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Duan L, Li M, Liu J, Chen W. Soil colloids can significantly enhance spreading of polybromodiphenyl ethers in groundwater by serving as an effective carrier. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:93-100. [PMID: 39003087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the widely used flame retardants, are common contaminants in surface soils at e-waste recycling sites. The association of PBDEs with soil colloids has been observed, indicating the potential risk to groundwater due to colloid-facilitated transport. However, the extent to which soil colloids may enhance the spreading of PBDEs in groundwater is largely unknown. Herein, we report the co-transport of decabromodiphenyl ester (BDE-209) and soil colloids in saturated porous media. The colloids released from a soil sample collected at an e-waste recycling site in Tianjin, China, contain high concentration of PBDEs, with BDE-209 being the most abundant conger (320 ± 30 mg/kg). The colloids exhibit relatively high mobility in saturated sand columns, under conditions commonly observed in groundwater environments. Notably, under all the tested conditions (i.e., varying flow velocity, pH, ionic species and ionic strength), the mass of eluted BDE-209 correlates linearly with that of eluted soil colloids, even though the mobility of the colloids varies markedly depending on the specific hydrodynamic and solution chemistry conditions involved. Additionally, the mass of BDE-209 retained in the columns also correlates strongly with the mass of retained colloids. Apparently, the PBDEs remain bound to soil colloids during transport in porous media. Findings in this study indicate that soil colloids may significantly promote the transport of PBDEs in groundwater by serving as an effective carrier. This might be the reason why the highly insoluble and adsorptive PBDEs are found in groundwater at some PBDE-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Qiao Z, Sun X, Fu M, Zhou S, Han Y, Zhao X, Gong K, Peng C, Zhang W, Liu F, Ye C, Yang J. Co-exposure of decabromodiphenyl ethane and cadmium increases toxicity to earthworms: Enrichment, oxidative stress, damage and molecular binding mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134684. [PMID: 38788581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The increase of electronic waste worldwide has resulted in the exacerbation of combined decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil, posing a serious threat to the safety of soil organisms. However, whether combined exposure increases toxicity remains unclear. Therefore, this study primarily investigated the toxic effects of DBDPE and Cd on earthworms at the individual, tissue, and cellular levels under single and combined exposure. The results showed that the combined exposure significantly increased the enrichment of Cd in earthworms by 50.32-90.42 %. The toxicity to earthworms increased with co-exposure, primarily resulting in enhanced oxidative stress, inhibition of growth and reproduction, intensified intestinal and epidermal damage, and amplified coelomocyte apoptosis. PLS-PM analysis revealed a significant and direct relationship between the accumulation of target pollutants in earthworms and oxidative stress, damage, as well as growth and reproduction of earthworms. Furthermore, IBR analysis indicated that SOD and POD were sensitive biomarkers in earthworms. Molecular docking elucidated that DBDPE and Cd induced oxidative stress responses in earthworms through the alteration of the conformation of the two enzymes. This study enhances understanding of the mechanisms behind the toxicity of combined pollution and provides important insights for assessing e-waste contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinlin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kailin Gong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chunmei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Okeke ES, Nwankwo CE, Ezeorba TPC, Iloh VC, Enochoghene AE. Occurrence and ecotoxicological impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in electronic waste (e-waste) in Africa: Options for sustainable and eco-friendly management strategies. Toxicology 2024; 506:153848. [PMID: 38825032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent contaminants used as flame retardants in electronic products. PBDEs are contaminants of concern due to leaching and recalcitrance conferred by the stable and hydrophobic bromide residues. The near absence of legislatures and conscious initiatives to tackle the challenges of PBDEs in Africa has allowed for the indiscriminate use and consequent environmental degradation. Presently, the incidence, ecotoxicity, and remediation of PBDEs in Africa are poorly elucidated. Here, we present a position on the level of contamination, ecotoxicity, and management strategies for PBDEs with regard to Africa. Our review shows that Africa is inundated with PBDEs from the proliferation of e-waste due to factors like the increasing growth in the IT sector worsened by the procurement of second-hand gadgets. An evaluation of the fate of PBDEs in the African environment reveals that the environment is adequately contaminated, although reported in only a few countries like Nigeria and Ghana. Ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and Soxhlet extraction coupled with specific chromatographic techniques are used in the detection and quantification of PBDEs. Enormous exposure pathways in humans were highlighted with health implications. In terms of the removal of PBDEs, we found a gap in efforts in this direction, as not much success has been reported in Africa. However, we outline eco-friendly methods used elsewhere, including microbial degradation, zerovalent iron, supercritical fluid, and reduce, reuse, recycle, and recovery methods. The need for Africa to make and implement legislatures against PBDEs holds the key to reduced effect on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Deanery of Molecular, Genetic and Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Chidiebele Emmanuel Nwankwo
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Chisom Iloh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
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Han Y, Ling S, Hu S, Shen G, Zhang H, Zhang W. Combined exposure to decabromodiphenyl ether and nano zero-valent iron aggravated oxidative stress and interfered with metabolism in earthworms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172033. [PMID: 38547968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a common brominated flame retardant in electronic waste, and nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a new material in the field of environmental remediation. Little is known about how BDE-209 and nZVI combined exposure influences soil organisms. During the 28 days study, we determined the effects of single and combined exposures to BDE-209 and nZVI on the oxidative stress and metabolic response of earthworms (Eisenia fetida). On day 7, compared to CK, malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in most combined exposure groups. To remove MDA and reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities were induced in most combined exposure groups. On day 28, compared to CK, the activities of SOD and CAT were inhibited, while POD activity was significantly induced, indicating that POD plays an important role in scavenging ROS. Combined exposure to BDE-209 and nZVI significantly affected amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism, purine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways, interfered with energy metabolism, and aggravated oxidative stress in earthworms. These findings provide a basis for assessing the ecological impacts of using nZVI to remediate soils contaminated with BDE-209 from electronic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Genxiang Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Korcz W, Czaja K, Liszewska M, Lewiński R, Słomczyńska A, Struciński P. Decabromodifenyl Ether (BDE-209) in Surface Soils from Warsaw and Surrounding Areas: Characterization of Non-Carcinogenic Risk Associated with Oral and Dermal Exposure. Molecules 2024; 29:2335. [PMID: 38792195 PMCID: PMC11124241 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used for many years as flame retardants. Due to their physicochemical and toxicological properties, they are considered to be persistent organic pollutants (POPs). BDE-209 is the main component of deca-BDE, the one PBDE commercial mixture currently approved for use in the European Union. The aim of this study was to analyse BDE-209 in surface soil samples from Warsaw and surrounding areas (Poland) as an indicator of environmental pollution with PBDEs, and to characterise the associated health risk. A total of 40 samples were analysed using gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-µECD). Concentrations of BDE-209 in soil ranged from 0.4 ng g-1 d.w. (limit of quantification) to 158 ng g-1 d.w. Overall, 52.5% of results were above the method's limit of quantification. The highest levels were found at several locations with heavy traffic and in the vicinity of a CHP plant in the city. The lowest concentrations were observed in most of the samples collected from low industrialized or green areas (<0.4 to 1.68 ng g-1 d.w.). Exposure to BDE-209 was estimated for one of the most sensitive populations, i.e., young children. The following exposure routes were selected: oral and dermal. No risk was found to young children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Korcz
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czaja
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Liszewska
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Lewiński
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Słomczyńska
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Struciński
- Department of Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland
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Xue J, Li X, Chi Y, Gao L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao M, Wei J, Shi Z, Zhou X. Decabromodiphenyl ether induces the chromosome association disorders of spermatocytes and deformation failures of spermatids in mice. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:531-542. [PMID: 38135418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The environmental presence of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), which is toxic to the male reproductive system, is widespread. The current study investigated its mechanism of toxicity in mice. The results showed, that BDE-209 induced DNA damage, decreased the expression of the promoter of meiosis spermatogenesis- and oogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix 1 (Sohlh1), meiosis related-factors Lethal (3) malignant brain tumor like 2 (L3MBTL2), PIWI-like protein 2 (MILI), Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), Cyclin A, synaptonemal complex protein 1 (SYCP1) and synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3), and caused spermatogenic cell apoptosis, resulting in a decrease in sperm quantity and quality. Furthermore, BDE-209 downregulated the levels of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), increased the expression of PIWI-like protein 1 (MIWI) in the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids, and decreased the nuclear levels of RING finger protein 8 (RNF8), ubiquitinated (ub)-H2A/ub-H2B, and Protamine 1 (PRM1)/Protamine 2 (PRM2), while increasing H2A/H2B nuclear levels in spermatids. The reproductive toxicity was persistent for 50 days following the withdrawal of BDE-209 exposure. The results suggested that BDE-209 inhibits the initiation of meiosis by decreasing the expression of Sohlh1. Furthermore, the reduced expression of L3MBTL2 inhibited the formation of chromosomal synaptonemal complexes by depressing the expression of meiosis regulators affecting the meiotic progression and also inhibited histone ubiquitination preventing the replacement of histones by protamines, by preventing RNF8 from entering nuclei, which affected the evolution of spermatids into mature sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Xue
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yafei Chi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Leqiang Gao
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Moxuan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jialiu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology & Department of Epidemiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Department of Toxicology and Hygienic Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Masinga P, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Marumure J, Chaukura N, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in the soil-plant-receptor continuum: transport, fate, health risks, and removal mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:367. [PMID: 38488937 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive reviews tracking emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) within the soil-plant continuum using the source-pathway-receptor-impact-mitigation (SPRIM) framework. Therefore, this review examines existing literature to gain insights into the occurrence, behaviour, fate, health hazards, and strategies for mitigating EOCs within the soil-plant system. EOCs identified in the soil-plant system encompass endocrine-disrupting chemicals, surfactants, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, gasoline additives, flame retardants, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Sources of EOCs in the soil-plant system include the land application of biosolids, wastewater, and solid wastes rich in EOCs. However, less-studied sources encompass plastics and atmospheric deposition. EOCs are transported from their sources to the soil-plant system and other receptors through human activities, wind-driven processes, and hydrological pathways. The behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs within the soil-plant system are discussed, including sorption, degradation, phase partitioning, (bio)transformation, biouptake, translocation, and bioaccumulation in plants. Factors governing the behaviour, persistence, and fate of EOCs in the soil-plant system include pH, redox potential, texture, temperature, and soil organic matter content. The review also discusses the environmental receptors of EOCs, including their exchange with other environmental compartments (aquatic and atmospheric), and interactions with soil organisms. The ecological health risks, human exposure via inhalation of particulate matter and consumption of contaminated food, and hazards associated with various EOCs in the soil-plant system are discussed. Various mitigation measures including removal technologies of EOCs in the soil are discussed. Finally, future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Privilege Masinga
