1
|
Moeed S, Bousbih R, Ayub AR, Jafar NNA, Aljohani M, Jabir MS, Amin MA, Zubair H, Majdi H, Waqas M, Hadia NMA, Khera RA. A theoretical investigation for improving the performance of non-fullerene organic solar cells through side-chain engineering of BTR non-fused-ring electron acceptors. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 131:108792. [PMID: 38797085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the current quantum chemical study, indacenodithiophene donor core-based the end-capped alterations of the reference chromophore BTR drafted eight A2-A1-D-A1-A2 type small non-fullerene acceptors. All the computational simulations were executed under MPW1PW91/6-31G (d, p) level of DFT. The UV-Vis absorption, open circuit voltage, electron affinity, ionization potential, the density of states, reorganization energy, orbital analysis, and non-covalent interactions were studied and compared with BTR. Several molecules of our modeled series BT1-BT8 have shown distinctive features that are better than those of the BTR. The open circuit voltage (VOC) of BT5 has a favorable impact, allowing it to replace BTR in the field of organic solar cells. The charge carrier motilities for proposed molecules generated extraordinary findings when matched to the reference one (BTR). Further charge transmission was confirmed by creating the complex with a PM6 donor molecule. The remarkable dipole moment contributes to the formation of non-covalent bond interactions with chloroform, resulting in superior charge mobility. Based on these findings, it can be said that every tailored molecule has the potential to surpass chromophore molecule (BTR) in OSCs. So, all tailored molecules may enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic cells due to the involvement of potent terminal electron-capturing acceptor2 moieties. Considering these obtained results, these newly presented molecules can be regarded for developing efficient solar devices in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Moeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - R Bousbih
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Raza Ayub
- Key Laboratory of Clusters Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Nadhir N A Jafar
- Al-Zahraa Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research Sciences (ZCMRS), Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Aljohani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Iraq
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hira Zubair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Majdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, 51001, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - N M A Hadia
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasheed Ahmad Khera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bellani S, Bartolotta A, Agresti A, Calogero G, Grancini G, Di Carlo A, Kymakis E, Bonaccorso F. Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11870-11965. [PMID: 34494631 PMCID: PMC8559907 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the ever-increasing energy demand scenario, the development of novel photovoltaic (PV) technologies is considered to be one of the key solutions to fulfil the energy request. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GRMs), including nonlayered 2D materials and 2D perovskites, as well as their hybrid systems, are emerging as promising candidates to drive innovation in PV technologies. The mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties of GRMs can be exploited in different active components of solar cells to design next-generation devices. These components include front (transparent) and back conductive electrodes, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting/recombination layers, as well as photoactive layers. The production and processing of GRMs in the liquid phase, coupled with the ability to "on-demand" tune their optoelectronic properties exploiting wet-chemical functionalization, enable their effective integration in advanced PV devices through scalable, reliable, and inexpensive printing/coating processes. Herein, we review the progresses in the use of solution-processed 2D materials in organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells, as well as in tandem systems. We first provide a brief introduction on the properties of 2D materials and their production methods by solution-processing routes. Then, we discuss the functionality of 2D materials for electrodes, photoactive layer components/additives, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting layers through figures of merit, which allow the performance of solar cells to be determined and compared with the state-of-the-art values. We finally outline the roadmap for the further exploitation of solution-processed 2D materials to boost the performance of PV devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bartolotta
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calogero
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Grancini
- University of Pavia and INSTM, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- L.A.S.E. - Laboratory for Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049 Leninskiy Prosect 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mao B, Hodges B, Franklin C, Calatayud DG, Pascu SI. Self-Assembled Materials Incorporating Functional Porphyrins and Carbon Nanoplatforms as Building Blocks for Photovoltaic Energy Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:727574. [PMID: 34660529 PMCID: PMC8517519 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.727574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a primary goal, this review highlights the role of supramolecular interactions in the assembly of new sustainable materials incorporating functional porphyrins and carbon nanoplatforms as building blocks for photovoltaics advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Graphene Centre, Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Hodges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies (CSCT), University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Franklin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David G Calatayud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Department of Electroceramics, Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia I Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.,Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies (CSCT), University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jewłoszewicz B, Bogdanowicz KA, Przybył W, Dysz K, Dylong A, Gonciarz A, Pich R, Mech W, Korona KP, Kamińska M, Zarębska K, Skompska M, Kaim A, Ciesielski A, Iwan A. A comprehensive optical and electrical study of unsymmetrical imine with four thiophene rings and their binary and ternary compositions with PTB7 and PC 70BM towards organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44958-44972. [PMID: 35516284 PMCID: PMC9058665 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new unsymmetrical imine with four thiophene rings was synthesized in a one-step reaction, starting from the commercially available and relatively inexpensive reagents. The obtained imine in the form of thin films exhibited photoluminescence properties in the 1.8–2.4 eV energy range and a photoluminescence lifetime of about 0.3 ns. The HOMO and LUMO levels of the imine determined by cyclic voltammetry were at about −5.19 eV and −3.05 eV, respectively. The density functional theory was applied to calculate the geometric and electronic structure of the imine. The UV-Vis spectra showed that the absorption range of the imine overlaps with that of PC70BM, and the absorption peak at the maximum of the imine at 424 nm is located between the two maxima at 404 nm and 461 nm of the fullerene derivative. The electron acceptor and donor activity of the imine was tested in the solar cell architecture: glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/In/Al. The best photovoltaic parameters, with very good reproducibility for each 8 pixels in the cell, were found for the active layer based on ternary mixture PTB7:PC70BM:imine at a weight ratio 8 : 13 : 1, with the power conversion efficiency of about 4%. The external quantum efficiency of devices with the imine was found to be about 40% at 3.3 eV. The thermal imaging together with the recorded current response at increasing potential showed that the presence of imine in the composition has a beneficial impact in terms of current flow stability at temperatures above 200 °C, compared to two component layers with the same imine as an additive. A new unsymmetrical imine with four thiophene rings was synthesized in a one-step reaction, starting from the commercially available and relatively inexpensive reagents.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beata Jewłoszewicz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology Obornicka 136 Str. 50-961 Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Przybył
