences Institute, S.P Lecce-Monteroni Km 1.2, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Buwaniwal A, Sharma V, Gupta G, Rohj S, Kansal S. Long term analysis of air quality parameters for Ludhiana, India: sources, trends and health impact. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:432. [PMID: 39316208 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Ludhiana, a pollution hot spot in North India, has seen a rapid deterioration in air quality over the years due to urbanization and industrialization. This study interprets the variations of particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants (Nitrogen oxide, Nitrogen dioxide, NOX, Sulphur dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Benzene, Toluene, Ozone, and Ammonia) for the data observed from 2017 to 2023 in Ludhiana. This also covers the analysis focused on capturing the changes that occurred at the times of lockdown imposed during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The maximum 24-h averaged mass concentration values exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 100 µg/m3 for PM10 concentration and 60 µg/m3 for PM2.5 concentration in 2018 by the factor of 5 and 8. With the onset of the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 year, PM10 and PM2.5 reached the minimum level while CO, T, O3, and NO2 increased by the factor of 3.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.3 from their previous year. This NO2 is a precursor of ozone formation, a higher NO2 to NO ratio observed during the lockdown, confirms the role of nitrogen compounds in the higher ozone formation rate. Based on the NO2/NO ratio, the probability rate of ozone formation determined using survival analysis is observed to be 94% from 2017 to 2023. The local sources' contribution to these air pollutants during Pre-Lockdown, Lockdown, and Post-Lockdown are analyzed using principal component analysis. The impact of the lockdown on ozone concentration sources has been observed. During the Pre- and Post-Lockdown phases, three sources (PC1, PC2, and PC3) were positively identified. Ozone levels are linked to PC3 in these phases, but during the lockdown, a negative loading in PC3 and positive loadings in PC1 and PC2 indicate a decrease in ozone from reduced emissions and an increase from secondary reactions involving nitrogen compounds. Moreover, the Toluene to Benzene concentration ratio is > 2, indicating the source of their origin from industrial emission or other non-traffic sources. Health assessment for the years 2017-2019 reveals a significant decrease in the number of cases of all-cause mortality, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with reducing PM2.5 concentrations to national and international standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Buwaniwal
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Veena Sharma
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Gagan Gupta
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
| | - Sumit Rohj
- Indian Institute of Management, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, 226013, India
| | - Sandeep Kansal
- Department of Physics, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
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Saha PK, Presto AA, Robinson AL. Hyper-local to regional exposure contrast of source-resolved PM 2.5 components across the contiguous United States: implications for health assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024; 34:836-844. [PMID: 38110593 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved understanding of sources and processes that drive exposure contrast of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is essential for designing and interpreting epidemiological study outcomes. OBJECTIVE We investigate the contribution of various sources and processes to PM2.5 exposure contrasts at different spatial scales across the continental United States. METHODS We consider three cases: exposure contrast within a metro area, nationwide exposure contrast with high spatial resolution, and nationwide exposure contrast with low spatial resolution. Using national empirical model estimates of source- and chemically specific PM2.5 concentration predictions, we quantified the contribution of various sources and processes to PM2.5 exposure contrasts in these three cases. RESULTS At the metro level (i.e., metropolitan statistical area; MSA), exposure contrasts of PM2.5 vary between -1.8 to 1.4 µg m-3 relative to the MSA-mean with about 50% of within-MSA exposure contrast of PM2.5 caused by cooking and mobile source primary PM2.5. For the national exposure contrast at low-resolution (i.e., using MSA-average mean concentrations), exposure contrasts (relative to the national mean: -3.9 to 3.2 µg m-3) are larger than within an MSA with ~80% of the variation due to secondary PM2.5. National exposure contrast at high resolution (census block) has the largest absolute range (relative to the national mean: -4.7 to 3.7 µg m-3) due to both regional and intra-urban contributions; on average, 65% of the national exposure contrast is due to secondary PM2.5 with the remaining from the primary PM2.5 (cooking and mobile source 26%, other 9%). IMPACT Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the sources and processes that contribute to exposure contrasts of PM2.5 across different geographic areas in the US. For the first time on a national scale, we used high spatial resolution source-specific exposure estimates to identify the primary contributors to PM2.5 exposure contrasts. The study also highlights the advantages of different study designs for investigating the health impacts of specific PM2.5 components. The findings provide novel insights that can inform public health policies aimed at reducing PM2.5 exposure and advance the understanding of the epidemiological study outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Provat K Saha
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Su Y, Long Y, Yao X, Chen C, Sun W, Zhao R, Zhang J. Microscopic Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles in a Typical Industrial City and Its Surrounding Rural Areas in China. TOXICS 2024; 12:525. [PMID: 39058177 PMCID: PMC11281221 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze individual aerosol particles collected in Lanzhou (urban site) and its surrounding areas (rural site) in early 2023. The results revealed that from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period, the main pollutants at the urban site decreased significantly, while the PM2.5 and SO2 concentrations increased at the rural site. During the entire sampling period, the main particles at the urban site were organic matter (OM), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), and OM-SIA particles, while those at the rural site were OM, SIA, and soot particles. The degree of external mixing of single particles in both sites increased from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period. The proportion of the OM particles increased by 11% at the urban site, and the proportion of SIA particles increased by 24% at the rural site. During the Spring Festival, the aging of the soot particles was enhanced at the urban site and weakened at the rural site. At the urban site, the SIA particle size was more strongly correlated with the thickness of the OM coating during the pre-Spring Festival period, while the correlation was stronger at the rural site during the Spring Festival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junke Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China; (Y.S.)
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Hu A, Li R, Chen G, Chen S. Impact of Respiratory Dust on Health: A Comparison Based on the Toxicity of PM2.5, Silica, and Nanosilica. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7654. [PMID: 39062897 PMCID: PMC11277548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory dust of different particle sizes in the environment causes diverse health effects when entering the human body and makes acute or chronic damage through multiple systems and organs. However, the precise toxic effects and potential mechanisms induced by dust of different particle sizes have not been systematically summarized. In this study, we described the sources and characteristics of three different particle sizes of dust: PM2.5 (<2.5 μm), silica (<5 μm), and nanosilica (<100 nm). Based on their respective characteristics, we further explored the main toxicity induced by silica, PM2.5, and nanosilica in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we evaluated the health implications of respiratory dust on the human body, and especially proposed potential synergistic effects, considering current studies. In summary, this review summarized the health hazards and toxic mechanisms associated with respiratory dust of different particle sizes. It could provide new insights for investigating the synergistic effects of co-exposure to respiratory dust of different particle sizes in mixed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China; (A.H.); (R.L.); (G.C.)
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Patel VK, Kuttippurath J, Kashyap R. Increased global cropland greening as a response to the unusual reduction in atmospheric PM₂.₅ concentrations during the COVID-19 lockdown period. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142147. [PMID: 38677610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The devastating effects of COVID-19 pandemic have widely affected human lives and economy across the globe. There were significant changes in the global environmental conditions in response to the lockdown (LD) restrictions made due to COVID-19. The direct impact of LD on environment is analysed widely across the latitudes, but its secondary effect remains largely unexplored. Therefore, we examine the changes in particulate matter (PM₂.₅) during LD, and its impact on the global croplands. Our analysis finds that there is a substantial decline in the global PM₂.₅ concentrations during LD (2020) compared to pre-lockdown (PreLD: 2017-2019) in India (10-20%), East China (EC, 10%), Western Europe (WE, 10%) and Nigeria (10%), which are also the cropland dominated regions. Partial correlation analysis reveals that the decline in PM₂.₅ positively affects the cropland greening when the influence of temperature, precipitation and soil moisture are limited. Croplands in India, EC, Nigeria and WE became more greener as a result of the improvement in air quality by the reduction in particulates such as PM₂.₅ during LD, with an increase in the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) of about 0.05-0.1, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.05-0.1, respectively. As a result of cropland greening, increase in the total above ground biomass production (TAGP) and crop yield (TWSO) is also found in EC, India and Europe. In addition, the improvement in PM₂.₅ pollution and associated changes in meteorology also influenced the cropland phenology, where the crop development stage has prolonged in India for wet-rice (1-20%) and maize (1-10%). Therefore, this study sheds light on the response of global croplands to LD-induced improvements in PM₂.₅ pollution. These finding have implications for addressing issues of air pollution, global warming, climate change, environmental conservation and food security to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Patel
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | | | - Rahul Kashyap
- CORAL, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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Saha S, Das P, Das T, Das P, Roy TB. A study about the impact of indoor air pollution on cognitive function among middle-aged and older adult people in India. Arch Public Health 2024; 82:57. [PMID: 38664719 PMCID: PMC11044570 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-024-01286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 21st century, people still use solid fuel for cooking at home, resulting in poor indoor air quality. Prolonged exposure to such conditions may negatively affect one's cognitive function. So, the present study examines the possible association between IAP and the cognitive function of individuals aged 45 years or above in India. METHODS The study utilizes secondary data, procured from the longitudinal ageing study in India (2017-18). Treatment effects through regression-adjusted models were applied to represent the association between IAP and cognitive health and the results are represented by beta coefficient (β). Three separate models with a 95% confidence interval adjusting with the other factors like housing environment, individual and behavioural were framed. RESULTS The study revealed that households without a separate kitchen (β = -0.64; 95%CI: -0.90 to -0.39) and electricity (β = -0.97; 95%CI: -1.34 to -0.61) significantly affect cognitive strength. Cognitive decline is likely more pronounced among older adults (β = -1.19; 95%CI: -1.42 to -0.96) than the middle-aged population. Moreover, the cognitive ability of rural residents (β = -1.11; 95%CI: -1.49 to -0.73) and women (β = -2.05; 95%CI: -2.29 to -1.81) is negatively associated with IAP exposure. Older adults with no reading habits (β = -6.28; 95%CI: -6.72; to -5.85) and physical inactivity (β = -0.96; 95%CI: -1.22 to -0.70) had a sign of notable decline in cognitive ability. CONCLUSIONS Findings revealed that cognitive function is negatively associated with IAP, demanding a deep intervention plan to minimize the detrimental effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Saha
- Department of Geography, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, Raiganj, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Priya Das
- Department of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, 732101, India
| | - Tanu Das
- Department of Geography, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, Raiganj, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Partha Das
- Department of Geography, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, Raiganj, West Bengal, 733134, India
| | - Tamal Basu Roy
- Department of Geography, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, Raiganj, West Bengal, 733134, India.