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, Mount Pleasant, P. O. Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Biosystems and Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380 New Adylin, Marlborough, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Chen Y, Xian H, Zhu C, Li Y, Pei Z, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. The transport and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils and moss along mountain valleys in the Himalayas. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133044. [PMID: 38000280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Although the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, studies have demonstrated that certain traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported into the Tibetan Plateau (TP) through the mountain valleys. Herein, we selected five mountain valleys in the Himalayas to investigate novel flame retardants (NFRs), as representative novel POPs, their concentration, distribution, transport behavior, potential sources and ecological risk. The results revealed that total concentrations of 7 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 4.89 to 2853 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil and from not detected (ND) to 4232 pg/g dw in moss. Additionally, total concentrations of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) ranged from ND to 84798 pg/g dw in soil. Among the NFRs, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and tri-phenyl phosphate (TPhP) were the predominant compounds. NBFRs and OPEs concentrations were slightly higher than those in the polar regions. The correlation between different compounds and altitude varies in different areas, indicating that the NFRs distribution in the mountain valleys result from a combination of long-range transport and local sources. The ecological risk assessment using risk quotient (RQs) revealed that TPhP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) exhibited medium or high risks at some sites. This study sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental behaviors of the NFRs in the valleys and highlights the need for increased attention to the ecological risks posed by OPEs in the TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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9
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Li YF, Hao S, Ma WL, Yang PF, Li WL, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Macdonald RW. Persistent organic pollutants in global surface soils: Distributions and fractionations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 18:100311. [PMID: 37712051 PMCID: PMC10498191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and fractionation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in different matrices refer to how these pollutants are dispersed and separated within various environmental compartments. This is a significant study area as it helps us understand the transport efficiencies and long-range transport potentials of POPs to enter remote areas, particularly polar regions. This study provides a comprehensive review of the progress in understanding the distribution and fractionation of POPs. We focus on the contributions of four intermedia processes (dry and wet depositions for gaseous and particulate POPs) and determine their transfer between air and soil. These processes are controlled by their partitioning between gaseous and particulate phases in the atmosphere. The distribution patterns and fractionations can be categorized into primary and secondary types. Equations are developed to quantificationally study the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations of POPs. The analysis results suggest that the transfer of low molecular weight (LMW) POPs from air to soil is mainly through gas diffusion and particle deposition, whereas high molecular weight (HMW) POPs are mainly via particle deposition. HMW-POPs tend to be trapped near the source, whereas LMW-POPs are more prone to undergo long-range atmospheric transport. This crucial distinction elucidates the primary reason behind their temperature-independent primary fractionation. However, the secondary distribution and fractionation can only be observed along a temperature gradient, such as latitudinal or altitudinal transects. An animation is produced by a one-dimensional transport model to simulate conceptively the transport of CB-28 and CB-180, revealing the similarities and differences between the primary and secondary distributions and fractionations. We suggest that the decreasing temperature trend along latitudes is not the major reason for POPs to be fractionated into the polar ecosystems, but drives the longer-term accumulation of POPs in cold climates or polar cold trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON, M2J 3N8, Canada
| | - Shuai Hao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology (PA-HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Robie W. Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
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10
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Xie JF, Wei GL, Zeng LX, Liu LY. Liquid crystal monomers in soils near the e-waste recycling site and liquid crystal display manufacturer: Exponential decrease with distance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 909:168428. [PMID: 37972771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal monomers (LCMs) have been recognized as contaminants of emerging concerns. E-waste recycling sites and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) manufacturers are supposed to be critical sources. However, information regarding LCM contaminations in soils surrounding these sites are currently unavailable. In this study, soil samples were collected from two distinct areas in South China: e-waste recycling area (n = 36) and LCD manufacturer (n = 41), and 60 target LCMs (including 13 biphenyl and analogs (BAs), 10 cyanobiphenyl and analogs (CBAs), and 37 fluorinated biphenyl and analogs (FBAs)) were determined. The concentrations of LCMs in the soils from near the e-waste recycling area (0.32-18 ng/g, average: 4.2 ng/g) were higher than those surrounding the LCD manufacturer (ND - 7.2 ng/g, average: 1.5 ng/g). The compositional profiles of LCMs in soil samples from these two typical point sources were considerably different. The concentrations of FBAs exponentially decreased with distance from the e-waste recycling park, by >90 % within 2 km. The levels of BAs exhibited a similar exponential decrease with distance from the LCD manufacturer. The inventories of LCMs were estimated to be 21.0 kg in the e-waste recycling area and 10.8 kg in the LCD manufacturer area. Remarkably, the inventory of LCMs in soils from e-waste recycling area was one order of magnitude larger than that of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the same region, and 0.2 to 20 times the annual global emissions of LCMs from discarded LCD panels. More studies are required to elucidate the environmental occurrence, behavior, and fate of LCMs in multimedia environment surrounding typical point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong-Feng Xie
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gao-Ling Wei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Li-Xi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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11
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Ma Y, Konecna E, Cline-Cole R, Harrad S, Abdallah MAE. Are UK E-waste recycling facilities a source of environmental contamination and occupational exposure to brominated flame retardants? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165403. [PMID: 37442475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into the impacts of regulated electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities on urban environments in Europe remain rather scarce. In this study, dust samples taken both inside and outside of five UK e-waste recycling facilities were analysed for concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). Average concentrations of ∑BFRs in dust inside and outside UK e-waste recycling facilities were 12,000 ng/g and 180 ng/g, with median concentrations of 7500 ng/g and 85 ng/g, respectively. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the most abundant BFRs in both indoor and kerb dust, making a combined contribution to ∑BFRs of ~90 % on average. While four out of the five studied e-waste facilities showed a lack of significant impact on BFR contamination in surrounding environment, one of the studied e-waste recycling facilities was identified as a likely source of BFR contamination to UK urban environments, with industrial activities as another potential source of NBFRs. Occupational exposure of UK e-waste recycling workers to BFRs via dust ingestion was generally lower than that estimated for e-waste recyclers from other countries, but was comparable to BFR exposure via dust ingestion of UK office workers. Our estimates suggested that health burdens posed by dust ingestion of BFRs were minimal for UK e-waste recycling workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ester Konecna
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Reginald Cline-Cole
- Department of African Studies & Anthropology, School of History and Cultures, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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12
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Wang R, Cheng H, Gong Y, Huang T. New brominated flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in water sediments: A review of contamination characteristics, exposure pathways, ecotoxicological effects and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122121. [PMID: 37385359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
As an alternative to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) has become one of the most important new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). However, little is known about whether this emerging contaminant may has an environmental fate similar to PBDEs. Sediments are the main sink for DBDPE in the aqueous phase. Worldwide concentration data, since it was first found in sediments to date, have been collated, and the following conclusions have been drawn. (1) DBDPE concentrations in sediments have increased rapidly, often with a higher risk of contamination in source discharge areas. Compared with other countries, DBDPE contamination in China is more severe, especially in Guangdong Province, which is closely related to its being an e-waste dismantling area. (2) The amount of DBDPE in surface sediments has exceeded that of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and data recorded in sediment cores also corroborate that DBDPE is replacing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) as one of the most dominant NBFRs in the environment. (3) The exposure pathways of DBDPE include dietary intake, air or indoor dust intake, cutaneous absorption and endogenous exposure. For sediments, dietary exposure and endogenous exposure pathways need to be considered. Sediment DBDPE can enter the human body through bioenrichment such as contaminated seafood and the food chain. (4) DBDPE can exhibit neurotoxicity, thyrotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in organisms. Long-term DBDPE exposure may increase hyperthyroidism risk and inhibit normal cells activity. This review focuses on the distribution characteristics and exposure risks of DBDPE in global water sediments, providing a strong reference for environmental management and related legal policy formulation. The next steps are to focus on continuous source monitoring, process control and sediment clean-up of DBDPE. The development of sustainable water management options for waste microplastics (MPs) and e-waste spiked with DBDPE is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongguang Cheng
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yiwei Gong
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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13
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An Q, Yang L, Yang S, Wang Y, Shi L, Aamir M, Liu W. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in agricultural soils of eastern China (2011-2021): Concentration level, temporal trend, and health risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130631. [PMID: 36586335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been extensively investigated in the terrestrial environment of China. However, little is known about how PBDEs and NBFRs burdens in agricultural soils altered over time. In this study, agricultural soils from different regions of China were collected from 2011 to 2021 to investigate the contamination levels and temporal variation of PBDEs and NBFRs. The concentrations of ∑26PBDEs and ∑5NBFRs ranged from 0.144 to 215 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) and 0.186-144 ng/g (d.w.), with a mean value of 9.27 ng/g (d.w.) and 8.22 ng/g (d.w.), respectively. Among PBDEs and NBFRs, BDE-209 and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the most predominant compounds. The PBDE concentrations did not vary significantly during the past decade, whereas the lower brominated congeners increased with time (doubling times ranged from 5.46 to 8.56 years). Meanwhile, NBFR concentrations increased over time, with concentrations significantly higher in 2021, 2016, and 2013 than in 2011 (p < 0.05). Additionally, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) had doubling times of 6.84, 11.2, and 7.37 years, respectively. Total organic matter (TOC) impacted the distribution and variation of PBDEs (particularly lower-brominated congeners), with soil organic matter (SOM)-sorption showing an increasing and then decreasing trend. Health risk assessment suggested that PBDEs and NBFRs did not pose non-carcinogenic risks to humans. Nevertheless, the long-term health risk of BFRs should be considered. Overall, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze the contamination burdens and temporal trends of PBDEs and NBFRs in Chinese agricultural soils over a long period, providing a fundamental basis for future BFR management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lina Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengchao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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14
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Recycling of Plastics from E-Waste via Photodegradation in a Low-Pressure Reactor: The Case of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Dispersed in Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and Poly(carbonate). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062491. [PMID: 36985461 PMCID: PMC10053933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of plastic waste from electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) remains difficult due to the increasingly stringent regulations on their handling and recovery. This report deals with photodegradation in a low-pressure reactor applying UV-visible light on Decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE or BDE-209) randomly dispersed in commercially available Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and Poly(carbonate) (PC). The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of decomposing a BFR in plastic waste from EEE while maintaining the specifications of the polymeric materials in order to allow for their recycling. The photodegradation of the extracted BFR was monitored using infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. DBDE underwent rapid photodegradation during the first minutes of exposure to UV-visible light and reached degradation yields superior to 90% after 15 min of irradiation. The evaluation of polymer properties (ABS and PC) after irradiation revealed superficial crosslinking effects, which were slightly accelerated in the presence of DBDE. However, the use of a low-pressure reactor avoids large photooxidation and allowed to maintain the thermal and structural properties of the virgin polymers.
