1
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Zhu J, Zhu P, Zhu Y, Ye Y, Sun X, Zhang Y, Rojas OJ, Servati P, Jiang F. Surface charge manipulation for improved humidity sensing of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122059. [PMID: 38616073 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose-based humidity sensors have attracted great research interest due to their hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and low cost. However, they still suffer from relatively low humidity sensitivity. Due to the presence of negatively charged carboxylate groups, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibril (CNF) exhibits enhanced hydrophilicity and ion conductivity, which is considered a promising candidate for humidity sensing. In this work, we developed a facile strategy to improve the humidity sensitivity of CNF films by regulating their surface charge density. With the increase in surface charge density, both water uptake and charge carrier densities of the CNF films can be improved, enabling a humidity sensitivity of up to 44.5 % (%RH)-1, higher than that of most polymer-based humidity sensors reported in the literature. Meanwhile, the sensor also showed good linearity (R2 = 0.998) over the 15-75 % RH at 1 kHz. With these features, the CNF film was further demonstrated for applications in noncontact sensing, such as human respiration, moisture on fingertips, and water leakage, indicating the great potential of CNF film in humidity monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Flexible Electronics and Energy Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Penghui Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Yeling Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xia Sun
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Departments of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Peyman Servati
- Flexible Electronics and Energy Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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2
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Ali A, Lee J, Kim K, Oh H, Yi GC. Highly Sensitive and Fast Responding Flexible Force Sensors Using ZnO/ZnMgO Coaxial Nanotubes on Graphene Layers for Breath Sensing. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304140. [PMID: 38444227 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The authors report the fabrication of highly sensitive, rapidly responding flexible force sensors using ZnO/ZnMgO coaxial nanotubes grown on graphene layers and their applications in sleep apnea monitoring. Flexible force sensors are fabricated by forming Schottky contacts to the nanotube array, followed by the mechanical release of the entire structure from the host substrate. The electrical characteristics of ZnO and ZnO/ZnMgO nanotube-based sensors are thoroughly investigated and compared. Importantly, in force sensor applications, the ZnO/ZnMgO coaxial structure results in significantly higher sensitivity and a faster response time when compared to the bare ZnO nanotube. The origin of the improved performance is thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, wireless breath sensing is demonstrated using the ZnO/ZnMgO pressure sensors with custom electronics, demonstrating the feasibility of the sensor technology for health monitoring and the potential diagnosis of sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jamin Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hongseok Oh
- Department of Physics, Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences (IIBS), and Department of Intelligent Semiconductors, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Gyu-Chul Yi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), and Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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3
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Xue J, Liu D, Li D, Hong T, Li C, Zhu Z, Sun Y, Gao X, Guo L, Shen X, Ma P, Zheng Q. New Carbon Materials for Multifunctional Soft Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312596. [PMID: 38490737 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Soft electronics are garnering significant attention due to their wide-ranging applications in artificial skin, health monitoring, human-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things. Various soft physical sensors such as mechanical sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors are the fundamental building blocks for soft electronics. While the fast growth and widespread utilization of electronic devices have elevated life quality, the consequential electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radiation pose potential threats to device precision and human health. Another substantial concern pertains to overheating issues that occur during prolonged operation. Therefore, the design of multifunctional soft electronics exhibiting excellent capabilities in sensing, EMI shielding, and thermal management is of paramount importance. Because of the prominent advantages in chemical stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and easy functionalization, new carbon materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphdiyne, and sustainable natural-biomass-derived carbon are particularly promising candidates for multifunctional soft electronics. This review summarizes the latest advancements in multifunctional soft electronics based on new carbon materials across a range of performance aspects, mainly focusing on the structure or composite design, and fabrication method on the physical signals monitoring, EMI shielding, and thermal management. Furthermore, the device integration strategies and corresponding intriguing applications are highlighted. Finally, this review presents prospects aimed at overcoming current barriers and advancing the development of state-of-the-art multifunctional soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xue
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Da Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Tianzeng Hong
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Chuanbing Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Zifu Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Xiaobo Gao
