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Wang Q, Huang N, Wang W, Zhang Z, Qiu Y, Chen X, Xu A, Wu Y, Chen Z, Hu H. A novel route for urea abatement in UPW production: Pre-chlorination/VUV/UV under acidic circumstances and its enhancement mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 475:134836. [PMID: 38889471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Urea abatement has been a prominent challenge for UPW production. This research proposed a productive strategy combining pre-chlorination and VUV/UV processes under acidic conditions to settle this problem. This study first revealed the reaction kinetics between urea and free chlorine in a large pH range from 2.5 to 9.6, where the reaction constant rate varied from 0.06 to 0.46 M-1·s-1. Substitution reaction mediated by Cl2 was the dominant process at low pH (pH<3). The differences of dominant pathways resulted in the differences in reaction products: The detected concentration of dichloramine at pH 2.5 was twice that at pH 4.5 and 6.5. Further, this study found that pre-chlorination/VUV/UV process could achieve the thorough removal of 2-mg/L urea with chlorination of less than 5 min and VUV/UV irradiation of less than 200 mJ/cm2. Chloride ions, low pH, and higher chlorine dosage were found to be the positive factors to improve urea removal efficiency in pre-chlorination/VUV/UV process. The reaction rate constants between chlorourea with·OH and·Cl were calculated to be 3.62 × 107 and 2.26 × 109 L·mol-1·s-1, respectively.·Cl,·OH and photolysis contributed 60.5 %, 22.9 % and 16.6 % in chlorourea degradation, respectively. Pre-chlorination/VUV/UV achieved a DOC removal efficiency of 78.5 %. And nitrogen in urea was converted into inorganic nitrogenous compounds. Finally, compared with direct VUV/UV/chlorine and VUV/UV/persulfate processes, this process saved more than 70 % of energy in VUV/UV unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nan Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhuowei Zhang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua University, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yinhu Wu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory for Environmental Frontier Technologies, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Wu L, Liu S, Liu H. Dichloramine Hydrolysis in Membrane Desalination Permeate: Mechanistic Insights and Implications for Oxidative Capacity in Potable Reuse Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13157-13167. [PMID: 38996057 PMCID: PMC11270831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Dichloramine (NHCl2) naturally exists in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate due to its application as an antifouling chemical in membrane-based potable reuse treatment. This study investigated mechanisms of background NHCl2 hydrolysis associated with the generation of oxidative radical species in RO permeate, established a kinetic model to predict the oxidative capacity, and examined its removal efficiency on trace organic contaminants in potable reuse. Results showed that NHCl2 hydrolysis generated transient peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and subsequently dissociated into hydroxyl radical (HO•). The maximal HO• exposure was observed at an RO permeate pH of 8.4, higher than that from typical ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes. The HO• exposure during NHCl2 hydrolysis also peaked at a NH2Cl-to-NHCl2 molar ratio of 1:1. The oxidative capacity rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane, carbamazepine, atenolol, and sulfamethoxazole in RO permeate. Furthermore, background elevated carbonate in fresh RO permeate can convert HO• to carbonate radical (CO3•-). Aeration of the RO permeate removed total carbonate, significantly increased HO• exposure, and enhanced the degradation kinetics of trace organic contaminants. The kinetic model of NHCl2 hydrolysis predicted well the degradation of contaminants in RO permeate. This study provides new mechanistic insights into NHCl2 hydrolysis that contributes to the oxidative degradation of trace organic contaminants in potable reuse systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Environmental
Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sitao Liu
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Environmental
Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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3
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Hinneh KDC, Okabe J, Kosaka K, Echigo S, Itoh S. N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation from anthropogenic nitrogenous compounds during preozonation and post-chloramination with characteristic low treatment dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45913-45928. [PMID: 38980483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
One effective option to minimize N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in finished drinking water is to identify and control its precursors. However, previous works to identify significant precursors use formation potential (FP) tests using high doses to assure the maximum NDMA formation rather than the NDMA formation in finished waters. In this study, we applied characteristic low treatment doses of ozone (O3)-to-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of target compounds of 0.8 mg/mg and NH2Cl of 2.5 ± 0.2 mg Cl2/L to evaluate the NDMAFP yields of organic compounds bearing N,N-dimethylamine (DMA) and N,N-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) during preozonation and post-chloramination. The results in pH-buffered Milli-Q water showed a significant decrease from ≤ 52% to non-detectable levels in the O3-NDMAFP yields of O3-reactive precursors (i.e., DMH-like compounds) after preozonation and post-chloramination. Similarly, a significant decrease from 0.5 to 12% to nonquantifiable levels was observed for the NH2Cl-NDMAFP yields of NH2Cl-reactive precursors; however, the NH2Cl-NDMAFP yields of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (DMBzA)-like compounds only decreased from ~ 110 to ≤ 43%, suggesting that these compounds could contribute to NH2Cl-NDMAFPs even after preozonation. The effect of the matrix in sewage-effluent and lake water samples varied and was specific for precursors; for example, the O3-NDMAFP yield of 1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-4,4'-(methylene-di-p-phenylene) disemicarbazide (TMDS), an important O3-reactive NDMA precursor, did not significantly decrease when tested in sewage-effluent samples. Based on the previous occurrence concentration of TMDS in sewage samples, we estimated an NDMAFP of ~ 315 ng/L. This estimate exceeds the guidance concentrations of NDMA (3-100 ng/L), highlighting the importance of TMDS and its related compounds for NDMA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klon D C Hinneh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Nishikyo, 615-8540, Japan.
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, Sakyo, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Junki Okabe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Nishikyo, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, Sakyo, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Nishikyo, 615-8540, Japan
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4
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Huang H, Chen Z, Su Y, Zeng H, Li H, Chen Y, Qi S, Chen W, Chen W, Zhang G. N-nitrosamines in electroplating and printing/dyeing industrial wastewater treatment plants: Removal efficiency, environmental emission, and the influence on drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121537. [PMID: 38555784 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The discharge of industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of N-nitrosamines to the aquatic environment can impair downstream source waters and pose potential risks to human health. However, the transport and fate of N-nitrosamines in typical industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWWTPs) and the influence of these effluents on source water and drinking water are still unclear. This study investigated nine N-nitrosamines in four full-scale electroplating (E-) and printing/dyeing (PD-) IWWTPs, two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the lower reaches of these IWWTPs, and the corresponding tap water in South China. The total concentrations of N-nitrosamines (∑NAs) were 382-10,600, 480-1920, 494-789, and 27.9-427 ng/L in influents, effluents, source water, and tap water, respectively. The compositions of N-nitrosamine species in different influents varied a lot, while N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) dominated in most of the effluents, source water, and tap water. More than 70 % N-nitrosamines were removed by wastewater treatment processes used in E-IWWTPs such as ferric-carbon micro-electrolysis (Fe/C-ME), while only about 50 % of N-nitrosamines were removed in PD-IWWTPs due to the use of chlorine reagent or other inefficient conventional processes such as flocculation by cationic amine-based polymers or bio-contact oxidation. Therefore, the mass fluxes of N-nitrosamines discharged from these industrial wastewaters to the environment in the selected two industrial towns were up to 14,700 mg/day. The results based on correlation and principal component analysis significantly demonstrated correlations between E-and PD-effluents and source water and tap water, suggesting that these effluents can serve as sources of N-nitrosamines to local drinking water systems. This study suggests that N-nitrosamines are prevalent in typical IWWTPs, which may infect drinking water systems. The findings of this study provide a basis data for the scientific evaluation of environmental processes of N-nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510535, PR China
| | - Zifeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yuru Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, PR China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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5
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Chen T, Mackey E, Andrews S, Hofmann R. Kinetics of chlorine and chloramine reactions in reverse osmosis permeate and their impact on radical formation during UV/chlorine advanced oxidation for potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121433. [PMID: 38461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Knowledge of the speciation of chlorine and chloramines in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate is needed to estimate the performance (i.e., pollutant log reduction) of subsequent UV/chlorine advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). To accurately predict the speciation, a previously reported breakpoint chlorination kinetic model was experimentally validated for pH 5.5 and reaction times < 3 min and used to predict the kinetics of breakpoint chlorination in RO permeate. The predictions showed that eliminating chloramines by adding chlorine at a dose beyond the chlorine-to-nitrogen (Cl/N) breakpoint ratio is not practical due to the high breakpoint Cl/N ratio for RO permeate (∼3.0 molar ratio) and an estimated > 40 min reaction time. The conversion from monochloramine (NH2Cl) to dichloramine (NHCl2) is the major process involved, and either or both free chlorine and chloramines may be the major species present, depending on the Cl/N ratio. Model simulations showed that increasing the oxidant dose may not always enhance the performance of UV/chlor(am)ine in RO permeate, due to the need for a low free chlorine dose for optimal •OH exposure in RO permeate. Further UV/AOPs modelling showed that it is important to control the NH2Cl concentration to improve the UV/AOP performance in RO permeate, which may be achieved by extending the reaction time after chlorine is added or increasing the applied Cl/N ratio (e.g., increasing chlorine dose). However, these measures only enhance the pollutant percentage removal by about 5 % under the conditions modelled. A simulation tool was developed and is provided to predict the speciation of chlor(am)ine in RO permeate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Chen