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Huang M, Tao S, Zhu K, Feng H, Lu X, Hang J, Wang X. Applicability of evaluation metrics/schemes for human health burden attributable to regional ozone pollution: A case study in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169910. [PMID: 38185177 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This is a study to identify the applicable/preferable short- and long-term metrics/schemes to evaluate the premature mortality attributable to the ozone pollution in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), one of the most representative populous ozone pollution regions in China, by comprehensively accounting the uncertainty sources. The discrepancy between the observation and the CAQRA reanalysis datasets (2013-2019) was investigated in terms of the concentration variation pattern, which determines the exposure metric change. A set of domestic short-term C-R coefficients for the all-age population were integrated using the meta-analysis respectively corresponding to the metrics of MDA1, MDA8, and Daily average. The dataset-based deviations of the short-term attributable factors (AFs) and their corresponding premature mortalities were respectively about 16.9 ± 13.3 % and <5 % based on MDA8, much smaller than other two metrics; and the MDA8-based evaluation results were the most sensitive to the deteriorative ozone pollution, with the maximum upward trends of 0.095-0.129 %/year. Accordingly, MDA8 was recognized as the most applicable short-term metric. For the long-term exposure, the domestic summer metric SMDA8 could not exactly represent the peak-season ozone maximum level in the GBA, with the deviation from 6MMDA8 as much as 30 %. By considering the ability of metric to represent the peak-season ozone, the relatively smaller dataset-based discrepancies of AFs (6MMDA8-WHO2021: 23.3 ± 16.9 %, AMDA8-T2016: 20.7 ± 15.8 %) and the attributable premature mortalities (6MMDA8-WHO2021: 5 %, AMDA8-T2016: 8 %), and the higher sensitivity of the evaluation results to the deteriorative ozone pollution (6MMDA8-WHO2021: 0.13 %;year, p = 0.01; AMDA8-T2016: 0.15 %/year, p = 0.03), the schemes of 6MMDA8-WHO2021 and AMDA8-T2016 were recognized relatively more preferable for the adult (≥25-year) long-term evaluation. Based on the recognized metric/schemes, the central and the eastern PRE areas of higher NO2 level in the GBA were experiencing the highest health burdens from 2013 to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjuan Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai 519082, PR China.
| | - Song Tao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, PR China
| | - Ke Zhu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, PR China
| | - Huiran Feng
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, PR China
| | - Xiao Lu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai 519082, PR China
| | - Jian Hang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Zhuhai 519082, PR China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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Wang F, Ho SSH, Man CL, Qu L, Wang Z, Ning Z, Ho KF. Characteristics and sources of oxygenated VOCs in Hong Kong: Implications for ozone formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169156. [PMID: 38065490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the characteristics of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and their potential contribution to ozone (O3) generation, we conducted 3-h high-resolution observations during the summertime of 2022 and the wintertime of 2021. This study focused on a total of 28 OVOCs in five different chemical classes, which were encompassed at two representative sites in Hong Kong, including a roadside and an urban area. During the summertime, the total concentrations of quantified OVOCs (∑OVOCs) were 45 ± 12 and 63 ± 20 μg m-3 at the roadside and urban sites, respectively, whereas the ∑OVOCs decreased by 31 ± 11 % and 38 ± 13 %, respectively, during the wintertime. Among the classes of OVOCs, carbonyls and alcohols were the two predominant at both sites, with relatively higher concentration levels of acetone, methanol, butanaldehyde, and acrolein. The sources of OVOCs have significant spatial and temporal characteristics. Spatially, OVOCs were predominately attributed to primary emission and background at the roadside site, whereas they were a combination of primary emission, secondary formation, and background at the urban site. Temporally, background sources dominated the summertime OVOCs, while the contribution of primary emissions increased for the wintertime OVOCs. The O3 formation potential (OFP) for the OVOCs was calculated. The OFPs were 67 ± 16 and 119 ± 31 μg m-3 at the roadside and urban sites during the summertime, whereas the winter OFPs declined 30 % at the roadside and 38 % at the urban site. The background sources of carbonyls and alcohols at the roadside and of carbonyls and acrylates in the urban area were the major contributors to the summer OFP. Controlling the OVOC sources from local non-combustion sources such as gasoline-fuel evaporation and volatile chemical-containing products could lead to a reduction of OVOCs in the background and subsequently mitigate the OFP. This is beneficial for local O3 reduction in Hong Kong and surrounding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Company, Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Futian, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chung Ling Man
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Company, Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Futian, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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da Costa G, Pauliquevis T, Heise EFJ, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Godoi AFL, Yamamoto CI, Dos Santos-Silva JC, Godoi RHM. Spatialized PM 2.5 during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil's most populous southern city: implications for post-pandemic era. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:29. [PMID: 38225482 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Brazil has experienced one of the highest COVID-19 fatality rates globally. While numerous studies have explored the potential connection between air pollution, specifically fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the majority of this research has been conducted in foreign regions-Europe, the United States, and China-correlating generalized pollution levels with health-related scopes. In this study, our objective is to investigate the localized connection between exposure to air pollution exposure and its health implications within a specific Brazilian municipality, focusing on COVID-19 susceptibility. Our investigation involves assessing pollution levels through spatial interpolation of in situ PM2.5 measurements. A network of affordable sensors collected data across 9 regions in Curitiba, as well as its metropolitan counterpart, Araucaria. Our findings distinctly reveal a significant positive correlation (with r-values reaching up to 0.36, p-value < 0.01) between regions characterized by higher levels of pollution, particularly during the winter months (with r-values peaking at 0.40, p-value < 0.05), with both COVID-19 mortality and incidence rates. This correlation gains added significance due to the intricate interplay between urban atmospheric pollution and regional human development indices. Notably, heightened pollution aligns with industrial hubs and intensified vehicular activity. The spatial analysis performed in this study assumes a pivotal role by identifying priority regions that require targeted action post-COVID. By comprehending the localized dynamics between air pollution and its health repercussions, tailored strategies can be implemented to alleviate these effects and ensure the well-being of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela da Costa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos Itsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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12
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Arfin T, Pillai AM, Mathew N, Tirpude A, Bang R, Mondal P. An overview of atmospheric aerosol and their effects on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125347-125369. [PMID: 37674064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic investigations have previously been published in more than 200 papers, and several studies have examined the impacts of particle air pollution on health. The main conclusions now being made about the epidemiological evidence of particle pollution-induced health impacts are discussed in this article. Although there is no universal agreement, most reviewers conclude that particulate air pollution, particularly excellent combustion-cause contamination prevalent in many municipal and manufacturing environments, is a significant risk for cardiopulmonary sickness and mortality. Most epidemiological research has concentrated on the impacts of acute exposure, although the total public health implications of chronic acquaintance's outcome may be more extraordinarily significant. According to some reviewers, prolonged, repeated exposure raises the risk of cardiorespiratory death and chronic respiratory illness. A more general (but still universal) agreement is that short-term particle pollution exposure has been shown to aggravate pre-existing pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and increase the number of community members who become sick, require medical treatment, or die. Several in-depth studies conducted in the global and Indian regions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Arfin
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Anupama M Pillai
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Nikhila Mathew
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Abha Tirpude
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Roshani Bang
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pabitra Mondal
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
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13
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Zervaki O, Dionysiou DD, Kulkarni P. Characterization of a multi-stage focusing nozzle for collection of spot samples for aerosol chemical analysis. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2023; 174:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106235. [PMID: 37799132 PMCID: PMC10548431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2023.106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Concentrated collection of aerosol particles on a substrate is essential for their chemical analysis using various microscopy and laser spectroscopic techniques. An impaction-based aerosol concentration system was developed for focused collection of particles using a multi-stage nozzle that consists of a succession of multiple smooth converging stages. Converging sections of the nozzle were designed to focus and concentrate a particle diameter range of 900-2500 nm into a relatively narrower particle beam to obtain particulate deposits with spot diameters of 0.5-1.56 mm. A slightly diverging section before the last contractions was included to allow for better focusing of particles at the lower end of the collectable diameter range. The characterization of this multi-stage nozzle and the impaction-based aerosol concentration system was accomplished both numerically and experimentally. The numerical and experimental trends in collection efficiency and spot diameters agreed well qualitatively; however, the quantitative agreement between numerical and experimental results for wall losses was poor, particularly for larger particle diameters. The resulting concentrated particulate deposit, a spot sample, was analysed using Raman spectroscopy to probe the effect of spot size on analytical sensitivity of measurement. The method's sensitivity was compared against other conventional techniques, such as filtration and aerosol focused impaction, implementing condensational growth. Impaction encompassing the multi-stage focusing nozzle is the only method that can ensure high sensitivity at Reynolds numbers greater than 2000, that can be supported by small pumps which renders such method suitable for portable instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orthodoxia Zervaki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, United States
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Dionysios D. Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States
| | - Pramod Kulkarni
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, United States
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14
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Ryu J, Lee SH, Kim S, Jeong JW, Kim KS, Nam S, Kim JE. Urban dust particles disrupt mitotic progression by dysregulating Aurora kinase B-related functions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132238. [PMID: 37586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a major component of outdoor air pollution, damages DNA and increases the risk of cancer. Although the harmful effects of PM at the genomic level are known, the detailed mechanism by which PM affects chromosomal stability remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the novel effects of PM on mitotic progression and identified the underlying mechanisms. Gene set enrichment analysis of lung cancer patients residing in countries with high PM concentrations revealed the downregulation of genes associated with mitosis and mitotic structures. We also showed that exposure of lung cancer cells in vitro to urban dust particles (UDPs) inhibits cell proliferation through a prolonged M phase. The mitotic spindles in UDP-treated cells were hyperstabilized, and the number of centrioles increased. The rate of ingression of the cleavage furrow and actin clearance from the polar cortex was reduced significantly. The defects in mitotic progression were attributed to inactivation of Aurora B at kinetochore during early mitosis, and spindle midzone and midbody during late mitosis. While previous studies demonstrated possible links between PM and mitosis, they did not specifically identify the dysregulation of spatiotemporal dynamics of mitotic proteins and structures (e.g., microtubules, centrosomes, cleavage furrow, and equatorial and polar cortex), which results in the accumulation of chromosomal instability, ultimately contributing to carcinogenicity. The data highlight the novel scientific problem of PM-induced mitotic disruption. Additionally, we introduce a practical visual method for assessing the genotoxic outcomes of airborne pollutants, which has implications for future environmental and public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyeon Kim
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Medical Science, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, AI Convergence Center for Medical Science, Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, the Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea; Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, the Republic of Korea.