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15
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Huang J, Xie G, Wei Q, Su Y, Xu X, Jiang Y. Degradable MXene-Doped Polylactic Acid Textiles for Wearable Biomonitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5600-5607. [PMID: 36563019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Degradable wearable electronics offer a promising route to construct sustainable cities and reduced carbon society. However, the difficult functionalization and the poor stability of degradable sensitive materials dramatically restrict their application in personalized healthcare assessment. Herein, we developed a scalable, low-cost, and porosity degradable MXene-polylactic acid textile (DMPT) for on-body biomonitoring via electrospinning. A combination of polydimethylsiloxane templating and MXene flake impregnation methods endows the fabricated DMPT with a sensitivity of 5.37/kPa, a fast response time of 98 ms, and a good mechanical stability (over 6000 cycles). An efficient degradation of as-electrospun DMPTs was observed in 1 wt % sodium carbonate solution. It is found that the incorporation of MXene nanosheets boosts the hydrophilicity and degradation efficiency of active polylactic acid nanofibrous films in comparison with the pristine counterpart. Furthermore, the as-received DMPT demonstrates great capability in monitoring physiological activities of wrist pulse, knuckle bending, swallowing, and vocalization. This work opens up a new paradigm for developing and optimizing high-performance degradable on-body electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qikun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuanjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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Tholley MS, George LY, Fu M, Qiao Z, Wang G, Ling S, Peng C, Zhang W, Ye C, Liu F, Yang J. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of brominated flame retardants in farmland soils of typical provinces in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137356. [PMID: 36460150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the occurrence, distribution, and potential risks of 4 brominated flame retardants in farmland soils across 18 provinces of China. The total mean concentrations of the BFRs were in order as DBDPE > BDE209 > HBB > TBB. DBDPE concentration was highest at 177.208 ng/kg, revealing its long-term use and persistence across the study areas. In parts of China, DBDPE was highest in the south (Sichuan, Shaanxi and Guangdong provinces), BDE209 was highest in the south (Sichuan province) and north (Jilin province), while HBB was highest in the south (Sichuan province) and east (Anhui and Zhejiang provinces) of China. Comparisons of the results in this study to other reported studies in different regions indicated that the studied BFRs concentrations were higher in the studied provinces of China. Pearson correlation between BFRs revealed both positive and negative associations within the BFRs groups and between BFRs and soil properties (SOM, CEC, pH, EC and PS%). The mean hazard quotients (HQ) of ecological risks ranged from 8.76 × 10-6 to 1.16 × 10-2 (HQ < 1) while non-carcinogenic human health risk evaluation for adults ranged from 7.05 × 10-7 - 7.48 × 10-4 (HQ < 1) and for children 2.99 × 10-4 - 4.30 × 10-2 (HQ < 1). Although the risk evaluations of BFRs from farmland soils in this study were low, the results serve as useful indicators of potential cumulative and long-term threats of BFR to rural areas where there is a high conversion of agricultural lands to non-agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabinty Sarah Tholley
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Lartey Young George
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Chunmei Ye
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
| | - Jie Yang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Urban Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
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17
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van der Schyff V, Kalina J, Govarts E, Gilles L, Schoeters G, Castaño A, Esteban-López M, Kohoutek J, Kukučka P, Covaci A, Koppen G, Andrýsková L, Piler P, Klánová J, Jensen TK, Rambaud L, Riou M, Lamoree M, Kolossa-Gehring M, Vogel N, Weber T, Göen T, Gabriel C, Sarigiannis DA, Sakhi AK, Haug LS, Murinova LP, Fabelova L, Tratnik JS, Mazej D, Melymuk L. Exposure to flame retardants in European children - Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 247:114070. [PMID: 36442457 PMCID: PMC9758617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) have adverse human and environmental health effects. This study reports legacy and emerging FRs in children from nine European countries from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Studies from Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, France, Greece, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Norway conducted between 2014 and 2021 provided data on FRs in blood and urine from 2136 children. All samples were collected and analyzed in alignment with the HBM4EU protocols. Ten halogenated FRs were quantified in blood, and four organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) metabolites quantified in urine. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were infrequently detected (<16% of samples). BDE-47 was quantified in blood from Greece, France, and Norway, with France (0.36 ng/g lipid) having the highest concentrations. BDE-153 and -209 were detected in <40% of samples. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was quantified in blood from four countries, with notably high median concentrations of 16 ng/g lipid in Slovenian children. OPFR metabolites had a higher detection frequency than other halogenated FRs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was quantified in 99% of samples across 8 countries at levels ∼5 times higher than other OPFR metabolites (highest median in Slovenia of 2.43 ng/g lipid). FR concentrations were associated with lifestyle factors such as cleaning frequency, employment status of the father of the household, and renovation status of the house, among others. The concentrations of BDE-47 in children from this study were similar to or lower than FRs found in adult matrices in previous studies, suggesting lower recent exposure and effectiveness of PBDE restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiři Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Liese Gilles
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Argelia Castaño
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Esteban-López
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jiři Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Lenka Andrýsková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Piler
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Loic Rambaud
- Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), Saint-Maurice, 94415, France
| | - Margaux Riou
- Santé Publique France, French Public Health Agency (ANSP), Saint-Maurice, 94415, France
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Chemistry for Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nina Vogel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- IPASUM - Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestrasse 9-11, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Catherine Gabriel
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis A. Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece,HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece,Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Advanced Study, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lucia Fabelova
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, 833 03, Slovakia
| | - Janja Snoj Tratnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Darja Mazej
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic,Corresponding author.
