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Ghozali DA, Doewes M, Soetrisno S, Indarto D, Ilyas MF. Dose-response effect of L-citrulline on skeletal muscle damage after acute eccentric exercise: an in vivo study in mice. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16684. [PMID: 38130917 PMCID: PMC10734431 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eccentric exercise may trigger mechanical stress, resulting in muscle damage that may decrease athletic performance. L-citrulline potentially prevents skeletal muscle damage after acute eccentric exercise. This study aimed to assess the dose-response effect of L-citrulline as a preventive therapy for skeletal muscle damage in mice after acute eccentric exercise. Methods This is a controlled laboratory in vivo study with a post-test-only design. Male mice (BALB/c, n = 25) were randomized into the following groups: a normal control (C1) (n = 5); a negative control (C2) with downhill running and placebo intervention (n = 5); treatment groups: T1 (n = 5), T2 (n = 5), and T3 (n = 5), were subjected to downhill running and 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg of L-citrulline, respectively, for seven days. Blood plasma was used to determine the levels of TNNI2 and gastrocnemius muscle tissue NOX2, IL-6, and caspase 3 using ELISA. NF-κB and HSP-70 expressions were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Skeletal muscle damage (plasma TNNI2 levels) in mice after eccentric exercise was lower after 250 and 500 mg/kg of L-citrulline. Further, changes in oxidative stress markers, NOX2, were reduced after a 1,000 mg/kg dose. However, a lower level of change has been observed in levels of cellular response markers (NF-κB, HSP-70, IL-6, and caspase 3) after administration of L-citrulline doses of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg. Conclusion L-citrulline may prevent skeletal muscle damage in mice after acute eccentric exercise through antioxidant effects as well as inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. In relation to dose-related effects, it was found that L-citrulline doses of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg significantly influenced the expression of NF-κB and HSP-70, as well as the levels of IL-6 and caspase 3. Meanwhile, only doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg had an impact on TNNI2 levels, and the 1,000 mg/kg dose affected NOX2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhoni Akbar Ghozali
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Muchsin Doewes
- Doctoral Program of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Soetrisno Soetrisno
- Departement of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Dono Indarto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhana Fawwazy Ilyas
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
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Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, Jung YP, Kim H, Kim AJ, Kim S, Lim K. Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:1268. [PMID: 36904267 PMCID: PMC10005484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global market for nutritional supplements (NS) is growing rapidly, and the use of L-arginine (Arg), L-citrulline (Cit), and citrulline malate (CitMal) supplements has been shown to enhance cardiovascular health and athletic performance. Over the past decade, Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements have received considerable attention from researchers in the field of exercise nutrition, who have investigated their potential effects on hemodynamic function, endothelial function, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, strength, power, and endurance. Previous studies were reviewed to determine the potential impact of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and exercise performance. By synthesizing the existing literature, the study aimed to provide insight into the possible uses and limitations of these supplements for these purposes. The results showed that both recreational and trained athletes did not see improved physical performance or increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with 0.075 g or 6 g doses of Arg supplement per body weight. However, 2.4 to 6 g of Cit per day for 7 to 16 days of various NSs had a positive impact, increasing NO synthesis, enhancing athletic performance indicators, and reducing feelings of exertion. The effects of an 8 g acute dose of CitMal supplement were inconsistent, and more research is needed to determine its impact on muscle endurance performance. Based on the positive effects reported in previous studies, further testing is warranted in various populations that may benefit from nutritional supplements, including aerobic and anaerobic athletes, resistance-trained individuals, elderly people, and clinical populations, to determine the impact of different doses, timing of ingestion, and long-term and acute effects of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghoon P. Jung
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Jin Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonwoo Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Supplementation with Nitric Oxide Precursors for Strength Performance: A Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030660. [PMID: 36771366 PMCID: PMC9921013 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric-oxide-stimulating dietary supplements are widely available and marketed to strength athletes and weightlifters seeking to increase muscle performance and augment training adaptations. These supplements contain ingredients classified as nitric oxide (NO) precursors (i.e., "NO boosters"). Endogenous NO is generated via a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent pathway and a NOS-independent pathway that rely on precursors including L-arginine and nitrates, with L-citrulline serving as an effective precursor of L-arginine. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in endothelial function, promoting relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and subsequent dilation which may favorably impact blood flow and augment mechanisms contributing to skeletal muscle performance, hypertrophy, and strength adaptations. The aim of this review is to describe the NO production pathways and summarize the current literature on the effects of supplementation with NO precursors for strength and power performance. The information will allow for an informed decision when considering the use of L-arginine, L-citrulline, and nitrates to improve muscular function by increasing NO bioavailability.