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- The Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
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4
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Qi M, Xu R, Ding G, Zhou K, Zhu S, Leng Y, Sun T, Zhou Y, Han ST. An in-sensor humidity computing system for contactless human-computer interaction. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:939-948. [PMID: 38078356 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01734f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Being capable of processing large amounts of redundant data and decreasing power consumption, in-sensor computing approaches play significant roles in neuromorphic computing and are attracting increasing interest in perceptual information processing. Herein, we proposed a high performance humidity-sensitive memristor based on a Ti/graphene oxide (GO)/HfOx/Pt structure and verified its potential for application in remote health management and contactless human-machine interfaces. Since GO possesses abundant hydrophilic groups (carbonyl, epoxide, and hydroxyl), the memristor shows a high humidity sensitivity, fast response, and wide response range. By utilizing the proton-modulated redox reaction, humidity exposure to the memristor induces a dynamic change in the switching between high and low resistance states, ensuring essential synaptic learning functions, such as paired-pulse facilitation, spike number-dependent plasticity, and spike amplitude-dependent plasticity. More importantly, based on the humidity-induced salient features originating from the abundant hydrophilic functional groups in GO, we have implemented a noncontact human-machine interface utilizing the respiratory mode in humans, demonstrating the potential of promoting health monitoring applications and effectively blocking virus transmission. In addition, the high recognition accuracy of contactless handwriting in a 5 × 5 array artificial neural network was successfully achieved, which is attributed to the excellent emulated synaptic behaviors. This study provides a feasible method to develop an excellent humidity-sensitive memristor for constructing efficient in-sensor computing for application in health management and contactless human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- Institute for Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Runze Xu
- Institute for Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Guanglong Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Kui Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shirui Zhu
- Institute for Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yanbing Leng
- Institute for Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Institute for Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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5
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Liu Z, Su J, Zhou K, Yu B, Lin Y, Li KH. Fully Integrated Patch Based on Lamellar Porous Film Assisted GaN Optopairs for Wireless Intelligent Respiratory Monitoring. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10674-10681. [PMID: 37712616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory pattern is one of the most crucial indicators for accessing human health, but there has been limited success in implementing fast-responsive, affordable, and miniaturized platforms with the capability for smart recognition. Herein, a fully integrated and flexible patch for wireless intelligent respiratory monitoring based on a lamellar porous film functionalized GaN optoelectronic chip with a desirable response to relative humidity (RH) variation is reported. The submillimeter-sized GaN device exhibits a high sensitivity of 13.2 nA/%RH at 2-70%RH and 61.5 nA/%RH at 70-90%RH, and a fast response/recovery time of 12.5 s/6 s. With the integration of a wireless data transmission module and the assistance of machine learning based on 1-D convolutional neural networks, seven breathing patterns are identified with an overall classification accuracy of >96%. This integrated and flexible on-mask sensing platform successfully demonstrates real-time and intelligent respiratory monitoring capability, showing great promise for practical healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecong Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Su
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Kemeng Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Binlu Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
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6
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Cho H, Lee C, Lee C, Lee S, Kim S. Robust, Ultrathin, and Highly Sensitive Reduced Graphene Oxide/Silk Fibroin Wearable Sensors Responded to Temperature and Humidity for Physiological Detection. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2606-2617. [PMID: 37075303 PMCID: PMC10266372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Skin temperature and skin humidity are used for monitoring physiological processes, such as respiration. Despite advances in wearable temperature and humidity sensors, the fabrication of a durable and sensitive sensor for practical uses continues to pose a challenge. Here, we developed a durable, sensitive, and wearable temperature and humidity sensor. A reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/silk fibroin (SF) sensor was fabricated by employing a layer-by-layer technique and thermal reduction treatment. Compared with rGO, the elastic bending modulus of rGO/SF could be increased by up to 232%. Furthermore, an evaluation of the performance of an rGO/SF sensor showed that it had outstanding robustness: it could withstand repeatedly applied temperature and humidity loads and repeated bending. The developed rGO/SF sensor is promising for practical applications in healthcare and biomedical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonho Cho
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Chanui Lee
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - ChaBum Lee
- J.
Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, United States
| | - Sangmin Lee
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
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7
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Ullah A, Zulfiqar MH, Khan MA, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Massoud Y. Fast Response Facile Fabricated IDE-Based Ultra-sensitive Humidity Sensor for Medical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16842-16850. [PMID: 37214719 PMCID: PMC10193570 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An eco-friendly, biodegradable, flexible, and facile fabricated interdigital electrode-based capacitive humidity sensor with applications in health and medicine has been reported here. Several sensors use copper tape as electrodes on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, with non-woven paper as the sensing layer. Two different configurations of sensors were tested, i.e., with and without pores in the PET substrate. The sensing performance of both sensors has been tested for relative humidity ranging from 35 to 100% at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C. The capacitance of the sensor varies linearly in response to the change in humidity. The sensor with pores shows a response from 28 to 630 pF as the humidity varied from 35 to 100%, whereas the sensor without pores responded from 22 to 430 pF. The response and recovery times of the fabricated sensor are observed as ∼2.4, and ∼1.8 s, respectively, and the sensitivity is 9.67 pF/% RH. The sensors are tested multiple times, and repeatable results are achieved each time with an accuracy of ±0.22%. Further, the sensor's response is also stable for different ranges of temperatures. Finally, to demonstrate an application of the proposed sensor, it has been utilized to monitor respiration through nose and mouth breathing. The low-cost, stable, repeatable, and highly sensitive response makes our fabricated sensor a promising candidate for practical field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah
- MicroNano
Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza Zulfiqar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Engineering and Technology (UET), Narowal Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Khan
- Innovative
Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative
Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano
Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative
Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955 Saudi Arabia
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8
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Jung SI, Jang IR, Ryu C, Park J, Padhan AM, Kim HJ. Graphene oxide decorated multi-frequency surface acoustic wave humidity sensor for hygienic applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6838. [PMID: 37100930 PMCID: PMC10133308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the single-chip integration of a multi-frequency surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) based humidity sensor. Graphene oxide (GO), a humidity-sensing material, is integrated onto a confined sensing area of SAWR via electrospray deposition (ESD). The ESD method allows ng-resolution deposition of GO, optimizing the amount of sensing material. The proposed sensor consists of SWARs at three different resonant frequencies (180, 200 and 250 MHz) with a shared common sensing region, thus allowing direct analysis of sensor performances at different operating frequencies. Our findings reveal that the resonant frequency of the sensor impacts both measurement sensitivity and stability. A higher operating frequency ensures better sensitivity but suffers from a larger damping effect from absorbed water molecules. The maximum measurement sensitivity of 17.4 ppm/RH% is achieved with low drift. In addition, the developed sensor exhibits improved stability and sensitivity by as much as 150% and 75% in frequency shift and Quality factor (Q), respectively, by carefully selecting the operating frequencies at a given RH% range. Finally, the sensors are used for various hygienic applications, such as non-contact proximity detection and face mask inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon In Jung
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Il Ryu Jang
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Chaehyun Ryu
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Jeonhyeong Park
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Aneeta Manjari Padhan
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea
| | - Hoe Joon Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Korea.
- Robotics and Mechatronics Research Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Korea.
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Ma H, Jiang Q, Ma X, Chen R, Hua K, Yang X, Ge J, Ji J, Xue M. Coaxial Graphene/MXene Microfibers with Interfacial Buffer-Based Lightweight Distance Sensors Assisting Lossless Grasping of Fragile and Deformable Objects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4530-4536. [PMID: 36919933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lossless and efficient robotic grasping is becoming increasingly important with the widespread application of intelligent robotics in warehouse transportation, human healthcare, and domestic services. However, current sensors for feedback of grasping behavior are greatly restricted by high manufacturing cost, large volume and mass, complex circuit, and signal crosstalk. To solve these problems, here, we prepare lightweight distance sensor-based reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/MXene-rGO coaxial microfibers with interface buffer to assist lossless grasping of a robotic manipulator. The as-fabricated distance microsensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 91.2 m-1 in the distance range of 50-300 μm, a fast response time of 116 ms, a high resolution of 5 μm, and good stability in 500 cycles. Furthermore, the high-performance and lightweight microsensor is installed on the robotic manipulator to reflect the grasp state by the displacement imposed on the sensor. By establishing the correlation between the microsensing signal and the grasp state, the safe, non-destructive, and effective grasp and release of the target can be achieved. The lightweight and high-powered distance sensor displays great application prospects in intelligent fetching, medical surgery, multi-spindle automatic machines, and cultural relics excavation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinlei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Ruoqi Chen
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Hua
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiubin Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Junhui Ji