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology Obornicka 136 Str. 50-961 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Dysz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology Obornicka 136 Str. 50-961 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dylong
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology Obornicka 136 Str. 50-961 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gonciarz
- Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces Czajkowskiego 109 Str. 51-147 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Robert Pich
- Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces Czajkowskiego 109 Str. 51-147 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Wojciech Mech
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Korona
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maria Kamińska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw Pasteura 5 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Kamila Zarębska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Magdalena Skompska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej Kaim
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology Obornicka 136 Str. 50-961 Wroclaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu C, Wang C, Jimenez JC, Rheingold AL, Sauvé G. Large Non-planar Conjugated Molecule with Strong Intermolecular Interactions Achieved with Homoleptic Zn(II) Complex of Di(5-quinolylethynyl)-tetraphenylazadipyrromethene. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31467-31472. [PMID: 33324859 PMCID: PMC7726932 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II) complexes of tetraphenylazadipyrromethenes are potential non-planar n-type conjugated materials. To tune the properties, we installed 5-quinolylethynyl groups at the pyrrolic positions. Compared to the complex with 1-napthylethynyl, we found evidence for stronger intermolecular interactions in the new complex, including much higher overlap integrals in crystals. X-ray analysis revealed unconventional C-H···N hydrogen bonding between two quinolyls of neighboring molecules, pointing to a new strategy for the development of non-planar molecular semiconductors with stronger intermolecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Chunlai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Jayvic C. Jimenez
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla California, 92093, United States
| | - Genevieve Sauvé
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zatsikha Y, Shamova LI, Schaffner JW, Healy AT, Blesener TS, Cohen G, Wozniak B, Blank DA, Nemykin VN. Probing Electronic Communication and Excited-State Dynamics in the Unprecedented Ferrocene-Containing Zinc MB-DIPY. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28656-28662. [PMID: 33195918 PMCID: PMC7658947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The electronic communication between two ferrocene groups in the electron-deficient expanded aza-BODIPY analogue of zinc manitoba-dipyrromethene (MB-DIPY) was probed by spectroscopic, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and theoretical methods. The excited-state dynamics involved sub-ps formation of the charge-separated state in the organometallic zinc MB-DIPYs, followed by recovery of the ground state via charge recombination in 12 ps. The excited-state behavior was contrasted with that observed in the parent complex that lacked the ferrocene electron donors and has a much longer excited-state lifetime (670 ps for the singlet state). Much longer decay times observed for the parent complex without ferrocene confirm that the main quenching mechanism in the ferrocene-containing 4 is reflective of the ultrafast ferrocene-to-MB-DIPY core charge transfer (CT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy
V. Zatsikha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liliya I. Shamova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jacob W. Schaffner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrew T. Healy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tanner S. Blesener
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gabriel Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brandon Wozniak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David A. Blank
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li P, Liang Q, Hong EYH, Chan CY, Cheng YH, Leung MY, Chan MY, Low KH, Wu H, Yam VWW. Boron(iii) β-diketonate-based small molecules for functional non-fullerene polymer solar cells and organic resistive memory devices. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11601-11612. [PMID: 34094407 PMCID: PMC8162878 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A class of acceptor-donor-acceptor chromophoric small-molecule non-fullerene acceptors, 1-4, with difluoroboron(iii) β-diketonate (BF2bdk) as the electron-accepting moiety has been developed. Through the variation of the central donor unit and the modification on the peripheral substituents of the terminal BF2bdk acceptor unit, their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been systematically studied. Taking advantage of their low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels (from -3.65 to -3.72 eV) and relatively high electron mobility (7.49 × 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1), these BF2bdk-based compounds have been employed as non-fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells with maximum power conversion efficiencies of up to 4.31%. Moreover, bistable resistive memory characteristics with charge-trapping mechanisms have been demonstrated in these BF2bdk-based compounds. This work not only demonstrates for the first time the use of a boron(iii) β-diketonate unit in constructing non-fullerene acceptors, but also provides more insights into designing organic materials with multi-functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Quanbin Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Eugene Yau-Hin Hong
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chin-Yiu Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yat-Hin Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ming-Yi Leung
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Mei-Yee Chan
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brunner PLM, Masse JP, L’Espérance G, Wuest JD. Imaging layers in thin-film molecular devices by transmission electron microscopy, using milling by focused ion beams and deposition on NaCl and Si. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of molecule-based thin-film devices such as organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and thin-film transistors depends on the electronic properties of the individual molecular components, as well as on their association to form complex morphologies. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to image the morphologies and help reveal how the devices work and can be improved. We have examined the suitability of various ways to prepare samples of thin molecular films for imaging by TEM. Specifically, we have used focused ion beams to mill cross sections of complete devices that have been glued together with epoxy adhesives. In addition, thin films of the type used as active layers in molecule-based devices can be deposited on disks of NaCl, which can then be dissolved in water to release free-standing films that can be imaged by TEM, without loss of nanostructural details. Films of this type can also be deposited on Si wafers, which can then be fractured to expose sections of film that overhang edges of fragments and can be imaged conveniently by TEM. This allows TEM to be used as a quick method for screening samples and monitoring the purification of active materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Philippe Masse
- Centre de caractérisation microscopique des matériaux (CM)2, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gilles L’Espérance