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Nutritional Compounds to Improve Post-Exercise Recovery. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235069. [PMID: 36501099 PMCID: PMC9736198 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic and mechanical stresses associated with muscle-fatiguing exercise result in perturbations to bodily tissues that lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), a state of fatigue involving oxidative stress and inflammation that is accompanied by muscle weakness, pain and a reduced ability to perform subsequent training sessions or competitions. This review collates evidence from previous research on a wide range of nutritional compounds that have the potential to speed up post-exercise recovery. We show that of the numerous compounds investigated thus far, only two-tart cherry and omega-3 fatty acids-are supported by substantial research evidence. Further studies are required to clarify the potential effects of other compounds presented here, many of which have been used since ancient times to treat conditions associated with inflammation and disease.
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The Effect of a Single Dose of Citrulline on the Physical Performance of Soccer-Specific Exercise in Adult Elite Soccer Players (A Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Trial). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235036. [PMID: 36501066 PMCID: PMC9739774 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single intake of citrulline at 3 g and 6 g doses in adult elite soccer players performing sport-specific exercise. MATERIALS AND METHODS This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study analyzed 18 soccer players from the top divisions of three European countries. Participants were randomized into three groups of six each and performed a field-based soccer-specific test for 18 min. Comparative analysis of heart rate, fatigue and post-exercise recovery was conducted. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in most of the analyzed parameters, nor at any of the time points for lactate concentration. Players' RPE exercise test score did not reveal any differences. CONCLUSIONS Neither a single intake of 3 g nor of 6 g of citrulline malate affected physical performance, subjective feelings of fatigue or post-exercise recovery in adult elite soccer players who performed a soccer-specific test.
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Cano-Lamadrid M, Martínez-Zamora L, Castillejo N, Artés-Hernández F. From Pomegranate Byproducts Waste to Worth: A Review of Extraction Techniques and Potential Applications for Their Revalorization. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172596. [PMID: 36076782 PMCID: PMC9455765 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The food industry is quite interested in the use of (techno)-functional bioactive compounds from byproducts to develop ‘clean label’ foods in a circular economy. The aim of this review is to evaluate the state of the knowledge and scientific evidence on the use of green extraction technologies (ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzymatic-assisted) of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel byproducts, and their potential application via the supplementation/fortification of vegetal matrixes to improve their quality, functional properties, and safety. Most studies are mainly focused on ultrasound extraction, which has been widely developed compared to microwave or enzymatic extractions, which should be studied in depth, including their combinations. After extraction, pomegranate peel byproducts (in the form of powders, liquid extracts, and/or encapsulated, among others) have been incorporated into several food matrixes, as a good tool to preserve ‘clean label’ foods without altering their composition and improving their functional properties. Future studies must clearly evaluate the energy efficiency/consumption, the cost, and the environmental impact leading to the sustainable extraction of the key bio-compounds. Moreover, predictive models are needed to optimize the phytochemical extraction and to help in decision-making along the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cano-Lamadrid
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Agronomical Engineering and Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Lorena Martínez-Zamora
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Agronomical Engineering and Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Noelia Castillejo
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Agronomical Engineering and Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Francisco Artés-Hernández