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Li J, Yin J, Ramakrishna S, Ji D. Smart Mask as Wearable for Post-Pandemic Personal Healthcare. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:205. [PMID: 36831971 PMCID: PMC9953568 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A mask serves as a simple external barrier that protects humans from infectious particles from poor air conditions in the surrounding environment. As an important personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect our respiratory system, masks are able not only to filter pathogens and dust particles but also to sense, reflect or even respond to environmental conditions. This smartness is of particular interest among academia and industries due to its potential in disease detection, health monitoring and caring aspects. In this review, we provide an overlook of the current air filtration strategies used in masks, from structural designs to integrated functional modules that empower the mask's ability to sense and transfer physiological or environmental information to become smart. Specifically, we discussed recent developments in masks designed to detect macroscopic physiological signals from the wearer and mask-based disease diagnoses, such as COVID-19. Further, we propose the concept of next-generation smart masks and the requirements from material selection and function design perspectives that enable masks to interact and play crucial roles in health-caring wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117081, Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117081, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Ji
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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11
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Sinha A, Stavrakis AK, Simić M, Stojanović GM. Wearable humidity sensor embroidered on a commercial face mask and its electrical properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 58:1680-1693. [PMID: 36687141 PMCID: PMC9838397 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-08135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Owing to the rapid development in the field of e-textile-based flexible and portable sensors, the present work demonstrates a fully textile-based stretchable face mask humidity sensor which was created using digital embroidery technique. The design of the sensor was comprised of interdigitated structured electrodes made up of polymer core-based conductive silver-coated threads and hygroscopic threads embedded between them. The fabricated sensor performed well towards moisture detection in accordance with the principle where resistance of the face mask sensor decreased with the increase in the relative humidity along with the changing operational frequency in the range from 1 Hz to 200 kHz. The electrical response (resistance, impedance, capacitance and phase angle) of the novel thread-based sensor towards change in relative humidity was recorded and showed in the present work. The embroidery of polymer-based threads onto the face mask towards humidity sensing offers a novel wearable platform for more extended biomedical applications for detection of various breath biomarkers and thus early diagnosis of diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-022-08135-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sinha
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, 21000 Serbia
| | - Adrian K. Stavrakis
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, 21000 Serbia
| | - Mitar Simić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, 21000 Serbia
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, 21000 Serbia
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12
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Srikrishnarka P, Dasi RM, Jana SK, Ahuja T, Kumar JS, Nagar A, Kini AR, George B, Pradeep T. Toward Continuous Breath Monitoring on a Mobile Phone Using a Frugal Conducting Cloth-Based Smart Mask. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42926-42938. [PMID: 36467907 PMCID: PMC9713799 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A frugal humidity sensor that can detect changes in the humidity of exhaled breath of individuals has been fabricated. The sensor comprises a humidity-sensitive conducting polymer that is in situ formed on a cloth that acts as a substrate. Interdigitated silver electrodes were screen-printed on the modified cloth, and conducting threads connected the electrodes to the measurement circuit. The sensor's response to changing humidity was measured as a voltage drop across the sensor using a microcontroller. The sensor was capable of discerning between fast, normal, and slow breathing based on the response time. A response time of ∼1.3 s was observed for fast breathing. An Android-based mobile application was designed to collect sensor data via Bluetooth for analysis. A time series classification algorithm was implemented to analyze patterns in breathing. The sensor was later stitched onto a face mask, transforming it into a smart mask that can monitor changes in the breathing pattern at work, play, and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pillalamarri Srikrishnarka
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Raaga Madhuri Dasi
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sourav Kanti Jana
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Tripti Ahuja
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Jenifer Shantha Kumar
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ankit Nagar
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Amoghavarsha Ramachandra Kini
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Boby George
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST
Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of
Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036, India
- International
Centre for Clean Water, IIT Madras Research
Park, 2nd Floor, B-Block,
Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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13
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Graphene Oxide Induced Prototropism in Different Solvents: Enhancement of Fluorescence Induced by Graphene Oxide. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Flexible pressure and temperature dual-mode sensor based on buckling carbon nanofibers for respiration pattern recognition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17434. [PMID: 36261444 PMCID: PMC9579593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing condition is an essential physiological indicator closely related to human health. Wearable flexible breath sensors for respiration pattern recognition have attracted much attention as they can provide physiological signal details for personal medical diagnosis, health monitoring, etc. However, present smart mask based on flexible breath sensors using single-mode detection can only detect a relatively small number of respiration patterns, especially lacking the ability to accurately distinguish mouth breath from nasal one. Herein, a smart face mask incorporated with a dual-sensing mode breathing sensor that can recognize up to eight human respiration patterns is fabricated. The breathing sensor uses novel three dimensional (3D) buckling carbon nanofiber mats as active materials to realize the function of pressure and temperature sensing simultaneously. The pressure model of the sensors shows a high sensitivity that are able to precisely detect pressure generated by respiratory airflow, while the temperature model can realize non-contact temperature variation caused by breath. Benefit from the capacity of real-time recognition and accurate distinguishing between mouth breath and nasal breath, the face mask is further developed to monitor the development of mouth breathing syndrome. The dual-sensing mode sensor has great potential applications in health monitoring.
