1
|
Hu S, Li X, Li G, Li Z, He F, Tian G, Zhao X, Liu R. New Species and Cytotoxicity Mechanism of Halohydroxybenzonitrile Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15816-15826. [PMID: 39166926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c06163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, seven dihalohydroxybenzonitriles (diHHBNs) have been determined as concerning nitrogenous aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. Herein, eight new monohalohydroxybenzonitriles (monoHHBNs), including 3-chloro-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-iodo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, and 3-iodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, were detected and identified in drinking water for the first time. Thereafter, the relative concentration-cytotoxicity contribution of each HHBN was calculated based on the acquired occurrence level and cytotoxicity data in this study, the genome-scale cytotoxicity mechanism was explored, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed. Results indicated that new monoHHBNs were present in drinking water at concentrations of 0.04-1.83 ng/L and exhibited higher cytotoxicity than some other monohalogenated aromatic DBPs. Notably, monoHHBNs showed concentration-cytotoxicity contribution comparable to diHHBNs, which have been previously identified as potential toxicity drivers in drinking water. Transcriptomic analysis revealed immunotoxicity and genotoxicity as dominant cytotoxicity mechanisms for HHBNs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, with potential carcinogenic effects. The QSAR model suggested oxidative stress and cellular uptake efficiency as important factors for their cytotoxicity, highlighting the importance of potential iodinated HHBNs in drinking water, such as 3,5-diiodo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, for future studies. These findings are meaningful for better understanding the health risk and toxicological significance of HHBNs in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guangzhao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Falin He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guang Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xingchen Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Zhai H, Luo J, Hou R. A new concern raised from algal bloom: Organic chloramines in chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121894. [PMID: 38880013 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Algal blooms have become a significant challenge in water treatment all over the world. In chlorination of drinking water, algal organic matter (AOM) leads to the formation of organic chloramines. The objectives of this review are to comprehensively summarize and discuss the up-to-date researches on AOM-derived organic chloramines and their chemical activities and toxicity, thereby drawing attention to the potentially chemical and hygienic risks of organic chloramines. The predominant algal species in water sources varied with location and season. AOM from cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms are composed of diverse composition. AOM-derived amino acids take a low portion of the precursors of organic chloramines. Both experimental kinetic data and quantum chemical calculation demonstrate the preferential formation of organic chloramines in the chlorination of model compounds (amino acids and peptides). Organic chloramines are persistent in water and can transform into dichloro- and trichloro-organic chloramines, unknown low-molecular-weight organic chloramines, and nitrogenous disinfection byproducts with the excess of free chlorine. The active chlorine (Cl+) in organic chloramines can lead to the formation of chlorinated phenolic compounds. Organic chloramines influence the generation and species of radicals and subsequent products in UV disinfection. Theoretical predictions and toxicological tests suggest that organic chloramines may cause oxidative or toxic pressure to bacteria or cells. Overall, organic chloramines, as one group of high-molecular-weight disinfection byproducts, have relatively long lifetimes, moderate chemical activities, and high hygienic risks to the public. Future perspectives of organic chloramines are suggested in terms of quantitative detection methods, the precursors from various predominant algal species, chemical activities of organic chloramines, and toxicity/impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Jiacheng Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ruixin Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Zou M, Pei H, Chen C, Huang Y, Xiong L, Wu Q, Qiao R, Sun X, Li L, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang G. Nontargeted Analysis of Coumarins in Source Water and Their Formation of Chlorinated Coumarins as DBPs in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7543-7553. [PMID: 38632926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Coumarin was detected as one of the most abundant compounds by nontargeted analysis of natural product components in actual water samples prior to disinfection. More importantly, prechlorination of humic acid generated 3-hydroxycoumarin and monohydroxy-monomethyl-substituted coumarin with a total yield of ≤10.1%, which suggested the humic substance in raw water is an important source of coumarins. 7-Hydroxycoumarin, 6-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were identified in raw water by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry because only some coumarin standards were commercially available. Their chlorination generated monochlorinated and polychlorinated coumarins, and their structures were confirmed by the synthesized standards. These products could form at various dosages of chlorine and pH levels, and some with a concentration of 600 ng/L can be stable in tap water for days. 3,6,8-Trichloro-7-hydroxycoumarin, 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin, and 3,6-dichloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin were first identified in finished water with concentrations of 0.0670, 78.1, and 14.7 ng/L, respectively, but not in source water, suggesting that they are new DBPs formed during disinfection. The cytotoxicity of 3-chloro-7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin in CHO-K1 cells was comparable to those of 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone in TIC-Tox analyses, suggesting that further investigation of their occurrence and control in drinking water systems is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Meng Zou