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Erin Mackey
- Brown and Caldwell, 201N Civic Dr. #300, Walnut Creek, CA 94596, USA
| | - Susan Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ron Hofmann
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
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6
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Sun M, Shen W, Guo X, Liao Y, Huang Y, Hu M, Ye P, Liu R. A critical review of advances in tumor metabolism abnormalities induced by nitrosamine disinfection by-products in drinking water. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:12-28. [PMID: 38291902 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Intensified sanitation practices amid the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak might result in the increased release of chloramine disinfectants into surface water, significantly promoting the formation of nitrosamine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. Unfortunately, these nitrosamine DBPs exhibit significant genotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties, whereas chlorinating disinfectants remain in global practice. The current review provides valuable insights into the occurrence, identification, contamination status, exposure limits, and toxicity of the new unregulated disinfection by-products (nitrosamine DBPs) in drinking water. As a result, concentrations of nitrosamine DBPs far exceed allowable limits in drinking water, and prolonged exposure has the potential to cause metabolic disorders, a critical step in tumor initiation and progression. Importantly, based on recent research, we have concluded the role of nitrosamines DBPs in different metabolic pathways. Remarkably, nitrosamine DBPs can induce chronic inflammation and initiate tumors by activating sphingolipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Regarding amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, nitrosamine DBPs can inhibit tryptophan metabolism and de novo nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, inhibition of de novo nucleotide synthesis fails to repair DNA damage induced by nitrosamines. Additionally, the accumulation of lactate induced by nitrosamine DBPs may act as a pivotal signaling molecule in communication within the tumor microenvironment. However, with the advancement of tumor metabolomics, understanding the role of nitrosamine DBPs in causing cancer by inducing metabolic abnormalities significantly lags behind, and specific mechanisms of toxic effects are not clearly defined. Urgently, further studies exploring this promising area are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yinghao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Mohan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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7
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Plata S, Childress AE, McCurry DL. Minimizing N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation During Disinfection of Blended Seawater and Wastewater Effluent. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1498-1507. [PMID: 38633366 PMCID: PMC11019544 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Augmenting seawater with wastewater has the potential to reduce the energy demand and environmental impacts associated with seawater desalination. Alternatively, as wastewater reuse becomes more widespread, augmenting wastewater with seawater can increase the available water supply. However, the chemistry of disinfecting a blended stream has not been explored. Toxic byproducts, including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are expected to form during disinfection, and the extent of formation will likely be a function of which stream is chlorinated and whether disinfection happens before or after blending. In this work, three blending-disinfection scenarios were modeled and experimentally evaluated in bench-scale systems treating synthetic and authentic waters. Modeling results suggested that chlorinating preblended wastewater and seawater would produce the most NDMA because it yielded the highest concentrations of bromochloramine, which was previously found to promote NDMA formation. However, chlorinating wastewater prior to blending with seawater, which modeling indicated would form the most dichloramine, produced the most NDMA in experiments. When seawater was disinfected prior to blending with wastewater, bromide likely converted most chlorine to free bromine. Bromamines formed after blending, however, did not lead to an elevated level of NDMA formation. Therefore, to minimize NDMA formation when disinfecting blended wastewater-seawater, seawater should be disinfected prior to introducing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy E. Childress
- Astani Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Daniel L. McCurry
- Astani Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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8
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Shi JL, Kim E, Cardosa GB, McCurry DL. Chloramination of Nitromethane: Incomplete Chlorination and Unexpected Substitution Reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18856-18866. [PMID: 37191694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is commonly used as a predisinfectant in potable water reuse treatment trains. Nitromethane was recently found as a ubiquitous ozone byproduct in wastewater, and the key intermediate toward chloropicrin during subsequent secondary disinfection of ozonated wastewater effluent with chlorine. However, many utilities have switched from free chlorine to chloramines as a secondary disinfectant. The reaction mechanism and kinetics of nitromethane transformation by chloramines, unlike those for free chlorine, are unknown. In this work, the kinetics, mechanism, and products of nitromethane chloramination were studied. The expected principal product was chloropicrin, because chloramines are commonly assumed to react similarly to, although more slowly than, free chlorine. Different molar yields of chloropicrin were observed under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions, and surprisingly, transformation products other than chloropicrin were found. Monochloronitromethane and dichloronitromethane were detected at basic pH, and the mass balance was initially poor at neutral pH. Much of the missing mass was later attributed to nitrate formation, from a newly identified pathway involving monochloramine reacting as a nucleophile rather than a halogenating agent, through a presumed SN2 mechanism. The study indicates that nitromethane chloramination, unlike chlorination, is likely to produce a range of products, whose speciation is a function of pH and reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Lily Shi
- Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Euna Kim
- Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Georgia B Cardosa
- Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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9
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Wang K, Shang C, Yin R, Xiang Y. Generation of Reactive Nitrogen Species in UV Photolysis of Dichloramine and Their Incorporation into Nitrogenous Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18735-18743. [PMID: 37126657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dichloramine (NHCl2) often coexists with monochloramine (NH2Cl) in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate in potable reuse scenarios when NH2Cl is added upstream of RO for membrane fouling control such that UV photolysis of NHCl2 occurs during the downstream UV/chloramine process. However, the formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and their incorporation into byproducts during the UV/NHCl2 process are largely unknown. This study quantitatively evaluated the generation of RNS in the UV/NHCl2 process and investigated the role of RNS in micropollutant transformation. UV photolysis of NHCl2 produced comparable RNS concentration to that of NH2Cl at the same oxidant dosage (100 μM) at pH 5.5. Under the experimental conditions, the RNS contributed greatly (40.6%) to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) degradation. By using 15N-labeling and mass spectrometry methods, seven nitrogenous byproducts of DEET degradation with the incorporation of nitrogen originating from the RNS were detected. Among these seven byproducts, six were identified to contain a nitro group (-NO2). While the UV/NHCl2 process formed comparable intensities of -NO-containing products to those in the UV/NH2Cl process, the later process formed 3-91% higher intensities of -NO2-containing products. These findings are essential in furthering our understanding of the contribution of the UV/NHCl2 process in potable reuse scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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10
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The study of stereoselectivity and mesomeric effect of N-nitrosamines via 1H NMR spectroscopy. Struct Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-02109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Weng C, Hinkle MM, Mitch WA. Electrochemical Dechlorination of Municipal Wastewater Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1425-1432. [PMID: 36626832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of sodium bisulfite as an electron donor to quench chloramine disinfectant residuals in municipal wastewater effluents prior to discharge incurs the cost of purchasing and transporting bisulfite to the utility and increases the loading of salts to the receiving water. In this study, degradation of chloramine residuals within authentic municipal wastewater effluents was achieved within a 30 min timescale using a reductive electrochemical reactor, which supplied electrons via a stainless-steel cathode under galvanostatic conditions without an ion exchange membrane separating the cathode and anode. Application of a 0.26 mA/cm2 cathodic current density reduced chloramines to ammonia and avoided oxidation at the IrO2-coated titanium anode of chloride to chlorine or chlorate and of ammonia to nitrite or nitrate. Net chloramine production was observed at a higher current density (2 mA/cm2). Chloramine degradation rates and Coulombic efficiencies were highest and electrical energy per order (EEO) values were lowest for the 304-grade stainless-steel cathode, which contains the highest nickel content, and for a stainless-steel cathode with a high surface area. Differences in ionic strength and pH were less important. For chloraminated municipal wastewater samples, the highest Coulombic efficiency was 4.1% and the lowest EEO value was 0.08 kWh/m3. An initial comparison indicated that the electricity cost associated with this EEO value would be comparable to the cost of sodium bisulfite for areas with low electricity costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Weng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Marlena M Hinkle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California94305, United States
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12