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15
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Chen X, Li Y, Wang X, Yu H. Origami Paper-Based Stretchable Humidity Sensor for Textile-Attachable Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36227-36237. [PMID: 35912486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable humidity sensors for wearable purposes have become increasingly important in health care and physiological signal monitoring. However, to the authors' knowledge, there is no report on flexible and stretchable paper-based humidity sensors that are low-cost, easily fabricated, and environmentally friendly. In this work, for the first time, we propose a stretchable, textile-compatible paper-based origami humidity sensor (POHS). The POHS can achieve good stretchability by integrating origami folding structures with a paper substrate, in which an airlaid paper acts as both a sensing material and a sensor substrate. This sensor has high sensitivity, good response, and recovery properties with excellent stability during deformation. This sensor has proved to be capable of dynamically monitoring the breathing rate after 300 folding and unfolding cycles. The flexible and stretchable nature of our POHS ensures that it is compatible for textile attachment and its utility for wearable applications, including respiration rate monitoring and diaper wetting detection. The facile fabrication process and convenient disposal method of the POHS proposed in this study provide feasible solutions for the development of low-cost wearable humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yongkai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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16
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Afzal U, Aslam M, Afzal F, Maryam K, Ahmad N, Zafar Q, Farooq Z. Fabrication of a graphene-based sensor to detect the humidity and the temperature of a metal body with imprecise data analysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21297-21308. [PMID: 35975052 PMCID: PMC9344590 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is a 2D material with remarkable properties. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of a graphene-based sensor for measuring the temperature and humidity of a metal body. The graphene sensor was fabricated by depositing a thin film of graphene nanoparticles between silver electrodes (separated by ∼50 μm) on a glass substrate. The graphene thin film was characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and UV-vis techniques. The capacitance and resistance for both the relative humidity (in the range of 0-100% RH) and temperature (in the range of 230-310 K) were measured using an LCR meter at 1 kHz in a controlled chamber. The graphene-based sensor expressed high sensitivity with fast response and recovery times for both humidity and temperature with long stability and low hysteresis curves. The sensor was also tested on a metal body, which expressed a good response time. Moreover, the measured data of capacitance and resistance was analyzed with classical and neutrosophic analysis as an application of modern material statistics. It was observed that neutrosophic analysis is more flexible for analyzing the capacitance and resistance of the fabricated sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Afzal
- Visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Science, Gift College Hafizabad 52110 Pakistan .,Department of Physics, University of Education Township Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21551 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Afzal
- Bachelor Student, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Kanza Maryam
- Bachelor Student, School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Physics, University of Education Township Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Qayyum Zafar
- Department of Physics, University of Management and Technology Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Zahid Farooq
- Department of Physics, University of Education Faisalabad Campus Pakistan
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17