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Rongrong Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Detection and Traceability Technology of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria for Jiangsu Province Market Regulation, Nanjing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Functional Molecules, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110142, China
| | - Guang Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lei X, Xie Z, Sun Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Recent progress in identification of water disinfection byproducts and opportunities for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122601. [PMID: 37742858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed from reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter during water disinfection. More than seven hundred DBPs that have been identified in disinfected water, only a fraction of which are regulated by drinking water guidelines, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. Toxicity assessments have demonstrated that the identified DBPs cannot fully explain the overall toxicity of disinfected water; therefore, the identification of unknown DBPs is an important prerequisite to obtain insights for understanding the adverse effects of drinking water disinfection. Herein, we review the progress in identification of unknown DBPs in the recent five years with classifications of halogenated or nonhalogenated, aliphatic or aromatic, followed by specific halogen groups. The concentration and toxicity data of newly identified DBPs are also included. According to the current advances and existing shortcomings, we envisioned future perspectives in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiao R, Liang S, Chen C, Xiong L, Guan Q, Wang L, Fu Z, Pan Y, Liu H, Zhu J, Hu Y, Li L, Huang G. 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone formation from chlorination of substituted aromatic antioxidants and its control by pre-ozonation in drinking water treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134498. [PMID: 35390416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones are frequently detected as disinfection by-products in drinking water. Among identified halobenzoquinones, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ) is particularly toxic and is frequently detected in drinking water. Synthetic aromatic antioxidants discharged to source water may increase the risk of 2,6-DCBQ formation, as many studies suggest that aromatic compounds are the most likely precursors to 2,6-DCBQ. Herein, we investigated the formation of 2,6-DCBQ from chlorination of three model aromatic antioxidants, including 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)amine (BBPA). Only BBPA produced 2,6-DCBQ under chlorination, while chlorination of BHA and BHT formed α, β-unsaturated C4-dicarbonyl ring-opening products and phenolic compounds. Based on mass balance and intermediate transformation analysis, mechanisms for the formation of 2,6-DCBQ from BBPA chlorination involved hydrolysis, tert-butyl group cleavage, chlorine substitution, desamination and oxidation. Mitigating aromatic compounds will be an efficient method for 2,6-DCBQ control, such as pre-ozonation, because the intermediates involved in 2,6-DCBQ formation were aromatic compounds. Real water samples from two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), one with pre-ozonation (DWTP 2) and the other without pre-ozonation (DWTP1), were analyzed. The two DWTPs were built along the Yangtse river in Nanjing city. Raw water parameters from the two DWTPs, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and NH3-N, indicated the water quality between these sources was similar. Pre-ozonation in DWTP 2 vanished 2,6-DCBQ in raw water. Concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ in finished water from DWTP 1 (5.69 ng/L) was higher than concentrations generated from DWTP 2 (1.31 ng/L). These results demonstrate that pre-ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) and quartz sand treatments at DWTP 2 remove more 2,6-DCBQ precursors than the conventional quartz sand and GAC treatments in DWTP 1. These results suggest the pre-ozonation, GAC and quartz sand treatments can help minimize concentrations of 2,6-DCBQ generated in DWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Qiao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunjing Chen
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Lilin Xiong
- Division of Environmental Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210003, China
