1
|
Yang ZC, Wang WL, Jing ZB, Jiang YQ, Zhang HQ, Lee MY, Peng L, Wu QY. Ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxymonosulfate disinfection of MS2 coliphage in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:824-831. [PMID: 38323647 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The control of viruses in water is critical to preventing the spread of infectious viral diseases. Many oxidants can inactivate viruses, and this study aims to systematically compare the disinfection effects of ozone (O3), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on MS2 coliphage. The effects of oxidant dose and contact time on disinfection were explored, as were the disinfection effects of three oxidizing agents in secondary effluent. The 4-log inactivation of MS2 coliphage required 0.05 mM O3, 0.5 mM PMS, or 25 mM H2O2 with a contact time of 30 min. All three oxidants achieved at least 4-log disinfection within 30 min, and O3 required only 0.5 min. In secondary effluent, all three oxidants also achieved 4-log inactivation of MS2 coliphage. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) results indicate that all three oxidants removed dissolved organic matter synchronously and O3 oxidized dissolved organic matter more thoroughly while maintaining disinfection efficacy. Considering the criteria of oxidant dose, contact time, and disinfection efficacy in secondary effluent, O3 is the best choice for MS2 coliphage disinfection among the three oxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zi-Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yi-Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - He-Qing Zhang
- CSCEC Scimee Sci.&Tech. Co., Ltd., Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- National Institute of Environment Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen HM, Watanabe S, Sharmin S, Kawaguchi T, Tan XE, Wannigama DL, Cui L. RNA and Single-Stranded DNA Phages: Unveiling the Promise from the Underexplored World of Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17029. [PMID: 38069353 PMCID: PMC10707117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) phages make up an understudied subset of bacteriophages that have been rapidly expanding in the last decade thanks to advancements in metaviromics. Since their discovery, applications of genetic engineering to ssDNA and RNA phages have revealed their immense potential for diverse applications in healthcare and biotechnology. In this review, we explore the past and present applications of this underexplored group of phages, particularly their current usage as therapeutic agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria. We also discuss engineering techniques such as recombinant expression, CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing, and synthetic rebooting of phage-like particles for their role in tailoring phages for disease treatment, imaging, biomaterial development, and delivery systems. Recent breakthroughs in RNA phage engineering techniques are especially highlighted. We conclude with a perspective on challenges and future prospects, emphasizing the untapped diversity of ssDNA and RNA phages and their potential to revolutionize biotechnology and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huong Minh Nguyen
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.W.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (X.-E.T.)
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.W.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (X.-E.T.)
| | - Sultana Sharmin
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.W.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (X.-E.T.)
| | - Tomofumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.W.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (X.-E.T.)
| | - Xin-Ee Tan
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.W.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (X.-E.T.)
| | - Dhammika Leshan Wannigama
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata 990-2292, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Longzhu Cui
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (H.M.N.); (S.W.); (S.S.); (T.K.); (X.-E.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mäntynen S, Salomaa MM, Poranen MM. Diversity and Current Classification of dsRNA Bacteriophages. Viruses 2023; 15:2154. [PMID: 38005832 PMCID: PMC10674327 DOI: 10.3390/v15112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Half a century has passed since the discovery of Pseudomonas phage phi6, the first enveloped dsRNA bacteriophage to be isolated. It remained the sole known dsRNA phage for a quarter of a century and the only recognised member of the Cystoviridae family until the year 2018. After the initial discovery of phi6, additional dsRNA phages have been isolated from globally distant locations and identified in metatranscriptomic datasets, suggesting that this virus type is more ubiquitous in nature than previously acknowledged. Most identified dsRNA phages infect Pseudomonas strains and utilise either pilus or lipopolysaccharide components of the host as the primary receptor. In addition to the receptor-mediated strictly lytic lifestyle, an alternative persistent infection strategy has been described for some dsRNA phages. To date, complete genome sequences of fourteen dsRNA phage isolates are available. Despite the high sequence diversity, similar sets of genes can typically be found in the genomes of dsRNA phages, suggesting shared evolutionary trajectories. This review provides a brief overview of the recognised members of the Cystoviridae virus family and related dsRNA phage isolates, outlines the current classification of dsRNA phages, and discusses their relationships with eukaryotic RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sari Mäntynen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (M.M.S.); (M.M.P.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo L, Zhao P, Jia Y, Wang Z, Chen M, Zhang H, Liu D, Zhang Y, Wang X, Rong M. Inactivation of airborne pathogenic microorganisms by plasma-activated nebulized mist. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132072. [PMID: 37480605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The airborne microorganisms in the aerosols are one main transmission way of pathogenic microorganisms and therefore inactivation of microorganisms in aerosols could effectively prevent the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to control epidemics. The mist nebulized by plasma-activated air could effectively inactivate bacteria and could be developed for the sterilization of microorganisms in aerosols. In this study, the plasma-activated nebulized mist (PANM) was applied for the inactivation of microorganisms in aerosols and efficiently inactivated the bacteria, yeast, and viruses in aerosols after 2-min treatment. The PANM treatment caused morphologic changes and damage to the bacteria cells in aerosols. The PANM could also inactivate the microorganisms attached to the surface of the treatment chamber and the bacteria attached to the skin of mice within 6-min treatment. The biosafety assays demonstrated that the PANM treatment exhibited no effects on the behavior, hematological and serum biochemical parameters of blood, and organs from the mice. This study would supply an efficient, broad-spectrum, and safe aerosol sterilization strategy based on plasma technology to prevent the transmission of airborne microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Pengyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yikang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Dingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Mingzhe Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamilton AN, Chandran S, Baker CA, Gibson KE. Surface Inactivation of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate with Hypochlorous Acid is Impacted by Surface Type, Contact Time, Inoculum Matrix, and Concentration. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:116-122. [PMID: 36680664 PMCID: PMC9862229 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indirect contact with contaminated surfaces is a potential transmission route for COVID-19. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate convenient and inexpensive surface sanitization methods, such as HOCl, against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 surrogate, Phi6 (~ 7 log PFU/mL), was prepared in artificial saliva and tripartite matrices, spot inoculated on coupons of either stainless steel or vinyl, and allowed to dry. The coupons were sprayed with either 500 ppm or 1000 ppm HOCl, and remained on the surface for 0 s (control), 5 s, 30 s, or 60 s. Samples were enumerated via the double agar overlay assay. Statistical analysis was completed in R using a generalized linear model with Quasipoisson error approximations. Time, concentration, surface type, and inoculum matrix were all significant contributors to log reduction at P = 0.05. Significant three-way interactions were observed for 1000 ppm, vinyl, and 60 s (P = 0.03) and 1000 ppm, tripartite, and 60 s (P = 0.0121). A significant two-way interaction between vinyl and 60 s was also observed (P = 0.0168). Overall, increased HOCl concentration and exposure time led to increased Phi6 reduction. Notably, the highest estimated mean log reduction was 3.31 (95% CI 3.14, 3.49) for stainless steel at 60 s and 1000 ppm HOCl in artificial saliva, indicating that this method of sanitization may not adequately reduce enveloped viruses to below infective thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
| | - Christopher A Baker
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 1371 West Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR, 72704, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oudejans L, Richter W, Sunderman M, Calfee MW, Mickelsen RL, Hofacre K, Keyes P, Lee SD. Passenger vehicle interior decontamination by low concentration hydrogen peroxide vapor following a wide area biological contamination incident. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad039. [PMID: 36822624 PMCID: PMC10257935 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To assess low concentration hydrogen peroxide (LCHP) (H2O2) vapor dispersed with a home humidifier for its ability to decontaminate vehicle interiors contaminated with Bacillus anthracis surrogate Bacillus atrophaeus spores. METHODS AND RESULTS Efficacy of a vaporized 3% H2O2 solution was evaluated for liquid volumes, on/off vehicle heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system operations, and temperatures that ranged from 5 to 27°C. Survival of the spores was assessed by quantification of remaining viable spores with efficacy quantified in terms of mean log10 reduction. Decontamination efficacy after the 6-day dwell time increased when the 3% H2O2 liquid volume was doubled, increasing from 4-of-10 to 10-of-10 nondetects (zero colonies counted using standard dilution and filter plating) inside the vehicle cabin. Recirculating cabin air through the HVAC system during decontamination decreased efficacy to 6-of-10 non-detects. While no 6-log10 reduction in viable spores was observed on the cabin filter with the cabin filter kept in place, a 6-log10 reduction was achieved after its removal and placement in the cabin during treatment. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study allow for informed decisions on the use of LCHP vapor as an effective decontamination approach for vehicle interiors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Oudejans
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | | | - M. Worth Calfee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - R. Leroy Mickelsen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Land and Emergency Management, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management Advisory Division, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kent Hofacre
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Patrick Keyes
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| | - Sang Don Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Obrenovich ME, Tayahi MB, Heidt CL, Emancipator SN. Prophylaxis and Remediation for Future Pandemic Pathogens-(Lessons from a Post-COVID World). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122407. [PMID: 36557660 PMCID: PMC9783667 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since influenza and coronaviruses are currently deadly and emerging threats worldwide, better treatment, remediation and prevention options are needed. In that regard, a basic understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2/COVID-19 (Betacoronaviridae) and other viral pathogen mechanisms of transmission are expected. Unfortunately, unprecedented, and growing distrust of vaccines and even masks or personal protective equipment (PPE) in the United States and elsewhere presents itself as an added challenge. We postulate that development of improved and highly effective prophylactic measures, together with new life-saving therapies that do inhibit or otherwise treat infection of SARS-CoV-2, influenza and other viral pathogens, could be an adjunct measure to globally protect vulnerable individuals from pandemic threats. In this review, we share what we learned from the past COVID experience to offer a multifactorial and improved approach to current and future pandemic infections or threats using low-cost means.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Obrenovich
- Department of Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Research Service, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- The Gilgamesh Foundation for Medical Science and Research, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Moncef B. Tayahi
- The Gilgamesh Foundation for Medical Science and Research, Cleveland, OH 44116, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 43145, USA