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Li X, Guo Y, Meng J, Li X, Li M, Gao D. Self-Powered Carbon Ink/Filter Paper Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on Moisture-Induced Voltage Generation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8232-8240. [PMID: 35759371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose paper-based materials are highly flexible, hydrophilic, low-cost, and environmentally friendly and are good substrates for use as humidity sensors. Therefore, developing a paper-based humidity sensor with facile fabrication, low cost, and high sensitivity is important for expanding its practical applications. Herein, we propose a CI/FP self-powered humidity sensor based on everyday items such as writing and drawing carbon ink (CI), cellulose filter paper (FP), and polyester conductive adhesive tape, which is fabricated with the help of facile dip-coating and pasting methods. This sensor is self-powered, and the paper-based material itself can absorb water molecules in a humid environment to generate humidity-related voltage and current, which can indirectly reflect the ambient humidity level. They are characterized by a wide relative humidity (RH) sensing range (11-98%), good linearity (R2 = 0.97011), high response voltage (0.19 V), and excellent flexibility (over 1000 bends). This humidity sensor can be successfully applied to monitor human health (breathing, coughing), air humidity, and noncontact humidity sensing (skin, wet objects). This work not only proposes a low-cost and facile method for flexible humidity sensors but also provides a valuable strategy for the development of self-powered wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Bosideng International Holding Co., Ltd., Changshu 215532, China
| | - Yuanhao Guo
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianying Meng
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinke Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengjuan Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dekang Gao
- Bosideng International Holding Co., Ltd., Changshu 215532, China
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18
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Wearable Sensors for Healthcare: Fabrication to Application. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22145137. [PMID: 35890817 PMCID: PMC9323732 DOI: 10.3390/s22145137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a substantial review of the deployment of wearable sensors for healthcare applications. Wearable sensors hold a pivotal position in the microelectronics industry due to their role in monitoring physiological movements and signals. Sensors designed and developed using a wide range of fabrication techniques have been integrated with communication modules for transceiving signals. This paper highlights the entire chronology of wearable sensors in the biomedical sector, starting from their fabrication in a controlled environment to their integration with signal-conditioning circuits for application purposes. It also highlights sensing products that are currently available on the market for a comparative study of their performances. The conjugation of the sensing prototypes with the Internet of Things (IoT) for forming fully functioning sensorized systems is also shown here. Finally, some of the challenges existing within the current wearable systems are shown, along with possible remedies.
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19
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Lin L, Zhong Y, Lin H, Wang C, Yang Z, Wu Q, Zhang D, Zhu W, Zhong Y, Pan Y, Yu J, Zheng H. Spider Silk-Improved Quartz-Enhanced Conductance Spectroscopy for Medical Mask Humidity Sensing. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134320. [PMID: 35807564 PMCID: PMC9268163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider silk is one of the hottest biomaterials researched currently, due to its excellent mechanical properties. This work reports a novel humidity sensing platform based on a spider silk-modified quartz tuning fork (SSM-QTF). Since spider silk is a kind of natural moisture-sensitive material, it does not demand additional sensitization. Quartz-enhanced conductance spectroscopy (QECS) was combined with the SSM-QTF to access humidity sensing sensitively. The results indicate that the resonance frequency of the SSM-QTF decreased monotonously with the ambient humidity. The detection sensitivity of the proposed SSM-QTF sensor was 12.7 ppm at 1 min. The SSM-QTF sensor showed good linearity of ~0.99. Using this sensor, we successfully measured the humidity of disposable medical masks for different periods of wearing time. The results showed that even a 20 min wearing time can lead to a >70% humidity in the mask enclosed space. It is suggested that a disposable medical mask should be changed <2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Haoyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Wenguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongchun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuwei Pan
- Department of Preventive Treatment of Disease, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510405, China;
| | - Jianhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huadan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.L.); (C.W.); (Z.Y.); (Q.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (H.Z.)