- Postharvest and Refrigeration Group, Department of Agronomical Engineering and Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968325509
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Gonzalez AM, Pinzone AG, Lipes SE, Mangine GT, Townsend JR, Allerton TD, Sell KM, Ghigiarelli JJ. Effect of watermelon supplementation on exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and vessel diameter in resistance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1627-1638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mohamad Salin NS, Md Saad WM, Abdul Razak HR, Salim F. Effect of Storage Temperatures on Physico-Chemicals, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Watermelon Juice ( Citrullus lanatus). Metabolites 2022; 12:75. [PMID: 35050198 PMCID: PMC8780985 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) consists of high moisture content and is favoured for its juice products. The popular fruit has a tempting taste, sweet aroma and attractive flesh colour. It is enriched with phytochemicals and antioxidant properties that are beneficial to human health. Due to convenience, the majority of individuals are likely to consume watermelon juice. However, little is known about the fruit juice storage and temperatures that may affect its beneficial properties. This study investigated the effect of storage temperature at room temperature, refrigerator cold, refrigerator freeze and freeze-dried, and analyzed the juice physico-chemicals (weight loss, pH, ash, moisture, total soluble solid, browning and turbidity), phytochemicals (total phenolic, total flavonoid, lycopene and β-carotene) and antioxidant scavenging activities during 9 days of storage. The results showed that watermelon juice was affected by storage temperatures and conditions with significant changes in physico-chemical appearance and decrease in total phytochemical content, thus consequently affecting their antioxidant activities during 9 days of storage. Although fresh watermelon juice can be consumed for its high nutritional values, freeze-drying is the preferable technique to retain its benefits and to delay juice degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shafinaz Mohamad Salin
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Mazlina Md Saad
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hairil Rashmizal Abdul Razak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Fatimah Salim
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Dengkil Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Branch, Dengkil 43800, Selangor, Malaysia
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Artés-Hernández F, Castillejo N, Martínez-Zamora L, Martínez-Hernández GB. Phytochemical Fortification in Fruit and Vegetable Beverages with Green Technologies. Foods 2021; 10:2534. [PMID: 34828814 PMCID: PMC8624109 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytochemical, bioactive and nutraceutical compounds are terms usually found in the scientific literature related to natural compounds found in plants linked to health-promoting properties. Fruit and vegetable beverages (mainly juice and smoothies) are a convenient strategy to enhance the consumption of horticultural commodities, with the possibility of being fortified with plant byproducts to enhance the content of bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE This review aims to analyse the different green technologies applied in beverage processing with a fortification effect on their health promoting compounds. RESULTS Fortification can be performed by several strategies, including physical elicitors (e.g., processing technologies), plant/algae extract supplementation, and fermentation with probiotics, among others. Thermal processing technologies are conventionally used to ensure the preservation of food safety with a long shelf life, but this frequently reduces nutritional and sensory quality. However, green non-thermal technologies (e.g., UV, high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, ultrasounds, cold plasma, etc.) are being widely investigated in order to reduce costs and make possible more sustainable production processes without affecting the nutritional and sensory quality of beverages. CONCLUSIONS Such green processing technologies may enhance the content of phytochemical compounds through improvement of their extraction/bioaccessibility and/or different biosynthetic reactions that occurred during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Artés-Hernández
- Department of Agronomical Engineering & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain; (N.C.); (L.M.-Z.); (G.B.M.-H.)