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Lu S, Shang C, Sun B, Xiang Y. Dominant Dissolved Oxygen-Independent Pathway to Form Hydroxyl Radicals and the Generation of Reactive Chlorine and Nitrogen Species in Breakpoint Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:150-159. [PMID: 36512687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexities of the interactions between ammonia, chlor(am)ine, and intermediate species such as ONOOH, the radical formation in breakpoint chlorination and the consequential removal of micropollutants remain largely unexplored. In this study, the dominant generation pathway of HO•, as a primary radical in breakpoint chlorination, was examined, and the generations of HO•, reactive chlorine species (RCS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) were quantitatively evaluated. A dissolved oxygen (DO)-independent pathway was verified by 18O labeling and contributed over 90% to HO• generation. The commonly believed pathway, the decomposition of ONOOH involving DO, contributed only 7% to HO• formation in breakpoint chlorination. The chlorine to nitrogen (Cl/N) ratio and pH greatly affected the generations and speciations of the reactive species. An optimum Cl/N mass ratio for HO•, Cl2•-, and RNS generations occurred at the breakpoint (i.e., Cl/N mass ratio = 9), whereas excessive free chlorine shifted the radical speciation toward ClO• at Cl/N mass ratios above the breakpoint. Basic conditions inhibited the generations of HO• and RNS but significantly promoted that of ClO•. These findings improved the fundamental understanding of the radical chemistry of breakpoint chlorination, which can be extended to estimate the degradations of micropollutants of known rate constants toward the reactive species with influences from the Cl/N ratio and pH in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senhao Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon000, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon000, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon000, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong26637, China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon000, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Liu D, Rao L, Shi X, Du J, Chen C, Sun W, Fu ML, Yuan B. Comparison of the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from algae organic matter by chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156078. [PMID: 35597338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa, blue-green algae) blooms frequently in drinking water reservoirs and subsequently causes the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after disinfection, which may pose a potential health risk. In this study, the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was evaluated from algal organic matter (AOM) including extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) during the disinfection process of chlorination, chloramination, or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The effects of a variety of factors, including reaction times, disinfectant dosages and pH, on the NDMA formation by three different disinfection methods were investigated. Additionally, this study evaluated the nitrogen sources involved in NDMA formation during chloramination of EOM and IOM using 15N-labeled monochloramine. The results showed that the NDMA formation by three different disinfection methods were ranked in the order of chlorination > UV irradiation ≈ chloramination and the specific yield from EOM was greater than that from IOM regardless of disinfection method. The yields of NDMA firstly increased and then plateaued as time prolonged during the chlorination and chloramination of AOM. Similarly, the NDMA formation from EOM was firstly increased and then remained constant with the increase of the disinfectant dosage, while it was gradually increased for IOM. The solution pH highly influenced the NDMA formation during chlorination and chloramination, while exhibited a little impact under UV irradiation. Moreover, fluorescence excitation-emission (EEM) analysis confirmed that soluble microbial by-product-like (SMPs) in EOM and IOM were the major precursors in algal-derived organic matter that contributed to the NDMA formation. Chloramination of EOM and IOM using isotope 15N-labeled monochloramine indicated that the nitroso group of the formed NDMA originates mainly from EOM and IOM of algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - La Rao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Jiayu Du
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Chen Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Atmospheric and Hydrologic Science, St. Cloud State University, 720 4th Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301, USA
| | - Ming-Lai Fu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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14
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Cao Z, Yu X, Zheng Y, Aghdam E, Sun B, Song M, Wang A, Han J, Zhang J. Micropollutant abatement by the UV/chloramine process in potable water reuse: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127341. [PMID: 34634702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The need in using reclaimed water increased significantly to address the water shortage and its continuing quality deterioration in sustaining societal development. Degrading micropollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents is one of the most important tasks in supplying safe drinking water, which is often achieved by full advanced treatment technologies (FATs), including reverse osmosis (RO) and the UV-based advanced oxidation process (AOP). As an emerging AOP, UV/chloramine process shows many noteworthy advantages in the scenario of potable water reuse, including membrane biological fouling control by chloramine, producing highly reactive radicals (e.g., Cl•, HO•, Cl2•-, and reactive nitrogen-containing species) to degrade the RO permeated pollutants, and acting as long-lasting disinfectant in the potable water distribution system. In addition, chloramine is often designedly produced by taking advantage of the ammonia in source. Thus, UV/chloramine processes gather much attention from researcher and published papers on UV/chloramine process have drastically increased since 2016, which were thoroughly reviewed in this paper. The fundamentals of chloramine photolysis, including the photolysis kinetics, the quantum yield, the generation and transformation of radicals and the final products, were scrutinized. Further, the impacts of reaction conditions such as pH, chloramine dosage and water matrix on the degradation of micropollutants by the UV/chloramine process are discussed. Moreover, the formation potential of disinfection by-products is debated. The opportunity of application of the UV/chloramine process in real-world practice is also presented, emphasizing the need for extensive efforts to remove currently prevalent knowledge roadblocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ximing Yu
- Taiwei Energy Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250001, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Zheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Ehsan Aghdam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Mingming Song
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, PR China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jinglong Han
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China.
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15
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Hinneh KDC, Kosaka K, Echigo S, Itoh S. Predictable Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation of Ozone-Reactive N-Nitrosodimethylamine Precursors Coupled with In Silico Fragmentation and Ion Mobility-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Facilitates Their Identification in Sewage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2345-2354. [PMID: 35119842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) fragmentation of 10 potent model ozone (O3)-reactive N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors bearing (CH3)2N-N or (CH3)2N-(SO2)-N. Fragments (m/z 61.0766, 60.0688 Da loss, and 72.0688 Da loss) were discovered as pertinent diagnostic fragments for precursors bearing (CH3)2N-N, whereas a loss of 108.0119 Da was consistent for precursors bearing (CH3)2N-S(O2)-N. Using the fragments as structural hints on a sewage fraction with a high concentration of O3-reactive precursors, peaks of precursors sharing m/z 61.0766, a 60.0688 Da loss, or both were flagged. Then, using in silico fragmenters and (CH3)2N-N as a substructure filter on online-chemical structure databases, we identified PubChem's compound identifier (PCCID) 141210417 and 1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-4,4'-(methylene-di-p-phenylene)disemicarbazide (TMDS). TMDS was confirmed using an authentic standard, and ion mobility (IM)-QTOF/MS confirmed its rider peak as PCCID 141210417. PCCID 141210417 is an isomer of TMDS, and its environmental occurrence is associated with technical-grade TMDS and industrial effluents. The estimated contribution of TMDS to the total NDMA formation potential of the sewage fraction was 20-24%, which was suggestive of the significance of PCCID 141210417 and other precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klon D C Hinneh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Department of Global Environmentally-Friendly Industries for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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16
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Liao X, Shen L, Jiang Z, Gao M, Qiu Y, Qi H, Chen C. NDMA formation during ozonation of metformin: Roles of ozone and hydroxyl radicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:149010. [PMID: 34280626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a high-consumed pharmaceutical for diabetes, has been reported to generate carcinogenic nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) during treatment of its containing wastewater. However, whether it would produce NDMA during ozonation or not is unclear, let alone discriminate roles of ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH). In this paper, effects of ozonation on NDMA formation from metformin were investigated, roles of O3 and OH were also distinguished by adding tert-butyl alcohol (tBA) as OH scavenger. Moreover, various influencing factors and reaction mechanisms were demonstrated. The results indicated that NDMA could be directly formed from metformin during ozonation, the addition of OH scavenger significantly enhanced its formation (0-46.2 ng/L vs 0-139.1 ng/L). The formation of NDMA by O3 and OH was more affected by bromide and HCO3- than those with only O3; while the impacts of pH and sulphate on the latter were more notable. No matter without/with tBA in the solution, the formed NDMA during ozonation of metformin increased with raising pH (from 5 to 9) and achieved the maximum 69.6 ng/L and 235.9 ng/L at pH 9, respectively; small amount of bromide (0.1 μM) promoted NDMA production, high levels of bromide (10 μM) inhibited its formation; the existence of HCO3- enhanced the amounts of NDMA from 44.5 to 73.5 ng/L (raised by 65.2%) by O3 and OH and from 102.9 to 130 ng/L with only O3 (raised by 26.3%); with the addition of sulphate, NDMA concentration raised by 43.8% by O3 and OH, while the value was high up to 134.6% with only O3. Based on the result of UPLC-Q-TOF and density functional theory, the oxidation intermediates were identified and possible transformation pathways of metformin during ozonation were proposed. The findings in this paper would provide reference when treating metformin-containing water in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Linlu Shen