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20
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Chen M, Xu L, Liu Y, Yu M, Li Y, Ye TT. An All-Fabric Tactile-Sensing Keypad with Uni-Modal and Ultrafast Response/Recovery Time for Smart Clothing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24946-24954. [PMID: 35593079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Keypads constructed from fabric materials are the ideal input devices for smart clothing applications. However, multi-modal reaction problems have to be addressed before they can be of practical use on apparels, i.e., the fabric-based keypads need to distinguish between the legitimate actions by the fingertips and the illegitimate deformations and stresses caused by human movements. In this paper, we propose to use the humidity sensor functionalized from graphene oxide (GO)-coated polyester fibers to construct the e-textile keypads. As the moisture level in the proximity of human fingertips is much higher (over 70%) than other parts of the human body, humidity sensing has many advantages over other tactility mechanisms. Experiments have demonstrated that the GO-functionalized fabric keypad has a stable uni-modal tactility only to fingertip touches, and it is not sensitive to deformation, pressure, temperature variation, and other ambient interferences. With biasing and sensing circuits, the keypad exhibits a quick response and recovery time (around 0.1 s), comparable to mechanical keyboards. To demonstrate its application on smart clothing, the keypad was sewn on a sweater and embroidered conductive yarns were used to control an MP3 player in the pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxun Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117583 Singapore
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Tao Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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21
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Advanced wearable biosensors for the detection of body fluids and exhaled breath by graphene. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:236. [PMID: 35633385 PMCID: PMC9146825 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Given the huge economic burden caused by chronic and acute diseases on human beings, it is an urgent requirement of a cost-effective diagnosis and monitoring process to treat and cure the disease in their preliminary stage to avoid severe complications. Wearable biosensors have been developed by using numerous materials for non-invasive, wireless, and consistent human health monitoring. Graphene, a 2D nanomaterial, has received considerable attention for the development of wearable biosensors due to its outstanding physical, chemical, and structural properties. Moreover, the extremely flexible, foldable, and biocompatible nature of graphene provide a wide scope for developing wearable biosensor devices. Therefore, graphene and its derivatives could be trending materials to fabricate wearable biosensor devices for remote human health management in the near future. Various biofluids and exhaled breath contain many relevant biomarkers which can be exploited by wearable biosensors non-invasively to identify diseases. In this article, we have discussed various methodologies and strategies for synthesizing and pattering graphene. Furthermore, general sensing mechanism of biosensors, and graphene-based biosensing devices for tear, sweat, interstitial fluid (ISF), saliva, and exhaled breath have also been explored and discussed thoroughly. Finally, current challenges and future prospective of graphene-based wearable biosensors have been evaluated with conclusion. Graphene is a promising 2D material for the development of wearable sensors. Various biofluids (sweat, tears, saliva and ISF) and exhaled breath contains many relevant biomarkers which facilitate in identify diseases. Biosensor is made up of biological recognition element such as enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, hormone, organelle, or complete cell and physical (transducer, amplifier), provide fast response without causing organ harm.
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22
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Galliani M, Ferrari LM, Ismailova E. Interdigitated Organic Sensor in Multimodal Facemask's Barrier Integrity and Wearer's Respiration Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:305. [PMID: 35624606 PMCID: PMC9138990 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Facemasks are used as a personal protective equipment in medical services. They became compulsory during the recent COVID-19 pandemic at large. Their barrier effectiveness during various daily activities over time has been the subject of much debate. We propose the fabrication of an organic sensor to monitor the integrity of surgical masks to ensure individuals' health and safety during their use. Inkjet printing of an interdigitated conducting polymer-based sensor on the inner layer of the mask proved to be an efficient and direct fabrication process to rapidly reach the end user. The sensor's integration happens without hampering the mask functionality and preserving its original air permeability. Its resistive response to humidity accumulation allows it to monitor the mask's wetting in use, providing a quantified way to track its barrier integrity and assist in its management. Additionally, it detects the user's respiration rate as a capacitive response to the exhaled humidity, essential in identifying breathing difficulties or a sign of an infection. Respiration evaluations during daily activities show outstanding performance in relation to unspecific motion artifacts and breathing resolution. This e-mask yields an integrated solution for home-based individual monitoring and an advanced protective equipment for healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galliani
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, 13541 Gardanne, France;
| | | | - Esma Ismailova
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, 13541 Gardanne, France;
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23