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Acute Effect of Citrulline Malate on Repetition Performance During Strength Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 31:350-358. [PMID: 34010809 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline malate (CitMal) is a dietary supplement that is suggested to enhance strength training performance. However, there is conflicting evidence on this matter. Thus, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine whether supplementing with CitMal prior to strength training could increase the total number of repetitions performed before reaching voluntary muscular failure. A systematic search was conducted wherein the inclusion criteria were double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in healthy participants that examined the effect of CitMal on repetitions to failure during upper body and lower body resistance exercises. The Hedges's g standardized mean differences (SMD) between the placebo and CitMal trials were calculated and used in a random effect model. Two separate subanalyses were performed for upper body and lower body exercises. Eight studies, including 137 participants who consisted of strength-trained men (n = 101) and women (n = 26) in addition to untrained men (n = 9), fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Across the studies, 14 single-joint and multijoint exercises were performed with an average of 51 ± 23 total repetitions during 5 ± 3 sets per exercise at ∼70% of one-repetition maximum. Supplementing with 6-8 g of CitMal 40-60 min before exercise increased repetitions by 3 ± 5 (6.4 ± 7.9%) compared with placebo (p = .022) with a small SMD (0.196). The subanalysis for the lower body resulted in a tendency for an effect of the supplement (8.1 ± 8.4%, SMD: 0.27, p = .051) with no significant effect for the upper body (5.7 ± 8.4%, SMD: 0.16, p = .131). The current analysis observed a small ergogenic effect of CitMal compared with placebo. Acute CitMal supplementation may, therefore, delay fatigue and enhance muscle endurance during high-intensity strength training.
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L-Citrulline: A Non-Essential Amino Acid with Important Roles in Human Health. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) has been widely used due to its functional properties as a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) generation. However, L-citrulline (CIT), whose main natural source is watermelon, is a non-essential amino acid but which has important health potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to different studies of the endogenous synthesis of CIT, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics as well as its ergogenic effect in exercise performance. The novel aspect of this paper focuses on the different effects of CIT, citrulline malate and CIT from natural sources such as watermelon on several topics, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, cancer, and exercise performance. CIT from watermelon could be a natural food-sourced substitute for pharmacological products and therefore the consumption of this fruit is promoted.
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Sánchez Macarro M, Ávila-Gandía V, Pérez-Piñero S, Cánovas F, García-Muñoz AM, Abellán-Ruiz MS, Victoria-Montesinos D, Luque-Rubia AJ, Climent E, Genovés S, Ramon D, Chenoll E, López-Román FJ. Antioxidant Effect of a Probiotic Product on a Model of Oxidative Stress Induced by High-Intensity and Duration Physical Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:323. [PMID: 33671691 PMCID: PMC7926771 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This randomized double-blind and controlled single-center clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effect of a 6-week intake of a probiotic product (1 capsule/day) vs. a placebo on an oxidative stress model of physical exercise (high intensity and duration) in male cyclists (probiotic group, n = 22; placebo, n = 21). This probiotic included three lyophilized strains (Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7347, Lactobacillus casei CECT 9104, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CECT 8361). Study variables were urinary isoprostane, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxiguanosine (8-OHdG), serum protein carbonyl, serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD). At 6 weeks, as compared with baseline, significant differences in 8-OHdG (Δ mean difference -10.9 (95% CI -14.5 to -7.3); p < 0.001), MDA (Δ mean difference -207.6 (95% CI -349.1 to -66.1; p < 0.05), and Ox-LDL (Δ mean difference -122.5 (95% CI -240 to -4.5); p < 0.05) were found in the probiotic group only. Serum GPx did not increase in the probiotic group, whereas the mean difference was significant in the placebo group (477.8 (95% CI 112.5 to 843.2); p < 0.05). These findings suggest an antioxidant effect of this probiotic on underlying interacting oxidative stress mechanisms and their modulation in healthy subjects. The study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03798821).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maravillas Sánchez Macarro
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Pérez-Piñero
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Cánovas
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana María García-Muñoz