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18
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Liang J, Wang R, Liu H, Xie D, Tao X, Zhou J, Yin H, Dang Z, Lu G. Unintentional formation of mixed chloro-bromo diphenyl ethers (PBCDEs), dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/Fs) from pyrolysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136246. [PMID: 36044966 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the comprehensive investigation for formation pathways of chloro-bromo-mixed products from the pyrolysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In the study, a total of 23 PBDEs with bromination levels from mono-to deca-were selected. Each PBDE standard was sealed in the glass vial and then heated under 450 °C in the muffle furnace to simulate the pyrolysis process. The results demonstrated that PBDEs in the glass vials can unintentionally transform into chloro-bromo diphenyl ethers (PBCDEs) and dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PBCDD/Fs) during the pyrolysis process. Atmosphere pressure gas chromatography (APGC) coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was used to identify these pyrolysis products, which demonstrated that all investigated nPBDEs (n represents the number of bromine substituents) can unintentionally transform into Cl1-(n-1)BDEs, Cl2-(n-2)BDEs, Cl1-(n-1)BDFs, and Cl1-(n-3)BDDs, while some nPBDEs can transform into Cl1-(n-2)PBDD/Fs during pyrolysis. Experimental phenomena assisted with density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Cl atom can substitute at C-Br rather than C-H, and Cl1-(n-1)BDEs can be easily generated by Cl atom attacking at C-Br sites with low energy barriers (3.66-11.9 kcal/mol). In addition, nPBDEs with lower bromination levels are more favorable to generate Cl1-(n-1)BDEs than those with higher bromination levels. Further DFT calculations suggest that PBDEs are preferentially first transformed into Cl1-(n-1)BDEs, then subsequentially transform into PBCDD/Fs. We believe the results of this study can greatly improve our understanding of the transformation mechanism from PBDEs to cholo-bromo-mixed products in thermal treatment processes and provide new insight into controlling the emission of toxic cholo-bromo-mixed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - He Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Danping Xie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xueqin Tao
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jiangmin Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hua Yin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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19
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Yu Y, Lu M, Ge X, Ma S, Liu H, Li G, An T. Composition profiles of halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves from two chemical industrial parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157129. [PMID: 35792269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information available regarding the investigation on typical organic pollutants between the soil and in-situ grown plant leaves. This study is to reveal whether the pollution characteristics of soil and leaves can reflect the long-term and short-term pollution situation, and to find the differences between halogenated flame-retardants in the surface soils and in-situ cypress leaves. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in were investigated in two different industrial parks, which were located at the largest brominated flame-retardant-manufacturing center in Weifang, China. These chemicals were frequently detected with high median concentrations of PBDEs (1.22 × 103 ng/g) and DBDPE (227 ng/g) in the soil samples, and DBDPE (881 ng/g) and PBDEs (461 ng/g) in the in-situ cypress leaves. The DP concentration was 1-4 orders of magnitude lower than the other two chemicals in both the matrices. Different composition profiles of the chemicals in soil and cypress leaves were observed. The PBDEs and DBDPE were found to be the predominant species in soils and cypress leaves, respectively. In comparison, the LG industrial parks had higher concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in both the soils and cypress leaves. No significant correlations were observed for these chemicals between the soil and leaf samples, although significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed for several PBDE congeners among all samples from the industrial parks and a separate industrial park. The results indicated that the soil was not the important source of these chemicals in leaves. A large proportion of DBDPE was preferentially present in cypress leaves, which revealed the situation of recent pollution. The results deepen the understanding of chemical distribution characteristics among different environmental matrices in soils and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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20
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Chen W, Bu T, Li T, Bao J, Wang Y, Hu J, Jin J. Concentration, Distribution and Biomagnification of Novel Brominated Flame Retardant in Grassland Food Chain and Sheep from Inner Mongolia, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12785. [PMID: 36232084 PMCID: PMC9564541 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been of great concern in the past few years due to their ubiquity in the environment and potential bioconcentration characteristics. This study takes Xilingol grassland in Inner Mongolia as the research area to analyze the pollution characteristics of NBFRs (pTBX, HBB, PBT, PBBz, and PBEB) in the grassland food chain. pTBX was more likely to be biomagnified in the food chain of amphibians, reptiles, and birds, whereas PBT and HBB were more likely to be biomagnified in the food chain of mammals. This may be because these animals have different diets and metabolic patterns. According to the concentration distribution of NBFRs in sheep organs and tissues, PBT, HBB, and PBBz easy bioaccumulated in sheep. The biomagnification effect of sheep adipose tissue and internal organs on NBFRs was inconsistent, so the biomagnification of chemicals in organisms cannot be determined only by the biomagnification of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Te Bu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianwei Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junsong Bao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Food and Environmental Health Engineering Center, Beijing 100081, China
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21
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Qiao Z, Lu C, Han Y, Luo K, Fu M, Zhou S, Peng C, Zhang W. Enrichment and removal of five brominated flame retardants in the presence of co-exposure in a soil-earthworm system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119877. [PMID: 35926732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are widely used because of their excellent flame retardant performance and are frequently detected in the soil environment. Their adverse impacts on soil organisms cannot be ignored. The enrichment and removal dynamics of the five BFRs (pentabromotoluene (PBT), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209)) in earthworms and different tissues (epidermis, intestinal tract, and cast) in the presence of co-exposure were explored for the first time. The results showed that the enrichment of the five BFRs in earthworms increased with increasing exposure concentration and time. The distribution of these chemicals in different tissues of earthworms was different. The contents of HBB and PBT in the intestine and epidermis were the highest and were more than 60% during most of the time. Additionally, the contents of BTBPE, BDE209, and DBDPE were significantly increased while the contents of HBB and PBT were significantly decreased in the cast. The correlation analysis indicated that HBB and PBT had a significant relationship in all the tissues, but BDE209 and DBDPE only had a relationship in the cast, which might be attributed to the structure of the pollutants. Additionally, the experiments illustrated that earthworms had strong removal for HBB and PBT, but were weak for DBDPE and BDE209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yanna Han
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Kailun Luo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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22
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Wu X, Zheng X, Yu L, Lu R, Zhang Q, Luo XJ, Mai BX. Biomagnification of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrates to Songbirds: Associations with Physiochemical and Ecological Indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12200-12209. [PMID: 35952373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is affected by physiochemical properties of POPs and ecological factors of wildlife. In this study, influences on species-specific biomagnification of POPs from aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates to eight songbird species were investigated. The median concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in birds were 175 to 13 200 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and 62.7 to 3710 ng/g lw, respectively. Diet compositions of different invertebrate taxa for songbird species were quantified by quantitative fatty acid signature analysis. Aquatic insects had more contributions of more hydrophobic POPs, while terrestrial invertebrates had more contributions of less hydrophobic PCBs in songbirds. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) and trophic magnification factors had parabolic relationships with log KOW and log KOA. The partition ratios of POPs between bird muscle and air were significantly and positively correlated with log KOA of POPs, indicating respiratory elimination as an important determinant in biomagnification of POPs in songbirds. In this study, the species-specific biomagnification of POPs in songbird species cannot be explained by stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen and body parameters of bird species. BMFs of most studied POPs were significantly correlated with proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids in different species of songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lehuan Yu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Ruifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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23
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Ling S, Zhou S, Tan J, Lu C, Fu M, Peng C, Zhang W, Hu S, Lin K, Zhou B. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in sediment from a typical e-waste dismantling region in Southern China: Occurrence, spatial distribution, composition profiles, and ecological risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153813. [PMID: 35182620 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our study evaluated the current occurrence, composition, and spatial distribution of eight congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and seven novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in sediment from Guiyu, a typical e-waste dismantling region in China. PBDEs levels ranged from 0.345 to 401,000 ng/g dw and NBFRs levels ranged from 0.581 to 73,100 ng/g dw. Almost all sediment samples contained high levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE, and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 in sediments ranged from 0.0814 to 2.80 (mean: 0.879). The concentration and composition profiles for BFRs in sediments from both mainstream and tributaries of two major rivers in Guiyu reach (and adjacent downstream locations) differed significantly from those far from Guiyu town. Whereas the high presence of BFRs in Guiyu reflected the historical crude e-waste dismantling activities in the region; the locations far from Guiyu town were likely to receive BFRs from atmospheric deposition, not originated from the region, as BFRs in water-sediment are known to be able to migrate a limited distance along the river. Ecological risk assessment revealed that the low brominated congeners of PBDEs and BDE-209 posed an unacceptable risk to the sedimentary life at multiple locations. Our results updated our knowledge of BFRs contamination in Guiyu, suggesting the necessity of continuous source monitoring, control procedures, and sediment cleanup for BFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shanqi Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaqi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengru Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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24
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Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Abdallah MAE, Cline-Cole R, Harrad S. Formal waste treatment facilities as a source of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters to the environment: A critical review with particular focus on outdoor air and soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150747. [PMID: 34619188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) has generated great concern about their adverse effects on environmental and ecological safety and human health. As well as emissions during use of products containing such chemicals, there are mounting concerns over emissions when such products reach the waste stream. Here, we review the available data on contamination with HFRs and OPEs arising from formal waste treatment facilities (including but not limited to e-waste recycling, landfill, and incinerators). Evidence of the transfer of HFRs and OPEs from products to the environment shows that it occurs via mechanisms such as: volatilisation, abrasion, and leaching. Higher contaminant vapour pressure, increased temperature, and elevated concentrations of HFRs and OPEs in products contribute greatly to their emissions to air, with highest emission rates usually observed in the early stages of test chamber experiments. Abrasion of particles and fibres from products is ubiquitous and likely to contribute to elevated FR concentrations in soil. Leaching to aqueous media of brominated FRs (BFRs) is likely to be a second-order process, with elevated dissolved humic matter and temperature of leaching fluids likely to facilitate such emissions. However, leaching characteristics of OPEs are less well-understood and require further investigation. Data on the occurrence of HFRs and OPEs in outdoor air and soil in the vicinity of formal e-waste treatment facilities suggests such facilities exert a considerable impact. Waste dumpsites and landfills constitute a potential source of HFRs and OPEs to soil, and improper management of waste disposal might also contribute to HFR contamination in ambient air. Current evidence suggests minimal impact of waste incineration plants on BFR contamination in outdoor air and soil, but further investigation is required to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Reginald Cline-Cole
- Department of African Studies & Anthropology, School of History and Cultures, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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25