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15
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Kalisa E, Clark ML, Ntakirutimana T, Amani M, Volckens J. Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution in schools in Africa: Current status, knowledge gaps, and a call to action. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18450. [PMID: 37560671 PMCID: PMC10407038 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution is linked to adverse human health impacts worldwide, and in children, these include increased respiratory symptoms, reduced cognitive and academic performance, and absences from school. African children are exposed to high levels of air pollution from aging diesel and gasoline second-hand vehicles, dusty roads, trash burning, and solid-fuel combustion for cooking. There is a need for more empirical evidence on the impact of air pollutants on schoolchildren in most countries of Africa. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review on schoolchildren's exposure to indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm and PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) in Africa. Following PRISMA guidelines, our search strategy yielded 2975 records, of which eight peer-reviewed articles met our selection criteria and were considered in the final analysis. We also analyzed satellite data on PM2.5 and PM10 levels in five African regions from 1990 to 2019 and compared schoolchildren's exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 levels in Africa with available data from the rest of the world. The findings showed that schoolchildren in Africa are frequently exposed to PM2.5 and PM10 levels exceeding the recommended World Health Organization air quality guidelines. We conclude with a list of recommendations and strategies to reduce air pollution exposure in African schools. Education can help to produce citizens who are literate in environmental science and policy. More air quality measurements in schools and intervention studies are needed to protect schoolchildren's health and reduce exposure to air pollution in classrooms across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egide Kalisa
- College of Science and Technology, Center of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, University of Rwanda, Kigali, P.O BOX, 4285, Kigali, Rwanda
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Maggie L. Clark
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Theoneste Ntakirutimana
- University of Rwanda, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kigali, P.O BOX, 4285, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Mabano Amani
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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16
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Polezer G, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Oliveira A, Martins LD, Santos-Silva JC, Moreira CAB, Pauliquevis T, Godoi AFL, Tadano Y, Yamamoto CI, Godoi RHM. The new WHO air quality guidelines for PM 2.5: predicament for small/medium cities. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1841-1860. [PMID: 35713838 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of disease estimated that approximately 7.1 million deaths worldwide were related to air pollution in 2016. However, only a limited number of small- and middle-sized cities have air quality monitoring networks. To date, air quality in terms of particulate matter is still mainly focused on mass concentration, with limited compositional monitoring even in mega cities, despite evidence indicating differential toxicity of particulate matter. As this evidence is far from conclusive, we conducted PM2.5 bioaccessibility studies of potentially harmful elements in a medium-sized city, Londrina, Brazil. The data was interpreted in terms of source apportionment, the health risk evaluation and the bioaccessibility of inorganic contents in an artificial lysosomal fluid. The daily average concentration of PM2.5 was below the WHO guideline, however, the chemical health assessment indicated a considerable health risk. The in vitro evaluation showed different potential mobility when compared to previous studies in large-sized cities, those with 1 million inhabitants or more (Curitiba and Manaus). The new WHO guideline for PM2.5 mass concentration puts additional pressure on cities where air pollution monitoring is limited and/or neglected, because decision making is mainly revenue-driven and not socioeconomic-driven. Given the further emerging evidence that PM chemical composition is as, or even more, important than mass concentration levels, the research reported in the paper could pave the way for the necessary inter- and intra-city collaborations that are needed to address this global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
- Departament of Technology, State University of Maringá, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Leila D Martins
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica C Santos-Silva
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila A B Moreira
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Theotonio Pauliquevis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Ana F L Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Yara Tadano
- Mathematics Department, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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17
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Hill DT, Jandev V, Petroni M, Atallah-Yunes N, Bendinskas K, Brann LS, Heffernan K, Larsen DA, MacKenzie JA, Palmer CD, Parsons PJ, Gump BB, Collins MB. Airborne levels of cadmium are correlated with urinary cadmium concentrations among young children living in the New York state city of Syracuse, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115450. [PMID: 36764435 PMCID: PMC9992329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a serious public health issue with early childhood exposure being of high concern because of the greater risk that children might experience negative health outcomes. Industrial sources in and near communities are one potential path of exposure that children might face with greater levels of air pollution correlating with higher levels of toxicants detected in children. We compare estimated ambient air concentrations of Cadmium (Cd) to a cohort (n = 281) of 9 to 11-year old children during their early childhood years (0-5 years of age) in a mid-size city in Upstate New York. Levels of Cd air pollution are compared to children's urine-Cd levels. Urine has been shown to be a superior biomarker to blood for Cd exposure particularly for longer-term exposures. We find that participants who reside in households that faced greater Cd air pollution during the child's early years have higher urine-Cd levels. This association is stable and stronger than previously presented associations for blood-Cd. Findings support expanded use of air modelling data for risk screening to reduce the potential health burden that industrial pollution can have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Hill
- Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | - Vikrant Jandev
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College at Oswego, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA
| | - Michael Petroni
- Graduate Program in Environmental Science, Center for Environmental Medicine and Informatics, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Nader Atallah-Yunes
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Upstate Medical University Hospital, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Golisano Children's Hospital at the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Kestas Bendinskas
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College at Oswego, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA
| | - Lynn S Brann
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Kevin Heffernan
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - David A Larsen
- Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - James A MacKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College at Oswego, Oswego, NY, 13126, USA
| | - Christopher D Palmer
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12237, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY, 12144, USA
| | - Brooks B Gump
- Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Mary B Collins
- Department of Environmental Studies, Environmental Health Program, Center for Environmental Medicine and Informatics, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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18
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Commodore S, Christopher S, Wolf B, Svendsen E. Assessment of trace elements directly from archived total suspended particulate filters by laser ablation ICP-MS: A case study of South Carolina. JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND MINERALS 2023; 3:100041. [PMID: 36776477 PMCID: PMC9912379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemin.2022.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Exposure to particulate air pollution is one of the greatest environmental risk factors for adverse human health outcomes. However, the constituents that may be responsible for such adverse health effects have not been fully studied. Methods Total suspended particulates filters collected every 6 days in 2011 from three South Carolina locations were used in this case study. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer interfaced with a laser ablation system (LA-ICP-MS) was used to directly analyze 41 inorganic elemental species on air pollution filters. Then, machine learning and multivariate statistical methods was employed to identify combinatorial patterns in the data and classify sites based on their elemental composition. Results Forty-one elements were assessed and 33 were used in subsequent analysis. Correlations between United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)'s chemical analysis dataset and data from the current study revealed significant associations between 7/15 elements with enough variation for comparison (r between 0.28 to 0.66, p<0.05). Subsequent multivariate analyses revealed four distinct patterns in the distribution of elements by sample location throughout the year. Conclusion The different airborne elements may need to be assessed to understand combinations of elements which occur together over space and/or time. Such information can be helpful in planning effective counter measures and strategies to control particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Commodore
- Indiana University, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Bloomington, IN, United States,Corresponding author. (S. Commodore)
| | - Steven Christopher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bethany Wolf
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Erik Svendsen
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Public Health Sciences, Charleston, SC, United States
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19
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Li P, Wu J, Wang R, Liu H, Zhu T, Xue T. Source sectors underlying PM 2.5-related deaths among children under 5 years of age in 17 low- and middle-income countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107756. [PMID: 36669285 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from different source sectors might differ in toxicity. However, data from large-scale studies on vulnerable children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are insufficient. OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of under-five death (U5D) with long-term exposure to PM2.5 from different sources. METHOD We evaluated demographic and health survey data for 79,995 babies born in 2017 in 16 Asian and African LMICs (AA-LMICs) and a Latin America low-income country (i.e., Haiti). Long-term exposure to PM2.5 was assessed by a well-established product that attributed the annual concentration to 20 source sectors in 2017. The associations of survival during < 5-year periods with each source-specific concentration of PM2.5 were analyzed by Cox regression with multiple adjustments. We derived a multiple-pollutant ridge regression model to estimate the joint exposure-response function (JERF) between U5D and PM2.5 mixtures. To evaluate how sources affected PM2.5 toxicity, we evaluated the number of U5Ds attributable to PM2.5 based on the source profiles for 88 AA-LMICs. RESULTS According to the single-pollutant model, the risk of U5D increased by 7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5%, 9%) for each 10 μg/m3 increment in total PM2.5 concentration. The model performance was lower than that of the multiple-pollutant ridge regression model. For each 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5, the excess risk of U5D ranged from 6% (95% CI: 4%, 9%) in Nepal to 10% (95% CI: 6%, 14%) in Mauritania. Based on the JERF, PM2.5 contributed to 817,647 (95% CI: 585,729, 1,050,439), i.e., 28.0% (95% CI: 20.1%, 35.8%), of all U5Ds across the 88 AA-LMICs. The PM2.5-related U5Ds were mostly attributable to PM2.5 produced by desert dust, followed by solid biofuel combustion and open fires. CONCLUSION The average toxicity of PM2.5 varied by source profile, which should be taken into consideration when planning public health interventions. For some AA LMICs, natural sources of PM2.5 had the most significant health effects, and should not be ignored to ensure the protection of child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health / National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China; Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou 311215, China; National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou 311215, China.