| | - Caryn L. Heidt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Antiviral activity of nano-monocaprin against Phi6 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. Int Microbiol 2022; 26:379-387. [PMID: 36422769 PMCID: PMC9685086 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic involving SARS-CoV-2 has raised interest in using antimicrobial lipid formulations to inhibit viral entry into their host cells or to inactivate them. Lipids are a part of the innate defense mechanism against pathogens. Here, we evaluated the use of nano-monocaprin (NMC) in inhibiting enveloped (phi6) and unenveloped (MS2) bacteriophages. NMC was prepared using the sonochemistry technique. Size and morphology analysis revealed the formation of ~ 8.4 ± 0.2-nm NMC as measured by dynamic light scattering. We compared the antiviral activity of NMC with molecular monocaprin (MMC) at 0.5 mM and 2 mM concentrations against phi6, which we used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. The synthesized NMC exhibited 50% higher antiviral activity against phi6 than MMC at pH 7 using plaque assay. NMC inactivated phi6 stronger at pH 4 than at pH 7. To determine if NMC is toxic to mammalian cells, we used MTS assay to assess its IC50 for HPDE and HeLa cell lines, which were ~ 203 and 221 µM, respectively. NMC may be used for prophylactic application either as a drop or spray since many viruses enter the human body through the mucosal lining of the nose, eyes, and lungs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wdowiak M, Paczesny J, Raza S. Enhancing the Stability of Bacteriophages Using Physical, Chemical, and Nano-Based Approaches: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091936. [PMID: 36145682 PMCID: PMC9502844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages are efficient in diagnosing, treating, and preventing various diseases, and as sensing elements in biosensors. Phage display alone has gained attention over the past decade, especially in pharmaceuticals. Bacteriophages have also found importance in research aiming to fight viruses and in the consequent formulation of antiviral agents and vaccines. All these applications require control over the stability of virions. Phages are considered resistant to various harsh conditions. However, stability-determining parameters are usually the only additional factors in phage-related applications. Phages face instability and activity loss when preserved for extended periods. Sudden environmental changes, including exposure to UV light, temperature, pH, and salt concentration, also lead to a phage titer fall. This review describes various formulations that impart stability to phage stocks, mainly focusing on polymer-based stabilization, encapsulation, lyophilization, and nano-assisted solutions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Baker CA, Hamilton AN, Chandran S, Poncet AM, Gibson KE. Transfer of Phi6 Bacteriophage Between Human Skin and Surfaces Common to Consumer-Facing Environments. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3719-3727. [PMID: 36083101 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine the extent of Phi6 (Φ6) transfer between skin and surfaces relevant to consumer-facing environments based on inoculum matrix, surface type, and contact time. METHODS AND RESULTS Φ6 transfer rates were determined from skin-to-fomite and fomite-to-skin influenced by inoculum matrix (artificial saliva and tripartite), surface type (aluminum, plastic, stainless steel, touchscreen, vinyl, and wood) and contact time (5 and 10 s). Significant differences in estimated means were observed based on surface type (both transfer directions), inoculum matrix (skin-to-fomite), and contact time (both transfer directions). During a sequential transfer experiment from fomite-to-skin, the maximum number of consecutive transfer events observed was 3.33 ± 1.19, 2.33 ± 1.20, and 1.67 ± 1.21 for plastic, touchscreen, and vinyl, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Contact time significantly impacted Φ6 transfer rates, which may be attributed to skin absorption dynamics. Surface type should be considered for assessing Φ6 transfer rates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Although the persistence of Φ6 on fomites has been characterized, limited data is available regarding the transfer of Φ6 amongst skin and fomites. Determining Φ6 transfer rates for surfaces in consumer-facing environments based on these factors is needed to better inform future virus transmission mitigation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Baker
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR.,Current address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, 20740, Maryland
| | - Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Aurelie M Poncet
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72701, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, 72704, Fayetteville, AR
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rossi A, Morlino MS, Gaspari M, Basile A, Kougias P, Treu L, Campanaro S. Analysis of the anaerobic digestion metagenome under environmental stresses stimulating prophage induction. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:125. [PMID: 35965344 PMCID: PMC9377139 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The viral community has the potential to influence the structure of the microbiome and thus the yield of the anaerobic digestion process. However, the virome composition in anaerobic digestion is still under-investigated. A viral induction experiment was conducted on separate batches undergoing a series of DNA-damaging stresses, in order to coerce temperate viruses to enter the lytic cycle. RESULTS The sequencing of the metagenome revealed a viral community almost entirely composed of tailed bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales. Following a binning procedure 1,092 viral and 120 prokaryotic genomes were reconstructed, 64 of which included an integrated prophage in their sequence. Clustering of coverage profiles revealed the presence of species, both viral and microbial, sharing similar reactions to shocks. A group of viral genomes, which increase under organic overload and decrease under basic pH, uniquely encode the yopX gene, which is involved in the induction of temperate prophages. Moreover, the in-silico functional analysis revealed an enrichment of sialidases in viral genomes. These genes are associated with tail proteins and, as such, are hypothesised to be involved in the interaction with the host. Archaea registered the most pronounced changes in relation to shocks and featured behaviours not shared with other species. Subsequently, data from 123 different samples of the global anaerobic digestion database was used to determine coverage profiles of host and viral genomes on a broader scale. CONCLUSIONS Viruses are key components in anaerobic digestion environments, shaping the microbial guilds which drive the methanogenesis process. In turn, environmental conditions are pivotal in shaping the viral community and the rate of induction of temperate viruses. This study provides an initial insight into the complexity of the anaerobic digestion virome and its relation with the microbial community and the diverse environmental parameters. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Morlino
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Gaspari
- Department of Hydraulics, Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Arianna Basile
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Panagiotis Kougias
- Soil and Water Resources Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Campanaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
- CRIBI biotechnology center, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