- Centre de caractérisation microscopique des matériaux (CM)2, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar R, Aggarwal H, Srivastava A. Of Twists and Curves: Electronics, Photophysics, and Upcoming Applications of Non-Planar Conjugated Organic Molecules. Chemistry 2020; 26:10653-10675. [PMID: 32118325 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Non-planar conjugated organic molecules (NPCOMs) contain π-conjugation across their length and also exhibit asymmetry in their conformation. In other words, certain molecular fragments in NPCOMs are either twisted or curved out of planarity. This conformational asymmetry in NPCOMs leads to non-uniform charge-distribution across the molecule, with important photophysical and electronic consequences such as altered thermodynamic stability, chemical reactivity, as well as materials properties. Majorly, NPCOMs can be classified as having either Fused or Rotatable architectures. NPCOMs have been the focus of significant scientific attention in the recent past due to their exciting photophysical behavior that includes intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and long-lived charge-separated states. In addition, they also have many useful materials characteristics such as biradical character, semi-conductivity, dynamic conformations, and mechanochromism. As a result, rational design of NPCOMs and mapping their structure-property correlations has become imperative. Researchers have executed conformational changes in NPCOMs through a variety of external stimuli such as pH, temperature, anions-cations, solvent, electric potential, and mechanical force in order to tailor their photophysical, optoelectronic and magnetic properties. Converging to these points, this review highlights the lucrative electronic features, photophysical traits and upcoming applications of NPCOMs by a selective survey of the recent scientific literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), Bhauri, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Himanshu Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), Bhauri, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Aasheesh Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal (IISER Bhopal), Bhauri, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal, 462066, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martínez JP, Solà M. Open-Circuit Voltage of Organic Photovoltaics: A Time-Dependent and Unrestricted DFT Study in a P3HT/PCBM Complex. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:1300-1305. [PMID: 31978307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solar cells based on blends of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, P3HT/PCMB, constitute one of the most efficient polymer photovoltaic cell types. One of the main factors that determine the efficiency of the solar cells is the open-circuit voltage, VOC. In this work, we provide an analysis of the parameters affecting the VOC in a P3HT/PCBM complex. Electronic transitions, excited states, and electron transfer parameters are evaluated under the classical Marcus formalism via the time-dependent and unrestricted CAM-B3LYP/6-31G* methods. The charge-recombination driving force is found to mainly affect the charge-recombination rate constant and, in turn, VOC. Even though other parameters also determine the value of VOC like density of states, dimensions of the cell, and microstructure of the donor/acceptor interface, the current work highlights the understanding attained by modeling charge-transfer parameters. The analysis reported here encourage further quantum-chemical investigations in organic photovoltaics with the aim of estimating and improving VOC, such that more efficient organic solar cells may be predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pablo Martínez
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosı́ , Carretera Cedral km 5 + 600, Ejido San José de las Trojes , 78700 Matehuala , San Luis Potosı́ , Mexico
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Quı́mica , Universitat de Girona , C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69 , 17003 Girona , Catalonia , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang C, Daddario C, Pejić S, Sauvé G. Synthesis and Properties of Azadipyrromethene‐Based Complexes with Nitrile Substitution. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlai Wang
- Department of Chemistry Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue 44106 Cleveland OH USA
| | - Cassie Daddario
- Department of Chemistry Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue 44106 Cleveland OH USA
| | - Sandra Pejić
- Department of Chemistry Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue 44106 Cleveland OH USA
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Avenue 44106 Cleveland OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Blesener TS, Herbert DE, Nemykin VN. Rigid, yet flexible: formation of unprecedented silver MB-DIPY dimers with orthogonal chromophore geometry. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5034-5038. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00927j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unprecedented for BODIPY/DIPY and aza-BODIPY/azaDIPY chemistry, MB-DIPY2Ag2 dimers with a twisted chromophore geometry were prepared and characterized by spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and DFT calculations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu X, Wang W, Hang H, Li H, Chen Y, Xu Q, Tong H, Wang L. Star-Shaped Fused-Ring Electron Acceptors with a C3h-Symmetric and Electron-Rich Benzotri(cyclopentadithiophene) Core for Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28115-28124. [PMID: 31296002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Classical fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs) with a linear acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) architecture continuously break records of power conversion efficiency (PCE) in nonfullerene organic solar cells. In contrast, the development of star-shaped FREAs still lags behind. Herein, a new C3h-symmetric and electron-rich core, benzotri(cyclopentadithiophene) (BTCDT) in which the central benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b':5,6-b″]trithiophene fused with three outer thiophenes via three cyclopentadienyl rings, is synthesized and used for the construction of star-shaped FREAs (BTCDT-IC and BTCDT-ICF). Owing to the strong electron-donating ability of the BTCDT unit, both acceptors exhibit the effective intramolecular charge transfer, leading to the strong absorption in the region of 500-800 nm with narrow band gaps below 1.70 eV as well as suitable highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels. Compared with nonfluorinated BTCDT-IC, fluorinated BTCDT-ICF red-shifts the absorption peak to 688 nm and reduces the band gap to 1.62 eV, which induces a broader external quantum efficiency (EQE) response ranging from 300 to 800 nm and a higher maximum EQE of 70% while blending with a wide band gap polymer donor J61. The J61:the BTCDT-ICF blend film exhibits more suitable phase morphology compared with the J61:BTCDT-IC blend film, which is responsible for the enhanced EQE value, increased short-circuit current density (JSC), and fill factor (FF) in organic solar cell devices. As a result, the J61:BTCDT-ICF-based device yields a best PCE of 8.11% with a high JSC of 16.93 mA cm-2 and a high FF of 65.6%, demonstrating that the BTCDT-based star-shaped FREAs hold great potential for nonfullerene organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Weijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , PR China
| | - Hao Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , PR China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Changchun University of Science and Technology , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , PR China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Madrid-Úsuga D, Susa CE, Reina JH. Room temperature quantum coherence vs. electron transfer in a rhodanine derivative chromophore. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12640-12648. [PMID: 31155625 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding electron transfer in organic molecules is of great interest in quantum materials for light harvesting, energy conversion and integration of molecules into solar cells. This, however, poses the challenge of designing specific optimal molecular structure for which the processes of ultrafast quantum coherence and electron transport are not so well understood. In this work, we investigate subpicosecond time scale quantum dynamics and electron transfer in an efficient electron acceptor rhodanine chromophoric complex. We consider an open quantum system approach to model the complex-solvent interaction, and compute the crossover from weak to strong dissipation on the reduced system dynamics for both a polar (methanol) and a non polar solvent (toluene). We show that the electron transfer rates are enhanced in the strong chromophore-solvent coupling regime, being the highest transfer rates those found at room temperature. Even though the computed dynamics are highly non-Markovian, and they may exhibit a quantum character up to hundreds of femtoseconds, we show that quantum coherence does not necessarily optimise the electron transfer in the chromophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duvalier Madrid-Úsuga
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics (CIBioFi), Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia. and Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| | - Cristian E Susa
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics (CIBioFi), Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia. and Departamento de Física y Electrónica, Universidad de Córdoba, 230002 Montería, Colombia.