| | - Ruohan Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health / National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hengyi Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health / National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100086, China; Center for Environment and Health, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health / National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Environment and Health, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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20
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Smog risk perception, corporate social responsibility, and green innovation: evidence from China. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/srj-06-2021-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the main effect of top executive smog risk perception on green innovation and to examine the mediating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the positive relationship between smog risk perception and green innovation along with the moderating role of smog knowledge.
Design/methodology/approach
A theoretical framework is developed based on the upper echelons theory to argue that top executive smog risk perception can be closely related to green innovation. Hierarchical analysis is conducted using a sample of eight firms in China.
Findings
Hypothesis testing indicates that physical health risk perception and mental health risk perception positively affect green innovation, and that these effects are positively mediated by CSR. In addition, smog knowledge moderates the relationship between physical health risk perception and green innovation.
Research limitations/implications
The findings extend current studies on green innovation by highlighting the role of top executives’ perceptions beyond studying top executives’ attributes. The findings suggest that top executives should actively respond to smog pollution and fulfill CSR.
Originality/value
Previous studies have suggested that top executives’ demographic characteristics are the determining factors of green innovation. This empirical paper fills a gap in the literature by exploring the impact of top executive smog risk perception on green innovation within the framework of the upper echelons theory.
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Varrica D, Alaimo MG. Determination of Water-Soluble Trace Elements in the PM 10 and PM 2.5 of Palermo Town (Italy). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:724. [PMID: 36613045 PMCID: PMC9819477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study contributes to the current knowledge on the solubility of trace elements in the atmospheric particulate matter of the urban area of Palermo. Daily sample filters of PM10 and PM2.5 were collected in monitoring stations within and outside the urban area, characterized by variable traffic density. The bulk of compositions in PM10 and PM2.5 were determined by ICP-MS. The water-soluble trace elements (WSTE) and major ion components of particulate matter were determined by ICP-MS and ion chromatography, respectively. A significant difference in the metals content was observed between the samples taken in urban areas and those from suburban areas. The calculated enrichment factor highlights the high values for Cu, Mo, Sb, V, and Zn, confirming the contribution of human activities. The leaching test was applied to PM10 and PM2.5 filters and showed different behaviors and transport of metals and metalloids. The calculated leaching coefficient highlights the metals typically produced by anthropic activities, compared to those of geogenic origin, are much more soluble in water and have greater mobility. The factor analysis was used to identify the sources of water-soluble ions. The main sources are anthropic, geogenic, and sea spray. The final objective of this study is to obtain, with the aid of leaching experiments on PM2.5 and PM10 filter samples, information about the bioavailability and mobility of the different metals and metalloids that could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the urban environment, especially in densely populated areas.
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22
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Casanova-Chafer J, Garcia-Aboal R, Atienzar P, Llobet E. Unraveling the Gas-Sensing Mechanisms of Lead-Free Perovskites Supported on Graphene. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3753-3763. [PMID: 36410796 PMCID: PMC9791682 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have been attracting great attention due to their outstanding properties and have been utilized for a wide variety of applications. However, the high toxicity of lead promotes an urgent and necessary search for alternative nanomaterials. In this perspective, the emerging lead-free perovskites are an environmentally friendly and harmless option. The present work reports for the first time gas sensors based on lead-free perovskite nanocrystals supported on graphene, which acts as a transducing element owing to its high and efficient carrier transport properties. The use of nanocrystals enables achieving excellent sensitivity toward gas compounds and presents better properties than those of bulky perovskite thin films, owing to their quantum confinement effect and exciton binding energy. Specifically, an industrially scalable, facile, and inexpensive synthesis is proposed to support two different perovskites (Cs3CuBr5 and Cs2AgBiBr6) on graphene for effectively detecting a variety of harmful pollutants below the threshold limit values. H2 and H2S gases were detected for the first time by utilizing lead-free perovskites, and ultrasensitive detection of NO2 was also achieved at room temperature. In addition, the band-gap type, defect tolerance, and electronic surface traps at the nanocrystals were studied in detail for understanding the differences in the sensing performance observed. Finally, a comprehensive sensing mechanism is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casanova-Chafer
- MINOS
Research Group, Department of Electronics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rocio Garcia-Aboal
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica
de València − Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), 46022Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Atienzar
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica
de València − Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), 46022Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduard Llobet
- MINOS
Research Group, Department of Electronics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007Tarragona, Spain
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Amen NE, Eqani SAMAS, Bilal K, Ali N, Rajeh N, Adelman D, Shen H, Lohmann R. Molecularly tracing of children exposure pathways to environmental organic pollutants and the Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120381. [PMID: 36228862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic pollutants (OPs) including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have showed neuro-damaging effects, but studies concerning the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk are limited. A case-control study with ASD (n = 125) and healthy control (n = 125) children was conducted on the different land use settings across Punjab, Pakistan. Serum concentrations of 26 OCPs, 29 PCB congeners, 11 PBDEs and 32 PAHs were measured. Serum PCB77 (AOR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.43, 2.18), PCB118 (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.00), PCB128 (AOR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.91), PCB153 (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.55, 1.93) were significantly higher, but PCB187 (AOR = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.49) was significantly lower in the ASD cases when compared to the controls. Serum BDE99 (AOR = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.89) was significantly higher in the healthy controls than in the ASD cases. Among the analyzed OCPs, p,p'-DDE (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.85) was significantly elevated in the ASD cases with comparison in the controls. For PAHs, serum dibenzothiophene (AOR = 7.30; 95% CI: 1.49, 35.85) was significantly higher in the ASD, while perylene (AOR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.06, 1.10) and fluorene (AOR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.72) were significantly higher in the controls. In addition, many of the serum pollutants were significantly associated with GSTT1, GSTM1 (null/present polymorphism) and presented the genotypic variation to respond xenobiotics in children. The children living in proximity to urban and industrial areas had a greater exposure to most of the studied pollutants when compared to the rural children, however children residing in rural areas showed higher exposure to OCPs. This comprehensive study documents an association between environmental exposure risk of several organic pollutants (OPs) from some contaminated environmental settings with ASD risk in children from Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabgha-E Amen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan; Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, R.I., USA
| | - Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, PR China.