String GM, Kamal Y, Gute DM, Lantagne DS. Chlorine efficacy against bacteriophage Phi6, a surrogate for enveloped human viruses, on porous and non-porous surfaces at varying temperatures and humidity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:685-693. [PMID: 35912697 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2101845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While efficacy of chlorine against Phi6, a widely-used surrogate for pathogenic enveloped viruses, is well-documented, surfaces common to low-resource contexts are under-researched. We evaluated seven surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, nitrile, tarp, cloth, concrete, wood) and three environmental conditions-temperature (4, 25, 40 °C), relative humidity (RH) (23, 85%), and soiling-to determine Phi6 recoverability and the efficacy of disinfection with 0.5% NaOCl. Overall, Phi6 recovery was >4 log10 PFU/mL on most surfaces after drying 1 hour at all temperature/humidity conditions. After disinfection, all non-porous test conditions (48/48) achieved ≥4 LRV at 1 and 5 minutes of exposure; significantly more non-porous surfaces met ≥4 LRV than porous (p < 0.001). Comparing porous surfaces, significantly fewer wood samples met ≥4 LRV than cloth (p < 0.001); no differences were observed between concrete and either wood (p = 0.083) or cloth (p = 0.087). Lastly, no differences were observed between soil and no-soil conditions for all surfaces (p = 0.712). This study highlights infectious Phi6 is recoverable across a range of surfaces and environmental conditions, and confirms the efficacy of chlorine disinfection. We recommend treating all surfaces with suspect contamination as potentially infectious, and disinfecting with 0.5% NaOCl for the minimum contact time required for the target enveloped virus (e.g. Ebola, SARS-CoV-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M String
- Lancon Environmental LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yarmina Kamal
- Lancon Environmental LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Gute
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kramer B, Warschat D, Muranyi P. Disinfection of an ambulance using a compact atmospheric plasma device. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:696-706. [PMID: 35503413 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The worldwide spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has highlighted the need for fast and simple disinfection processes, amongst others for ambulance cars on site. To overcome current drawbacks regarding room disinfection, the use of cold atmospheric plasma in remote operation represents a promising alternative for the disinfection of larger volumes. In this study, a compact plasma system was evaluated regarding its disinfection efficiency inside an ambulance car. METHODS AND RESULTS The developed plasma device is based on a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and operates with ambient air as process gas. The humidified afterglow from the plasma nozzle was introduced into an ambulance car with a volume of approximately 10 m3 while B. atrophaeus endospores, S. aureus or Phi 6 bacteriophages dried on different surfaces (PET-films, glass slides or aluminum foil) were exposed to the reactive gas inside the ambulance vehicle at eight different positions. Reductions of spores by more than 4 orders of magnitude were found on all surfaces and positions within 2 hours. Due to their higher susceptibility, Phi 6 bacteriophages and S. aureus counts were reduced by at least 4 orders of magnitude within 30 min on all surfaces. CONCLUSION The results show that different microorganisms dried on variable surfaces can be inactivated by several orders of magnitude inside an ambulance by plasma gas from of a compact DBD plasma nozzle. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Plasma gas generated on site by a DBD plasma nozzle proved to be highly efficient for the disinfection of the interior of an ambulance car. Compact plasma systems could be a viable alternative for the disinfection of vehicles or rooms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Kramer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - D Warschat
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - P Muranyi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Factors Impacting Persistence of Phi6 Bacteriophage, an Enveloped Virus Surrogate, on Fomite Surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0255221. [PMID: 35285710 PMCID: PMC9004354 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02552-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of Phi6 (Φ6) bacteriophage on surfaces commonly encountered in consumer-facing environments was evaluated. Φ6 has been utilized as a surrogate for enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2—the causative agent of COVID-19—due to structural similarities, biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) status, and ease of use. Φ6 persistence on fomites was evaluated by characterizing the impact of the inoculum matrix (artificial saliva, phosphate-buffered saline [PBS], tripartite), inoculum level (low and high), and surface type (nonporous—aluminum, stainless steel, plastic, touchscreen, vinyl; porous—wood). Φ6 was inoculated onto surfaces at low and high inoculum levels for each inoculum matrix and incubated (20.54 ± 0.48°C) for up to 168 h. Φ6 was eluted from the surface and quantified via the double agar overlay assay to determine virus survival over time. For nonporous surfaces inoculated with artificial saliva and PBS, significantly higher D values were observed with high inoculum application according to the 95% confidence intervals. In artificial saliva, D values ranged from 1.00 to 1.35 h at a low inoculum and 4.44 to 7.05 h at a high inoculum across inoculation matrices and surfaces. D values for Φ6, regardless of the inoculum level, were significantly higher in tripartite than in artificial saliva and PBS for nonporous surfaces. In contrast with artificial saliva or PBS, D values in tripartite at low inoculum (D values ranging from 45.8 to 72.8 h) were greater than those at high inoculum (D values ranging from 26.4 to 45.5 h) on nonporous surfaces. This study characterized the impact of the inoculum matrix, inoculum level, and surface type on Φ6 survival on various surfaces relevant to fomite transmission in public settings. IMPORTANCE An important consideration in virus contact transmission is the transfer rate between hands and surfaces, which is driven by several factors, including virus persistence on inanimate surfaces. This research characterized Φ6 persistence on surfaces commonly encountered in public settings based on various factors. The inoculum matrix, which simulates the route of transmission, can impact virus persistence, and three separate matrices were evaluated in this study to determine the impact on Φ6 persistence over time. The number of microorganisms has also been suggested to impact persistence, which was evaluated here to simulate real-world contamination scenarios on six surface types. Results from this study will guide future research utilizing Φ6 or other surrogates for enveloped viruses of public health concern.