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Salud Abellán-Ruiz
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio J Luque-Rubia
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Climent
- Research and Development Department, ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Genovés
- Research and Development Department, ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Ramon
- Research and Development Department, ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Empar Chenoll
- Research and Development Department, ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Román
- Department of Exercise Physiology, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Primary Care Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Rhim HC, Kim SJ, Park J, Jang KM. Effect of citrulline on post-exercise rating of perceived exertion, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:553-561. [PMID: 33308806 PMCID: PMC7749242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrulline is one of the non-essential amino acids that is thought to improve exercise performance and reduce post-exercise muscle soreness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of citrulline supplements on the post-exercise rating of perceived exertion (RPE), muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels. METHODS A random effects model was used to calculate the effect sizes due to the high variability in the study design and study populations of the articles included. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed. Eligibility for study inclusion was limited to studies that were randomized controlled trials involving healthy individuals and that investigated the acute effect of citrulline supplements on RPE, muscle soreness, and blood lactate levels. The supplementation time frame was limited to 2 h before exercise. The types and number of participants, types of exercise tests performed, supplementation protocols for L-citrulline or citrulline malate, and primary (RPE and muscle soreness) and secondary (blood lactate level) study outcomes were extracted from the identified studies. RESULTS The analysis included 13 eligible articles including a total of 206 participants. The most frequent dosage used in the studies was 8 g of citrulline malate. Citrulline supplementation significantly reduced RPE (n = 7, p = 0.03) and muscle soreness 24-h and 48-h after post-exercise (n = 7, p = 0.04; n = 6, p = 0.25, respectively). However, citrulline supplementation did not significantly reduce muscle soreness 72-h post-exercise (n = 4, p = 0.62) or lower blood lactate levels (n = 8, p = 0.17). CONCLUSION Citrulline supplements significantly reduced post-exercise RPE and muscle soreness without affecting blood lactate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Chang Rhim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jewel Park
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Mo Jang
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02842, Republic of Korea; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Doma K, Gahreman D, Connor J. Fruit supplementation reduces indices of exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:562-579. [PMID: 32460679 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1775895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of fruit supplements on indices of muscle damage and physical performance measures following muscle-damaging exercise protocols. The PEDro scale and Cochrane's risk of bias tool was used to critically appraise each study, whilst forest plots were generated to report on standardised mean differences (SMD) and p-values. The studies employed a crossover-randomised design, or a randomised controlled placebo design, with measures compared between the supplement (SUPP) and placebo (PLA) conditions at 24 and 48 h following the muscle-damaging exercise protocols. Compared to the PLA condition, the SUPP condition exhibited significantly lower levels of indirect muscle damage markers (p = 0.02; I2 = 44%), inflammatory markers (p = 0.03; I2 = 45%) and oxidative stress (p < 0.001; I2 = 58%), whilst antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (p = 0.04; I2 = 82%) at 24 h post-exercise. The maximal isometric voluntary contraction was significantly greater for the SUPP condition than the PLA at 24 h (p < 0.001; I2 = 81%) and 48 h (p < 0.001; 84%) post-exercise. Only a few studies reported on functional outcome measures (i.e. countermovement jump, cycling, sprint and running maximal oxygen uptake), and the findings appeared conflicting according to qualitative analyses. Fruit supplementation minimised the level of several biomarkers of muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress, whilst improved muscular contractility during periods of EIMD. These findings demonstrate that fruit supplements could be used as recovery strategies from strenuous exercise sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Daniel Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Jonathan Connor