| | - Qiangdong Guan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Lab of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haozhe Liu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yechen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Lei Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Guang Huang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China; Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu J, Craven CB, Wawryk NJP, Ouyang G, Li XF. Unique On-Site Spinning Sampling of Highly Water-Soluble Organics Using Functionalized Monolithic Sorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8094-8102. [PMID: 35622959 PMCID: PMC9228052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water utilities encounter unpredictable odor issues that cannot be explained by routine water parameters during spring runoff, even in the summer and fall. Highly water-soluble organics (e.g., amino acids and saccharides) have been reported to form odorous disinfection byproducts during disinfection, but the lack of simple and practical on-site sampling techniques hampers their routine monitoring at trace levels in source water. Therefore, we have created two functionalized nested-in-sponge silica monoliths (NiS-SMs) using a one-pot synthesis method and demonstrated their application for extracting highly soluble organics in water. The NiS-SMs functionalized with the sulfonic group and phenylboronic moiety selectively extracted amino acids and monosaccharides, respectively. We further developed a spinning sampling technique using the composites and evaluated its robust performance under varying water conditions. The spinning sampling coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis provided limits of detection for amino acids at 0.038-0.092 ng L-1 and monosaccharides at 0.036-0.14 ng L-1. Using the pre-equilibrium sampling-rate calibration, we demonstrated the applicability of the spinning sampling technique for on-site sampling and monitoring of amino acids and monosaccharides in river water. The new composite materials and rapid on-site sampling technique are unique and efficient tools for monitoring highly soluble organics in water sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Caley B. Craven
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. P. Wawryk
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School
of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division
of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory
Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Craven CB, Tang Y, Carroll K, An L, Chen B, Li XF. Closing the Gap of Known and Unknown Halogenated Nitrogenous Disinfection Byproducts in Water: Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Li J, Zhang H, Wang J, Yu Z, Li H, Yang M. Identification of unknown disinfection byproducts in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:1-11. [PMID: 34963519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have been suggested as a cancer causing factor, the causative compounds have not yet been clarified. In this study, we used liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS) to identify the unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water produced from Taihu Lake source water, which is known as a convergence point for the anthropogenic pollutants discharged from intensive industrial activities in the surrounding regions. In total, 91 formulas of DBPs were discovered through LC-QTOF MS nontarget screen, 81 of which have not yet been reported. Among the 91 molecules, 56 only contain bromine, 15 only contain chlorine and 20 DBPs have both bromine and chlorine atoms. Finally, five DBPs including 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 2,6-dibromo-4-chlorophenol, 2,6-dichloro-4-bromophenol, 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were confirmed using standards. The former three compounds mainly formed in the predisinfection step (maximum concentration, 0.2-2.6 µg/L), while the latter two formed in the disinfection step (maximum concentration, 18.2-33.6 ng/L). In addition, 19 possible precursors of the discovered DBPs were detected, with the aromatic compounds being a major group. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol as the precursor of 4-bromo-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol was confirmed with standard, with a concentration of 20.3 µg/L in raw water. The results of this study show that brominated DBPs which are possibly formed from industrial pollutants are relevant DBP species in drinking water produced form Taihu source water, suggesting protection of Taihu Lake source water is important to control the DBP risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai L, Yu S, Li L. Formation of odorous aldehydes, nitriles and N-chloroaldimines from free and combined leucine during chloramination. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 210:117990. [PMID: 34974344 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are a major group of odorous disinfection by-product (O-DBP) precursors. O-DBPs formations during free chlorine disinfection has been previously investigated. However, knowledge regarding the O-DBP formation mechanism and kinetics under chloramination of AAs is very limited. In this study, the generation of odorous isovaleraldehyde, isovaleronitrile and N-chloroisovaleraldimine from leucine (Leu), a typical and abundant AA in many drinking water sources, in its free and combined forms during chloramination under several typical addition schemes of disinfectants was investigated. Free Leu and glycylleucine (Gly-Leu) were chosen as model compounds since they have been indicated to be O-DBP precursors during chlorination. Intermediate product analysis and kinetics studies were conducted to study the reaction mechanisms. Impacts of disinfectants dosages and pH were also investigated in experiments and simulations. The results indicated that comparing with chlorination, chloramination of Leu has its uniqueness by participating in reacting with isovaleraldehyde to form N-chloroisovaleraldimine. And all the three O-DBPs formations from free Leu and Gly-Leu during chloramination (with preformed NH2Cl) were less than those during chlorination, indicating that using NH2Cl for disinfection ensures control over the off-flavor problems to some degree. When chloramination was realized by adding chlorine and ammonia separately, a longer pre-chlorination time led to greater yields of the O-DBPs from both precursors, whereas adding ammonia before chlorine promoted more isovaleraldehyde formation from free Leu. Under alkaline conditions, more isovaleronitrile and N-chloroisovaleraldimine were produced, and acidic conditions led to more isovaleraldehyde