Collapse
|
15
|
Falaise C, Bouvattier C, Larigauderie G, Lafontaine V, Berchebru L, Marangon A, Vaude-Lauthier V, Raynaud F, Taysse L. Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Decontamination of Hazard Group 3 Bacteria and Viruses in a Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2022; 27:15-22. [PMID: 36032319 PMCID: PMC9402245 DOI: 10.1089/apb.2021.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to validate the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) decontamination technology set up in a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory on surrogates and hazard group 3 (HG3) agents. Methods and Results The HPV decontamination system (Bioquell) was assessed with both qualitative and quantitative methods on (1) spore surrogates (Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus atrophaeus, and Bacillus thuringiensis) in the BSL-3 laboratory and in the material airlock and on (2) HG3 agents (Bacillus anthracis; SARS-CoV-2, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEE], and Vaccinia virus) in the BSL-3 laboratory. Other HG3 bacteria likely to be handled in the BSL-3 laboratory (Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia mallei, Brucella melitensis, and Francisella tularensis) were excluded from the HPV decontamination assays as preliminary viability tests demonstrated the total inactivation of these agents after 48 h drying on different materials. Conclusions The efficacy of HPV decontamination was validated with a reduction in viability of 5-7 log10 for the spores (surrogates and B. anthracis), and for the enveloped RNA viruses. Vaccinia showed a higher resistance to the decontamination process, being dependent on the biological indicator location in the BSL-3 laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Falaise
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France.,Address correspondence to: Charlotte Falaise, DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit 91710, France,
| | - Cécile Bouvattier
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Guilhem Larigauderie
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Valérie Lafontaine
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Laurent Berchebru
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Audrey Marangon
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Valérie Vaude-Lauthier
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Françoise Raynaud
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Laurent Taysse
- DGA CBRN Defence Center, Biology Division, French Ministry of the Armed Forces, Vert-le-Petit, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shahin K, Zhang L, Mehraban MH, Collard JM, Hedayatkhah A, Mansoorianfar M, Soleimani-Delfan A, Wang R. Clinical and experimental bacteriophage studies: Recommendations for possible approaches for standing against SARS-CoV-2. Microb Pathog 2022; 164:105442. [PMID: 35151823 PMCID: PMC8830156 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the world faced a serious health challenge, the rapid spreading of a life-threatening viral pneumonia, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of January 2022 WHO statistics shows more than 5.6 million death and about 350 million infection by SARS-CoV-2. One of the life threatening aspects of COVID-19 is secondary infections and reduced efficacy of antibiotics against them. Since the beginning of COVID-19 many researches have been done on identification, treatment, and vaccine development. Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) could offer novel approaches to detect, treat and control COVID-19. Phage therapy and in particular using phage cocktails can be used to control or eliminate the bacterial pathogen as an alternative or complementary therapeutic agent. At the same time, phage interaction with the host immune system can regulate the inflammatory response. In addition, phage display and engineered synthetic phages can be utilized to develop new vaccines and antibodies, stimulate the immune system, and elicit a rapid and well-appropriate defense response. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 new variants like delta and omicron has proved the urgent need for precise, efficient and novel approaches for vaccine development and virus detection techniques in which bacteriophages may be one of the plausible solutions. Therefore, phages with similar morphology and/or genetic content to that of coronaviruses can be used for ecological and epidemiological modeling of SARS-CoV-2 behavior and future generations of coronavirus, and in general new viral pathogens. This article is a comprehensive review/perspective of potential applications of bacteriophages in the fight against the present pandemic and the post-COVID era.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hossain F. Sources, enumerations and inactivation mechanisms of four emerging viruses in aqueous phase. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:396-440. [PMID: 36366995 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emergence and re-emergence of four types of severely infectious viruses have claimed significant numbers of lives when anthropogenic activities contribute to the mutagenesis of these pathogens and infectivity of these pathogens has been noticeably altered. However, both point and non-point sources can transport these viruses in water treatment and resource recovery facilities (RRF) where the presence of these pathogens in aerosolized form or in suspension can cause astronomical public health concerns. Hence, numerous scientific studies have been reviewed to comprehend the possible inactivation mechanisms of those viruses in aqueous phase where thermal-, photo-, and chemical-inactivation have confirmed their effectiveness in restraining those viruses and inactivation mechanisms are the major focuses to apprehend the quick and cost-effective virus removal process from water and RRF. Although practical applications of nano-sized disinfectants have challenged researchers, those disinfectants can completely kill the viruses and hamper RNA/DNA replication without any sign of reactivation or repair. Moreover, limitations and future research potential are discussed so that efficacious strategic management for a treatment facility can be developed at the forefront of fighting tactics against an epidemic or a pandemic. Enumerations, besides state-of-the-art detection techniques with gene sequences, are mentioned for these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Hossain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, KSA E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Phi 6 recovery from inoculated fingerpads based on elution buffer and methodology. J Virol Methods 2022; 299:114307. [PMID: 34606796 PMCID: PMC9757907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phi 6 (Φ6) bacteriophage is a proposed surrogate to study pathogenic enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2-the causative agent of COVID-19-based on structural similarities, BSL-1 status, and ease of use. To determine the role of virus-contaminated hands in disease transmission, an enhanced understanding of buffer and method performance for Φ6 recovery needs to be determined. Four buffer types and three methodologies were investigated for the recovery of Φ6 from human fingerpads over a 30 min duration. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS + 0.1 % Tween, 0.1 M glycine + 3% beef extract, and viral transport medium were evaluated as buffers for recovery of Φ6 via a dish, modified glove juice, and vigorous swabbing method. Φ6 concentrations on fingerpads were determined at 0-, 5-, 10-, and 30-min post-inoculation. While there were observed differences in virus recovery across buffer and method types depending on the time point, log PFU recovery based on buffer type or methodology was not significantly different at any time point (P > 0.05). The results presented in this study will allow for future work on Φ6 persistence, transfer between hands and surfaces, and efficacy of hand hygiene methods to be performed using a well-characterized and validated recovery method.
Collapse
|
19
|
Bailey C, Makison-Booth C, Farrant J, Beswick A, Chewins J, Eimstad M, Heyerdahl F, Crook B. Validation of the Decontamination of a Specialist Transport System for Patients with High Consequence Infectious Diseases. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2575. [PMID: 34946176 PMCID: PMC8705707 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When transferring highly infective patients to specialist hospitals, safe systems of work minimise the risk to healthcare staff. The EpiShuttle is a patient transport system that was developed to fit into an air ambulance. A validated decontamination procedure is required before the system can be adopted in the UK. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapour fumigation may offer better penetration of the inaccessible parts than the liquid disinfectant wiping that is currently suggested. To validate this, an EpiShuttle was fumigated in a sealed test chamber. Commercial bacterial spore indicators (BIs), alongside organic liquid suspensions and dried surface samples of MS2 bacteriophage (a safe virus surrogate), were placed in and around the EpiShuttle, for the purpose of evaluation. The complete kill of all of the BIs in the five test runs demonstrated the efficacy of the fumigation cycle. The log reduction of the MS2 that was dried on the coupons ranged from 2.66 to 4.50, but the log reduction of the MS2 that was in the organic liquids only ranged from 0.07 to 1.90, confirming the results of previous work. Fumigation with H2O2 alone may offer insufficient inactivation of viruses in liquid droplets, therefore a combination of fumigation and disinfectant surface wiping was proposed. Initial fumigation reducing contamination with minimal intervention allows disinfectant wipe cleaning to be completed more safely, with a second fumigation step inactivating the residual pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bailey
- Health and Safety Executive Science Research Centre, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK; (C.B.); (C.M.-B.); (J.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Catherine Makison-Booth
- Health and Safety Executive Science Research Centre, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK; (C.B.); (C.M.-B.); (J.F.); (A.B.)