| | | | - Nadeem Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisreen Rajeh
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College, King Abdul Aziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Adelman
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, R.I., USA
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, R.I., USA
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Yang S, Wen L, Chai X, Song Y, Chen X, Chen ZF, Li R, Dong C, Qi Z, Cai Z. The protective effects of taurine and fish oil supplementation on PM 2.5-induced heart dysfunction among aged mice: A random double-blind study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:157966. [PMID: 35964740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As it is nearly impossible to reduce PM2.5 concentrations in most cities to safe limits in a short period of time, dietary supplementation presents a promising approach for mitigating the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure. A cross-sectional study showed that the elderly population of Linfen (PM2.5: 102 μg/m3) exhibited significantly lower serum taurine levels, as well as higher oxidative stress levels and cardiovascular health risks, than the corresponding population in Guangzhou (PM2.5: 39 μg/m3). We conducted a random double-blind study on aged mice that employed a "real-world" PM2.5 exposure system to simulate the conditions of Linfen with the aim of investigating the protective effects of taurine and fish oil supplementation on PM2.5-induced heart dysfunction. When compared with the placebo group, supplementation with taurine and fish oil not only maintained normal taurine levels, but also suppressed oxidative stress and inflammation in aged mice subjected to high concentrations of PM2.5. Variations in heart rate, contractile function, cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis among different groups of aged mice were used to clarify the beneficial effects of taurine and fish oil supplementation. Our results not only revealed the protective effects of taurine and fish oil supplementation on heart dysfunction induced by PM2.5 exposure from the aged mice experiments and also provided new means for the elderly to resist PM2.5 pollution at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luyao Wen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuyang Chai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), 528300 Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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25
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Pérez Velasco R, Jarosińska D. Update of the WHO global air quality guidelines: Systematic reviews - An introduction. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107556. [PMID: 36395555 PMCID: PMC9720155 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to serve as an introduction to the Special Issue in Environment International entitled "Update of the WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Systematic Reviews". The article has two main objectives. One is to provide the context to this Special Issue, related to (a) policy context, overall exposure to air pollution, and burden of disease attributable to air pollution, and the other is to describe (b) the WHO guideline development process, with special emphasis on the systematic reviews. In particular, this paper presents the systematic reviews and other supporting evidence that was used and discussed during the process and summarizes important methodological information about the approaches taken to conduct the systematic reviews. These approaches include the definition of population, exposure, comparator, outcomes and study design (PECOS) questions, the assessment of the risk of bias in individual studies and the assessment of the overall certainty of the evidence. In summary, the new WHO global air quality guidelines are informed by the best available scientific evidence covering a vast number of research papers published until September 2018, and appraised by experts and stakeholders in the field of air quality. However, research gaps remain and, therefore, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Pérez Velasco
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dorota Jarosińska
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, European Centre for Environment and Health, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
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26
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Chatoutsidou SE, Lazaridis M. Mass concentrations and elemental analysis of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in a coastal Mediterranean site: A holistic approach to identify contributing sources and varying factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155980. [PMID: 35588836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PM10 and PM2.5 were measured at a suburban coastal Mediterranean site. Daily mass concentrations were generally lower than the WHO air quality limits but showed significant diurnal and seasonal variations, with intensive African dust events and residential heating emissions during wintertime causing the higher % increase of ambient concentrations (32% and 59% respectively). However, analysis of the elemental content revealed intrinsic characteristics. Statistically significant seasonal variability was found for S with higher concentrations during warm seasons directly associated with the formation of secondary sulfates. Increased S was the driving reason for the significant depletion of both Cl and Br. On the other hand, elevated K during wintertime was attributed to biomass burning. Analysis of the mineral content of airborne particles showed that typical soil-derived particles were significantly increased during dust events (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe) although the corresponding mass concentrations preserved relative low levels (<30 μg m-3). It was also found that dust events contributed to P, S, V, Zn, Sr and Pb with elemental ratios including Si (Si/Al, Si/Fe, Si/Ca) and Ca/Al serving as good markers for African dust. Heavy metals were found to have both direct and indirect influence on PM2.5 and PM10. PM2.5 were primarily enriched with metals produced from motor vehicles (Cu, Zn, Pb) and ships (V, Ni), whilst, PM10 enriched indirectly with Cr, Zn, Br and Pb due to road dust. At the end, source appointment has shown that the dominant contributing factor was mineral dust for both metrics (>30%) but significant contributions arose from secondary sulfates and traffic, (aged) sea salt, biomass burning (only for PM2.5) and road dust (only for PM10). Overall, this work provides a novel insight on the characteristics and chemical profile of atmospheric particles in a suburban environment largely affected by local, regional and long-range sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihalis Lazaridis
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greece
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27
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Li L, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhang T, Wang S, Tian J, Chen Y, Hang Ho SS, Han Y, Cao J. Impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on chemical characteristics of urban aerosol by individual particle analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135013. [PMID: 35618050 PMCID: PMC9701139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed in a heavily polluted area of China during a coronavirus lockdown to explore the impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on the chemical composition, size distributions, mixing state, and secondary formation of urban aerosols. Ten particle groups were identified using an adaptive resonance network algorithm. Increased atmospheric oxidation during the lockdown period (LP) resulted in a 42.2%-54% increase in the major NaK-SN particle fraction relative to the normal period (NP). In contrast, EC-aged particles decreased from 31.5% (NP) to 23.7% (LP), possibly due to lower emissions from motor vehicles and coal combustion. The peak particle size diameter increased from 440 nm during the NP to 500 nm during LP due to secondary particle formation. High proportions of mixed 62NO3- indicate extensive particle aging. Correlations between secondary organic (43C2H3O+, oxalate) and secondary inorganic species (62NO3-, 97HSO4- and 18NH4+) versus oxidants (Ox = O3 + NO2) and relative humidity (RH) indicate that increased atmospheric oxidation promoted the generation of secondary species, while the effects of RH were more complex. Differences between the NP and LP show that reductions in primary emissions had a remarkable impact on the aerosol particles. This study provides new insights into the effects of pollution emissions on atmospheric reactions and the specific aerosol types in urban regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment of CAS, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Zheng F, Zhang H, Yin H, Fu M, Jiang H, Li J, Ding Y. Evaluation of real-world emissions of China V heavy-duty vehicles fueled by diesel, CNG and LNG on various road types. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135137. [PMID: 35644238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural gas has been widely considered as an alternative fuel to diesel on heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). To evaluate the real-world emissions, 19 diesel HDVs, 3 CNG HDVs and 9 LNG HDVs were tested using portable emission measurement system on urban, suburban and freeway roads . The results show that average emission rates of CO, HC and NOx from diesel, CNG and LNG HDVs tend to rise with the increasing of VSP. Due to different emission control strategies and complicated driving cycle, NOx reduction rates of real-world emission factors are lower than those of the corresponding limits from China II to China V diesel HDVs. CO and NOx emission factors from all tested HDVs on urban road are generally higher than those on suburban road in the same velocity intervals, which means driving behaviors on different road types have great influence on emission factors in the same velocity intervals. NOx emission factors from LNG HDVs are higher than those from diesel HDVs, indicating that using China V LNG HDVs instead of China V diesel HDVs could not be an ideal alternative for freeway transportation. As CO and NOx comprehensive emission factors from China V CNG HDVs are higher than those from China V diesel, even higher than China IV diesel HDVs, China V CNG HDVs are unable to be considered as cleaner vehicles when compared to China V diesel HDVs in the study. It is noticeable that HC emission factors from CNG and LNG HDVs are extremely higher compare with diesel HDVS. NO2 emission factors from LNG HDVs are 2.14-9.19 and 4.74-8.53 times than those from diesel and CNG HDVs with various road types. Our study can provide development road map for different fuel types of HDVs and the reference for new emission legislation of HDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Mechanical and Traffic Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China; Key Lab of Vehicle Emission and Safety on Plateau Mountain, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hang Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingliang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Han Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiaqiang Li
- School of Mechanical and Traffic Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China; Key Lab of Vehicle Emission and Safety on Plateau Mountain, Yunnan Provincial Department of Education, Kunming, 650224, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emission Control and Simulation, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Vehicle Emission Control Center, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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29
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Nathanael JG, Yuan B, Wille U. Oxidative Damage of Aliphatic Amino Acid Residues by the Environmental Pollutant NO 3·: Impact of Water on the Reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7687-7695. [PMID: 35671332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rate of oxidative damage of aliphatic amino acids and dipeptides by the environmental pollutant nitrate radical (NO3·) in an aqueous acidic environment was studied by laser flash photolysis. The reactivity dropped by a factor of about four for amino acid residues with secondary amide bonds and by a factor of up to nearly 20 for amino acid residues with tertiary amide bonds, compared with that in acetonitrile. According to density functional theory studies, the lower reactivity is due to protonation of the amide moiety, whereas in neutral water, hydrogen bonding with the amide should have little impact on the absolute reaction rate compared with that in acetonitrile. This finding can be rationalized by the high reactivity and broad reaction pattern of NO3·. Although hydrogen bonding involving the amide group raises the energies associated with some electron transfer processes, alternative low-energy pathways remain available so that the overall reaction rate is barely affected. The undiminished high reactivity of NO3· toward aliphatic amino acid residues in a neutral aqueous environment highlights the health-damaging potential of exposure to the combined air pollutants nitrogen dioxide (NO2·) and ozone (O3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joses Grady Nathanael
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bing Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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30