formation during chloramination. Notably, O-DBPs yields from free Leu were approximately 1000 times greater than those from Gly-Leu during chloramination under all the schemes. In addition, chlor(am)ination experiments with real water from Taihu Lake (the third largest freshwater lake and water source for twenty million people in China) indicated the formation of N-chloroisovaleraldimine and isovaleraldehyde was highly likely to cause odorous problems in drinking water. This study facilitates further understanding of the causes of off-flavor issues in drinking water and can help control the odorous problems by optimizing the operating parameters of drinking water treatment plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shuili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao Y, Qiu J, Ji Y, Wawryk NJP, An T, Li XF. Formation Mechanism of Iodinated Aromatic Disinfection Byproducts: Acid Catalysis with H 2OI . ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1791-1800. [PMID: 35061374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated aromatic disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs) are a group of nonregulated but highly toxic DBPs. The formation of I-DBPs is attributed mainly to HOI because it is the most abundant reactive iodine species in chloraminated water. In this study, we used computational modeling of thermodynamics to examine the mechanism of iodination of aromatic contaminants, e.g., dipeptides and phenols. Computational prediction of the energy barriers of the formation of iodinated tyrosylglycine (I-Tyr-Gly) (66.9 kcal mol-1) and hydroxylated Tyr-Gly (OH-Tyr-Gly) (46.0 kcal mol-1) via iodination with HOI favors the formation of OH-Tyr-Gly over I-Tyr-Gly. Unexpectedly, mass spectrometry experiments detected I-Tyr-Gly but not OH-Tyr-Gly, suggesting that I-Tyr-Gly formation cannot be attributed to HOI alone. To clarify this result, we examined the thermodynamic role of the most reactive iodine species H2OI+ in the formation of aromatic I-DBPs under chloramination. Computational modeling of thermodynamic results shows that the formation of a loosely bonded complex of aromatic compounds with H2OI+ is the key step to initiate the iodination process. When H2OI+ serves as an acid catalyst and an iodinating agent, with HOI or H2O acting as a proton acceptor, the energy barrier of I-DBP formation was significantly lower (10.8-13.1 kcal mol-1). Therefore, even with its low concentration, H2OI+ can be involved in the formation of I-DBPs. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of aromatic I-DBP formation and important information for guiding research toward controlling I-DBPs in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Junlang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Nicholas J P Wawryk
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhai P, Shen Y, Xi P, Wu M, Wu X, Li L, Cao W, Ke Y, Zhang J. Identification of chloramination disinfection by-products from phenylalanine in tap drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130403. [PMID: 33819895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine (Phe) is widely present in natural water and serves as a precursor of disinfection by-products (DBPs). We reported the identification of chloramination DBPs from Phe in drinking water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with complementary high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (tQ) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In the chloraminated Phe water solution, sixteen new DBPs in a total of seventeen were identified based on their accurate mass, MS/MS spectra and 35Cl/37Cl isotopic patterns. Three of these DBPs were verified as benzamide, phenylacetamide, and p-hydroxyphenylacetamide with their standards, while the others were chlorinated derivatives of Phe, hydrazone, amidine, amide and peroxide, in which the unique structures of these DBPs were rarely reported. Their stability and formation process were investigated as well. Furthermore, a method consisting of solid phase extraction (SPE) and UHPLC-MS/MS using dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) was developed to investigate these DBPs in authentic waters. Phe, benzamide, phenylacetamide, and N-Cl-2-phenylacetimidamide were detected in chlorinated tap water. Compared with the other identified DBPs, these three DBPs were exceptionally stable and could be formed in wide formation conditions. Our work not only provided ideas for the identification of new chloramination DBPs, but also demonstrated that some DBPs usually generated in the chloramination disinfection process could also be found in the chlorinated drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilu Zhai
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yeming Shen
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pengxuan Xi
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Xinping Wu
- Water Quality Monitoring Centre, Zhengzhou Water Investment Holding Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, 450007, China
| | - Li Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wanxue Cao