- World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jayne Farrant
- Health and Safety Executive Science Research Centre, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK; (C.B.); (C.M.-B.); (J.F.); (A.B.)
- Health and Safety Executive, Leeds LS11 9AT, UK
| | - Alan Beswick
- Health and Safety Executive Science Research Centre, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK; (C.B.); (C.M.-B.); (J.F.); (A.B.)
| | | | | | - Fridtjof Heyerdahl
- EpiGuard, 1634 Gamle Fredrikstad, Norway; (M.E.); (F.H.)
- Department of Prehospital Services, Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Brian Crook
- Health and Safety Executive Science Research Centre, Buxton SK17 9JN, UK; (C.B.); (C.M.-B.); (J.F.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
String GM, White MR, Gute DM, Mühlberger E, Lantagne DS. Selection of a SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate for Use in Surface Disinfection Efficacy Studies with Chlorine and Antimicrobial Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:995-1001. [PMID: 37566364 PMCID: PMC8491555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Initial recommendations for surface disinfection to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission were developed using previous evidence from potential surrogates. To the best of our knowledge, no appropriate surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 has been identified or confirmed for chlorine and antimicrobial surface disinfection. We completed a study to evaluate the efficacy of two hypothesized antimicrobial surfaces, and four chlorine solutions on nonporous and porous surfaces, against SARS-CoV-2 and three potential SARS-CoV-2 surrogates [coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and bacteriophages Phi6 and MS2], to identify a BSL-1 or BSL-2 virus to use in future studies. We found SARS-CoV-2 can be reduced >4 log10 on porous and nonporous surfaces within 30 s upon exposure to 0.5% NaOCl. The results indicate coronavirus MHV-GFP is inactivated faster than SARS-CoV-2 (MHV-GFP ≥ 6.08 log10; SARS-CoV-2 = 0.66 log10 at 30 s with 0.05% NaOCl on steel) and MS2 is inactivated more slowly. Phi6 is inactivated like SARS-CoV-2, and we propose Phi6 as a slightly conservative surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 chlorine disinfection. Additionally, disinfection of bacteriophages on wood was challenging, and exposure to antimicrobial surfaces had no disinfection efficacy as tested. We recommend using 0.5% chlorine on surfaces for a minimum of 30 s of contact to disinfect SARS-CoV-2 and recommend additional research on Phi6 disinfection with varied surfaces and conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. String
- Lancon Environmental, LLC,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
- Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford,
Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Mitchell R. White
- Department of Microbiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories,
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
United States
| | - David M. Gute
- Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford,
Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories,
Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118,
United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang D, Zhang X, Ma R, Deng S, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang X, Huang X, Liu Y, Li G, Qu J, Zhu Y, Li J. Ultra-fast and onsite interrogation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in waters via surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117243. [PMID: 34029872 PMCID: PMC8116665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus infectious disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia challenges the rapid interrogation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in human and environmental samples. In this study, we developed an assay using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) coupled with multivariate analysis to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an ultra-fast manner without any pretreatment (e.g., RNA extraction). Using silver-nanorod SERS array functionalized with cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), we obtained strong SERS signals of ACE2 at 1032, 1051, 1089, 1189, 1447 and 1527 cm-1. The recognition and binding of receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on SERS assay significantly quenched the spectral intensities of most peaks and exhibited a shift from 1189 to 1182 cm-1. On-site tests on 23 water samples with a portable Raman spectrometer proved its accuracy and easy-operation for spot detection of SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate disinfection performance, explore viral survival in environmental media, assess viral decay in wastewater treatment plant and track SARS-CoV-2 in pipe network. Our findings raise a state-of-the-art spectroscopic tool to screen and interrogate viruses with RBD for human cell entry, proving its feasibility and potential as an ultra-fast detection tool for wastewater-based epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Rui Ma
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Songqiang Deng
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Tsinghua-Suzhou), Suzhou 215163, P.R. China
| | - Xinzi Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xia Huang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Junyi Li
- Suzhou Yiqing Environmental Science and Technology LTD., Suzhou 215163, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
John AR, Raju S, Cadnum JL, Lee K, McClellan P, Akkus O, Miller SK, Jennings WD, Buehler JA, Li DF, Redmond SN, Braskie M, Hoyen CK, Donskey CJ. Scalable in-hospital decontamination of N95 filtering face-piece respirator with a peracetic acid room disinfection system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021. [PMID: 33040749 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.24.20073973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical shortages of personal protective equipment, especially N95 respirators, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a source of concern. Novel methods of N95 filtering face-piece respirator decontamination that can be scaled-up for in-hospital use can help address this concern and keep healthcare workers (HCWs) safe. METHODS A multidisciplinary pragmatic study was conducted to evaluate the use of an ultrasonic room high-level disinfection system (HLDS) that generates aerosolized peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide for decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators. A cycle duration that consistently achieved disinfection of N95 respirators (defined as ≥6 log10 reductions in bacteriophage MS2 and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores inoculated onto respirators) was identified. The treated masks were assessed for changes to their hydrophobicity, material structure, strap elasticity, and filtration efficiency. PAA and hydrogen peroxide off-gassing from treated masks were also assessed. RESULTS The PAA room HLDS was effective for disinfection of bacteriophage MS2 and G. stearothermophilus spores on respirators in a 2,447 cubic-foot (69.6 cubic-meter) room with an aerosol deployment time of 16 minutes and a dwell time of 32 minutes. The total cycle time was 1 hour and 16 minutes. After 5 treatment cycles, no adverse effects were detected on filtration efficiency, structural integrity, or strap elasticity. There was no detectable off-gassing of PAA and hydrogen peroxide from the treated masks at 20 and 60 minutes after the disinfection cycle, respectively. CONCLUSION The PAA room disinfection system provides a rapidly scalable solution for in-hospital decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita R John
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shine Raju