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Wang J, Gui H, Yang Z, Yu T, Zhang X, Liu J. Real-world gaseous emission characteristics of natural gas heavy-duty sanitation trucks. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:319-329. [PMID: 34969459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As compared to conventional diesel heavy-duty vehicles, natural gas vehicles have been proved to be more eco-friendly due to their lower production of greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions, which are causing enormous adverse effects on global warming and air pollution. However, natural gas vehicles were rarely studied before, especially through on-road measurements. In this study, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was employed to investigate the real-world emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) (nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)), total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) from two liquified natural gas (LNG) China V heavy-duty cleaning sanitation trucks with different weight. Associated with the more aggressive driving behaviors, the vehicle with lower weight exhibited higher CO2 (3%) but lower NOx (48.3%) (NO2 (78.2%) and NO (29.4%)), CO (44.8%), and THC (3.7%) emission factors. Aggressive driving behaviors were also favorable to the production of THC, especially those in the medium-speed range but significantly negative to the production of CO and NO2, especially those in the low-speed range with high engine load. In particular, the emission rate ratio of NO2/NO decreased with the increase of speed/scaled tractive power in different speed ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Innovation excellence center for urban atmospheric environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Tongzhu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Innovation excellence center for urban atmospheric environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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31
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Li H, Zhao Z, Luo XS, Fang G, Zhang D, Pang Y, Huang W, Mehmood T, Tang M. Insight into urban PM 2.5 chemical composition and environmentally persistent free radicals attributed human lung epithelial cytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113356. [PMID: 35255246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is detrimental to the human respiratory system. However, the toxicity of PM2.5 and its associated potentially harmful species, notably novel pollutants like environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), remains unclear. Therefore, one-year site monitoring and ambient air PM2.5 sampling in the Nanjing urban area was designed to investigate the relationships between chemical compositions (carbon fractions, metallic elements, and water-soluble ions) and EPFRs, and change in cytotoxicity with varying PM2.5 components. Oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), inflammatory injury (IL-6 and TNF-α), and membrane injury (LDH) of human lung epithelial cells (A549) induced by PM2.5 were analyzed using in vitro cytotoxicity test. Both the composition and toxicity of PM2.5 from different seasons were compared. The average daily exposure of urban PM2.5 associated EPFRs load in Nanjing were 2.29 × 1011 spin m-3. Their exposure concentration and cytotoxic damage ability were stronger in the cold season than warm. The particle compositions of metals and carbon fractions were significantly positively correlated with EPFRs. The airborne EPFRs, organic carbon (OC), and heavy metal Cu, As, and Pb may pose principal cell damage ability, which is worthy of further study interlinking aerosol pollution and health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Li
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Guodong Fang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingwei Tang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Jeong D, Yoo C, Yeh SW, Yoon JH, Lee D, Lee JB, Choi JY. Statistical Seasonal Forecasting of Winter and Spring PM 2.5 Concentrations Over the Korean Peninsula. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2022; 58:549-561. [PMID: 35371395 PMCID: PMC8960088 DOI: 10.1007/s13143-022-00275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Concentrations of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) over the Korean Peninsula experience year-to-year variations due to interannual variation in climate conditions. This study develops a multiple linear regression model based on slowly varying boundary conditions to predict winter and spring PM2.5 concentrations at 1-3-month lead times. Nation-wide observations of Korea, which began in 2015, is extended back to 2005 using the local Seoul government's observations, constructing a long-term dataset covering the 2005-2019 period. Using the forward selection stepwise regression approach, we identify sea surface temperature (SST), soil moisture, and 2-m air temperature as predictors for the model, while rejecting sea ice concentration and snow depth due to weak correlations with seasonal PM2.5 concentrations. For the wintertime (December-January-February, DJF), the model based on SSTs over the equatorial Atlantic and soil moisture over the eastern Europe along with the linear PM2.5 concentration trend generates a 3-month forecasts that shows a 0.69 correlation with observations. For the springtime (March-April-May, MAM), the accuracy of the model using SSTs over North Pacific and 2-m air temperature over East Asia increases to 0.75. Additionally, we find a linear relationship between the seasonal mean PM2.5 concentration and an extreme metric, i.e., seasonal number of high PM2.5 concentration days. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13143-022-00275-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajeong Jeong
- Department of Climate and Energy Systems Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Changhyun Yoo
- Department of Climate and Energy Systems Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Yeh
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Daegyun Lee
- Air Quality Forecasting Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Lee
- Air Quality Forecasting Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Air Quality Forecasting Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
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Parametrization of Horizontal and Vertical Transfers for the Street-Network Model MUNICH Using the CFD Model Code_Saturne. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cities are heterogeneous environments, and pollutant concentrations are often higher in streets compared with in the upper roughness sublayer (urban background) and cannot be represented using chemical-transport models that have a spatial resolution on the order of kilometers. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models coupled to chemistry/aerosol models may be used to compute the pollutant concentrations at high resolution over limited areas of cities; however, they are too expensive to use over a whole city. Hence, simplified street-network models, such as the Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highways (MUNICH), have been developed. These include the main physico-chemical processes that influence pollutant concentrations: emissions, transport, deposition, chemistry and aerosol dynamics. However, the streets are not discretized precisely, and concentrations are assumed to be homogeneous in each street segment. The complex street micro-meteorology is simplified by considering only the vertical transfer between the street and the upper roughness sublayer as well as the horizontal transfer between the streets. This study presents a new parametrization of a horizontal wind profile and vertical/horizontal transfer coefficients. This was developed based on a flow parametrization in a sparse vegetated canopy and adapted to street canyons using local-scale simulations performed with the CFD model Code_Saturne. CFD simulations were performed in a 2D infinite street canyon, and three streets of various aspect ratios ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 were studied with different incoming wind directions. The quantities of interest (wind speed in the street direction and passive tracer concentration) were spatially averaged in the street to compare with MUNICH. The developed parametrization depends on the street characteristics and wind direction. This effectively represents the average wind profile in a street canyon and the vertical transfer between the street and the urban roughness sublayer for a wide range of street aspect ratios while maintaining a simple formulation.
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He Y, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Shen H, Zhang Y, Yan D, Peng Z, Liu C, Wang W, Schikowski T, Li H, Yan B, Ji JS, Chen A, van Donkelaar A, Martin R, Chen R, Kan H, Cai J, Ma X. Composition of fine particulate matter and risk of preterm birth: A nationwide birth cohort study in 336 Chinese cities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127645. [PMID: 34920912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential hazards of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) constituents on preterm birth (PTB) have rarely been explored in China. OBJECTIVE To quantify the associations of PM2.5 constituents with PTB. METHODS This study was based on a nationwide cohort of 3,723,169 live singleton births delivered between January 2010 and December 2015 in China. We applied satellite-based estimates of 5 PM2.5 constituents (organic carbon; black carbon; sulfate; ammonium; and nitrate). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for individual covariates, temperature, humidity, and seasonality to evaluate the associations. RESULTS During the entire pregnancy, each interquartile range (29 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5 concentrations was associated with a 7% increase in PTB risk [hazard ratio (HR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07-1.08). We observed the largest effect estimates on carbonaceous components (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.08-1.10 for organic carbon and black carbon). Early pregnancy appeared to be the critical exposure window for most constituents. Women who were older, exposed to second-hand smoke, overweight or obese before pregnancy, conceived during winter, and living in northern China or rural areas were more susceptible. CONCLUSIONS Carbonaceous components of PM2.5 were associated with higher PTB risk. Findings on characteristics of vulnerability underlined targeted protections on susceptible subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Yang
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Jihong Xu
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Shen
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Donghai Yan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoqi Peng
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Huichu Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - John S Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xu Ma
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China; National Human Genetic Resources Center, Beijing, China.
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Zou J, Sai T, Duan S, Winniford B, Zhang D. Automated Method for Short-chain Aldehydes Emission Measurement by Dynamic Solid-phase Microextraction On-Fiber Derivatization GC-MSD Coupled with a Flow-Cell. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1671:462996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Influence of Underlying Land Cover on the Accuracy of MODIS C6.1 Aerosol Products—A Case Study over the Yangtze River Delta Region of China. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to the significant spatial variation of the performance of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals, validation is very important for applications of MODIS AOD products at regional scales. This study presents a comparative analysis of Collection 6.1 MODIS AOD retrievals and ground measurements from five local sites and one Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) site in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, which significantly complements the previous validation that utilized limited AERONET measurements. Generally, MODIS AOD retrievals showed a reasonable agreement with collocated ground measurements (R2 > 0.7), with 66% of Dark Target (DT) 10 km retrievals, 56% of Deep Blue (DB) 10 km retrievals, and 69% of DT 3 km retrievals falling within the expected error (EE = ±(0.05 + 0.2 × AOD)). Nevertheless, it was found that the DT AOD retrievals tended to be overestimated over urbanized and lakeside sites, while the DB AOD retrievals tended to be underestimated over all ground sites except for lakeside sites. Such patterns appeared to be linked with the systematic biases of the single-scattering albedo estimation in the AOD retrieval algorithms. Another significant finding of this study is that the uncertainties of the MODIS AOD retrievals were highly correlated with the land cover proportions of urbanized features and water (LCP_UW) in the surrounding region, especially for the DT products. An empirical correction method based on these correlations could substantially reduce the uncertainties of DT AOD products over high LCP_UW areas. The results not only highlight the significant impacts of both urban and water areas on the MODIS AOD retrieval algorithms but also create new possibilities to correct such impacts once the universal correlations between LCP_UW and the uncertainty measures are established.