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 195000, China
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Menglan Gao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Apparel, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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17
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Seid MG, Lee C, Cho K, Hong SW. Degradation of ranitidine and changes in N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential by advanced oxidation processes: Role of oxidant speciation and water matrix. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117495. [PMID: 34388496 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of thirteen (photo/electro) chemical oxidation processes on the formation potential (FP) of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during the chloramination of ranitidine in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate and brine. The NDMA-FP varied significantly depending on the pretreatment process, initial pH, and water matrix types. At higher initial pH values (> 7.0), most pretreatments did not reduce the NDMA-FP, presumably because few radical species and more chloramine-reactive byproducts were generated. At pH < 7.0, however, electrochemical oxidation assisted by chloride and Fe2+/H2O2, catalytic wet peroxide oxidation and peroxydisulfate-induced pretreatments removed up to 85% of NDMA-FP in the RO brine. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or prechlorination alone did not reduce the NDMA-FP effectively, but combined UV/chlorine treatment effectively reduced the NDMA-FP. In contrast, after UV irradiation (2.1 mW cm-2 for 0.5 h) in the presence of H2O2 and chloramine, NDMA formation increased substantially (up to 26%) during the post-chloramination of the RO permeate. Mass spectrometric analysis and structural elucidation of the oxidation byproducts indicated that compared with the reactive nitrogen species generated by UV/NH2Cl, sulfate radicals and (photo/electro)chemically generated reactive chlorine species were more promising for minimizing NDMA-FP. Unlike, the hemolytic •OH driven by UV/H2O2, the •OH from Fe(IV)-assisted pretreatments showed a significant synergistic effect on NDMA-FP reduction. Overall, the results suggest the need for a careful assessment of the type of radical species to be used for treating an RO water system containing amine-functionalized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Water Cycle Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Hogard S, Salazar-Benites G, Pearce R, Nading T, Schimmoller L, Wilson C, Heisig-Mitchell J, Bott C. Demonstration-scale evaluation of ozone-biofiltration-granular activated carbon advanced water treatment for managed aquifer recharge. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1157-1172. [PMID: 33522033 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT) program is the effort of the Hampton Roads Sanitation District to implement indirect potable reuse to recharge the depleted Potomac Aquifer. This initiative is being demonstrated at the 1-MGD SWIFT Research Center with a treatment train including coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (floc/sed), ozonation, biofiltration (BAF), granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and UV disinfection, followed by managed aquifer recharge. Bulk total organic carbon (TOC) removal occurred via multiple treatment barriers including, floc/sed (26% removal), ozone/BAF (30% removal), and adsorption by GAC. BAF acclimation was observed during the first months of plant operation which coincided with the establishment of biological nitrification and dissolved metal removal. Bromate formation during ozonation was efficiently controlled below 10 µg/L using preformed monochloramine and preoxidation with free chlorine. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was formed at an average concentration of 53 ng/L post-ozonation and was removed >70% by the BAFs after several months of operation. Contaminants of emerging concern were removed by multiple treatment barriers including oxidation, biological degradation, and adsorption. The breakthrough of these contaminants and bulk TOC will likely determine the replacement interval of GAC. The ozone/BAC/GAC treatment process was shown to meet all defined treatment goals for managed aquifer recharge. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Floc/sed, biofiltration, and GAC adsorption provide important barriers in carbon-based treatment trains for bulk TOC and trace organic contaminant removal. Biofilter acclimation was observed during the first three months of operation in each operating period as evidenced by the establishment of nitrification. Bromate was effectively controlled during ozonation of a high bromide water with monochloramine doses of 3-5 mg/L. NDMA was formed at an average concentration of 53 ng/L by ozonation and complete removal was achieved by BAFs after several months of biological acclimation. An average 25% removal of 1,4-dioxane was achieved via oxidation by hydroxyl radicals during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hogard
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Robert Pearce
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tyler Nading
- Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD), Virginia Beach, VA, USA
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19
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Zhao B, Nakada N. Contribution of N,N-dimethylformamide to formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine by chloramination in sewage treatment plants and receiving rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 191:116827. [PMID: 33476799 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of specific precursors to N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA FP) upon chloramination depends not only on their NDMA molar yields but also on their concentrations in the actual environment. We investigated the seasonal and diurnal patterns of the NDMA precursor N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and NDMA FP in the Yodo River basin, Japan, by examining water samples taken from inside the basin's largest sewage treatment plant (STP) as well as samples from five final effluents from four STPs, two main stream sites, and two tributary sites in the same basin. DMF and NDMA FP were found to be high in influent (raw sewage), and were found to be mostly removed during the STP treatment processes (especially with biological treatment). Nevertheless, DMF was found in concentrations of 0.06 to 31.7 µg/L in chlorinated effluents and in receiving rivers, while NDMA FP was detected in concentrations of 3.57 to 306 ng/L. Thus, STPs were shown to be an important source of DMF and NDMA FP to rivers. A strong positive correlation between NDMA FP and DMF was confirmed in the receiving river (K-M), indicating that DMF was an important NDMA precursor in the Yodo River basin. The contribution of DMF to NDMA FP was 15.8±11.2% (n = 4) in summer and 82.1±10.2% (n = 4) in winter in the main stream (site K-M) of the river due to insufficient dilution of chlorinated effluents from the largest STP. From the viewpoint of NDMA and NDMA FP control at downstream sites, monitoring and control of DMF at upstream sites are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Norihide Nakada
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
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20
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Beard JC, Swager TM. An Organic Chemist's Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure, Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2037-2057. [PMID: 33474939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are a class of compounds notorious both for the potent carcinogenicity of many of its members and for their widespread occurrence throughout the human environment, from air and water to our diets and drugs. Considerable effort has been dedicated to understanding N-nitrosamines as contaminants, and methods for their prevention, remediation, and detection are ongoing challenges. Understanding the chemistry of N-nitrosamines will be key to addressing these challenges. To facilitate such understanding, we focus in this Perspective on the structure, reactivity, and synthetic applications of N-nitrosamines with an emphasis on alkyl N-nitrosamines. The role of N-nitrosamines as water contaminants and the methods for their detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Beard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Qiu J, Zhang Y, Craven C, Liu Z, Gao Y, Li XF. Nontargeted Identification of an N-Heterocyclic Compound in Source Water and Wastewater as a Precursor of Multiple Nitrosamines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:385-392. [PMID: 33284617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamine disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are a health concern because they are probable human carcinogens. Complex organic nitrogenous compounds, nitrosamine precursors, are largely unidentified in source water. Using stable isotopic labeling-enhanced nontargeted analysis, we identified a natural product N-heterocyclic amine 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCCA) in source water. Interestingly, we discovered that chloramination of MTCCA-containing water could produce four nitrosamines: methylethylnitrosamine, N-nitrosopyrrolidine, N-nitrosoanatabine, and N-nitrosoanabasine. Computational modeling and experimental results helped explain potential pathways of nitrosamines generated from chloramination of MTCCA. Further investigations confirmed widespread occurrence of MTCCA in source water and wastewater. Its concentration ranged from high in upstream creeks (23.2-332.2 ng L-1) to low in the river (5.7-37.6 ng L-1) during the 2020 spring runoffs, indicating that sources of MTCCA came from creeks around farms. Analysis of wastewater before and after ultraviolet, as well as microfiltration with subsequent ozonation treatments, showed increased MTCCA after treatments, demonstrating a difficulty to degrade and remove MTCCA in water. This study discovered the extensive presence of MTCCA in source water and wastewater, suggesting that natural N-heterocyclic compounds may serve as a new source of nitrosamine precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yi Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caley Craven
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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22
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Yang Z, Sun PF, Li X, Gan B, Wang L, Song X, Park HD, Tang CY. A Critical Review on Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membranes with Interlayered Structure: Mechanisms, Recent Developments, and Environmental Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15563-15583. [PMID: 33213143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The separation properties of polyamide reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, widely applied for desalination and water reuse, are constrained by the permeability-selectivity upper bound. Although thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporating nanomaterials exhibit enhanced water permeance, their rejection is only moderately improved or even impaired due to agglomeration of nanomaterials and formation of defects. A novel type of TFN membranes featuring an interlayer of nanomaterials (TFNi) has emerged in recent years. These novel TFNi membranes show extraordinary improvement in water flux (e.g., up to an order of magnitude enhancement) along with better selectivity. Such enhancements can be achieved by a wide selection of nanomaterials, ranging from nanoparticles, one-/two-dimensional materials, to interfacial coatings. The use of nanostructured interlayers not only improves the formation of polyamide rejection layers but also provides an optimized water transport path, which enables TFNi membranes to potentially overcome the longstanding trade-off between membrane permeability and selectivity. Furthermore, TFNi membranes can potentially enhance the removal of heavy metals and micropollutants, which is critical for many environmental applications. This review critically examines the recent developments of TFNi membranes and discusses the underlying mechanisms and design criteria. Their potential environmental applications are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Sun