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer L Cadnum
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kipum Lee
- UH Ventures, Innovation Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Phillip McClellan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sharon K Miller
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Environmental Effects and Coatings Branch, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Daniel F Li
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarah N Redmond
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Melissa Braskie
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudia K Hoyen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Curtis J Donskey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen M, Lei Q, Ren L, Li J, Li X, Wang Z. Efficacy of electrochemical membrane bioreactor for virus removal from wastewater: Performance and mechanisms. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 330:124946. [PMID: 33743278 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment facilities play pivotal roles in preventing the transmission of water-borne viruses and protecting human health. In this study, a new electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) was proposed to achieve a long-lasting and efficient removal of virus from wastewater. Results showed that applying a low electric field (2.0 V) in EMBR system could achieve ~100% removal efficiency at both batch tests and continuous flow experiments. In contrast, the control MBR, without the exertion of electric field, exhibited a very low removal efficiency (19.8% on average). Moreover, the fouling in EMBR was significantly mitigated, which enabled its operation duration almost 3 times longer than that of the control. Further explorations suggested that the reactive oxidants generated on electrodes in the EMBR system were mainly responsible for MS2 removal. This study demonstrated the potential of utilizing the EMBR process to achieve an enhanced virus disinfection efficiency during the wastewater treatment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qian Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
John AR, Raju S, Cadnum JL, Lee K, McClellan P, Akkus O, Miller SK, Jennings WD, Buehler JA, Li DF, Redmond SN, Braskie M, Hoyen CK, Donskey CJ. Scalable in-hospital decontamination of N95 filtering face-piece respirator with a peracetic acid room disinfection system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 42:678-687. [PMID: 33040749 PMCID: PMC7642971 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical shortages of personal protective equipment, especially N95 respirators, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a source of concern. Novel methods of N95 filtering face-piece respirator decontamination that can be scaled-up for in-hospital use can help address this concern and keep healthcare workers (HCWs) safe. METHODS A multidisciplinary pragmatic study was conducted to evaluate the use of an ultrasonic room high-level disinfection system (HLDS) that generates aerosolized peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide for decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators. A cycle duration that consistently achieved disinfection of N95 respirators (defined as ≥6 log10 reductions in bacteriophage MS2 and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores inoculated onto respirators) was identified. The treated masks were assessed for changes to their hydrophobicity, material structure, strap elasticity, and filtration efficiency. PAA and hydrogen peroxide off-gassing from treated masks were also assessed. RESULTS The PAA room HLDS was effective for disinfection of bacteriophage MS2 and G. stearothermophilus spores on respirators in a 2,447 cubic-foot (69.6 cubic-meter) room with an aerosol deployment time of 16 minutes and a dwell time of 32 minutes. The total cycle time was 1 hour and 16 minutes. After 5 treatment cycles, no adverse effects were detected on filtration efficiency, structural integrity, or strap elasticity. There was no detectable off-gassing of PAA and hydrogen peroxide from the treated masks at 20 and 60 minutes after the disinfection cycle, respectively. CONCLUSION The PAA room disinfection system provides a rapidly scalable solution for in-hospital decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita R. John
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shine Raju
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer L. Cadnum
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kipum Lee
- UH Ventures, Innovation Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Phillip McClellan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ozan Akkus
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sharon K. Miller
- NASA Glenn Research Center, Environmental Effects and Coatings Branch, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Daniel F. Li
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarah N. Redmond
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Melissa Braskie
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Claudia K. Hoyen
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Curtis J. Donskey
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
A Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide as a Non-Contact Decontamination System for Pathogens Associated with the Dental Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094748. [PMID: 33946831 PMCID: PMC8124733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol generation and a wide range of pathogens originating from the oral cavity of the patient contaminate various surfaces of the dental clinic. The aim was to determine the efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide fogging on pathogens related to the dental environment and its possible application in dentistry. PICOS statement (Population, Intervention, Comparison/Control, Outcome and Study design statement) was used in the review. Six electronic databases were searched for articles published from 2010 to 2020. Articles written in English reporting vaporized hydrogen peroxide on pathogens deemed to be relevant to the dental environment were assessed. The quality of the studies was assessed using the risk-of-bias assessment tool designed for the investigation of vaporized hydrogen peroxide application in dentistry. A total of 17 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most commonly reported single bacterial pathogen was Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in five studies, and the viruses Feline calicivirus, Human norovirus, and Murine norovirus were featured in three studies. The results of the studies reporting the log kill were sufficient for all authors to conclude that vaporized hydrogen peroxide generation was effective for the assessed pathogens. The studies that assessed aerosolized hydrogen peroxide found a greater log kill with the use of vaporized hydrogen peroxide generators. The overarching conclusion was that hydrogen peroxide delivered as vaporized hydrogen peroxide was an effective method to achieve large levels of log kill on the assessed pathogens. The hydrogen peroxide vapor generators can play a role in dental bio-decontamination. The parameters must be standardized and the efficacy assessed to perform bio-decontamination for the whole clinic. For vaporized hydrogen peroxide generators to be included in the dental bio-decontamination regimen, certain criteria should be met. These include the standardization and efficacy assessment of the vaporized hydrogen peroxide generators in dental clinics.