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37
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Baldridge KC, Edmonds K, Dziubla T, Hilt JZ, Dutch RE, Bhattacharyya D. Demonstration of Hollow Fiber Membrane-Based Enclosed Space Air Remediation for Capture of an Aerosolized Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 Mimic and Pseudovirus Particles. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2022; 2:251-262. [PMID: 37406036 PMCID: PMC8768008 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of airborne viral particles in enclosed spaces is critical in controlling pandemics. Three different hollow fiber membrane (HFM) modules were investigated for viral aerosol separation in enclosed spaces. Pore structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and air transport properties were measured. Particle removal efficiency was characterized using aerosols generated by a collision atomizer from a defined mixture of synthetic nanoparticles including SARS-CoV-2 mimics (protein-coated 100 nm polystyrene). HFM1 (polyvinylidene fluoride, ~50-1300 nm pores) demonstrated 96.5-100% efficiency for aerosols in the size range of 0.3-3 μm at a flow rate of 18.6 ± 0.3 SLPM (~1650 LMH), whereas HFM2 (polypropylene, ~40 nm pores) and HFM3 (hydrophilized polyether sulfone, ~140-750 nm pores) demonstrated 99.65-100% and 98.8-100% efficiency at flow rates of 19.7 ± 0.3 SLPM (~820 LMH) and 19.4 ± 0.2 SLPM (~4455 LMH), respectively. Additionally, lasting filtration with minimal fouling was demonstrated using ambient aerosols over 2 days. Finally, each module was evaluated with pseudovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus) aerosol, demonstrating 99.3% (HFM1), >99.8% (HFM2), and >99.8% (HFM3) reduction in active pseudovirus titer as a direct measure of viral particle removal. These results quantified the aerosol separation efficiency of HFMs and highlight the need for further development of this technology to aid the fight against airborne viruses and particulate matter concerning human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Baldridge
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kearstin Edmonds
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Thomas Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - J Zach Hilt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Rebecca E Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40508, United States
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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38
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Li C, Liu Y, Cheng B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Qu Y, An J, Kong L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Tan Q, Feng M. A comprehensive investigation on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 2018 in Beijing, China: Characteristics, sources and behaviours in response to O 3 formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150247. [PMID: 34562762 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a prerequisite for evaluating the effectiveness of government efforts targeting VOC pollution. Here, based on the one-year online VOC measurement in 2018 in Beijing, systematic analyses and model simulation were conducted to illuminate VOC characteristics, emission sources, regional hotspots and behaviours in response to O3 formation. The observed mean VOC concentration in 2018 was 29.12 ± 17.64 ppbv declined distinctly compared to that in 2015 and 2016. Vehicle exhaust (39.95%), natural gas/liquefied petroleum gas (22.04%) and industrial sources (20.64%) were the main contributors to VOCs in Beijing. Regional transport, mainly from the south-south-east (SSE) and south-south-west (SSW), quantitatively contributed 36.65%-55.06% to VOCs based on our developed method. O3 sensitivity tended to be in the transition regime in summer identified by ground-based and satellite observations. Strong solar radiation along with high temperature and low humidity aggravated O3 pollution that was further intensified by regional transport from southern polluted regions. The model simulation determined that turning off CH3CHO related reactions brought about the most predominantly short-term and long-run O3 reduction, indicating that control policies in VOC species should be tailored, instead of one-size-fits-all. Overall, region-collaborated and active VOC-species-focused strategies on VOC controls are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingfen Cheng
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liuwei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
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Zhou M, Ou H, Li S, Qin X, Fang Y, Lee S, Wang X, Ho W. Photocatalytic Air Purification Using Functional Polymeric Carbon Nitrides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102376. [PMID: 34693667 PMCID: PMC8693081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The techniques for the production of the environment have received attention because of the increasing air pollution, which results in a negative impact on the living environment of mankind. Over the decades, burgeoning interest in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) based photocatalysts for heterogeneous catalysis of air pollutants has been witnessed, which is improved by harvesting visible light, layered/defective structures, functional groups, suitable/adjustable band positions, and existing Lewis basic sites. PCN-based photocatalytic air purification can reduce the negative impacts of the emission of air pollutants and convert the undesirable and harmful materials into value-added or nontoxic, or low-toxic chemicals. However, based on previous reports, the systematic summary and analysis of PCN-based photocatalysts in the catalytic elimination of air pollutants have not been reported. The research progress of functional PCN-based composite materials as photocatalysts for the removal of air pollutants is reviewed here. The working mechanisms of each enhancement modification are elucidated and discussed on structures (nanostructure, molecular structue, and composite) regarding their effects on light-absorption/utilization, reactant adsorption, intermediate/product desorption, charge kinetics, and reactive oxygen species production. Perspectives related to further challenges and directions as well as design strategies of PCN-based photocatalysts in the heterogeneous catalysis of air pollutants are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Science and Environmental StudiesThe Education University of Hong KongTai Po, New TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Honghui Ou
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Shanrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Science and Environmental StudiesThe Education University of Hong KongTai Po, New TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Shun‐cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongP. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and EnvironmentCollege of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350116P. R. China
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental StudiesThe Education University of Hong KongTai Po, New TerritoriesHong KongP. R. China
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40
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Research on the Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Sichuan Basin. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sichuan Basin is one of the most densely populated areas in China and the world. Human activities have great impact on the air quality. In order to understand the characteristics of overall air pollutants in Sichuan Basin in recent years, we analyzed the concentrations of six air pollutants monitored in 22 cities during the period from January 2015 to December 2020. During the study period, the annual average concentrations of CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 all showed a clear downward trend, while the ozone concentration was slowly increasing. The spatial patterns of CO and SO2 were similar. High-concentration areas were mainly located in the western plateau of Sichuan Basin, while the concentrations of NO2 and particulate matter were more prominent in the urban agglomerations inside the basin. During the study period, changes of the monthly average concentrations for pollutants (except for O3) conformed to the U-shaped pattern, with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. In the southern cities of the basin, secondary sources had a higher contribution to the generation of fine particulate matter, while in large cities inside the basin, such as Chengdu and Chongqing, air pollution had a strong correlation with automobile exhaust emissions. The heavy pollution incidents observed in the winter of 2017 were mainly caused by the surrounding plateau terrain with typical stagnant weather conditions. This finding was also supported by the backward trajectory analysis, which showed that the air masses arrived in Chengdu were mainly from the western plateau area of the basin. The results of this study will provide a basis for the government to take measures to improve the air quality in Sichuan Basin.
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Ji Y, Liu B, Song J, Pan R, Cheng J, Su H, Wang H. Particulate matter pollution associated with schizophrenia hospital re-admissions: a time-series study in a coastal Chinese city. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58355-58363. [PMID: 34115296 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) hospital re-admissions constitute a serious disease burden worldwide. Some studies have reported an association between air pollutants and hospital admissions for SCZ. However, evidence is scarce regarding the effects of ambient particulate matter (PM) on SCZ hospital re-admissions, especially in coastal cities in China. The purpose of this study was to examine whether PM affects the risk of SCZ hospital re-admission in the coastal Chinese city of Qingdao. Daily SCZ hospital re-admissions, daily air pollutants, and meteorological factors from 2015 to 2019 were collected. A quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was applied to model the exposure-lag-response relationship between PM and SCZ hospital re-admissions. The relative risks (RRs) were estimated for an inter-quartile range (IQR) increase in PM concentrations. Subgroup analyses by age and gender were conducted to identify the vulnerable subgroups. There were 6220 SCZ hospital re-admissions during 2015-2019. The results revealed that PM, including PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm), PMc (particles >2.5 μm but <10 μm), and PM2.5 (particles ≤2.5 μm), was positively correlated with SCZ hospital re-admissions. The strongest single-day effects all occurred on lag3 day, and the corresponding RRs were 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02-1.11) for PM10, 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00-1.07) for PMc, and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01-1.09) for PM2.5 per IQR increase. Stronger associations were observed in males and younger individuals (<45 years). Our findings suggest that PM exposure is associated with increased risk of SCZ hospital re-admission. Active intervention measures against PM exposure should be taken to reduce the risk of SCZ hospital re-admission, especially for males and younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Ji
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rubing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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Naidu R, Biswas B, Willett IR, Cribb J, Kumar Singh B, Paul Nathanail C, Coulon F, Semple KT, Jones KC, Barclay A, Aitken RJ. Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106616. [PMID: 33989840 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chemical pollution has the potential to pose one of the largest environmental threats to humanity, but global understanding of the issue remains fragmented. This article presents a comprehensive perspective of the threat of chemical pollution to humanity, emphasising male fertility, cognitive health and food security. There are serious gaps in our understanding of the scale of the threat and the risks posed by the dispersal, mixture and recombination of chemicals in the wider environment. Although some pollution control measures exist they are often not being adopted at the rate needed to avoid chronic and acute effects on human health now and in coming decades. There is an urgent need for enhanced global awareness and scientific scrutiny of the overall scale of risk posed by chemical usage, dispersal and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Bhabananda Biswas
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Ian R Willett
- School of Agriculture & Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Julian Cribb
- Australian National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science (as an adjunct), Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Brajesh Kumar Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | | | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Barclay
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robert John Aitken
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Yan Y, Luo J, Pei L, Zeng J, Yan W, Xu D, Lin S, Wu X, Zhao H, Liang S. Effect of a Care Bundle Combined with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in the Postanesthesia Care Unit on Rapid Recovery after Pulmonary Tumor Resection. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5906855. [PMID: 34733454 PMCID: PMC8560246 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5906855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of a care bundle combined with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) on rapid recovery after pulmonary tumor resection. Methods A total of 135 patients requiring anesthesia resuscitation after pulmonary tumor resection in our hospital from June 2020 to February 2021 were selected. They were randomly divided into three groups: the PACU experimental group, PACU control group, and operating room resuscitation (OR) group. Subsequently, their intraoperative clinical symptoms, parameters in monitoring postoperative respiratory status, and follow-up results were compared among the three groups. Results The PACU experimental group had the highest number of right lesions, while the OR group had the highest intraoperative blood transfusion volume, urine volume, intraoperative colloid volume, intrapulmonary shunt, and intraoperative physician handover rate (P < 0.05). Before surgery, serum potassium (K) in the PACU experimental group was significantly higher than that in the OR group but lower than that in the PACU control group (P < 0.01). During the time in the PACU, blood partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and oxygen index (OI) levels in the PACU experimental group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.01). After surgery, total PACU stay time, time from PACU to extubation, and stay after extubation were markedly reduced in the PACU experimental group (P < 0.05). The highest number of patients with drainage was found in the PACU experimental group, while the highest number of patients without drainage was found in the PACU control group. Conclusion A care bundle combined with CPAP in the PACU can improve the monitoring time of respiratory status and improve blood gas parameters, thus accelerating the postoperative rehabilitation process of patients undergoing pulmonary tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Yan
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jianwei Luo
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Liuming Pei
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Jianfeng Zeng
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Wenchan Yan
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Dongni Xu