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bowen Gan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Centre for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- Centre for Membrane and Water Science & Technology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
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23
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Szczuka A, Huang N, MacDonald JA, Nayak A, Zhang Z, Mitch WA. N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation during UV/Hydrogen Peroxide and UV/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation Process Treatment Following Reverse Osmosis for Potable Reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15465-15475. [PMID: 33185421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chloramines applied to control microfiltration and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane biofouling in potable reuse trains form the potent carcinogen, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In addition to degrading other contaminants, UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) strive to degrade NDMA by direct photolysis. The UV/chlorine AOP is gaining attention because of its potential to degrade other contaminants at lower UV fluence than the UV/hydrogen peroxide AOP, although previous pilot studies have observed that the UV/chlorine AOP was less effective for NDMA control. Using dimethylamine (DMA) as a model precursor and secondary municipal wastewater effluent, this study evaluated NDMA formation during the AOP treatment via two pathways. First, NDMA formation by UV treatment of monochloramine (NH2Cl) and chlorinated DMA (Cl-DMA) passing through RO membranes was maximized at 350 mJ/cm2 UV fluence, declining at higher fluence, where NDMA photolysis outweighed NDMA formation. Second, this study demonstrated that chlorine addition to the chloramine-containing RO permeate during the UV/chlorine AOP treatment initiated rapid NDMA formation by dark breakpoint reactions associated with reactive intermediates from the hydrolysis of dichloramine. At pH 5.7, this formation was maximized at a chlorine/ammonia molar ratio of 3 (out of 0-10), conditions typical for UV/chlorine AOPs. At 700 mJ/cm2 UV fluence, which is applicable to current practice, NDMA photolysis degraded a portion of the NDMA formed by breakpoint reactions. Lowering UV fluence to ∼350 mJ/cm2 when switching to the UV/chlorine AOP exacerbates effluent NDMA concentrations because of concurrent NDMA formation via the UV/NH2Cl/Cl-DMA and breakpoint chlorination pathways. Fluence >700 mJ/cm2 or chlorine doses greater than the 3:1 chlorine/ammonia molar ratios under consideration for the UV/HOCl AOP treatment are needed to achieve NDMA control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305United States
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jessica A MacDonald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305United States
| | - Adam Nayak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305United States
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), Stanford, California 94305United States
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24
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Horne GP, Zalupski PR, Daubaras DL, Rae C, Mezyk SP, Mincher BJ. Radiolytic degradation of formic acid and formate in aqueous solution: modeling the final stages of organic mineralization under advanced oxidation process conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116314. [PMID: 32854029 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The successful use of advanced oxidation processes to treat aqueous solutions containing undesirable organic species requires the degradation of these species to lower molecular weight, lower hazard compounds. Safe application of this technology requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of degradation. These oxidative transformations are mainly initiated by the reactions of reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl radicals. These react with organic molecules to generate carbon-centered radicals. In the presence of dissolved oxygen, the carbon-centered radicals are next converted to peroxyl radicals, which then decay to lower molecular weight species by multiple mechanistic pathways. Formic acid and its conjugate base formate are the last stable chemical species produced immediately before the complete mineralization of any organic molecule undergoing oxidative degradation in aqueous solution. Once understood, the radical-induced chemistry of formic acid/formate under these conditions has wide applicability in all advanced oxidation technologies. To develop this quantitative knowledge, we have performed a series of 60Co gamma irradiation studies on aqueous formic acid/formate over different pH and solution conditions. The measured species concentration changes, as a function of applied dose, are compared with the predictions of a kinetic computer model constructed from literature reactions and reported rate coefficients. The excellent agreement found between the results and modeling gives confidence in the mechanism presented here and provide the first complete computer model for the radiolytic degradation of formic acid in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Horne
- Center for Radiation Chemistry Research, Idaho National Laboratory, ID, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls 83415, USA.
| | - Peter R Zalupski
- Center for Radiation Chemistry Research, Idaho National Laboratory, ID, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls 83415, USA
| | - Dayna L Daubaras
- Center for Radiation Chemistry Research, Idaho National Laboratory, ID, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls 83415, USA
| | - Cathy Rae
- Center for Radiation Chemistry Research, Idaho National Laboratory, ID, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls 83415, USA
| | - Stephen P Mezyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-9507, USA
| | - Bruce J Mincher
- Center for Radiation Chemistry Research, Idaho National Laboratory, ID, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls 83415, USA
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25
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Li S, Ao X, Li C, Lu Z, Cao W, Wu F, Liu S, Sun W. Insight into PPCP degradation by UV/NH 2Cl and comparison with UV/NaClO: Kinetics, reaction mechanism, and DBP formation. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 182:115967. [PMID: 32721700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The UV/NH2Cl process is an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP) that is greatly effective in degrading pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, detailed information regarding the process is lacking. The degradation of ibuprofen (IBP, an electron-withdrawing PPCP) and naproxen (NPX, an electron-donating PPCP) in UV/NH2Cl and UV/NaClO processes was performed to investigate the applicability and security of the UV/NH2Cl process and compare with those of UV/NaClO. UV/NH2Cl was effective in degrading both IBP and NPX and the degradation followed pseudo-first order kinetics (kIBP = 0.0037 cm2/mJ and kNPX = 0.0044 cm2/mJ). This indicated the broad applicability of UV/NH2Cl to different kinds of PPCPs. Ranges of values of UV intensity (0.3-1.0 mW/cm2) and pH (6.0-8.0) showed little effect on the degradation of PPCPs by UV/NH2Cl based on UV Dose but HCO3- (2-8 mM), natural organic matter (NOM, 2-8 mg/L), and the natural water matrixes were inhibitory. Increasing the dosage of NH2Cl from 0.15 mM to 0.75 mM, resulted in an even increase of kIBP; however, kNPX increased slowly after 0.3 mM NH2Cl. Mechanism experiments involving nitrobenzene showed that •OH was the major radical involved in degrading IBP and NPX via UV/NH2Cl. The electron spin resonance spectroscopy and kinetic modeling results also indicated the larger amount of •OH and weaker reactive chlorine species (mainly ClO• and ClO2•) in UV/NH2Cl compared with UV/NaClO. Compared to UV/NaClO in synthetic and natural water, UV/NH2Cl was a more stable degrader with little pH- and substrate-dependence, while UV/NaClO preferred degrading the electron-donating PPCP and at low pH. The UV/NH2Cl produced less halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) (even nitrogenous DBPs) and was less cytotoxic theoretically than UV/NaClO based on the DBPs included in this study. Thus UV/NH2Cl process may be an effective AOP for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenfeng Cao
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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26
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Wei X, Binger ZM, Achilli A, Sanders KT, Childress AE. A modeling framework to evaluate blending of seawater and treated wastewater streams for synergistic desalination and potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115282. [PMID: 31739242 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A modeling framework was developed to evaluate synergistic blending of the waste streams from seawater reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and wastewater treatment facilities that are co-located or in close proximity. Four scenarios were considered, two of which involved blending treated wastewater with the brine resulting from the seawater RO desalination process, effectively diluting RO brine prior to discharge. One of these scenarios considers the capture of salinity-gradient energy. The other two scenarios involved blending treated wastewater with the intake seawater to dilute the influent to the RO process. One of these scenarios incorporates a low-energy osmotic dilution process to provide high-quality pre-treatment for the wastewater. The model framework evaluates required seawater and treated wastewater flowrates, discharge flowrates and components, boron removal, and system energy requirements. Using data from an existing desalination facility in close proximity to a wastewater treatment facility, results showed that the influent blending scenarios (Scenarios 3 and 4) had several advantages over the brine blending scenarios (Scenarios 1 and 2), including: (1) reduced seawater intake and brine discharge flowrates, (2) no need for second-pass RO for boron control, and (3) reduced energy consumption. It should be noted that the framework was developed for use with co-located seawater desalination and coastal wastewater reclamation facilities but could be extended for use with desalination and wastewater reclamation facilities in in-land locations where disposal of RO concentrate is a serious concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Zachary M Binger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Andrea Achilli
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Kelly T Sanders
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States
| | - Amy E Childress
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, United States.