| | - John H Reina
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics (CIBioFi), Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, Edificio E20 No. 1069, 760032 Cali, Colombia. and Departamento de Física, Universidad del Valle, 760032 Cali, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang N, Yang W, Li S, Shi M, Lau TK, Lu X, Shikler R, Li CZ, Chen H. A non-fullerene acceptor enables efficient P3HT-based organic solar cells with small voltage loss and thickness insensitivity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Bellani S, Antognazza MR, Bonaccorso F. Carbon-Based Photocathode Materials for Solar Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801446. [PMID: 30221413 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered a promising environmentally friendly energy carrier for replacing traditional fossil fuels. In this context, photoelectrochemical cells effectively convert solar energy directly to H2 fuel by water photoelectrolysis, thereby monolitically combining the functions of both light harvesting and electrolysis. In such devices, photocathodes and photoanodes carry out the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Here, the focus is on photocathodes for HER, traditionally based on metal oxides, III-V group and II-VI group semiconductors, silicon, and copper-based chalcogenides as photoactive material. Recently, carbon-based materials have emerged as reliable alternatives to the aforementioned materials. A perspective on carbon-based photocathodes is provided here, critically analyzing recent research progress and outlining the major guidelines for the development of efficient and stable photocathode architectures. In particular, the functional role of charge-selective and protective layers, which enhance both the efficiency and the durability of the photocathodes, is discussed. An in-depth evaluation of the state-of-the-art fabrication of photocathodes through scalable, high-troughput, cost-effective methods is presented. The major aspects on the development of light-trapping nanostructured architectures are also addressed. Finally, the key challenges on future research directions in terms of potential performance and manufacturability of photocathodes are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Srl, via Albisola 121, 16163, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sauvé G. Designing Alternative Non-Fullerene Molecular Electron Acceptors for Solution-Processable Organic Photovoltaics. CHEM REC 2019; 19:1078-1092. [PMID: 30663230 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, solution-processable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) mainly relied on fullerene derivatives as the n-type material, paired with a p-type conjugated polymer. However, fullerene derivatives have disadvantages that limit OPV performance, thus fueling research of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Initially, NFAs showed poor performance due to difficulties in obtaining favorable blend morphologies. One example is our work with 2,6-dialkylamino core-substituted naphthalene diimides. Researchers then learned to control blend morphology by NFA molecular design. To limit miscibility with polymer while preventing excessive self-aggregation, non-planar, twisted or 3D structures were reported. An example of a 3D structure is our work with homoleptic zinc(II) complexes of azadipyrromethene. The most recent design is a planar A-D-A conjugated system where the D unit is rigid and has orthogonal side chains to control aggregation. These have propelled power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) to ∼14 %, surpassing fullerene-based OPVs. These exciting new developments prompt further investigations of NFAs and provide a bright future for OPVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH, 44106
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang W, Wu X, Hang H, Li H, Chen Y, Xu Q, Tong H, Wang L. Star-Shaped and Fused Electron Acceptors based on C 3h -Symmetric Coplanar Trindeno[1, 2-b: 4, 5-b': 7, 8-b'']trithiophene Core for Non-Fullerene Solar Cells. Chemistry 2019; 25:1055-1063. [PMID: 30351501 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two new star-shaped and fused electron acceptors, TITT-3IC and TITT-3ICF have been designed and synthesized, which consist of a C3h -symmetric coplanar trindeno[1, 2-b: 4, 5-b': 7, 8-b'']trithiophene (TITT) as the central core and 3-(dicyanomethylidene)indan-1-one and 2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) malononitrile as the peripheral electron-withdrawing groups, respectively. With the large coplanar configuration and electron-rich nature of π-conjugated backbone, these two acceptors exhibit strong intermolecular charge transfer absorption in the region of 500-650 nm with the optical band gaps around 1.9 eV. Relative to TITT-3IC, TITT-3ICF shows the downshifted LUMO level and the slightly redshifted absorption with the higher molar extinction coefficient due to the stronger electron-withdrawing effect of fluorination. When blending with PTB7-Th, the TITT-3ICF-based device displays a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.26 % than the TITT-3IC-based device (PCE=3.87 %). Comparing with the TITT-3IC-based device, the increased short circuit current (JSC ) and fill factor (FF) are responsible for the higher PCE value of the TITT-3ICF-based device, which benefits from its strong and redshifted absorption for light harvesting and proper phase separation morphology for effective exciton dissociation and charge transport. This work demonstrates that as an alternative electron-donating core, TITT will be promising in designing star-shaped non-fullerene materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Hao Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nazari M, Cieplechowicz E, Welsh TA, Welch GC. A direct comparison of monomeric vs. dimeric and non-annulated vs. N-annulated perylene diimide electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06491a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic structure–property-function evaluation of four structurally related organic photoactive materials based on the perylene diimide chromophore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nazari
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Calgary
- Calgary
- Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Das S, Pandey D, Thomas J, Roy T. The Role of Graphene and Other 2D Materials in Solar Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802722. [PMID: 30187972 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
2D materials have attracted considerable attention due to their exciting optical and electronic properties, and demonstrate immense potential for next-generation solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. With the scaling trends in photovoltaics moving toward thinner active materials, the atomically thin bodies and high flexibility of 2D materials make them the obvious choice for integration with future-generation photovoltaic technology. Not only can graphene, with its high transparency and conductivity, be used as the electrodes in solar cells, but also its ambipolar electrical transport enables it to serve as both the anode and the cathode. 2D materials beyond graphene, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides, are direct-bandgap semiconductors at the monolayer level, and they can be used as the active layer in ultrathin flexible solar cells. However, since no 2D material has been featured in the roadmap of standard photovoltaic technologies, a proper synergy is still lacking between the recently growing 2D community and the conventional solar community. A comprehensive review on the current state-of-the-art of 2D-materials-based solar photovoltaics is presented here so that the recent advances of 2D materials for solar cells can be employed for formulating the future roadmap of various photovoltaic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Das
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Deepak Pandey
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jayan Thomas
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Tania Roy
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chen HC, Jiang BH, Hsu CP, Tsai YY, Jeng RJ, Chen CP, Wong KT. The Twisted Benzo[ghi
]-Perylenetriimide Dimer as a 3D Electron Acceptor for Fullerene-Free Organic Photovoltaics. Chemistry 2018; 24:17590-17597. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Huang Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry; Academia Sinica; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yao-Yu Tsai
- Department of Materials Engineering; Ming Chi University of Technology; New Taipei City 243 Taiwan
| | - Ru-Jong Jeng