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Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Tan W. Influences of humic acid on the release of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from plastic waste in landfills under different environmental conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113122. [PMID: 34974360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Landfill-formed humic acid are an important substance in landfill leachate. The effect of landfill-formed humic acid in different environments (temperature and surfactant concentrations) on the release of chemicals from plastic waste remains unknown. In order to explore the pollution release rates of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in different plastic waste, humic acid were used as the extractant to conduct leaching simulation tests to study the effects of time, temperature, and surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)) concentrations on the release of PBDEs in waste. This waste includes polypropylene random pipes (PPRP), polyethylene of raised temperature resistance pipes (PERTP), polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVCP), polypropylene plastic benches (PPB), polypropylene washing machines (PPWM), polystyrene television (PSTV), and flame-retardant acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (FRABS). The leaching amounts of PBDEs had significant linear growth over time. Among them, the leaching amount of PBDEs in daily plastics is lower than dismantling plastics. The rate of leaching of BDE-209 was greater than the other congeners, with a leaching amount of up to 93.10%. Different types of waste exhibited different changes with temperature and surfactants concentrations. Among all the waste types, the leaching amounts of PBDEs in PPRP and PERTP gradually increased with increasing temperature. Surfactants within a certain concentration range can promote the release of PBDEs. The purpose of the research is to explore the dissolution law of PBDEs of different plastic products and the same product in different environment, provides a theoretical basis for the management and risk control of landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Xian H, Hao Y, Lv J, Wang C, Zuo P, Pei Z, Li Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in soil and moss in Mt. Shergyla, southeast Tibetan Plateau: Occurrence, distribution and influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118252. [PMID: 34597735 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on the environmental fate and behavior of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) remains limited, especially in the remote alpine regions. In this study, the concentrations and distributions of NBFRs were investigated in soils and mosses collected from two slopes of Shergyla in the southeast of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), to unravel the environmental behaviors of NBFRs in this background area. The total NBFR concentrations (∑7NBFRs) ranged from 34.2 to 879 pg/g dw in soil and from 72.8 to 2505 pg/g dw in moss. ∑7NBFRs in soil samples collected in 2019 were significantly higher than those in 2012 (p < 0.05). Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant NBFR, accounting for 90% of ∑7NBFRs on average. The ratio of the concentrations in moss and soil showed significantly positive correlations with LogKOA except for DBDPE (p < 0.05), indicating that the role of mosses as accumulators compared to soils are more pronounced for more volatile NBFRs. In addition, the concentrations of NBFRs generally decreased with increasing altitude on the south-facing slope, whereas on the north-facing slope some NBFRs exhibited different trends, suggesting concurrent local and long-range transport sources. Normalization based on total organic carbon/lipid concentrations strengthened the correlation with altitude, implying that the altitude gradient of the mountain slope and forest cover could jointly affect the distribution of NBFRs in the TP. Furthermore, principal components analysis (PCA) with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) showed that the average contribution of the mountain cold trapping effect (MCTE) accounted for the major (77%) contribution and forest filter effect (FFE) has only a modest contribution to the deposition of NBFRs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peijie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zhang Y, Xi B, Tan W. Release, transformation, and risk factors of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from landfills to the surrounding environments: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106780. [PMID: 34314982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) serve as brominated flame retardants when added to various products. When these products reach their end of life, a large amount of domestic waste containing PBDEs enters the landfills. Given their weak chemical bonds, they are easily affected by physical, chemical, and biological processes. These processes result in their release and the subsequent contamination of the surrounding soil, groundwater, and atmosphere, causing harm to humans and ecosystems. However, despite the progress made in the research of PBDEs over the years, understanding of the environmental behavior and fate of pollutants is still limited. With the development of cities, the release of PBDEs in old landfills will gradually increase the risk to the surrounding environment. Here we review the biological and nonbiological transformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in landfills and surrounding areas, as well as their distribution in soil, groundwater, and atmosphere. Specifically, this review aims to provide insights into the following aspects: 1) the biological (plant, animal, and microbial) and nonbiological (metal catalysis and photodegradation) conversion of PBDEs and their derivatives in landfills and surrounding areas; 2) the distribution of landfill-sourced PBDEs in the soil, groundwater, atmosphere and cross-media migration; and 3) suggestions and future research directions for the management and control of PBDEs in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Ling S, Lu C, Peng C, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B. Characteristics of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in water and sediment surrounding two e-waste dismantling regions in Taizhou, eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148744. [PMID: 34323757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A total of 51 water and 43 sediment samples were collected from the locations surrounding the two e-waste dismantling zones in Taizhou, the Fengjiang resource recycling industrial zone (FJ, shut down in 2017) and the Taizhou resource recycling base (TZ, newly constructed in recent years). The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) ranged from 1.7 to 44 ng/L in water and from not detected (nd) to 7100 ng/g in sediment. Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 0.29 to 1.6 ng/L in water, and from nd to 5300 ng/g in sediment. The levels of PBDEs and NBFRs in the water were comparable between FJ and TZ, while their concentrations were higher in the sediment from FJ than those from TZ. The levels of BDE-28, BDE-153, pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBB), ∑PBDEs and ∑BFRs in the water from FJ or TZ were found to be significantly negatively associated with the distance from the zone center. However, in the sediments from FJ and TZ, the BFRs levels did not decrease from the center to the outer regions. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were predominant in the sediments and the ratio of DBDPE/BDE-209 were as high as 5.6 (mean: 0.97). The mass burden of PBDEs, BDE-209, DBDPE, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), and HBB in the riverine sediments in Luqiao District was 829, 787, 363, 85, and 61 kg, respectively. The ecological risk assessment revealed that BDE-99 posed an unacceptable risk to aquatic life at 86% of the locations. The hazard quotients for penta-BDE, BDE-209, and HBB exceeded one for 30%, 28%, and 2.3% of the sediment samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ling
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Liu L, Zhen X, Wang X, Zhang D, Sun L, Tang J. Spatio-temporal variations and input patterns on the legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in coastal rivers of North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117093. [PMID: 33857880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) has been subject to restrictions since 2018 in developed countries but is still manufacturing in China. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is widely used as a replacement for BDE209. To better understand the behaviors and fates of these legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs), water samples were collected from the estuaries of 36 rivers that drain into the Bohai Sea (BS) and North Yellow Sea (NYS) in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that BDE209 was still the predominant compound with a median concentration of 2470 pg L-1, whereas DBDPE had a median concentration of 129 pg L-1. Spatially, relatively high concentrations were observed in the rivers near Laizhou Bay (LB), which is the manufacturing hub of BFRs. BDE209 concentrations were significantly higher in dry season than in wet season, which indicates a dominant process of dilution by precipitation during the wet season. DBDPE concentration showed no significant seasonal difference. This implies that wet deposition was the major additional source of DBDPE during the wet season, and the concentration increased further during the autumn as a result of a time-lag effect. The BFR concentrations in urban rivers were lower than those reported by a study undertaken in August 2013. An increase in the BFR concentrations in rural rivers since 2013 suggested increases in the use and non-point source emissions of BFRs in some remote aquatic environments. The estimated annual inputs of BDE209 and DBDPE into the BS were ∼95.9 kg yr-1 and ∼26.8 kg yr-1, respectively, whereas those into the NYS were ∼24.1 kg yr-1 and ∼8.38 kg yr-1. The results revealed an ecological risk of BDE209 in winter especially in the Xiaoqing River, thus suggesting the impact of BDE209 on the aquatic environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Daochang Zhang
- Yantai Municipal Bureau of Hydrology, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Linting Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), CAS, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Gilmour ME, Lewis PJ, Paige T, Lavers JL. Persistent organic pollutant (POPs) concentrations from great-winged petrels nesting in Western Australia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112396. [PMID: 33894588 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine animals that traverse coastal and offshore environments are potentially exposed to multiple sources of pollution. Baseline data of pollutant concentrations of these fauna are needed in remote areas as human populations grow and economic development increases because changes may affect local wildlife in unforeseen ways. Persistent organic pollutant (POPs) concentrations were quantified in an understudied seabird, the great-winged petrel (Pterodroma macroptera), that breeds in southern Western Australia. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were measured in adults. Total POPs concentrations ranged 5.6-46.4 ng g-1 ww. The most frequently detected POPs were the dichlorodiethyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolite 4,4'DDE, the PCB CB-28, and the BFR polybrominated diphenyl ether BDE-99. These results contribute to the limited POPs data in marine fauna in this remote region, and the Southern Hemisphere, adding to the growing body of evidence that remote regions are affected by global trends of POPs distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Gilmour
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia.
| | - Phoebe J Lewis
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Tanya Paige
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Lavers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia
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Chen D, Liu R, Lin Q, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, Zhang C, An T. Volatile organic compounds in an e-waste dismantling region: From spatial-seasonal variation to human health impact. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130022. [PMID: 33647682 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dismantling of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) can release various Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), impacting the surrounding ambient environment. We investigated the spatio-temporal characteristics and health risks of the ambient VOCs emitted in a typical e-waste dismantling region by conducting multi-site sampling campaigns in four seasons. The pollution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in the e-waste dismantling park has relation to e-waste dismantling by seasonal trend analysis. The highest concentrations of most VOCs occurred in winter and autumn, while the lowest levels were observed in summer and spring. The spatial distribution map revealed the e-waste dismantling park to be a hotspot of BTEX, 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP), and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), while two major residential areas were also the hotspots of BTEX. The e-waste emission source contributed 20.14% to the total VOCs in the e-waste dismantling park, while it was absent in the major residential and rural areas. The cancer risk assessment showed that six VOCs exceeded 1.0 × 10-6 in the e-waste dismantling park, while only three or four compounds exceeded this risk in other areas. The noncancer risks of all compounds were below the safety threshold. This study supplements the existing knowledge on VOC pollution from e-waste dismantling and expands the research scope of chemical pollution caused by e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijin Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- GIS Centre, Ryan Institute and School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Zhang J, Wu X, Guo H, Zheng X, Mai B. Pollution of plastic debris and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in soil from an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Do plastics contribute to (HFRs) in soil? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124649. [PMID: 33261975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site may be a "hotspot" for pollution of plastic debris, which has not been well studied. Eighteen halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were measured in plastics and soil separated from twenty soil samples, respectively, from an abandoned e-waste recycling site. Abundances and concentrations of plastic debris ranged from 600 to 14,200 particles/kg and 0.24-153 mg/g, respectively, which were at the high end in literature. Blue, black, and red were main plastic colors, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) was the main type of plastics. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 209 was the main chemical, with median concentrations of 6.22-40.6 μg/g in soil and 28.1-47.2 μg/g in plastics, respectively. Contributions of HFRs in plastics were less than 10% in total HFR masses in bulk soil samples. Exposure values to HFRs from plastics via soil ingestion and dermal contact with soil were generally two orders of magnitude lower than those from soil. The results indicate that plastics in soil have little contribution to total HFR burden in soil and human exposure risks to HFRs in this study. However, ecological risks of plastics to terrestrial wildlife in e-waste sites should be paid attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiecong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiying Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether Serum Concentrations and Depressive Symptomatology in Pregnant African American Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073614. [PMID: 33807211 PMCID: PMC8037135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
(1) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely produced in the United States until 2004 but remain highly persistent in the environment. The potential for PBDEs to disrupt normal neuroendocrine pathways resulting in depression and other neurological symptoms is largely understudied. This study examined whether PBDE exposure in pregnant women was associated with antenatal depressive symptomatology. (2) Data were collected from 193 African American pregnant women at 8–14 weeks gestation. Serum PBDEs and depressive symptoms were analyzed and a mixture effect was calculated. (3) Urban pregnant African American women in the Southeastern United States had a high risk of depression (27%) compared to the National average. Increased levels of PBDEs were found. BDE-47 and -99 exposures are significantly associated with depressive symptomatology in the pregnant cohort. The weighted body burden estimate of the PBDE mixture was associated with a higher risk of mild to moderate depression using an Edinburgh Depression Scale cutoff score of ≥10 (OR = 2.93; CI 1.18, 7.82). (4) Since antenatal depression may worsen in postpartum, reducing PBDE exposure may have significant clinical implications.