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, Carling C, Alberti G, Howatson G. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1965-1996. [PMID: 32661771 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the nutritional strategies to treat the signs and symptoms related to EIMD. These strategies have been organized into the following sections based upon the quality and quantity of the scientific support available: (1) interventions with a good level of evidence; (2) interventions with some evidence and require more research; and (3) potential nutritional interventions with little to-no-evidence to support efficacy. METHOD Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were used. The search terms 'EIMD' and 'exercise-induced muscle damage' were individually concatenated with 'supplementation', 'athletes', 'recovery', 'adaptation', 'nutritional strategies', hormesis'. RESULT Supplementation with tart cherries, beetroot, pomegranate, creatine monohydrate and vitamin D appear to provide a prophylactic effect in reducing EIMD. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, and the ingestion of protein, BCAA and milk could represent promising strategies to manage EIMD. Other nutritional interventions were identified but offered limited effect in the treatment of EIMD; however, inconsistencies in the dose and frequency of interventions might account for the lack of consensus regarding their efficacy. CONCLUSION There are clearly varying levels of evidence and practitioners should be mindful to refer to this evidence-base when prescribing to clients and athletes. One concern is the potential for these interventions to interfere with the exercise-recovery-adaptation continuum. Whilst there is no evidence that these interventions will blunt adaptation, it seems pragmatic to use a periodised approach to administering these strategies until data are in place to provide and evidence base on any interference effect on adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Monika Nemmer
- Nutrition Department Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Centre for Elite Performance, French Football Federation, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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[The effect of supplementation with L-arginine and L-citrulline on physical performance: a systematic review]. NUTR HOSP 2020; 36:1389-1402. [PMID: 31682459 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: the amino acids L-arginine (L-arg) and L-citrulline (L-citr) have been used in sports nutrition, and it is believed that they have an effect on physical performance. However, current information is varied and inconclusive. Objective: to review and analyze the scientific evidence in the last ten years, which reflects a connection between the effect of L-arg and L-citr supplementation and physical performance. Material and method: this study is a systematic review of articles previously published, following the PRISMA model. Those articles published between 2008 and 2018 that connected the effect of L-arg and L-citr supplementation with physical performance were analyzed. The electronic search was performed on Web of Science, Scopus, Sport Discus, PubMed, and Medline. All articles using a supplementation protocol with these amino acids, separately or in groups, were selected. Results: a total of 38 articles were found, which were stratified according to the established protocol: a) supplementation with L-arg (n = 19); b) supplementation with L-arg and L-citr (n = 1); and c) supplementation with L-citr (n = 18), whether of short or prolonged duration. Conclusion: there is evidence that L-citr works better as ergogenic than L-arg does on physical performance, since L-citr showed a positive effect on the rate of perceived exertion and muscular pain, in addition to a decrease in lactate concentrations and time in maximum tests. However, there is not enough evidence to establish a beneficial L-citr dosage for physical performance.
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Abstract
Supplemental arginine has shown promise as a safe therapeutic option to improve endogenous nitric oxide (NO) regulation in cardiovascular diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction. In clinical studies in adults, L-arginine, an endogenous amino acid, was reported to improve cardiovascular function in hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, preeclampsia, angina, and MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) syndrome. L-citrulline, a natural precursor of L-arginine, is more bioavailable than L-arginine because it avoids hepatic first-pass metabolism and has a longer circulation time. Although not yet well-studied, arginine/citrulline has immense therapeutic potential in some life-threatening diseases in children. However, the optimal clinical development of arginine or citrulline in children requires more information about pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationships at appropriate ages and under relevant disease states. This article summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies of arginine/citrulline in both adults and children, including currently available pharmacokinetic information. The pharmacology of arginine/citrulline is confounded by several patient-specific factors such as variations in baseline arginine/citrulline due to developmental ages and disease states. Currently available pharmacokinetic studies are insufficient to inform the optimal design of clinical studies, especially in children. Successful bench-to-bedside clinical translation of arginine supplementation awaits information from well-designed pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, along with pharmacometric approaches.