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Materials Engineering; Ming Chi University of Technology; New Taipei City 243 Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry; National (Taiwan) University; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen S, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhao J, Chen Y, Zhu D, Yao H, Zhang G, Ma W, Friend RH, Chow PCY, Gao F, Yan H. Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with Small Driving Forces for Both Hole and Electron Transfer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804215. [PMID: 30276887 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art organic solar cells (OSCs) typically suffer from large voltage loss (Vloss ) compared to their inorganic and perovskite counterparts. There are some successful attempts to reduce the Vloss by decreasing the energy offsets between the donor and acceptor materials, and the OSC community has demonstrated efficient systems with either small highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) offset or negligible lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) offset between donors and acceptors. However, efficient OSCs based on a donor/acceptor system with both small HOMO and LUMO offsets have not been demonstrated simultaneously. In this work, an efficient nonfullerene OSC is reported based on a donor polymer named PffBT2T-TT and a small-molecular acceptor (O-IDTBR), which have identical bandgaps and close energy levels. The Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy external quantum efficiency (FTPS-EQE) spectrum of the blend overlaps with those of neat PffBT2T-TT and O-IDTBR, indicating the small driving forces for both hole and electron transfer. Meanwhile, the OSCs exhibit a high electroluminescence quantum efficiency (EQEEL ) of ≈1 × 10-4 , which leads to a significantly minimized nonradiative Vloss of 0.24 V. Despite the small driving forces and a low Vloss , a maximum EQE of 67% and a high power conversion efficiency of 10.4% can still be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuzhong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Danlei Zhu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huatong Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guangye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weng C, Wang W, Liang J, Wang G, Tan S, Shen P. Fluorobenzotriazole-Based Medium-Bandgap Conjugated D-A Copolymers for Applications to Fullerene-Based and Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Weng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Wengong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Jingtang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Guo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Songting Tan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| | - Ping Shen
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Xiangtan University; Xiangtan 411105 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mai J, Xiao Y, Zhou G, Wang J, Zhu J, Zhao N, Zhan X, Lu X. Hidden Structure Ordering Along Backbone of Fused-Ring Electron Acceptors Enhanced by Ternary Bulk Heterojunction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802888. [PMID: 29978515 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs), as a family of non-fullerene (NF) acceptors, have achieved tremendous success in pushing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. Here, the detailed molecular packing motifs of two extensively studied FREAs-ITIC and ITIC-Th are reported. It is revealed for the first time the long-range structure ordering along the backbone direction originated from favored end group π-π stacking. The backbone ordering could be significantly enhanced in the ternary film by the mutual mixing of ITIC and ITIC-Th, which gives rise to an improved in-plane electron mobility and better ternary device performance. The backbone ordering might be a common morphological feature of FREAs, providing explanations to previously observed small open circuit voltage loss and superior performance of FREA-based devices and guiding the future molecular design of high-performance NF acceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangquan Mai
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yiqun Xiao
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Guodong Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jingshuai Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinhui Lu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu W, Li W, Yao J, Zhan C. Achieving high short-circuit current and fill-factor via increasing quinoidal character on nonfullerene small molecule acceptor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
26
|
Karuppuswamy P, Chen HC, Wang PC, Hsu CP, Wong KT, Chu CW. The 3 D Structure of Twisted Benzo[ghi]perylene-Triimide Dimer as a Non-Fullerene Acceptor for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:415-423. [PMID: 29131542 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we introduced benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide (BPTI) derivatives including monomer and twisted dimer (t-BPTI) as an alternative electron-transport layer (ETL) material to replace the commonly used PC61 BM in inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, the double ETL was applied in our PSCs with structure of glass/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/BPTI/C60 or PDI-C4/BCP/Al. The use of a double ETL structure can effectively eliminate the leakage current. The devices with the t-BPTI/C60 double ETL yield an average power conversion efficiency of 10.73 % and a maximum efficiency of 11.63 %. The device based on the complete non-fullerene electron acceptors of t-BPTI/PDI-C4 as double ETL achieved maximum efficiency of 10.0 %. Moreover, it was found that the utilization of alloy t-BPTI+BPTI as ETL can effectively reduce the hysteresis effect of PSCs. The results suggest that BPTI-based electron-transport materials are potential alternatives for widely used fullerene acceptors in PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharsini Karuppuswamy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Cheng Wang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang L, Gu W, Lv L, Chen Y, Yang Y, Ye P, Wu J, Hong L, Peng A, Huang H. Triplet Tellurophene-Based Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1096-1102. [PMID: 29215780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triplet materials have been employed to achieve high-performing organic solar cells (OSCs) by extending the exciton lifetime and diffusion distances, while the triplet non-fullerene acceptor materials have never been reported for bulk heterojunction OSCs. Herein, for the first time, three triplet molecular acceptors based on tellurophene with different degrees of ring fusing were designed and synthesized for OSCs. Significantly, these molecules have long exciton lifetime and diffusion lengths, leading to efficient power conversion efficiency (7.52 %), which is the highest value for tellurophene-based OSCs. The influence of the extent of ring fusing on molecular geometry and OSCs performance was investigated to show the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) continuously increased along with increasing the extent of ring fusing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Gu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Lei Lv
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Yang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Pan Ye
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Ling Hong
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang L, Gu W, Lv L, Chen Y, Yang Y, Ye P, Wu J, Hong L, Peng A, Huang H. Triplet Tellurophene-Based Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Gu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Lei Lv
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Yusheng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Yufei Yang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Pan Ye
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Wu
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Ling Hong
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology & CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bheemireddy SR, Hussain WA, Uddin A, Du Y, Hautzinger MP, Kevorkian PV, Petrie FA, Plunkett KN. Cyclopentannulation and cyclodehydrogenation of isomerically pure 5,11-dibromo-anthradithiophenes leading to contorted aromatics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:14140-14143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isomerically pure 5,11-dibromo-ADT was used to create contorted aromatics with large splay angles, low band gaps, and low LUMOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem A. Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Ain Uddin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Yachu Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | | | - Paul V. Kevorkian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Frankie A. Petrie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| | - Kyle N. Plunkett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University
- Carbondale