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses whose ubiquity in nature and remarkable specificity to their host bacteria enable an impressive and growing field of tunable biotechnologies in agriculture and public health. Bacteriophage capsids, which house and protect their nucleic acids, have been modified with a range of functionalities (e.g., fluorophores, nanoparticles, antigens, drugs) to suit their final application. Functional groups naturally present on bacteriophage capsids can be used for electrostatic adsorption or bioconjugation, but their impermanence and poor specificity can lead to inconsistencies in coverage and function. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored both genetic and chemical modifications to enable strong, specific bonds between phage capsids and their target conjugates. Genetic modification methods involve introducing genes for alternative amino acids, peptides, or protein sequences into either the bacteriophage genomes or capsid genes on host plasmids to facilitate recombinant phage generation. Chemical modification methods rely on reacting functional groups present on the capsid with activated conjugates under the appropriate solution pH and salt conditions. This review surveys the current state-of-the-art in both genetic and chemical bacteriophage capsid modification methodologies, identifies major strengths and weaknesses of methods, and discusses areas of research needed to propel bacteriophage technology in development of biosensors, vaccines, therapeutics, and nanocarriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M. Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sam R. Nugen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim K, Jothikumar N, Sen A, Murphy JL, Chellam S. Removal and Inactivation of an Enveloped Virus Surrogate by Iron Conventional Coagulation and Electrocoagulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2674-2683. [PMID: 33533250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is imperative to understand the behavior of enveloped viruses during water treatment to better protect public health, especially in the light of evidence of detection of coronaviruses in wastewater. We report bench-scale experiments evaluating the extent and mechanisms of removal and/or inactivation of a coronavirus surrogate (ϕ6 bacteriophage) in water by conventional FeCl3 coagulation and Fe(0) electrocoagulation. Both coagulation methods achieved ∼5-log removal/inactivation of ϕ6 in 20 min. Enhanced removal was attributed to the high hydrophobicity of ϕ6 imparted by its characteristic phospholipid envelope. ϕ6 adhesion to freshly precipitated iron (hydr)oxide also led to envelope damage causing inactivation in both coagulation techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed oxidative damages to ϕ6 lipids only for electrocoagulation consistent with electro-Fenton reactions. Monitoring ϕ6 dsRNA by a novel reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method quantified significantly lower viral removal/inactivation in water compared with the plaque assay demonstrating that relying solely on RT-qPCR assays may overstate human health risks arising from viruses. Transmission electron microscopy and computationally generated electron density maps of ϕ6 showed severe morphological damages to virus' envelope and loss of capsid volume accompanying coagulation. Both conventional and electro- coagulation appear to be highly effective in controlling enveloped viruses during surface water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungho Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
| | - Narayanan Jothikumar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Anindito Sen
- Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2257, United States
| | - Jennifer L Murphy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Shankararaman Chellam
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3136, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ilyas S, Srivastava RR, Kim H. Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141652. [PMID: 32822917 PMCID: PMC7419320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The isolation wards, institutional quarantine centers, and home quarantine are generating a huge amount of bio-medical waste (BMW) worldwide since the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The personal protective equipment, testing kits, surgical facemasks, and nitrile gloves are the major contributors to waste volume. Discharge of a new category of BMW (COVID-waste) is of great global concern to public health and environmental sustainability if handled inappropriately. It may cause exponential spreading of this fatal disease as waste acts as a vector for SARS-CoV-2, which survives up to 7 days on COVID-waste (like facemasks). Proper disposal of COVID-waste is therefore immediately requires to lower the threat of pandemic spread and for sustainable management of the environmental hazards. Henceforth, in the present article, disinfection technologies for handling COVID-waste from its separate collection to various physical and chemical treatment steps have been reviewed. Furthermore, policy briefs on the global initiatives for COVID-waste management including the applications of different disinfection techniques have also been discussed with some potential examples effectively applied to reduce both health and environmental risks. This article can be of great significance to the strategy development for preventing/controlling the pandemic of similar episodes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Ilyas
- Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Whitworth C, Mu Y, Houston H, Martinez-Smith M, Noble-Wang J, Coulliette-Salmond A, Rose L. Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01482-20. [PMID: 32591388 PMCID: PMC7440805 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01482-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of health care workers during the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm2 coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m3 and a high AH of 14.4 g/m3 Phi 6 declined at a lower rate on all materials under low-AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.06-log10 PFU/day to 0.11-log10 PFU/day, than under the higher AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.65-log10 PFU/h to 1.42-log10 PFU/day. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and nonporous surfaces at both low AH (P < 0.0001) and high AH (P < 0.0001). Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low-AH conditions in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. Additionally, some coronaviruses persist longer than phi 6 under similar conditions; therefore, phi 6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses.IMPORTANCE Understanding the persistence of enveloped viruses helps inform infection control practices and procedures in health care facilities and community settings. These data convey to public health investigators that enveloped viruses can persist and remain infective on surfaces, thus demonstrating a potential risk for transmission. Under these laboratory-simulated Western indoor hospital conditions, we assessed the suitability of phi 6 as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Whitworth
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Mu
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hollis Houston
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marla Martinez-Smith
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Judith Noble-Wang
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela Coulliette-Salmond
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Rose
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wigginton KR, Boehm AB. Environmental Engineers and Scientists Have Important Roles to Play in Stemming Outbreaks and Pandemics Caused by Enveloped Viruses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3736-3739. [PMID: 32207922 PMCID: PMC7099656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krista R. Wigginton
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|