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Hu Q, Wu QY. Nontargeted identification of chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from natural organic matter using Orbitrap mass spectrometry and a halogen extraction code. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126198. [PMID: 34492962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter is a major source of precursors of hazardous chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) formed during water treatment, but the majority of Cl-DBPs are still unidentified. In this study, we used a self-written halogen extraction code to identify halogen isotopic patterns in combination with the R package MFAssignR, to identify Cl-DBPs from Orbitrap mass spectra. One hundred and eighty-nine Cl-DBPs were detected during chlorination of a Suwannee River natural organic matter solution, and the structures of 20 of these compounds are reported for the first time. Kendrick mass defect analysis and structural identification confirmed that chlorinated carboxylic acids are common and likely to form during chlorination. A toxicity prediction using quantitative structure-activity relationship models indicated that most of the chlorinated carboxylic acids may be highly toxic. Our analytical strategy can identify Cl-DBPs accurately from complex mixtures and may also be applicable to the identification of other halogenated disinfection byproducts formed during water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kali S, Khan M, Ghaffar MS, Rasheed S, Waseem A, Iqbal MM, Bilal Khan Niazi M, Zafar MI. Occurrence, influencing factors, toxicity, regulations, and abatement approaches for disinfection by-products in chlorinated drinking water: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 281:116950. [PMID: 33819670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is considered as a vital step to ensure the supply of clean and safe drinking water. Various approaches are adopted for this purpose; however, chlorination is highly preferred all over the world. This method is opted owing to its several advantages. However, it leads to the formation of certain by-products. These chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) are genotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. Still chlorination is being practiced worldwide. Present review gives insights into the occurrence, toxicity and factors affecting the formation of regulated (THMs, HAAs) and emerging DBPs (N-DBPs, HKs, HAs and aromatic DBPs) found in drinking water. Furthermore, remediation techniques used to control DBPs have also been summarized here. Key findings are: (i) concentration of regulated DBPs surpassed the permissible limit in most of the regions, (ii) high chlorine dose, high NOM, more reaction time (up to 3 h) and high temperature (up to 30 °C) enhance the formation of THMs and HAAs, (iii) high pH favors the formation of THMs while low pH is suitable of the formation of HAAs, (iv) high NOM, low temperature, low chlorine dose and moderate pH favors the formation of unstable DBPs (N-DBPs, HKs and HAs), (v) DBPs are toxic not only for humans but for aquatic fauna as well, (vi) membrane technologies, enhanced coagulation and AOPs remove NOM, (vii) adsorption, air stripping and other physical and chemical methods are post-formation approaches (viii) step-wise chlorination is assumed to be an efficient method to reduce DBPs formation without any treatment. Toxicity data revealed that N-DBPs are found to be more toxic than C-DBPs and aromatic DBPs than aliphatic DBPs. In majority of the studies, merely THMs and HAAs have been studied and USEPA has regulated just these two groups. Future studies should focus on emerging DBPs and provide information regarding their regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Kali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Marina Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sheraz Ghaffar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Sajida Rasheed
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kotli, Azad Jamu Kashmir, Pakistan.
| | - Amir Waseem
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Eco-chemistry, Department of Applied Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Chiniot, Government of Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Mazhar Iqbal Zafar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, He J, Aziz MT, Song X, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Iodide promotes bisphenol A (BPA) halogenation during chlorination: Evidence from 30 X-BPAs (X = Cl, Br, and I). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125461. [PMID: 33647627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a well known endocrine-disrupting and model chemical, bisphenol A (BPA) may pose a serious threat to human health, since it and its disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been detected in drinking water, urine, human colostrum, adipose tissue, and placenta samples. Although chlorinated BPAs (Cl-BPAs) and iodinated BPAs (I-BPAs) have been well studied, brominated BPAs (Br-BPAs), and mixed halogenated DBPs like bromo-iodo-BPAs (Br-I-BPAs), and bromo-chloro-iodo-BPAs (Cl-Br-I-BPAs) are less well understood. Notably, the role of iodide (I-) during chlorination is not well understood, since the studies of the I-DBPs mainly focus on their genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. To understand the formation mechanisms of halogenated bisphenol A (HBPs) during chlorination with bromide (Br-) and/or I-, and the role of I- during chlorination, three set of reactions were performed in the laboratory ("BPA + chlorine + Br-", "BPA + chlorine + I-" and "BPA + chlorine + Br- +I-" assigned as group A, B and C respectively). Thirty HBPs were identified and 18 of them were never reported before. I- increases the transformation rate of BPA into HBPs as I-BPAs act as intermediate HBPs during chlorination that easily react with HClO/ClO- and HBrO/BrO- to form Cl-BPAs and Br-BPAs. HIO/IO- showed higher reactivity towards BPA and HBPs than that of HBrO/BrO- and HClO/ClO-. The recycling of I- was observed in the reactions of "BPA + chlorine + I-" and "BPA + chlorine + Br- +I-", which may explain why I- can induce BPA to transform into HBPs and suggests that I- may act as a catalyst during the BPA chlorination reactions. The reaction pathways are proposed which present the reactions of BPA and HBPs with HClO/ClO-, HBrO/BrO-, and HIO/IO-, as well as the recycling of I-. This study describes the potential DBP formation and transformation mechanisms of BPA and its 16 alternatives, as well as the role of I- on the transformation of phenol compounds during chlorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jiahui He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Xiaocui Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tang H, Zhong H, Pan Y, Zhou Q, Huo Z, Chu W, Xu B. A New Group of Heterocyclic Nitrogenous Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) in Drinking Water: Role of Extraction pH in Unknown DBP Exploration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6764-6772. [PMID: 33928775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