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu F, Hou T, Xu X, Sun L, Zhou J, Zhao X, Zhang S. Recent Advances in Nonfullerene Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiangfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Liya Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech); 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu J, Yang J, Zhou X, Yu S, Tang Y, Wang H, Chen J, Zhang S, Guo X. Phthalimide-Based Wide Bandgap Donor Polymers for Efficient Non-Fullerene Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Yu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yumin Tang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory
for Printed Organic Electronics, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang J, Li Y, Huang J, Hu H, Zhang G, Ma T, Chow PCY, Ade H, Pan D, Yan H. Ring-Fusion of Perylene Diimide Acceptor Enabling Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Small Voltage Loss. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16092-16095. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yunke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Huawei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guangye Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tingxuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Philip C. Y. Chow
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Harald Ade
- Department
of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Ding Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department
of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Artigas A, Lledó A, Pla-Quintana A, Roglans A, Solà M. A Computational Study of the Intermolecular [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Acetylene and C 60 Catalyzed by Wilkinson's Catalyst. Chemistry 2017; 23:15067-15072. [PMID: 28727187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of fullerenes helps to modulate their electronic and physicochemical properties, generating fullerene derivatives with promising features for practical applications. Herein, DFT is used to explore the attachment of a cyclohexadiene ring to C60 through a rhodium-catalyzed intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of C60 and acetylene. All potential reaction paths are analyzed and it can be concluded that the [2+2+2] cycloaddition of C60 and two acetylene molecules catalyzed by [RhCl(PPh3 )3 ], yielding a cyclohexadiene ring fused to a [6,6] bond of C60 , is energetically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Artigas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledó
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Pla-Quintana
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Roglans
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li S, Liu W, Li CZ, Shi M, Chen H. Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Non-Fullerene Acceptors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701120. [PMID: 28737255 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene-free OSCs employing n-type small molecules or polymers as the acceptors have recently experienced a rapid rise with efficiencies exceeding 12%. Owing to the good optoelectronic and morphological tunabilities, non-fullerene acceptors exhibit great potential for realizing high-performance and practical OSCs. In this Review, recent exciting progress made in developing highly efficient non-fullerene acceptors is summarized, mainly correlating factors like absorption, energy loss and morphology of new materials to their correspondent photovoltaic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuixing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Atilgan A, Islamoglu T, Howarth AJ, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Detoxification of a Sulfur Mustard Simulant Using a BODIPY-Functionalized Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24555-24560. [PMID: 28653831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective detoxification of chemical warfare agents is a global necessity. As a powerful photosensitizer, a halogenated BODIPY ligand is postsynthetically appended to the Zr6 nodes of the metal-organic framework (MOF), NU-1000, to enhance singlet oxygen generation from the MOF. The BODIPY/MOF material is then used as a heterogeneous photocatalyst to produce singlet oxygen under green LED irradiation. The singlet oxygen selectively detoxifies the sulfur mustard simulant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), to the less toxic sulfoxide derivative (2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfoxide, CEESO) with a half-life of approximately 2 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Osaka I, Takimiya K. Naphthobischalcogenadiazole Conjugated Polymers: Emerging Materials for Organic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605218. [PMID: 28240796 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated polymers are an important class of materials for organic electronics. In the past decade, numerous polymers with donor-acceptor molecular structures have been developed and used as the active materials for organic devices, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The choice of the building unit is the primary step for designing the polymers. Benzochalcogenadiazoles (BXzs) are one of the most familiar acceptor building units studied in this area. As their doubly fused system, naphthobischalcogenadiazoles (NXzs), i.e., naphthobisthiadiazole (NTz), naphthobisoxadiazole (NOz), and naphthobisselenadiazole (NSz) are emerging building units that provide interesting electronic properties and highly self-assembling nature for π-conjugated polymers. With these fruitful features, π-conjugated polymers based on these building units demonstrate great performances in OFETs and OPVs. In particular, in OPVs, NTz-based polymers have exhibited more than 10% efficiency, which is among the highest values reported so far. In this Progress Report, the synthesis, properties, and structures of NXzs and their polymers is summarized. The device performance is also highlighted and the structure-property relationships of the polymers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Osaka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takimiya
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Chow PCY, Wang Z, Zhang G, Ma W, Yan H. A Wide-Bandgap Donor Polymer for Highly Efficient Non-fullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Small Voltage Loss. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6298-6301. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangshang Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Philip C. Y. Chow
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guangye Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Ma
- State
Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing First RD, Hi-tech
Park, Nanshan Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fan Y, Ziabrev K, Zhang S, Lin B, Barlow S, Marder SR. Comparison of the Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Bi(perylene diimide)s Linked through Ortho and Bay Positions. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:377-385. [PMID: 31457445 PMCID: PMC6640926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ullmann homocoupling of 2-bromo-perylene diimides (PDIs) gave [2,2'-biperylene]-3,4:9,10:3',4':9',10'-tetrakis(dicarboximide)s, 2,2'-bi(PDI)s, and the Suzuki coupling of a PDI-2-boronic ester and a 1-bromo-PDI gave a [1,2'-biperylene]-3,4:9,10:3',4':9',10'-tetrakis(dicarboximide), 1,2'-bi(PDI). These were compared with [1,1'-biperylene]-3,4:9,10:3',4':9',10'-tetrakis(dicarboximide)s, 1,1'-bi(PDI)s. Solution absorption spectra suggest that the PDIs in 2,2'-bi(PDI)s are more planar and less strongly coupled than those in 1,1'-bi(PDI)s, which is consistent with density functional theory calculations. 2,2'-Bi(PDI)s are less easily reduced than 1,1'- and 1,2'-bi(PDI)s by ca. 70-90 mV. Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells incorporating a 2,2'-bi(PDI) acceptor behaved similarly to those employing its 1,1'-bi(PDI) analogue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeli Fan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, P. R. China
- Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Kostiantyn Ziabrev
- Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Baoping Lin
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast
University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, P. R. China
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Yang F, Qian D, Balawi AH, Wu Y, Ma W, Laquai F, Tang Z, Zhang F, Li W. Performance limitations in thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based polymer:ITIC solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23990-23998. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based conjugated polymers were applied in non-fullerene solar cells, in which the polymer PTPDBDT provided a high photovoltage but a low quantum efficiency. This was caused by the large phase separation in the bulk-heterojunction as confirmed by systematic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Deping Qian