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Jeon JW, Kim CS, Kim HJ, Lee CH, Hwang SM, Choi SD. Spatial distribution, source identification, and anthropogenic effects of brominated flame retardants in nationwide soil collected from South Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116026. [PMID: 33218769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples were collected at 61 sites of the national monitoring network for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in South Korea. The target compounds were brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The mean concentrations of Σ27 PBDEs, Σ3 HBCDDs, and TBBPA in soil were 222, 17.2, and 4.4 ng/g, respectively, but PBBs were not detected. Industrial sites had statistically higher BFR concentrations than suburban sites but no significant difference compared with urban sites. The commercial deca-BDE mixtures were the most likely source of PBDE contamination in the soil samples, with the minor influence of commercial penta-BDE and octa-BDE mixtures. The profiles of HBCDDs in most soil samples differed from those in the powder types of technical HBCDD mixtures, indicating that they are affected by the HBCDDs contained in commercial products and the conversion of HBCDD diastereoisomers (γ-HBCDD to α-HBCDD) in the environment. The concentrations of Σ27 PBDEs, Σ3 HBCDDs, and TBBPA were significantly correlated with population density, gross domestic product, and the number of companies (p < 0.01), indicating a direct impact of anthropogenic activities. Significant correlations among BFRs were determined (0.63 < r < 0.74, p < 0.01), suggesting that these pollutants had similar sources. Relatively good correlations (0.44 < r < 0.98, p < 0.01) between BDE-209 and other light BDEs (except for BDE-71, -77, -126, -156, and -205) might result from the degradation of heavy BDEs under anaerobic and natural sunlight conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the most comprehensive soil monitoring data for various BFRs in South Korea. Furthermore, it is the first report on soil contamination by deca-BDE, HBCDDs, and TBBPA in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeon
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Kim
- UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; UNIST Environmental Analysis Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Han Y, Cheng J, He L, Zhang M, Ren S, Sun J, Xing X, Tang Z. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils from Tianjin, North China: distribution, health risk, and temporal trends. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1177-1191. [PMID: 32607699 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Available information is still insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of the global distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment. In particular, little is known about the changing trend of their distribution in urban soils. We conducted a survey of 21 PBDEs in urban soils from Tianjin, China. The chemicals were widely present in the area and summed concentrations ranged from 0.65 to 108 ng/g in soil, indicating low to moderate levels of pollution relative to other areas. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, contributing 88.9% of the concentrations of total soil PBDEs. Source assessment indicated that soil PBDEs in the area were mainly derived from the release of commercial deca-BDE from local industrial production processes and consumer products. We found that the soil concentrations of PBDEs appear to have declined in recent years, compared with other previous reports in this region. However, more studies are needed on this possible change trend of PBDE pollution, especially its impact on human health, although their calculated non-carcinogenic health risks in this study were low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lei He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610101, China
| | - Minna Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shan Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiangyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Yao B, Luo Z, Zhi D, Hou D, Luo L, Du S, Zhou Y. Current progress in degradation and removal methods of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from water and soil: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123674. [PMID: 33264876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment has caused rising concerns, and it is an urgent endeavor to find a proper way for PBDEs remediation. Various techniques such as adsorption, hydrothermal and thermal treatment, photolysis, photocatalytic degradation, reductive debromination, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and biological degradation have been developed for PBDEs decontamination. A comprehensive review of different PBDEs remediation techniques is urgently needed. This work focused on the environmental source and occurrence of PBDEs, their removal and degradation methods from water and soil, and prospects for PBDEs remediation techniques. According to the up-to-date literature obtained from Web of Science, it could be concluded that (i) photocatalysis and photocatalytic degradation is the most widely reported method for PBDEs remediation, (ii) BDE-47 and BDE-209 are the most investigated PBDE congeners, (iii) considering the recalcitrance nature of PBDEs and more toxic intermediates could be generated because of incomplete degradation, the combination of different techniques is the most potential solution for PBDEs removal, (iv) further researches about the development of novel and effective PBDEs remediation techniques are still needed. This review provides the latest knowledge on PBDEs remediation techniques, as well as future research needs according to the up-to-date literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yao
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zirui Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dan Zhi
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Shizhi Du
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Islam MT, Nizami MSH, Mahmoudi S, Huda N. Reverse logistics network design for waste solar photovoltaic panels: A case study of New South Wales councils in Australia. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:386-395. [PMID: 33023422 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20962837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Waste solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are considered as one of the fastest-growing future waste streams under the category of large electronic waste (e-waste). The lifespan of solar panels varies from 20 to 30 years, and an appropriate reverse logistics network design is essential to manage the waste stream efficiently once their lifetime expires. Mixed-integer programming-based RL model is proposed in this paper for New South Wales, Australia that minimizes the overall cost by identifying optimal locations and sizing of the collection points while determining optimal capacities for recycling facilities. Using the historical data (2001-2017) on the installed capacity of solar panels in the state, the potential waste generation (at council-level) is estimated and optimized solutions are proposed for the year 2047. The results of the study show that the highest waste solar PV will be generated at Murrumbidgee, Berrigan, Balranald, and Bogan councils. Out of 129 councils in the state, the model identifies 78 optimized-locations of the collection points that would be required in the councils. In the councils of Newcastle, Narrandera and Wagga Wagga, three major recycling facilities would need to be established. This is the first systematic attempt in designing an optimized RL network in Australia focusing on waste solar PV. Policy-makers will find this research highly valuable in decision-making on local recycling infrastructure development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sajjad Mahmoudi
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nazmul Huda
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Zhao X, Chen T, Yang B, Wang D, Sun W, Wang Y, Yang X, Wen S, Li J, Shi Z. Serum levels of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in residents of a major BFR-producing region: Occurrence, impact factors and the relationship to thyroid and liver function. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111467. [PMID: 33080422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Five currently used novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in 172 serum samples collected from nonoccupational residents of a major BFR-producing region. All the 5 NBFRs presented high detection frequencies (DFs, >90%), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a substitute of decabrominated diphenyl ethers (deca-BDE), was the most abundant NBFR. The levels of DBDPE were from <LOD to 1590 ng/g lw, with a median level of 32.5 ng/g lw. The median levels of other NBFRs were from 0.134 to 2.87 ng/g lw, which were at least 10 times lower than that of DBDPE. Moreover, a comparison to other studies showed that our results were significantly higher than studies conducted in background population. The levels of some NBFRs adjusted by serum lipid showed negative and significant correlation with BMI, whereas the difference disappeared when NBFRs levels were calculated based on serum volume. Certain NBFRs in female showed significantly higher concentrations than those in male. No significant effect of age, smoking habit, education level and children birth (in female) on serum NBFR levels was observed. The relationship between the serum levels of NBFRs and a series of thyroid/liver injury biomarkers was further analyzed to evaluate the health effects of these NBFRs to human being. Results showed that a 10-fold increment in the serum DBDPE level was associated with decreased total triiodothyronine (TT3) level (-0.037 nmol/L) [95% CI: -0.070, -0.003], whereas serum pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) level was associated with increased total triiodothyronine (TT3) level (0.031 nmol/L) [95% CI: 0.001, 0.060]. For liver indicators, a 10-fold increment in the serum level of PBT was associated with decreased Ln aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) level (-0.068) [95% CI: -0.129, -0.007]. A 10-fold increment in the serum level of BTBPE was associated with increased TBIL level (0.869 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.175, 1.564], direct bilirubin (DBIL) level (0.231 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.075, 0.388] and IDBIL level (0.638 μmol/L) [95% CI: 0.091, 1.185]. Our findings indicate that BFR production is posing heavy BFR contamination to surrounding environment and human being, and which might relate to thyroid disruption and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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McGrath TJ, Kolobaric A, Lee E, Clarke BO. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in Western Australian biosolids and implications for land application. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127601. [PMID: 32688318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the prevalence of eight priority polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; -28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209) and six novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs; pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), hexabromobenzene (HBB), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)) in biosolids samples from 15 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Western Australia. Analytes were extracted using selective pressurized liquid extraction (S-PLE) and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) operated in electron impact (EI) ionization mode. ∑8PBDE levels in biosolids ranged from 11 to 18,000 μg/kg dw with a median concentration of 1800 μg/kg dw. BDE-209 was the most prevalent congener constituting a median of 98% of ∑8PBDE concentrations in samples with BDE-99, -47 and -100 each typically contributing less than 3% to total levels. NBFRs were detected in 71% of samples with ∑6NBFR levels ranging between ND-1100 μg/kg dw (median; 600 μg/kg dw). Levels of DBDPE greatly exceeded those of all other NBFRs, while the next most prevalent compounds were EH-TBB and HBB. Australia produced approximately 327,000 dry tonnes of biosolids in 2017, of which approximately 75% was beneficially utilized on farmland as a fertilizer. Based on these results, an estimated 440 kg of BDE-209 and 150 kg of DBDPE are applied to agricultural land via biosolids applications annually in Australia. This study provides the first account of NBFR concentrations in Australian biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McGrath