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Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1480-1495. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Blohm K, Beidler J, Rosen P, Kressler J, Hong MY. Effect of acute watermelon juice supplementation on post-submaximal exercise heart rate recovery, blood lactate, blood pressure, blood glucose and muscle soreness in healthy non-athletic men and women. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:482-489. [PMID: 31597484 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1675604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a single pre-exercise dose of watermelon juice on submaximal post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery, blood lactate (BL), blood pressure (BP), blood glucose (BG), and muscle soreness in healthy adults. In a randomised crossover design, 27 healthy non-athletic participants (13 males/14 females) consumed 355 mL of watermelon juice, Gatorade, sugar water, or water. HR and BL were significantly higher post-exercise, and both watermelon juice and sugar water increased postprandial BG. However, there were no significant differences among the supplements in HR recovery, BL, or post-exercise muscle soreness. Watermelon juice prevented increased post-exercise systolic and diastolic BP in females, but not in males. More research is warranted to examine the effect of sex on the efficacy of watermelon consumption for controlling BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Blohm
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Beidler
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Phil Rosen
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Kressler
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Pomegranate Extract Improves Maximal Performance of Trained Cyclists after an Exhausting Endurance Trial: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040721. [PMID: 30925733 PMCID: PMC6521089 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of pomegranate (Punica granatum) extract (PE) for improving performance and post-exercise recovery in an active population was equivocal in previous studies. In this study, a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, balanced, cross-over trial with two arms was conducted. Eligibility criteria for participants were as follows: male, amateur cyclist, with a training routine of 2 to 4 sessions per week (at least one hour per session). The cyclists (n = 26) were divided into treatment (PE) and placebo (PLA) groups for a period of 15 days. After physical tests, the groups were exchanged after a 14-day washout period. Exercise tests consisted of endurance bouts (square-wave endurance exercise test followed by an incremental exercise test to exhaustion) and an eccentric exercise drill. The objective was to assess the efficacy of PE in performance outcomes and post-exercise muscular recovery and force restoration after a prolonged submaximal effort. Twenty-six participants were included for statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in total time to exhaustion (TTE)(17.66–170.94 s, p < 0.02) and the time to reach ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)(26.98–82.55 s, p < 0.001), with greater values for the PE compared to the PLA group. No significant results were obtained for force restoration in the isokinetic unilateral low limb test. PE, after a prolonged submaximal effort, may be effective in improving performance outcomes at maximal effort and might help to restore force in the damaged muscles.
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21
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Trexler ET, Persky AM, Ryan ED, Schwartz TA, Stoner L, Smith-Ryan AE. Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49:707-718. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Ridwan R, Razak HRA, Adenan MI, Saad WMM. Supplementation of 100% Flesh Watermelon [ Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] Juice Improves Swimming Performance in Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2019; 24:41-48. [PMID: 31008095 PMCID: PMC6456243 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2019.24.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional intervention of fruit juice supplementation is able to maximize exercise performance. Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] contains high L-citrulline content and consumption of watermelon juice may promote ergogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of 100% flesh watermelon juice and 100% rind watermelon juice supplementation for 14 days on swimming performance in rats. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Cx group of rats supplemented with filtered tap water (negative control), L-cit group of rats supplemented with L-citrulline (positive control), FR group of rats supplemented with 100% flesh watermelon juice, and RR group of rats supplemented with 100% rind watermelon juice. Each group was supplemented for 14 days ad libitum prior to swimming exercise protocol. The rats were performed swimming exercise for 3 days and swimming time until exhaustion was measured. Plasma samples were collected to measure lactate concentration, ammonia concentration, and nitric oxide production. Rats supplemented with 100% flesh watermelon juice demonstrated significantly prolonged of swimming time until exhaustion, reduction of lactate and ammonia concentrations, and increased of nitric oxide production compared to Cx and L-cit groups (P<0.05). These findings postulate that supplementation with 100% flesh watermelon juice improves endurance in swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasdin Ridwan
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Ilham Adenan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mazlina Md Saad
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor 42300, Malaysia
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Harty PS, Cottet ML, Malloy JK, Kerksick CM. Nutritional and Supplementation Strategies to Prevent and Attenuate Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: a Brief Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2019; 5:1. [PMID: 30617517 PMCID: PMC6323061 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is typically caused by unaccustomed exercise and results in pain, soreness, inflammation, and reduced muscle function. These negative outcomes may cause discomfort and impair subsequent athletic performance or training quality, particularly in individuals who have limited time to recover between training sessions or competitions. In recent years, a multitude of techniques including massage, cryotherapy, and stretching have been employed to combat the signs and symptoms of EIMD, with mixed results. Likewise, many varied nutritional and supplementation interventions intended to treat EIMD-related outcomes have gained prominence in the literature. To date, several review articles have been published that explore the many recovery strategies purported to minimize indirect markers of muscle damage. However, these articles are very limited from a nutritional standpoint. Thus, the purpose of this review is to briefly and comprehensively summarize many of these strategies that have been shown to positively influence the recovery process after damaging exercise. These strategies have been organized into the following sections based on nutrient source: fruits and fruit-derived supplements, vegetables and plant-derived supplements, herbs and herbal supplements, amino acid and protein supplements, vitamin supplements, and other supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - Megan L. Cottet