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83
| | - Ahmed Hesham Balawi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC)
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE)
- Material Science and Engineering Program (MSE)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC)
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE)
- Material Science and Engineering Program (MSE)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
| | - Zheng Tang
- Institut für Angewandte Photophysik
- Technische Universität Dresden
- George-Bähr-Straße 1
- Dresden
- Germany
| | - Fengling Zhang
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Linköping University
- SE-581 83
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li S, Zhang Z, Shi M, Li CZ, Chen H. Molecular electron acceptors for efficient fullerene-free organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3440-3458. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07465k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule electron acceptors pairing with wide bandgap or narrow bandgap electron donors are reviewed and discussed for fullerene-free organic solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuixing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Zhongqiang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Minmin Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martínez JP, Solà M, Voityuk AA. The Driving Force of Photoinduced Charge Separation in Metal-Cluster-Encapsulated Triphenylamine-[80]fullerenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:17305-17310. [PMID: 27778398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Understanding photoinduced charge separation in fullerene-based dye-sensitized solar cells is crucial for the development of photovoltaic devices. We investigate here how the driving force of the charge separation process in conjugates of M@C80 (M=Sc3 N, Sc3 CH, Sc3 NC, Sc4 O2 , and Sc4 O3 ) with triphenylamine (TPA) depends on the nature of the metal cluster. Both singlet and triplet excited-state electron-transfer reactions are considered. These results based on TD-DFT calculations demonstrate that the driving force of charge separation in TPA-M@C80 can be tuned well by varying the structure of the metal cluster encapsulated inside the fullerene cage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexander A Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Campus de Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Philip AM, Mallia AR, Hariharan M. Prolonged Charge Separated States in Twisted Stacks of All-Carbon Donor and Acceptor Chromophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4751-4756. [PMID: 27934208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Twisted donor-on-donor and acceptor-on-acceptor bicontinuous assembly in all-carbon pyren-1-ylaceanthrylene (PA) dyad extends the survival time of the photoinduced radical ion-pair intermediates. Aceanthrylene, a functional analog of C70, acts as a versatile electron acceptor owing to its high electron affinity and visible light absorption. Antithetical trajectories of the excitons in the nonparallel π-ways led to persistent radical ion-pair intermediates in aggregated (τcrA ∼ 1.28 ns) vs monomeric (τcrM ≤ 110 fs) PA dyad as observed using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Marcus theory of charge transfer rates predicts an ambipolar transport characteristic in crystalline PA, thereby endorsing PA as an all-carbon DA hybrid for nonfullerene photovoltaic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey M Philip
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram , CET Campus, Sreekaryam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016
| | - Ajith R Mallia
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram , CET Campus, Sreekaryam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram , CET Campus, Sreekaryam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Organic and perovskite solar cells: Working principles, materials and interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 488:373-389. [PMID: 27871725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades organic solar cells (OSCs) have been considered as a promising photovoltaic technology with the potential to provide reasonable power conversion efficiencies combined with low cost and easy processability. Unexpectedly, Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) have experienced unprecedented rise in Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) thus emerging as a highly efficient photovoltaic technology. OSCs and PSCs are two different kind of devices with distinct charge generation mechanism, which however share some similarities in the materials processing, thus standard strategies developed for OSCs are currently being employed in PSCs. In this article, we recapitulate the main processes in these two types of photovoltaic technologies with an emphasis on interfacial processes and interfacial modification, spotlighting the materials and newest approaches in the interfacial engineering. We discuss on the relevance of well-known materials coming from the OSCs field, which are now being tested in the PSCs field, while maintaining a focus on the importance of the material design for highly efficient, stable and accessible solar cells.
Collapse
|
44
|
Li Z, Jiang K, Yang G, Lai JYL, Ma T, Zhao J, Ma W, Yan H. Donor polymer design enables efficient non-fullerene organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13094. [PMID: 27782112 PMCID: PMC5095169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve efficient organic solar cells, the design of suitable donor–acceptor couples is crucially important. State-of-the-art donor polymers used in fullerene cells may not perform well when they are combined with non-fullerene acceptors, thus new donor polymers need to be developed. Here we report non-fullerene organic solar cells with efficiencies up to 10.9%, enabled by a novel donor polymer that exhibits strong temperature-dependent aggregation but with intentionally reduced polymer crystallinity due to the introduction of a less symmetric monomer unit. Our comparative study shows that an analogue polymer with a C2 symmetric monomer unit yields highly crystalline polymer films but less efficient non-fullerene cells. Based on a monomer with a mirror symmetry, our best donor polymer exhibits reduced crystallinity, yet such a polymer matches better with small molecular acceptors. This study provides important insights to the design of donor polymers for non-fullerene organic solar cells. In organic photovoltaics, electron acceptors are developed to replace fullerenes, and new donors need to be designed to match these acceptors. Here, the authors show that a polymer with strong temperature dependent aggregation and intentionally reduced crystallinity matches non-fullerene acceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengke Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Guofang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Joshua Yuk Lin Lai
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tingxuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China.,Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lin H, Chen S, Hu H, Zhang L, Ma T, Lai JYL, Li Z, Qin A, Huang X, Tang B, Yan H. Reduced Intramolecular Twisting Improves the Performance of 3D Molecular Acceptors in Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:8546-8551. [PMID: 27501996 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A small-molecular acceptor, tetraphenylpyrazine-perylenediimide tetramer (TPPz-PDI4 ), which has a reduced extent of intramolecular twisting compared to two other small-molecular acceptors is designed. Benefiting from the lowest extent of intramolecular twisting, TPPz-PDI4 exhibits the highest aggregation tendency and electron mobility, and therefore achieves a highest power conversion efficiency of 7.1%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Lin
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
| | - Shangshang Chen
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
| | - Huawei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for System Biology and Human Health, School of Science and IAS, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077
| | - Tingxuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
| | - Joshua Yuk Lin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
| | - Zhengke Li
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Center for System Biology and Human Health, School of Science and IAS, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077
| | - Benzhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - He Yan
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Institute, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, 999077.