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Elliot Lee
- Water Corporation, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, WA, 6007, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Islam MT, Dias P, Huda N. Waste mobile phones: A survey and analysis of the awareness, consumption and disposal behavior of consumers in Australia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 275:111111. [PMID: 32829262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world and waste mobile phone (WMP) represents a significant portion of the stream. Consumer awareness, consumption, and disposal behavior are of importance to assist in the implementation the circular economy. In Australia, some 94% of the adult population has a mobile phone, and the only WMP collection and recycling program in the country - "MobileMuster" is operating under a voluntary scheme. This study reveals consumers' familiarity with the program, current consumption, and disposal behavior concerning mobile phones from a survey implemented in Sydney, Australia. In addition to descriptive analysis, statistical analysis (with the Chi-square test of independence and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR)) identifies factors that influenced the behaviors. The results show that only one-third of the respondents (32.42%) were aware of the program, and that there are 3.65 mobile phones in use per household, with an average possession lifespan of 3.17 years (including storage). Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between age and possession of mobile phones, and respondents discard or change their mobile phones while they were still working or repairable. The main reasons for disposing of mobile phones relate to them being either damaged/not functioning, lacking additional features, or having a backdated capacity. Storing (hoarding) mobile phones after active use was found predominant, and, more specifically, respondents aged 18-24 and 25-29 preferred to store their WMPs instead of taking them to collection points. The results reveal a need for environmental awareness-raising campaigns concerning WMPs recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Dias
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nazmul Huda
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Lewis PJ, McGrath TJ, Chiaradia A, McMahon CR, Emmerson L, Allinson G, Shimeta J. A baseline for POPs contamination in Australian seabirds: little penguins vs. short-tailed shearwaters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111488. [PMID: 32738640 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While globally distributed throughout the world's ecosystems, there is little baseline information on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in marine environments in Australia and, more broadly, the Southern Hemisphere. To fill this knowledge gap, we collected baseline information on POPs in migratory short-tailed shearwaters (Ardenna tenuirostris) from Fisher Island, Tasmania, and resident little penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Phillip Island, Victoria. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were determined from blood samples, with total contamination ranging 7.6-47.7 ng/g ww for short-tailed shearwaters and 0.12-46.9 ng/g ww for little penguins. In both species contamination followed the same pattern where PCBs>OCPs>BFRs. BFR levels included the presence of the novel flame retardant hexabromobenzene (HBB). These novel results of POPs in seabirds in southeast Australia provide important information on the local (penguins) and global (shearwaters) distribution of POPs in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe J Lewis
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia.
| | - Thomas J McGrath
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Andre Chiaradia
- Conservation Department, Phillip Island Nature Parks, Victoria 3925, Australia
| | - Clive R McMahon
- IMOS Animal Tagging, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay, Mosman 2088, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Purchase D, Abbasi G, Bisschop L, Chatterjee D, Ekberg C, Ermolin M, Fedotov P, Garelick H, Isimekhai K, Kandile NG, Lundström M, Matharu A, Miller BW, Pineda A, Popoola OE, Retegan T, Ruedel H, Serpe A, Sheva Y, Surati KR, Walsh F, Wilson BP, Wong MH. Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare Earth elements), and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern, due to widespread illegal shipments; weak environmental, as well as health and safety, regulations; lack of technology; and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan, and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora, and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders seeking to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology , Middlesex University , The Burroughs , London NW4 4BT , UK
| | | | - Lieselot Bisschop
- Erasmus Initiative on Dynamics of Inclusive Prosperity & Erasmus School of Law , Erasmus University Rotterdam , P.O. Box 1738 – 3000 DR , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Debashish Chatterjee
- Faculty of Analytical Chemistry , University of Kalyani , Kalyani , Nadia , 741235 , India
| | - Christian Ekberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Materials Recycling , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Mikhail Ermolin
- National University of Science and Technology “MISiS” , 4 Leninsky Prospect , Moscow , 119049 , Russia
| | - Petr Fedotov
- V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 19 Kosygin Street , Moscow , 119991 , Russia
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology , Middlesex University , The Burroughs , London NW4 4BT , UK
| | - Khadijah Isimekhai
- Ateda Ventures Limited , P.P. Box 13394 , Benin City , Edo State , Nigeria
| | - Nadia G. Kandile
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women , Ain Shams University , Heliopolis , 11757 , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mari Lundström
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16200 , AALTO , Finland
| | - Avtar Matharu
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | | | - Antonio Pineda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IVa, Km 396 , Córdoba , E-14014 , Spain
| | - Oluseun E. Popoola
- Department of Chemical Science , Yaba College of Technology , Lagos , Nigeria
| | - Teodora Retegan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nuclear Chemistry and Industrial Materials Recycling , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 , Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Heinz Ruedel
- Department Environmental Specimen Bank and Elemental Analysis , Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (Fraunhofer IME) , Schmallenberg , 57392 , Germany
| | - Angela Serpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR) and INSTM Unit , University of Cagliari and Environmental Geology and Geoengineering Institute of the National Research Council (IGAG-CNR) , Via Marengo 2 , Cagliari , 09123 , Italy
| | | | - Kiran R. Surati
- Department of Chemistry , Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Anand , Gujarat , 388120 , India
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Maynooth University , Maynooth , Co Kildare , Ireland
| | - Benjamin P. Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering (CMET), School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16200 , AALTO , Finland
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control , Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong , Tai Po , Hong Kong , China
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Ge X, Ma S, Zhang X, Yang Y, Li G, Yu Y. Halogenated and organophosphorous flame retardants in surface soils from an e-waste dismantling park and its surrounding area: Distributions, sources, and human health risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105741. [PMID: 32305741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling is an important source of flame retardant emissions, and may have potentially adverse effects on surrounding area. This study investigated their influence on the surrounding area and the human health risks after an industrial park was built in 2015 and environmentally friendly technologies were introduced at an e-waste dismantling site in South China. The concentrations of flame retardants, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybromobenzenes (PBBzs), Dechlorane plus (DP), and organophosphate esters (OPEs), in the soils were measured. The results showed that soil contamination was greater in the industrial park than in the surrounding area. The PBDE concentrations were the highest with BDE209, a daca-BDE, being the dominant congener, followed by OPEs, where triphenyl phosphate levels were the highest. Furthermore, triphenyl phosphate can be used as an indicator of flame retardant emissions during e-waste dismantling in this region. The fanti value of DP was stable at around 0.75. The principal component analysis showed that direct emission was the major source of pollutants in the industrial park. The direct emission proportion decreased in the surrounding area, but migration and transformation increased. None of the chemicals posed a non-carcinogenic risks to children and adults via oral uptake or dermal contact when the absorption factors of the chemicals were included in the estimation. However, the total hazard quotients for children were close to a unit in the industrial park, of which, the PBDE and OPE proportions accounted for 84.2% and 15.8% of the total, respectively. However, the PBBz and DP percentages were negligible. Therefore, PBDEs and OPEs should be given more attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ge
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Orta OR, Wesselink AK, Bethea TN, Claus Henn B, McClean MD, Sjödin A, Baird DD, Wise LA. Correlates of plasma concentrations of brominated flame retardants in a cohort of U.S. Black women residing in the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136777. [PMID: 32018967 PMCID: PMC7268778 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are brominated flame retardant chemicals detectable in the environment and U.S. population, and are associated with adverse health outcomes over the life course. Correlates of these organic pollutants are understudied among U.S. Black women. METHODS Using baseline data from a prospective cohort study of U.S. Black women aged 23-35 years from the Detroit area of Michigan (2010-2012), we examined correlates of PBDEs and PBB-153. Non-fasting blood samples were collected from 742 participants at enrollment, a subset of women selected for a case-cohort study of environmental chemicals. Data on socio-demographics, behaviors, diet, medical history, and early-life exposures were collected via self-administered questionnaires, telephone interviews, and in-person clinic visits. We fit linear regression models to calculate percent differences and 95% confidence intervals in lipid adjusted plasma concentrations of 11 individual PBDE congeners and PBB-153 for each baseline predictor. RESULTS In models adjusted for all other correlates, a 5-year increase in age was inversely associated with most PBDE congeners (% differences ranged from 6 to 15% lower), and was positively associated with PBB-153 (52% higher). A 5-kg/m2 increase in BMI was inversely associated with PBDE-153 and PBB-153 (16% lower for both), and 6% higher for PBDE-28. Compared with having never been breastfed in infancy, ≥3 months of breastfeeding in infancy was associated with 69% higher PBB-153 concentrations. Lower education, current smoking, and heavy alcohol use were associated with higher plasma concentrations of most flame retardants. Diet was not an important predictor. CONCLUSION Important correlates for elevated body burdens of PBB-153 were increasing age and a history of having been breastfed in infancy. Education, smoking, and heavy alcohol use were important predictors of elevated body burdens of most flame retardants. This study fills an important gap in the environmental health literature by focusing on an understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Orta
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Amelia K Wesselink
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Traci N Bethea
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D McClean