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27
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Fujioka T, Yoshikawa H, Eguchi M, Boivin S, Kodamatani H. Application of stabilized hypobromite for controlling membrane fouling and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124939. [PMID: 31726604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chloramination is a conventional and successful pre-disinfection approach to control biological fouling for reverse osmosis (RO) treatment in water reuse. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using a new disinfectant-stabilized hypobromite-in controlling membrane fouling and the formation of a particular carcinogenic disinfection byproduct (DBP)-N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Our accelerated chemical exposure tests showed that the new disinfectant reduced the permeability of a polyamide RO membrane permeability from 6.7 to 4.1 L/m2hbar; however, its treatment impact was equivalent to that of chloramine. The disinfection efficacy of stabilized hypobromite was greater than that of chloramine when evaluated with intact bacterial counts, which suggests its potential for mitigating membrane biofouling. Additional pilot-scale tests using synthetic wastewater demonstrated that pre-disinfection with the use of stabilized hypobromite inhibits membrane fouling. Among 13 halogenated DBPs evaluated, the formation of bromoform by stabilized hypobromite was higher than that by chloramine at a high dose of 10 mg/L, thus suggesting the need for optimizing chemical doses for achieving sufficient biofouling mitigation. NDMA formation upon stabilized hypobromite treatment in two different types of actual treated wastewaters was found to be negligible and considerably lower than that by chloramine treatment. In addition, NDMA formation potential by stabilized hypobromite was 2-5 orders of magnitude lower than that by chloramine. Our findings suggest the potential of using stabilized hypobromite for controlling NDMA formation and biofouling, which are the keys to successful potable water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujioka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Hiro Yoshikawa
- R&D Center, Organo Corporation, 4-4-1 Nishionuma Minamiku, Sagamihara, 252-0332, Japan
| | - Masahiro Eguchi
- R&D Center, Organo Corporation, 4-4-1 Nishionuma Minamiku, Sagamihara, 252-0332, Japan
| | - Sandrine Boivin
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kodamatani
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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28
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Zhang Z, Ma B, Hozalski RM, Russell CG, Evans AN, Led KO, Van Dyke M, Peldszus S, Huck PM, Szczuka A, Mitch WA. Bench-scale column evaluation of factors associated with changes in N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursor concentrations during drinking water biofiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115103. [PMID: 31581035 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration has been observed to increase or decrease the concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors in the effluents of full-scale drinking water facilities, but these changes have been inconsistent over time. Bench-scale tests comparing biofiltration columns side-by-side exposed to different conditions were employed to characterize factors associated with changes in NDMA precursor concentrations, as measured by application of chloramines under uniform formation conditions (UFC). Side-by-side comparisons of biofiltration media from different facilities fed with water from each of these facilities demonstrated that differences in source water quality were far more important than any original differences in the microbial communities on the biofiltration media for determining whether NDMA precursor concentrations increased, decreased or remained constant across biofilters. Additional tests involving spiking of specific constituents hypothesized to promote increases in NDMA precursor concentrations demonstrated that inorganic nitrogen species associated with nitrification, including ammonia, hydroxylamine and chloramines, and biotransformation of known precursors (i.e., municipal wastewater and the cationic polymer, polyDADMAC) to more potent forms were not important. Biotransformation of uncharacterized components of source waters determined whether NDMA precursor concentrations increased or decreased across biofilters. These uncharacterized source water component concentrations varied temporally and across locations. Where biotransformation of source water precursors increased NDMA precursor concentrations, ∼30-60% of the levels observed in column effluents fed with biofiltration influent water remained associated with the media and could be rinsed therefrom in either the dissolved or particulate form. Ozone pre-treatment significantly reduced NDMA precursor concentrations at one facility, suggesting that pre-oxidation could be an effective technique to mitigate the increase in NDMA precursor concentrations during biofiltration. Biofiltration decreased the concentrations of halogenated disinfection byproduct precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Caroline G Russell
- Carollo Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Highway North, Suite 2200, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Ashley N Evans
- Carollo Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Highway North, Suite 2200, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Katrine O Led
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Michele Van Dyke
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Sigrid Peldszus
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Peter M Huck
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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29
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Fehér PP, Purgel M, Lengyel A, Stirling A, Fábián I. The mechanism of monochloramine disproportionation under acidic conditions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16713-16721. [PMID: 31670733 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03789f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monochloramine is a widely employed agent in water treatment technologies. However, its utilization has some drawbacks like the transformation of the active species into the undesired dichloramine. Although it is more pronounced in acidic solutions, the features of this reaction have still remained largely unexplored in the pH < 4 region. In this study the decomposition of monochloramine is examined under such conditions by using kinetic and computational methods. Fast kinetics measurements have convincingly showed that the disproportion into dicloramine is relatively fast and can be studied without any interference from side reactions. By varying the pH, the deprotonation constant of monochloramine has been determined by UV spectroscopy (Ka = 0.023 ± 0.005 M for I = 1.0 M NaClO4, and T = 25.0 °C). Dichloramine formation via monochloramine disproportion was found to follow second-order kinetics. The computations have provided the reaction mechanism and its free energy profile in accord with the proposed kinetic model. This involves the reaction between the protonated and unprotonated forms of monochloramine, with a rate constant k = 335.3 ± 11.8 M-1 s-1, corresponding to an activation free energy barrier of 14.1 kcal mol-1. The simulations predicted a barrier of 14.9 kcal mol-1 and revealed a key short-lived chlorine-bridged intermediate which yields dichloroamine and ammonium ion through a deprotonation-coupled chlorine shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Pál Fehér
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary and Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Purgel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Lengyel
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary.
| | - András Stirling
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary. and MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032 Hungary
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30
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Zhang Z, Chuang YH, Szczuka A, Ishida KP, Roback S, Plumlee MH, Mitch WA. Pilot-scale evaluation of oxidant speciation, 1,4-dioxane degradation and disinfection byproduct formation during UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/free chlorine and UV/chloramines advanced oxidation process treatment for potable reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 164:114939. [PMID: 31408756 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation using UV/free chlorine and UV/chloramines are being considered as alternatives to UV/H2O2 for treatment of reverse osmosis (RO) permeate in treatment trains for the potable reuse of municipal wastewater. This pilot-scale comparison of the three advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) evaluated three factors important for selecting among these alternatives. First, the study characterized the speciation of oxidants serving as the source of radicals within the AOPs to facilitate process modeling. Kinetic modeling that included consideration of the chloramines occurring in RO permeate accurately predicted oxidant speciation. Modeling of the UV/free chlorine AOP indicated that free chlorine is scavenged by reactions with ammonia and monochloramine in RO permeate, such that oxidant speciation can shift in favor of dichloramine over the short (∼30 s) timescale of AOP treatment. Second, the order of efficacy for degrading the target contaminant, 1,4-dioxane, in terms of minimizing UV fluence was UV/free chlorine > UV/H2O2 ≫ UV/chloramines. However, estimates indicated that the UV/chloramines and UV/H2O2 AOPs could be similar on a cost-effectiveness basis due to savings in reagent costs by the UV/chloramines AOP, provided the RO permeate featured >3 mg/L as Cl2 chloramines. Third, the study evaluated whether the use of chlorine-based oxidants within the UV/free chlorine and UV/chloramines AOPs enhanced disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Even after AOP treatment and chloramination, total halogenated DBP formation remained low at <15 μg/L for all three AOPs. DBP formation was similar between the AOPs, except that the UV/free chlorine AOP promoted haloacetaldehyde formation, while the UV/H2O2 and UV/chloramines AOPs followed by chloramination increased chloropicrin formation. However, total DBP formation on a toxic potency-weighted basis was similar among the AOPs, since haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides were the dominant contributors and did not differ significantly among the AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Research & Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, United States
| | - Shannon Roback
- Research & Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, United States
| | - Megan H Plumlee
- Research & Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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31
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Roback SL, Ishida KP, Plumlee MH. Influence of reverse osmosis membrane age on rejection of NDMA precursors and formation of NDMA in finished water after full advanced treatment for potable reuse. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:120-131. [PMID: 31170582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane age on rejection of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors was evaluated for a full-scale potable water reuse facility. The rejection of NDMA precursors decreased slightly with increased membrane age in most RO membrane products evaluated, but remained high overall (91% average). Chloride rejection was well-correlated with rejection of NDMA precursors. Precursor removal varied (75-98%) by membrane product, with certain membrane products maintaining better precursor rejection over time. NDMA rejection, however, did not decline significantly over time, while passage of other low molecular weight organics (LMWOs) increased with membrane age. Thus, rejection of NDMA was not highly correlated with rejection of these LMWOs, suggesting that NDMA is not a good surrogate for these compounds. Incomplete removal of NDMA precursors by RO and a UV/advanced oxidation process (UV/AOP) led to NDMA formation in the finished water and miles downstream in the transmission pipelines. An average NDMA formation rate of 0.7 ng/L/hr in the transmission lines was observed, despite typical removal of NDMA by UV/AOP to non-detect levels. The study indicates that RO membranes throughout their lifetime are not an absolute barrier to NDMA precursors, and that while older membranes continue to sufficiently remove NDMA precursors to a high degree, NDMA precursor rejection may decrease slightly as membranes age. Thus, the potential exists for NDMA to form from these precursors in purified, potable reuse water after treatment despite the effective removal of NDMA by UV/AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Roback
- Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA.
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA.
| | - Megan H Plumlee
- Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA.