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Etheridge FS, Fernando RJ, Pejić S, Zeller M, Sauvé G. Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated azadipyrromethene complexes as acceptors for organic photovoltaics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1925-1938. [PMID: 27829899 PMCID: PMC5082603 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoleptic zinc(II) complexes of di(phenylacetylene)azadipyrromethene (e.g., Zn(WS3)2) are potential non-fullerene electron acceptors for organic photovoltaics. To tune their properties, fluorination of Zn(WS3)2 at various positions was investigated. Three fluorinated azadipyrromethene-based ligands were synthesized with fluorine at the para-position of the proximal and distal phenyl groups, and at the pyrrolic phenylacetylene moieties. Additionally, a CF3 moiety was added to the pyrrolic phenyl positions to study the effects of a stronger electron withdrawing unit at that position. The four ligands were chelated with zinc(II) and BF2+ and the optical and electrochemical properties were studied. Fluorination had little effect on the optical properties of both the zinc(II) and BF2+ complexes, with λmax in solution around 755 nm and 785 nm, and high molar absorptivities of 100 × 103 M-1cm-1 and 50 × 103 M-1cm-1, respectively. Fluorination of Zn(WS3)2 raised the oxidation potentials by 0.04 V to 0.10 V, and the reduction potentials by 0.01 V to 0.10 V, depending on the position and type of substitution. The largest change was observed for fluorine substitution at the proximal phenyl groups and CF3 substitution at the pyrrolic phenylacetylene moieties. The later complexes are expected to be stronger electron acceptors than Zn(WS3)2, and may enable charge transfer from other conjugated polymer donors that have lower energy levels than poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forrest S Etheridge
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Roshan J Fernando
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sandra Pejić
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Geneviève Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Das S, Herrmann-Westendorf F, Schacher FH, Täuscher E, Ritter U, Dietzek B, Presselt M. Controlling Electronic Transitions in Fullerene van der Waals Aggregates via Supramolecular Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21512-21521. [PMID: 27482718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphologies crucially determine the optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors. Therefore, hierarchical and supramolecular approaches have been developed for targeted design of supramolecular ensembles of organic semiconducting molecules and performance improvement of, e.g., organic solar cells (OSCs), organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). We demonstrate how the photonic properties of fullerenes change with the formation of van der Waals aggregates. We identified supramolecular structures with broadly tunable absorption in the visible spectral range and demonstrated how to form aggregates with targeted visible (vis) absorption. To control supramolecular structure formation, we functionalized the C60-backbone with polar (bis-polyethylene glycol malonate-MPEG) tails, thus yielding an amphiphilic fullerene derivative that self-assembles at interfaces. Aggregates of systematically tuned size were obtained from concentrating MPEGC60 in stearic acid matrices, while different supramolecular geometries were provoked via different thin film preparation methods, namely spin-casting and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition from an air-water interface. We demonstrated that differences in molecular orientation in LB films (C2v type point group aggregates) and spin-casting (stochastic aggregates) lead to huge changes in electronic absorption spectra due to symmetry and orientation reasons. These differences in the supramolecular structures, causing the different photonic properties of spin-cast and LB films, could be identified by means of quantum chemical calculations. Employing supramolecular assembly, we propounded that molecular symmetry in fullerene aggregates is extremely important in controlling vis absorption to harvest photons efficiently, when mixed with a donor molecule, thus improving active layer design and performance of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saunak Das
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Herrmann-Westendorf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Eric Täuscher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology , D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology , D-98684 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Presselt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu X, Huang C, Wang L, Shen W, He R, Li M. Theoretical Investigations on Naphthodithiophene Diimide-Based Copolymers as Acceptor for All-Polymer Solar Cell Applications. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University); Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University); Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University); Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University); Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Rongxing He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University); Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University); Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Horinouchi H, Sakai H, Araki Y, Sakanoue T, Takenobu T, Wada T, Tkachenko NV, Hasobe T. Controllable Electronic Structures and Photoinduced Processes of Bay-Linked Perylenediimide Dimers and a Ferrocene-Linked Triad. Chemistry 2016; 22:9631-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Horinouchi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Hayato Sakai
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Araki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials; Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Tomo Sakanoue
- Department of Applied Physics; Waseda University; 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Taishi Takenobu
- Department of Applied Physics; Waseda University; 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Takehiko Wada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials; Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Nikolai V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Tampere University of Technology; P.O. Box 541 33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Taku Hasobe
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Technology; Keio University; 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Martínez JP, Solà M, Voityuk AA. Theoretical estimation of the rate of photoinduced charge transfer reactions in triphenylamine C60 donor-acceptor conjugate. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1396-405. [PMID: 26992355 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene-based molecular heterojunctions such as the [6,6]-pyrrolidine-C60 donor-acceptor conjugate containing triphenylamine (TPA) are potential materials for high-efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. In this work, we estimate the rate constants for the photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination processes in TPA-C60 using the unrestricted and time-dependent DFT methods. Different schemes are applied to evaluate excited state properties and electron transfer parameters (reorganization energies, electronic couplings, and Gibbs energies). The use of open-shell singlet or triplet states, several density functionals, and continuum solvation models is discussed. Strengths and limitations of the computational approaches are highlighted. The present benchmark study provides an overview of the expected performance of DFT-based methodologies in the description of photoinduced charge transfer reactions in fullerene heterojunctions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alexander A Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|