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - James K. Malloy
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301 USA
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Chappell AJ, Allwood DM, Simper TN. Citrulline Malate Fails to Improve German Volume Training Performance in Healthy Young Men and Women. J Diet Suppl 2018; 17:249-260. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1513433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Chappell
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield School of Business, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel M. Allwood
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Trevor N. Simper
- Food and Nutrition Group, Sheffield School of Business, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Chappell AJ, Allwood DM, Johns R, Brown S, Sultana K, Anand A, Simper T. Citrulline malate supplementation does not improve German Volume Training performance or reduce muscle soreness in moderately trained males and females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:42. [PMID: 30097067 PMCID: PMC6086018 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of supplements to aid performance is common practice amongst recreationally active individuals, including those without a sufficient evidence base. This investigation sought to assess whether acute supplementation with 8 g of citrulline malate (CM) (1.11: 1 ratio) would improve anaerobic performance. METHODS A randomised double blind placebo control trial was employed, using a counterbalanced design. We recruited recreationally active men and women to take part in an isokinetic chair protocol, based on German Volume Training (GVT) whereby participants attempted to perform 10 sets of 10 repetitions against a force representing 70% of their peak concentric force. RESULTS The number of repetitions achieved over the course of the GVT was 94.0 ± 7.9 and 90.9 ± 13.9 for placebo and CM respectively. There was no significant difference between the placebo and CM treatment for number of repetitions (P = 0.33), isometric (P = 0.60), concentric (P = 0.38), or eccentric (P = 0.65) peak force following the GVT. Total muscle soreness was significantly higher in the CM compared to the placebo treatment following the GVT protocol over 72 h (P = 0.01); although this was not accompanied by a greater workload/number of repetitions in the CM group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that an acute dose of CM does not significantly affect anaerobic performance using an isokinetic chair in recreational active participants. Practical implications include precaution in recommending CM supplementation. Coaches and athletes should be aware of the disparity between the chemical analyses of the products reviewed in the present investigation versus the manufacturers' claims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chappell
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Stoddard Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Daniel M Allwood
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Owen Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca Johns
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Stoddard Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samantha Brown
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Stoddard Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kiran Sultana
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Stoddard Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annie Anand
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Stoddard Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK
| | - Trevor Simper
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University, Stoddard Building, City Campus, Sheffield, UK
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Allerton TD, Proctor DN, Stephens JM, Dugas TR, Spielmann G, Irving BA. l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070921. [PMID: 30029482 PMCID: PMC6073798 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age- and lifestyle-related diseases. While l-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO by endothelial-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), oral l-arginine supplementation is largely ineffective at increasing NO synthesis and/or bioavailability for a variety of reasons. l-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, is a neutral alpha-amino acid formed by enzymes in the mitochondria that also serves as a substrate for recycling l-arginine. Unlike l-arginine, l-citrulline is not quantitatively extracted from the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., enterocytes) or liver and its supplementation is therefore more effective at increasing l-arginine levels and NO synthesis. Supplementation with l-citrulline has shown promise as a blood pressure lowering intervention (both resting and stress-induced) in adults with pre-/hypertension, with pre-clinical (animal) evidence for atherogenic-endothelial protection. Preliminary evidence is also available for l-citrulline-induced benefits to muscle and metabolic health (via vascular and non-vascular pathways) in susceptible/older populations. In this review, we examine the impact of supplementing this important urea cycle intermediate on cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes and identify future directions for investigating its therapeutic impact on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Proctor
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | - Tammy R Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Brian A Irving
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Phytol isolated from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) sprouts induces cell death in human T-lymphoid cell line Jurkat cells via S-phase cell cycle arrest. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:425-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Elaboration and Characterization of Apple Nectars Supplemented with Araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata Mac Vaugh—Myrtaceae). BEVERAGES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages3040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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