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Li Y, Xu H, He C, Shen Z, Chen W, Gao L, Lin C, Lin T, Lu C, Shi Q, Luo J, Wang W. Transformation and fate of dissolved organic nitrogen in drinking water supply system: A full scale case study from Yixing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:435-444. [PMID: 30991333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the drinking water treatment plants could be closely associated with nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP) formation. In this study, we have assessed the molecular transformation of DON and its impact on N-DBP formation in a full scale drinking water treatment plant. Based on the result of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analysis, DON compounds with low molecular weight (<1 kDa) were classified as CHON, CHON2 and CHON3 according to the number of nitrogen atoms. Via the analytical window of van Krevelen diagrams, we found that the molecular structural features of CHON, CHON2 and CHON3 were not altered before the chlorination process. In detail, the CHON2 and CHON3 compositions were concentrated on the regions assigned to a lignin-structure while CHON compositions were also distributed in other compounds including proteins, carbohydrates and tannin. Furthermore, CHON formation was more difficult to be removed before the V-filter process. For N-DBP, chlorine-containing DON (Cl-DON) composition was likely to be removed through flocculation and sedimentation processes, whereas N-nitrosamine compounds were removed in V-filter and biological activated carbon filter processes. The health risks of aromatic structure N-nitrosamines due to the pre-chlorination of the raw water should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Chen He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Li Gao
- Future Water Strategy Group, South East Water, 101 Wells Street, Frankston, Melbourne, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - Chenshuo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chunhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Jian Luo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Dong C, Huang G, Cheng G, An C, Yao Y, Chen X, Chen J. Wastewater treatment in amine-based carbon capture. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:742-756. [PMID: 30738317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based CO2 capture (ACC) has become one cost-effective method for reducing carbon emissions in order to mitigate climate changes. The amine-rich wastewater (ARWW) generated from ACC may contain a series of degradation products of amine-based solvents (ABSs). These products are harmful for ecological environment and human health. Effective and reliable ARWW treatment methods are highly required for mitigating the harmfulness. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive review of the existing limited methods that can guide ARWW-related technological advancements and treatment practices. To fill this gap, the review is achieved in this study. All available technologies for treating the ARWW from washwater, condenser, and reclaimer units in ACC are examined based on clarification of degradation mechanisms and ARWW compounds. A series of significant findings and recommendations are revealed through this review. For instance, ARWW treatment methods should be selected according to degradation conditions and pollution concentrations. UV light can be only used for treating wastewater from washwater and condenser units in ACC. Biological activated carbon is feasible for removing nitrosamines from washwater and condenser units. Sequence batch reactors, microbial fuel cells, and the other techniques for removing amines and similar degradation products are applicable for treating ARWW. This review provides scientific support for the selection and improvement of ARWW treatment techniques, the mitigation of ACC's consequences in environment, health and other aspects, and the extensive development and applications of ACC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Dong
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Gordon Huang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada.
| | - Guanhui Cheng
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada.
| | - Chunjiang An
- Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Yao Yao
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Xiujuan Chen
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
| | - Jiapei Chen
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability Research, UR-BNU, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S0A2, Canada
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Zhang Z, Chuang YH, Huang N, Mitch WA. Predicting the Contribution of Chloramines to Contaminant Decay during Ultraviolet/Hydrogen Peroxide Advanced Oxidation Process Treatment for Potable Reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4416-4425. [PMID: 30889356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chloramines applied to control membrane biofouling in potable reuse trains pass through reverse osmosis membranes, such that downstream ultraviolet (UV)/H2O2 advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are de facto UV/H2O2-chloramine AOPs. Current models for UV/chloramine AOPs, which use inaccurate chloramine quantum yields and ignore the fate of •NH2, are unable to simultaneously predict the loss of chloramines and contaminants, such as 1,4-dioxane. This study determined quantum yields for NH2Cl (0.35) and NHCl2 (0.75). Incorporating these quantum yields and the formation from •NH2 of the radical scavengers, •NO and NO2-, was important for simultaneously modeling the loss of chloramines, H2O2, and 1,4-dioxane in the UV/H2O2-chloramine AOP. Although the level of radical production was higher for the UV/H2O2-chloramine AOP than for the UV/H2O2 AOP, the UV/H2O2 AOP was at least 2-fold more efficient with respect to 1,4-dioxane degradation, because chloramines efficiently scavenged radicals. At low chloramine concentrations, the UV/chloramine AOP efficiency increased with an increase in chloramine concentration, as the level of radical production increased relative to that of radical scavenging by the dissolved organic carbon in RO permeate. However, the efficiency leveled out at higher chloramine concentrations as radical scavenging by chloramines offset the increased level of radical production. The level of 1,4-dioxane degradation was ∼30-50% lower for the UV/chloramine AOP than for the UV/H2O2-chloramine AOP when the concentration of residual chloramines in RO permeate was ∼50 μM (3.3 mg/L as Cl2). Initial cost estimates indicate that the UV/chloramine AOP using the residual chloramines in RO permeate could be a cost-effective alternative to the current UV/H2O2-chloramine AOP in some cases, because the savings in reagent costs offset the ∼30-50% reduction in 1,4-dioxane degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Nan Huang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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35
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Chuang YH, Szczuka A, Shabani F, Munoz J, Aflaki R, Hammond SD, Mitch WA. Pilot-scale comparison of microfiltration/reverse osmosis and ozone/biological activated carbon with UV/hydrogen peroxide or UV/free chlorine AOP treatment for controlling disinfection byproducts during wastewater reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:215-225. [PMID: 30677632 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ozone and biological activated carbon (O3/BAC) is being considered as an alternative advanced treatment process to microfiltration and reverse osmosis (MF/RO) for the potable reuse of municipal wastewater. Similarly, the UV/free chlorine (UV/HOCl) advanced oxidation process (AOP) is being considered as an alternative to the UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) AOP. This study compared the performance of these alternative treatment processes for controlling N-nitrosamines and chloramine-reactive N-nitrosamine and halogenated disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors during parallel, pilot-scale treatment of tertiary municipal wastewater effluent. O3/BAC outperformed MF/RO for controlling N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), while MF/RO was more effective for controlling N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and chloramine-reactive NDMA precursors. The UV/H2O2 and UV/HOCl AOPs were equally effective for controlling N-nitrosamines in O3/BAC effluent, but UV/HOCl was less effective for controlling NDMA in MF/RO effluent, likely due to the promotion of dichloramine under these conditions. MF/RO was more effective than O3/BAC for controlling chloramine-reactive halogenated DBP precursors on both a mass and toxicity-weighted basis. UV/H2O2 AOP treatment was more effective at controlling the toxicity-weighted chloramine-reactive DBP precursors for most halogenated DBP classes by preferentially degrading the more toxic brominated species. However, the total toxicity-weighted DBP precursor concentrations were similar for treatment by either AOP because UV/H2O2 AOP treatment promoted the formation of iodoacetic acid, which exhibits a very high toxic potency. The combined O3/BAC/MF/RO train was the most effective for controlling N-nitrosamines and the total toxicity-weighted DBP precursor concentrations with or without treatment by either AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Gao S, Zhou H, Xia Y, Liu X, Yao Y, Wang W, Chen H. Carbon fiber-assisted iron carbide nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst via peroxymonosulfate activation for organic contaminant removal. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00756c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of carbon fibers enhances the ability of iron carbide nanoparticles to activate PMS to remove contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
| | - Haoran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
| | - Yannan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
| | - Xiudan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
| | - Yuyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
| | - Haixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
- PR China
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37
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Patton S, Romano M, Naddeo V, Ishida KP, Liu H. Photolysis of Mono- and Dichloramines in UV/Hydrogen Peroxide: Effects on 1,4-Dioxane Removal and Relevance in Water Reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11720-11727. [PMID: 29791794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing demands and increasing scarcity of fresh water resources necessitate potable water reuse, which has been implemented with the aid of UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV/AOPs) that remove potentially hazardous trace organic contaminants from reclaimed water. During the potable reuse treatment process, chloramines are added to prevent membrane fouling that are carried over to the UV/AOP, where hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is commonly added. However, the impact of chloramines on the photolysis of H2O2 and the overall performance of the UV/AOP remains unknown. This study investigated the impacts of the photochemistry of monochloramine (NH2Cl) and dichloramine (NHCl2) associated with the photolysis of H2O2 on the degradation of 1,4-dioxane (1,4-D), a trace organic contaminant ubiquitous in recycled water. Results indicated that NH2Cl and NHCl2 alone functioned as oxidants upon UV photolysis, which produced HO• and Cl2•- as the two primary oxidative radicals. The speciation of chloramines did not have a significant impact on the degradation kinetics. The inclusion of monochloramine in UV/H2O2 greatly decreased 1,4-D removal efficiency. HO• was the major radical in the mixed H2O2/chloramine system. Results from this study suggest that recognizing the existence of chloramines in UV/H2O2 systems is important for predicting UV/AOP performance in the treatment train of potable reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Patton
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 United States
- Program of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 United States
| | - Mariano Romano
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , Salerno 84084 , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Department of Civil Engineering , University of Salerno , Fisciano , Salerno 84084 , Italy
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Research & Development Department , Orange County Water District , Fountain Valley , California 92708 , United States
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 United States
- Program of Environmental Toxicology , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 United States
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Removal Characteristics of N-Nitrosamines and Their Precursors by Pilot-Scale Integrated Membrane Systems for Water Reuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15091960. [PMID: 30205535 PMCID: PMC6163456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal characteristics of N-Nitrosamines and their precursors at three pilot-scale water reclamation plants. These plants applies different integrated membrane systems: (1) microfiltration (MF)/nanofiltration (NF)/reverse osmosis (RO) membrane; (2) sand filtration/three-stage RO; and (3) ultrafiltration (UF)/NF and UF/RO. Variable removal of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by the RO processes could be attributed to membrane fouling and the feed water temperature. The effect of membrane fouling on N-Nitrosamine removal was extensively evaluated at one of the plants by conducting one month of operation and chemical cleaning of the RO element. Membrane fouling enhanced N-Nitrosamine removal by the pilot-scale RO process. This finding contributes to better understanding of the variable removal of NDMA by RO processes. This study also investigated the removal characteristics of N-Nitrosamine precursors. The NF and RO processes greatly reduced NDMA formation potential (FP), but the UF process had little effect. The contributions of MF, NF, and RO processes for reducing FPs of NDMA, N-Nitrosopyrrolidine and N-Nitrosodiethylamine were different, suggesting different size distributions of their precursors.