pH adjustment prior to extraction is an important step in water sample pretreatment processes for exploration of new/unknown disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. To achieve a better extraction efficiency, the pH of a water sample is usually adjusted to a low level (e.g., < 0.5) to ensure that target DBPs are in their neutral forms. However, such a practice may elude some amphoteric DBPs (especially those nitrogenous DBPs with multiple functional groups), which can accept protons at a low pH and lose protons at a high pH. In this study, with careful extraction pH selection and optimization, we first report the detection and identification of a new group of heterocyclic nitrogenous DBPs, halogenated pyridinols, in simulated drinking water using ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, including 5-chloro-3-pyridinol, 2-bromo-3-pyridinol, 2,6-dichloro-4-pyridinol, 2,6-dibromo-3-pyridinol, 3-bromo-2-chloro-5-pyridinol, 5-bromo-2-chloro-3-pyridinol, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, and 2,4,6-tribromo-3-pyridinol. On the basis of the speciation of dissociated chemical species and recovery tests at different extraction pH values, it was found that, only at a pH of 3.0, all the eight new DBPs could achieve recoveries of >50%. With subsequent instrumental parameter optimization, the method detection and quantitation limits of the eight new DBPs were determined to be 0.04-1.58 and 0.15-4.11 ng/L, respectively. The optimized method enabled an accurate detection of the eight new DBPs in two real drinking water samples. Further aided with in vivo developmental and acute toxicity assays using zebrafish embryos, the developmental and acute toxicity of the new DBPs were found to be slightly lower than those of halogenated benzoquinones but dozens of times higher than those of commonly known DBPs such as tribromomethane and iodoacetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongli Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongli Huo
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.172 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Xu N, Hu Q, Wu QY. Combination of high resolution mass spectrometry and a halogen extraction code to identify chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from aromatic amino acids. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116710. [PMID: 33285452 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination can lead to the formation of hazardous chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs). We identified tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) as precursors of toxic Cl-DBPs and developed a halogen extraction code to complement ultra performance liquid chromatography in tandem with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) in detecting and identifying Cl-DBPs. We detected 20 and 11 Cl-DBPs formed from chlorination of Tyr and Trp, respectively, and identified the structures of 15 Cl-DBPs. Fourteen structures were previously unreported. We also proposed the tentative formation pathways of these newly identified Cl-DBPs. Their incidence in real water sources demonstrated that these Cl-DBPs are likely to form during chlorination of reclaimed water. We computationally predicted the toxicity of these Cl-DBPs, which was relatively high, indicating that these Cl-DBPs could be hazardous and were of valid concern. Combining analytical data with the halogen extraction code can identify Cl-DBPs accurately from complex compounds. This analytical method can be used to identify Cl-DBPs of water treatment procedures in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Nan Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang XY, Lu Y, Du Y, Wang WL, Yang LL, Wu QY. Comprehensive GC×GC-qMS with a mass-to-charge ratio difference extraction method to identify new brominated byproducts during ozonation and their toxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124103. [PMID: 33265069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation might increase the risk of wastewater due to byproduct formation, especially in the presence of bromide. In this study, a new analytical method was developed to identify new brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) during ozonation, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC×GC-qMS) connected with an electron capture detector in parallel. The obtained data were analyzed using a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) difference extraction method. Over 1304 DBPs were detected in an ozonated phenylalanine solution. Further screening of 635 DBPs was conducted using the m/z difference extraction method. Finally, the structures for 12 Br-DBPs were confirmed and for 4 Br-DBPs were tentatively proposed by comparison with the NIST library and standard compounds. Eight of the confirmed Br-DBPs are first reported and identified: 2-bromostyrene, 1-bromo-1-phenylethylene, 2-bromobenzaldehyde, 3-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 2-bromophenylacetonitrile, 3-bromophenylacetonitrile and 4-bromophenylacetonitrile. These DBPs and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were detected at nanogram- to microgram-per-liter concentrations during ozonation of authentic water samples like algal bloom waters, wastewater treatment plant effluents, and surface water. The toxicities of these compounds were generally higher than that of bromate. The developed analytical method is a powerful technique for analyzing complex compounds and provides a novel way of identifying byproducts