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Shaoman Lin
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiangbo Wu
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Haixuan Zhao
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Sihua Liang
- Surgical Anesthesia Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107, Yanjiang West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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Han C, Xu R, Zhang Y, Yu W, Zhang Z, Morawska L, Heyworth J, Jalaludin B, Morgan G, Marks G, Abramson M, Sun L, Li S, Guo Y. Air pollution control efficacy and health impacts: A global observational study from 2000 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117211. [PMID: 34052602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentrations vary between countries with similar carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which can be partially explained by differences in air pollution control efficacy. However, no indicator of air pollution control efficacy has yet been developed. We aimed to develop such an indicator, and to evaluate its global and temporal distribution and its association with country-level health metrics. A novel indicator, ambient population-weighted average PM2.5 concentration per unit per capita CO2 emission (PM2.5/CO2), was developed to assess country-specific air pollution control efficacy (abbreviated as APCI). We estimated and mapped the global average distribution of APCI and its changes during 2000-2016 across 196 countries. Pearson correlation coefficients and Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) were used to evaluate the relationship between APCI and health metrics. APCI varied by country with an inverse association with economic development. APCI showed an almost stable trend globally from 2000 to 2016, with the low-income groups increased and several countries (China, India, Bangladesh) decreased. The Pearson correlation coefficients between APCI and life expectancy at birth (LE), infant-mortality rate (IMR), under-five year of age mortality rate (U5MR) and logarithm of per capita GDP (LPGDP) were -0.57, 0.65, 0.66, -0.59 respectively (all P values < 0.001). APCI could explain international variation of LE, IMR and U5MR. The associations between APCI and LE, IMR, U5MR were independent of per capita GDP and climatic factors. We consider APCI to be a good indicator for air pollution control efficacy given its relation to important population health indicators. Our findings provide a new metric to interpret health inequity across the globe from the point of climate change and air pollution control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Han
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Rongbin Xu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, PR China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Zhongwen Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Morgan
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guy Marks
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Michael Abramson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Liwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Balidemaj F, Isaxon C, Abera A, Malmqvist E. Indoor Air Pollution Exposure of Women in Adama, Ethiopia, and Assessment of Disease Burden Attributable to Risk Factor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9859. [PMID: 34574780 PMCID: PMC8472573 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Air pollution, a major environmental threat to human health, contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people worldwide. Cooking with solid fuels, such as charcoal and wood, in low- and middle-income countries generates very high emissions of particulate matter within and near the household as a result of their inefficient combustion. Women are especially exposed, as they often perform the cooking. The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of disease attributable to household air pollution exposure from cooking among women in Adama, Ethiopia. METHODS AirQ+ software (WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark) was used to assess the health impact of household air pollution by estimating the burden of disease (BoD) including Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), lung cancer, and stroke, among a cohort of women in Adama. Household air pollution exposure estimated by cooking fuel type was assessed through questionnaires. RESULTS Three-quarters (75%) of Adama's population used solid fuel for cooking; with this, the household air pollution attributable mortality was estimated to be 50% (95% CI: 38-58%) due to ALRI, 50% (95% CI: 35-61%) due to COPD, 50% (95% CI: 27-58%) due to lung cancer, (95% CI: 23-48%) due to IHD, and (95% CI: 23-51%) due to stroke. The corresponding disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 women ranged between 6000 and 9000 per disease. CONCLUSIONS This health impact assessment illustrates that household air pollution due to solid fuel use among women in Adama leads to premature death and a substantial quantity of DALYs. Therefore, decreasing or eliminating solid fuel use for cooking purposes could prevent deaths and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festina Balidemaj
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Asmamaw Abera
- Water and Public Health Department, Ethiopia Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
| | - Ebba Malmqvist
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 222 42 Lund, Sweden;
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Zhang GL, Zhang M, Shi Q, Jiang Z, Tong L, Chen Z, Tang B. In Situ Construction of COF-Based Paper Serving as a Plasmonic Substrate for Enhanced PSI-MS Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43438-43448. [PMID: 34465082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate detection, quantitation, and differentiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their isomers in diverse samples is elusive for paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS). To address these issues, herein, for the first time, we propose to fabricate a novel, flexible, and stable paper substrate based on covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via an in situ method under room temperature in air. After embedding gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), this paper substrate (COFs-paper) could further serve as a multifunctional plasmonic matrix (AuNPs-COFs-paper) for dual-wavelength laser-assisted PSI-MS detection of PAHs and feasible paper surface-enhanced Raman scattering (pSERS)-aided isomer discrimination. Taking advantage of the synergistic effect between the AuNPs and COFs present on the novel AuNP-embedded COFs-paper substrate, a satisfied LOD of 0.50 ng/μL for phenanthrene was realized, which improved almost 300 times compared with the naked-paper matrix, and the regression coefficient R2 was up to 0.999. Real sample corn oil-containing PAHs can be efficiently detected and identified using this technique. The established platform has promising potential for on-site chemical analysis with portable PSI-MS and pSERS instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Qian Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyao Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Lili Tong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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Casanova-Chafer J, Umek P, Acosta S, Bittencourt C, Llobet E. Graphene Loading with Polypyrrole Nanoparticles for Trace-Level Detection of Ammonia at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40909-40921. [PMID: 34410097 PMCID: PMC8576760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding versatility of graphene for surface functionalization has been exploited by its decoration with synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (NPs). A green, facile, and easily scalable for mass production nanocomposite development was proposed, and the resulting PPy@Graphene was implemented in chemoresistive gas sensors able to detect trace levels of ammonia (NH3) under room-temperature conditions. Gas exposure for 5 min revealed that the presence of nanoparticles decorating graphene entail greater sensitivity (13-fold) in comparison to the bare graphene performance. Noteworthy, excellent repeatability (0.7% of relative error) and a low limit of detection of 491 ppb were obtained, together with excellent long-term stability. Besides, an extensive material characterization was conducted, and vibration bands obtained via Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of PPy NPs, while X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the relative abundance of the different species, as polarons and bipolarons. Additionally, XPS analyses were conducted before and after NH3 exposure to assess the PPy aging and the changes induced in their physicochemical and electronic properties. Specifically, the gas sensor was tested during a 5-month period, demonstrating significant stability over time, since just a slight decrease (11%) in the responses was registered. In summary, the present work reports for the first time the use of PPy NPs decorating graphene for gas-sensing purposes, revealing promising properties for the development of unattended gas-sensing networks for monitoring air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casanova-Chafer
- Microsystems
Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Polona Umek
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, 10000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Selene Acosta
- Chimie
des Interactions Plasma−Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute
for Materials Science and Engineering, Université
de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chimie
des Interactions Plasma−Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute
for Materials Science and Engineering, Université
de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eduard Llobet
- Microsystems
Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Physicochemical Properties of Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter 2.5 in Selected Residential Areas near a Ferromanganese Smelter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178900. [PMID: 34501491 PMCID: PMC8431365 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) of different sizes and elemental composition is a leading contributor to indoor and outdoor air pollution in residential areas. We sought to investigate similarities between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in three residential areas near a ferromanganese smelter in Meyerton to apportion the emission source(s). Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 samples were collected concurrently, using GilAir300 plus samplers, at a flow rate of 2.75 L/min. PM2.5 was collected on polycarbonate membrane filters housed in 37 mm cassettes coupled with PM2.5 cyclones. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the morphology, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy was used to analyse the elemental composition of the PM2.5. Mean indoor and outdoor PM2.5 mass concentrations were 10.99 and 24.95 µg/m3, respectively. Mean outdoor mass concentration was 2.27-fold higher than the indoor concentration. Indoor samples consisted of irregular and agglomerated particles, ranging from 0.09 to 1.06 µm, whereas outdoor samples consisted of irregular and spherical particles, ranging from 0.10 to 0.70 µm. Indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were dominated by manganese, silicon, and iron, however, outdoor PM2.5 had the highest concentration of all elements. The ferromanganese smelter was identified as the potential main contributing source of PM2.5 of different physicochemical properties.
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Dutta K, Shityakov S, Khalifa I. New Trends in Bioremediation Technologies Toward Environment-Friendly Society: A Mini-Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:666858. [PMID: 34409018 PMCID: PMC8365754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.666858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Today's environmental balance has been compromised by the unreasonable and sometimes dangerous actions committed by humans to maintain their dominance over the Earth's natural resources. As a result, oceans are contaminated by the different types of plastic trash, crude oil coming from mismanagement of transporting ships spilling it in the water, and air pollution due to increasing production of greenhouse gases, such as CO2 and CH4 etc., into the atmosphere. The lands, agricultural fields, and groundwater are also contaminated by the infamous chemicals viz., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrethroids pesticides, bisphenol-A, and dioxanes. Therefore, bioremediation might function as a convenient alternative to restore a clean environment. However, at present, the majority of bioremediation reports are limited to the natural capabilities of microbial enzymes. Synthetic biology with uncompromised supervision of ethical standards could help to outsmart nature's engineering, such as the CETCH cycle for improved CO2 fixation. Additionally, a blend of synthetic biology with machine learning algorithms could expand the possibilities of bioengineering. This review summarized current state-of-the-art knowledge of the data-assisted enzyme redesigning to actively promote new research on important enzymes to ameliorate the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Dutta
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, India
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Department of Chemoinformatics, Infochemistry Scientific Center, Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO University), Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt
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50
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Rutherford JW, Larson T, Gould T, Seto E, Novosselov IV, Posner JD. Source Apportionment of Environmental Combustion Sources using Excitation Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Machine Learning. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 259:118501. [PMID: 34321954 PMCID: PMC8312701 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The link between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and negative health effects is well-established. Air pollution was estimated to cause 4.9 million deaths in 2017 and PM was responsible for 94% of these deaths. In order to inform effective mitigation strategies in the future, further study of PM and its health effects is important. Here, we present a method for identifying sources of combustion generated PM using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning (ML) algorithms. PM samples were collected during a health effects exposure assessment panel study in Seattle. We use archived field samples from the exposure study and the associated positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment based on X-ray fluorescence and light absorbing carbon measurements to train convolutional neural network and principal component regression algorithms. We show EEM spectra from cyclohexane extracts of the archived filter samples can be used to accurately apportion mobile and vegetative burning sources but were unable to detect crustal dust, Cl-rich, secondary sulfate and fuel oil sources. The use of this EEM-ML approach may be used to conduct PM exposure studies that include source apportionment of combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W. Rutherford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
| | - Timothy Larson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
| | - Timothy Gould
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
| | - Igor V. Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Posner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA, United States
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