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Selbes M, Beita-Sandí W, Kim D, Karanfil T. The role of chloramine species in NDMA formation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 140:100-109. [PMID: 29702375 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a probable human carcinogen disinfection by-product, has been detected in chloraminated drinking water systems. Understanding its formation over time is important to control NDMA levels in distribution systems. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the role of chloramine species (i.e., monochloramine and dichloramine); and the factors such as pH, sulfate, and natural organic matter (NOM) influencing the formation of NDMA. Five NDMA precursors (i.e., dimethylamine (DMA), trimethylamine (TMA), N,N-dimethylisopropylamine (DMiPA), N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (DMBzA), and ranitidine (RNTD)) were carefully selected based on their chemical structures and exposed to varying ratios of monochloramine and dichloramine. All amine precursors reacted relatively fast to form NDMA and reached their maximum NDMA yields within 24 h in the presence of excess levels of chloramines (both mono- and dichloramine) or excess levels of dichloramine conditions (with limited monochloramine). When the formation of dichloramine was suppressed (i.e., only monochloramine existed in the system) over the 5 day contact time, NDMA formation from DMA, TMA, and DMiPA was drastically reduced (∼0%). Under monochloramine abundant conditions, however, DMBzA and RNTD showed 40% and 90% NDMA conversions at the end of 5 day contact time, respectively, with slow formation rates, indicating that while these amine precursors react preferentially with dichloramine to form NDMA, they can also react with monochloramine in the absence of dichloramine. NOM and pH influenced dichloramine levels that affected NDMA yields. NOM had an adverse effect on NDMA formation as it created a competition with NDMA precursors for dichloramine. Sulfate did not increase the NDMA formation from the two selected NDMA precursors. pH played a key role as it influenced both chloramine speciation and protonation state of amine precursors and the highest NDMA formation was observed at the pH range where dichloramine and deprotonated amines coexisted. In selected natural water and wastewater samples, dichloramine led to the formation of more NDMA than monochloramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Selbes
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; Hazen and Sawyer, Environmental Engineers and Scientists, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Wilson Beita-Sandí
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; Research Center of Environmental Pollution (CICA), University of Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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40
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Zou R, Liao X, Zhao L, Yuan B. Reduction of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from ranitidine by ozonation preceding chloramination: influencing factors and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13489-13498. [PMID: 29492817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Formation of toxic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by chloramination of ranitidine, a drug to block histamine, was still an ongoing issue and posed a risk to human health. In this study, the effect of ozonation prior to chloramination on NDMA formation and the transformation pathway were determined. Influencing factors, including ozone dosages, pH, hydroxyl radical scavenger, bromide, and NOM, were studied. The results demonstrated that small ozone dosage (0.5 mg/L) could effectively control NDMA formation from subsequent chloramination (from 40 to 0.8%). The NDMA molar conversion was not only influenced by pH but also by ozone dosages at various pre-ozonation pH (reached the highest value of 5% at pH 8 with 0.5 mg/L O3 but decreased with the increasing pH with 1 mg/L O3). The NDMA molar yield by chloramination of ranitidine without pre-ozonation was reduced by the presence of bromide ion due to the decomposition of disinfectant. However, due to the formation of brominated intermediate substances (i.e., dimethylamine (DMA), dimethyl-aminomethyl furfuryl alcohol (DFUR)) with higher NDMA molar yield than their parent substances, more NDMA was formed than that without bromide ion upon ozonation. Natural organic matter (NOM) and hydroxyl radical scavenger (tert-butyl alcohol, tBA) enhanced NDMA generation because of the competition of ozone and more ranitidine left. The NDMA reduction mechanism by pre-ozonation during chloramination of ranitidine may be due to the production of oxidation products with less NDMA yield (such as DMA) than parent compound. Based on the result of Q-TOF and GC-MS/MS analysis, three possible transformation pathways were proposed. Different influences of oxidation conditions and water quality parameters suggest that strategies to reduce NDMA formation should vary with drinking water sources and choose optimal ozone dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusen Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Fujioka T, Ishida KP, Shintani T, Kodamatani H. High rejection reverse osmosis membrane for removal of N-nitrosamines and their precursors. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:45-51. [PMID: 29268083 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct potable reuse is becoming a feasible option to cope with water shortages. It requires more stringent water quality assurance than indirect potable reuse. Thus, the development of a high-rejection reverse osmosis (RO) membrane for the removal of one of the most challenging chemicals in potable reuse - N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) - ensures further system confidence in reclaimed water quality. This study aimed to achieve over 90% removal of NDMA by modifying three commercial and one prototype RO membrane using heat treatment. Application of heat treatment to a prototype membrane resulted in a record high removal of 92% (1.1-log) of NDMA. Heat treatment reduced conductivity rejection and permeability, while secondary amines, selected as N-nitrosamine precursors, were still well rejected (>98%) regardless of RO membrane type. This study also demonstrated the highly stable separation performance of the heat-treated prototype membrane under conditions of varying feed temperature and permeate flux. Fouling propensity of the prototype membrane was lower than a commercial RO membrane. This study identified a need to develop highly selective RO membranes with high permeability to ensure the feasibility of using these membranes at full scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Fujioka
- Water and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Research & Development Department, Orange County Water District, 18700 Ward Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708, USA
| | - Takuji Shintani
- Division of Advanced Membrane Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kodamatani
- Division of Earth and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Sgroi M, Vagliasindi FGA, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in water and wastewater: A review on formation and removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:685-703. [PMID: 29078192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water and wastewater. In particular, the review is focused on the removal of NDMA and of its precursors by conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment processes. New information regarding formation mechanisms and precursors are discussed as well. NDMA precursors are generally of anthropogenic origin and their main source in water have been recognized to be wastewater discharges. Chloramination is the most common process that results in formation of NDMA during water and wastewater treatment. However, ozonation of wastewater or highly contaminated surface water can also generate significant levels of NDMA. Thus, NDMA formation control and remediation has become of increasing interest, particularly during treatment of wastewater-impacted water and during potable reuse application. NDMA formation has also been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins. UV photolysis with UV fluence far higher than typical disinfection doses is generally considered the most efficient technology for NDMA mitigation. However, recent studies on the optimization of biological processes offer a potentially lower-energy solution. Options for NDMA control include attenuation of precursor materials through physical removal, biological treatment, and/or deactivation by application of oxidants. Nevertheless, NDMA precursor identification and removal can be challenging and additional research and optimization is needed. As municipal wastewater becomes increasingly used as a source water for drinking, NDMA formation and mitigation strategies will become increasingly more important. The following review provides a summary of the most recent information available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Federico G A Vagliasindi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; National University of Singapore, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 5A Engineering Drive 1; T-Lab Building, #02-01, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Singh J, Saharan V, Kumar S, Gulati P, Kapoor RK. Laccase grafted membranes for advanced water filtration systems: a green approach to water purification technology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:883-901. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1417234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh
- Enzyme Biotechnology and Waste-water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vicky Saharan
- Enzyme Biotechnology and Waste-water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Enzyme Biotechnology and Waste-water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pooja Gulati
- Enzyme Biotechnology and Waste-water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Kapoor
- Enzyme Biotechnology and Waste-water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
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