in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, International Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, International Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, International Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li LP, Huang WL, Yang MT, Liu Y, Bowden RD, Simpson MJ, Lajtha K, Tian LQ, Wang JJ. Chlorination of soil-derived dissolved organic matter: Long term nitrogen deposition does not increase terrestrial precursors of toxic disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116271. [PMID: 32784033 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) in forested watersheds is a known precursor of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. Although the characteristics of terrestrial DOM may change with increasing nitrogen (N) deposition in forests, how these changes alter formation potential and toxicity of DBPs remains unexplored. We analyzed the speciation and toxicity of DBPs from chlorination of DOM derived from soils (O, A, and B horizons) in an experimental temperate forest with 22 years of N addition. With long-term N addition, the DOM reactivity toward the formation of trihalomethanes (from 27.7-51.8 to 22.8-31.1 µg/mg-dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and chloral hydrate (from 1.25-1.63 to 1.14-1.36 µg/mg-DOC) decreased, but that toward the formation of haloketones increased (from 0.23-0.26 to 0.26-0.33 µg/mg-DOC). The DOM reactivity toward the formation of haloacetonitriles was increased in the deeper soil but reduced in the surface soil. The DBP formation potential of DOM draining from a certain area of forest soils (in µg-DBP/m2-soil) was estimated to be reduced by 20.3% for trihalomethanes and increased by 37.5% for haloketones and have minor changes for haloacetonitriles and chloral hydrate (both <7%). Furthermore, the DBPs from chlorination of the soil-derived DOM showed lowered microtoxicity with N addition possibly due to reduced brominated DBP formation. Overall, this study highlights that N deposition may not increase drinking water toxicity through altering terrestrial DOM characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Ling Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Meng-Ting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Richard D Bowden
- Department of Environmental Science and Sustainability, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, United States
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kate Lajtha
- College of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Li-Qiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Jian Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
He J, Shi M, Wang F, Duan Y, Zhao T, Shu S, Chu W. Removal of CX 3R-type disinfection by-product precursors from rainwater with conventional drinking water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116099. [PMID: 32739696 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In addition to surface water and groundwater, rainwater is used as an important drinking water source in many parts of the world, especially in areas with serious water pollution or insufficient water resources. Conventional drinking water treatment technologies can remove dissolved organic matter and therefore reduce the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during subsequent disinfection using surface water or groundwater as drinking water sources. However, little information has been known about the effect of conventional water treatment processes on DBP formation when rainwater is used as drinking water source. This study evaluated CX3R-type DBP precursors removal from rainwater by conventional drinking water treatments and the corresponding decrease of CX3R-type DBP (trihalomethanes (THMs), haloaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs)) formation and toxicity during the subsequent chlor(am)ination. The result showed that both sand filtration (SF) and activated carbon filtration (GAC) were able to remove DBP precursors and GAC outperformed SF, but no DBP precursors removal was observed during coagulation-sedimentation treatment. Among all treatments, SF + GAC was the most effective for DBP precursors removal, with removal efficiencies of 64.2% DOC, 98% DON and 76.6% UV254. Correspondingly, both SF and GAC decreased the formation of THMs, HALs, HANs and HAMs, and GAC performed better than SF. The combination of SF and GAC, especially SF + GAC, greatly decreased DBP formation, with average reduction of 79.2% and 85% during chlorination and chloramination respectively. After different treatments, the comprehensive toxicity risk of CX3R-type DBPs was all reduced, among which GAC + SF exhibited superior performance. Generally, the main contribution of integrated toxicity was HANs during chlor(am)ination. The formation potential of THMs, HALs, HANs and HAMs and the corresponding integrated toxicity were greater during chlorination than that during chloramination. Therefore, the combination of GAC and chloramination was promising in mitigating the comprehensive toxicity risk of THMs, HALs, HANs and HAMs for rainwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jijie He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Minghao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Youli Duan