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donna D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Fan F, Zhao L, Yun Z, Wu Z, Hou H. In-situ degradation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from thermal desorption off-gas over structured Fe-based/γ-Al 2O 3/Al plate-type catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121251. [PMID: 31581007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption was an efficient method for removal of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) from contaminated soil, but some less brominated diphenyl ethers (tri- to hepta-BDEs) with high toxicity were detected in the effluent gas. Herein, a novel anodic alumina supported Fe-based catalyst was developed and applied for in-situ degradation of gaseous polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The produced Fe/γ-Al2O3/Al catalyst was able to degrade PBDEs in the effluent gas, while a low activity with degradation efficiency of 70.1% was observed. As such, Cu was added into the Fe-based catalyst, and the effects of Cu loading on gaseous PBDEs degradation were systematically examined. A proper copper loading was found to increase the active Fe3O4 sites, thus improving the catalytic activity. Meanwhile, the degradation of gaseous PBDEs by Fe-based catalysts follows a pseudo-first-order model. A 90.2% PBDEs degradation efficiency was achieved at 375 °C on the optimized Fe/Cu/γ-Al2O3/Al catalyst, which demonstrated that the anodic alumina supported Fe and Cu was an excellent catalyst for gaseous PBDEs degradation system. Thus, this study provides a promising method and catalyst to achieve in-situ degradation of gaseous PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyue Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhichao Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Hong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
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Sardiña P, Leahy P, Metzeling L, Stevenson G, Hinwood A. Emerging and legacy contaminants across land-use gradients and the risk to aquatic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133842. [PMID: 31426001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Information on potentially harmful emerging and legacy chemicals is essential to understand the risks to the environment and inform regulatory actions. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence, concentration, and distribution of emerging and legacy contaminants across a gradient of land-use intensity and determine the risk posed to aquatic ecosystems. The land-use intensity gradient considered was: background/undeveloped < low-intensity agriculture < high-intensity agriculture < urban residential < urban industrial. Twenty-five sites were sampled for surface water, sediment, and soil. A total of 218 chemicals were analyzed: pesticides, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), phthalates, and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The risk posed by the analyzed chemicals to the aquatic environment was measured using hazard quotients (HQs), which were calculated by dividing the maximum measured environmental concentration by a predicted no-effect concentration for each chemical. A HQ > 1 was considered to indicate a high risk of adverse effects from the given chemical. A total of 68 chemicals were detected: 19 pesticides, 18 PFAS, 28 PBDEs, two phthalates, and SCCPs (as total SCCPs). There were no significant differences in the overall chemical composition between land uses. However, the insecticide bifenthrin, PFAS, PBDEs, and phthalates were more frequently found in samples from residential and/or industrial sites, suggesting urban land uses are hotspots and potential large-scale sources of these chemicals. Nineteen chemicals had a HQ > 1; most had a restricted spatial distribution limited to high-intensity agriculture and industrial sites in Melbourne. Bifenthrin and the perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) had the highest HQs in residential and industrial sites, suggesting an increased risk to aquatic ecosystems in urban settings. The results of this study will enhance future research, predictive methods, and effective targeting of monitoring, and will help guide regulatory management actions and mitigation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sardiña
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia.
| | - Paul Leahy
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia.
| | - Leon Metzeling
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia.
| | - Gavin Stevenson
- National Measurement Institute, 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
| | - Andrea Hinwood
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia.
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Chou TH, Ou MH, Wu TY, Chen DY, Shih YH. Temporal and spatial surveys of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contamination of soil near a factory using PBDEs in northern Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124117. [PMID: 31323549 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), previously commonly used as flame retardants, should be monitored in the environment since some are listed as persistent organic pollutants. A contaminated site near a northern Taiwan factory using decabrominated diphenyl ether (deca-BDE) was identified based on a vegetable PBDEs monitoring project in 2013. The subsequent spatial and temporal survey of that contaminated site shows the contamination ingredients in soils were close to ones used by the factory, indicating that contamination was from the factory, possibly through an exhaust vent. The average concentration of deca-BDE in the main contaminated soil was 615 μg/kg d. w. (dry weight) soil in 2015, slightly decreasing to 604 μg/kg d. w. soil in 2016, increasing to 844 μg/kg d. w. soil in 2017, and then slightly decreasing to 670 μg/kg d. w. soil in 2018. The slight change of deca-BDE and the minor change in low brominated congener level indicate a low degradation rate. The contamination of peripheral sites was around 5000 μg/kg d. w. soil for one PBDEs sampling site that was higher than those around or within the main contaminated farm, indicating serious pollution. Concentrations of PBDEs in different soil depths show that depth 2-15 cm accounted for the greatest PBDEs accumulation, indicating that deca-BDE pollution had been present over time and transported into deeper soil. There can be PBDEs uptake by crops consumed by humans, as shown in our previous studies, so continuous monitoring of PBDEs in this site is important and treatments should be established urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ho Chou
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Han Ou
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tien-Yu Wu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - De-Yu Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yang-Hsin Shih
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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Fang L, Xu L, Li J, Huang LZ. Copper nanoparticles/graphene modified green rusts for debromination of tetrabromobisphenol A: Enhanced galvanic effect, electron transfer and adsorption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:275-283. [PMID: 31132707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combined effect of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) on the reactivity of green rust (GR) towards reductive debromination of tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA) has been systematically investigated. The removal efficiency of TBBPA increased from 28.78% to 44.70% and the pseudo first-order rate constant (kobs) increased from 0.002 min-1 to 0.004 min-1 when the content of Cu NPs in GRSO4-Cu NPs increased from 0% to 0.5%. Cu NPs enhanced the reductive reactivity of GR via formation of a galvanic cell and Cu0/Cu+ redox cycle. The adsorption capacity of RGO towards TBBPA was 13.75 mg/g. The pseudo first-order rate constant for TBBPA removal increased from 0.0341 min-1 to 0.0866 min-1 when the RGO content increased from 0 to 2% in GR-Cu NPs-RGO. RGO enhanced the debromination efficiency via enhancing the adsorption of TBBPA and accelerating electron transfer amongst GR, Cu NPs and TBBPA. The increased corrosion current demonstrates the enhanced electron transfer by RGO in GR-Cu NPs galvanic cell. Six-electron transfer process of TBBPA reduction was revealed by rotating disk electrode analysis, which was in line with the final debromination products (Mono-BPA) determined by ion chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Fang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental Science & Technology, No. 808, Tianyuan Road, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ji Li
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, No. 388, Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li-Zhi Huang
- School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 8, East Lake South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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49
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Peng Y, Wu J, Luo X, Zhang X, Giesy JP, Mai B. Spatial distribution and hazard of halogenated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls to common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) from a region of South China affected by electronic waste recycling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104952. [PMID: 31260929 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported bioaccumulation of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in wildlife from electronic waste (e-waste) recycling sites. However, the concentrations and hazards of HFRs and PCBs in wildlife from non-e-waste sites which were not involved in any known e-waste recycling activities in the e-waste-impacted region are still unclear. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alternative HFRs (AHFRs; including dechlorane plus, decabromodiphenyl ethane, and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane), and PCBs were quantified in common kingfishers (Alcedo atthis) from a region affected by e-waste recycling in South China, and potential adverse effects were evaluated. Concentrations of ∑PBDEs and ∑PCBs in kingfishers ranged from 2.1 × 103-1.3 × 105 ng/g lipid mass (lm) and 2.1 × 103-1.5 × 106 ng/g lm, respectively. At e-waste recycling sites, these concentrations were 100- to 1000-fold greater than those in kingfishers from non-e-waste areas, where concentrations of ∑PBDEs and ∑PCBs were 16-1.2 × 103 and 39-3.0 × 103 ng/g lm, respectively. Concentrations of ∑AHFRs in kingfishers from e-waste sites and non-e-waste sites ranged from 8.5 to 3.6 × 102 and 0.8-2.9 × 102 ng/g lm, respectively. The greatest concentrations of PCBs in kingfishers were measured from the e-waste sites. Additionally, kingfishers from four non-e-waste sites in the vicinity of e-waste sites had greater PCB concentrations compared to the other six non-e-waste sites. Concentrations of AHFRs were negatively and significantly correlated with distance from an e-waste site, which indicated that AHFRs from non-e-waste sites might be influenced by point sources. Further, a significant (r2 = 0.53, p = 0.02) positive correlation between human population density and concentrations of ∑PBDEs in kingfishers from non-e-waste sites was observed. Concentrations of either PBDEs or PCBs from e-waste sites might pose severe, adverse reproductive effects to kingfishers, while the potential for adverse effects of PBDEs and PCBs to kingfishers from most non-e-waste sites seemed minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiangping Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Abbasi G, Li L, Breivik K. Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6330-6340. [PMID: 31083912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first spatially and temporally resolved inventory of BDE28, 47, 99, 153, 183, and 209 in the anthroposphere and environment is presented here. The stock and emissions of PBDE congeners were estimated using a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE. To evaluate our results, the emission estimates were used as input to the BETR-Global model. Estimated concentrations were compared with observed concentrations in air from background areas. The global (a) in-use and (b) waste stocks of ∑5BDE(28, 47, 99, 153, 183) and BDE209 are estimated to be (a) ∼25 and 400 kt and (b) 13 and 100 kt, respectively, in 2018. A total of 6 (0.3-13) and 10.5 (9-12) kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209, respectively, has been emitted to the atmosphere by 2018. More than 70% of PBDE emissions during production and use occurred in the industrialized regions, while more than 70% of the emissions during waste disposal occurred in the less industrialized regions. A total of 70 kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209 was recycled within products since 1970. As recycling rates are expected to increase under the circular economy, an additional 45 kt of PBDEs (mainly BDE209) may reappear in new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Abbasi
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
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