- Shanghai Leeya Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tiantao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Shihu Shu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, National Centre for International Research of Sustainable Urban Water System, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu X, Chen L, Yang M, Tan C, Chu W. The occurrence, characteristics, transformation and control of aromatic disinfection by-products: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116076. [PMID: 32698088 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of analytical technology, more emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified and detected. Among them, aromatic DBPs, especially heterocyclic DBPs, possess relatively high toxicity compared with regulated DBPs, which has been proved by bioassays. Thus, the occurrence of aromatic DBPs is of great concern. This article provides a comprehensive review and summary of the characteristics, occurrence, transformation pathways and control of aromatic DBPs. Aromatic DBPs are frequently detected in drinking water, wastewater and swimming pool water, among which swimming pool water illustrates highest concentration. Considering the relatively high concentration and toxicity, halophenylacetonitriles (HPANs) and halonitrophenols (HNPs) are more likely to be toxicity driver among frequently detected phenyl DBPs. Aromatic DBPs can be viewed as important intermediate products of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during chlor(am)ination. High molecular weight DOM could convert to aromatic DBPs via direct or indirect pathways, and they can further decompose into regulated aliphatic DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) by ring opening and side chain cleavage. Even though no single DBPs control strategy is efficient to all aromatic DBPs, the decrease of overall toxicity may be achieved by several methods including absorption, solar radiation and boiling. By systematically considering aromatic DBPs and aliphatic DBPs, a better trade-off can be made to reduce health risk induced by DBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chaoqun Tan
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peng L, Wang C, Li P, Cheng B, Hu Y, Cheng Y, Zheng Q. Evaluation of hypopigmentation in embryonic zebrafish induced by emerging disinfection byproduct, 3, 5-di-I-tyrosylalanine. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 225:105525. [PMID: 32629302 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated dipeptides, 3, 5-di-I-tyrosylalanine (DIYA), have been identified as novel disinfection byproducts (DBPs), following chloramination of authentic water. However, little is known about their toxicity. Zebrafish embryos were used to assess the toxicity of novel iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs). Although DIYA did not exhibit high acute toxicity to embryonic zebrafish (LC50 > 2 mM), it significantly inhibited pigmentation of melanophores and xanthophores on head, trunk and tail at 500 μM as determined by photographic analysis. Whereas N-phenylthiourea (PTU) as a pigment inhibitor did not inhibit development of yellow pigments. Colorimetric detection of melanin further confirmed these results. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) measurements indicated that genes (dct, slc24a5, tyr, tyrp1a, tyrp1b, silva) associated with the melanogenesis pathway were dramatically down-regulated following exposure to 500 μM DIYA. In addition, enzymatic activity of tyrosinase (TYR) decreased, also demonstrating that the underlying mechanism of hypopigmentation was attributed to the disruption of melanogenesis pathway. Transcription levels of xanthophore genes (gch2, bnc2, csf1a, csf1b, pax7a and pax7b) were also monitored by qRT-PCR assay. DIYA exposure up-regulated expression of gch2 and bnc2, but not csf1 and pax7. Tested DIYA analogues, brominated tyrosine was unlikely to inhibit pigmentation, indicating that the iodine substitution and dipeptides structure are of important structural feature for the inhibition of pigmentation. In this study, we observed that DIYA inhibited melanogenesis related genes, which might contribute to pigmentation defects. Moreover, as an emerging I-DBPs, the developmental toxicity of aromatic dipeptides should be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430025, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Pingdeng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430025, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430025, China
| | - Yeli Hu
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430025, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tian D, Moe B, Huang G, Jiang P, Ling ZC, Li XF. Cytotoxicity of Halogenated Tyrosyl Compounds, an Emerging Class of Disinfection Byproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1028-1035. [PMID: 32200635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated amino acids and peptides are an emerging class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), having been detected in drinking water and in washed food products. However, the toxicological significance of these emerging DBPs remains unclear. In this study, the cytotoxicity of eight halogenated tyrosyl compounds was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using real-time cell analysis (RTCA). Dihalogenated tyrosyl compounds are more cytotoxic than their monohalogenated analogues. The cytotoxicity of the dihalogenated compounds is associated with their ability to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that oxidative stress is an important toxicity pathway of these compounds. Pearson correlation analysis of the cytotoxicity (IC50 values) of these compounds with eight physicochemical parameters showed strong associations with their lipophilicity (logP) and reactivity (polarizability, ELUMO). Finally, cytotoxicity testing of the concentrated extracts of a chloraminated mixture of eight dipeptides with bromide or iodide showed the cytotoxicity of these mixtures in the order: iodinated peptides > brominated peptides ≥ chlorinated peptides. These results demonstrate that halogenated peptide DBPs are toxicologically relevant, and further research is needed to understand the implications of long-term exposure for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Tian
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.,College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Birget Moe
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3.,Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Guang Huang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | - Zong-Chao Ling
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|