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Xia J, Wang X, Wang X, Majer-Baranyi K, Zhang X. Hysteresis Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Flexible Nano Silver-Polyvinyl Alcohol Humidity Sensor Based on the Microscopic Process and Langmuir-Fick Theory. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14994-15004. [PMID: 35557680 PMCID: PMC9089386 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in materials science and manufacturing technologies have facilitated the development of flexible sensors. However, there are still performance gaps between emerging flexible sensors and traditional silicon-based rigid sensors, especially lacking dynamic modeling and optimization analysis for addressing above challenges. This paper describes a hysteresis dynamic modeling method for flexible humidity sensors. Through inkjet printing and coating methods, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sensitive layer and nano silver interdigital electrode are fabricated on flexible polyethylene naphthalate substrates. The performance characterization results show that the sensitivity and maximum hysteresis within the range of 12-98% relative humidity (RH) are -0.02167 MΩ/% RH and 2.7% RH, respectively. The sensor also has outstanding dynamic response ability and stability in a wide range of humidity variation. The hysteresis mechanism of flexible humidity sensors is theoretically analyzed from microscopic hysteresis processes, Langmuir monomolecular adsorption dynamic modeling, and Fick diffusion dynamic modeling. These hysteresis models provide a path for the hysteresis optimization of flexible PVA humidity sensors. Further exploration of the diffusion rate of water molecules and the proportion of PVA in ink represents promising hysteresis optimization directions of flexible humidity sensors based on PVA-sensitive material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- College
of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuepei Wang
- College
of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- School
of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- College
of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Krisztina Majer-Baranyi
- Food
Science Research Group, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest H-1022, Hungary
| | - Xiaoshuan Zhang
- College
of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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24
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Ismail Z, W Idris WF, Abdullah AH. Graphene-based temperature, humidity, and strain sensor: A review on progress, characterization, and potential applications during Covid-19 pandemic. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022; 3:100183. [PMID: 35633818 PMCID: PMC9126002 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene's potential as material for wearable, highly sensitive and robust sensor in various fields of technology has been widely investigated until now in order to capitalize on its unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties. In the wake of Covid-19 pandemic, it has been noticed that there are various potentials roles that can be fulfilled by graphene-based temperature, humidity and strain sensor, whose roles has not been widely explored to date. This paper takes the liberty to mainly highlight the progress layout and characterization technique for graphene-based sensor while including a brief discussion on the possible strategy of sensing data analysis that can be employed to minimize and prevent the risk of Covid-19 infection within a living community. While majority of the reported sensor is still in the in-progress status, its highlighted role in this work may provide a brief idea on how the ongoing research in graphene-based sensor may lead to the future implementation of the device for routine healthcare check-up and diagnostic point-care during and post-pandemic era. On the other hand, the sensitivity and response time data against working temperature, humidity and strain range that are provided could serve as a reference for benchmarking purpose, which certainly would help enthusiast in the development of a graphene-based sensor with a better performance for the future.
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25
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An Overview of Hierarchical Design of Textile-Based Sensor in Wearable Electronics. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smart textiles have recently aroused tremendous interests over the world because of their broad applications in wearable electronics, such as human healthcare, human motion detection, and intelligent robotics. Sensors are the primary components of wearable and flexible electronics, which convert various signals and external stimuli into electrical signals. While traditional electronic sensors based on rigid silicon wafers can hardly conformably attach on the human body, textile materials including fabrics, yarns, and fibers afford promising alternatives due to their characteristics including light weight, flexibility, and breathability. Of fundamental importance are the needs for fabrics simultaneously having high electrical and mechanical performance. This article focused on the hierarchical design of the textile-based flexible sensor from a structure point of view. We first reviewed the selection of newly developed functional materials for textile-based sensors, including metals, conductive polymers, carbon nanomaterials, and other two-dimensional (2D) materials. Then, the hierarchical structure design principles on different levels from microscale to macroscale were discussed in detail. Special emphasis was placed on the microstructure control of fibers, configurational engineering of yarn, and pattern design of fabrics. Finally, the remaining challenges toward industrialization and commercialization that exist to date were presented.
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Flexible Sensory Systems: Structural Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061232. [PMID: 35335562 PMCID: PMC8955130 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biology is characterized by smooth, elastic, and nonplanar surfaces; as a consequence, soft electronics that enable interfacing with nonplanar surfaces allow applications that could not be achieved with the rigid and integrated circuits that exist today. Here, we review the latest examples of technologies and methods that can replace elasticity through a structural approach; these approaches can modify mechanical properties, thereby improving performance, while maintaining the existing material integrity. Furthermore, an overview of the recent progress in wave/wrinkle, stretchable interconnect, origami/kirigami, crack, nano/micro, and textile structures is provided. Finally, potential applications and expected developments in soft electronics are discussed.
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Yao X, Chen L, Luo Z, Ye C, Liang F, Yang T, Liu X, Tian X, Bi H, Wang C, Cai C, Lyu L, Wu X. High‐performance flexible humidity sensors for breath detection and non‐touch switches. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xingye Yao
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Chen
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Zewei Luo
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Changqing Ye
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Fang Liang
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Tao Yang
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xingchi Liu
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xiyue Tian
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Hengchang Bi
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Chaolun Wang
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Chunhua Cai
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Liangjian Lyu
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xing Wu
- In Situ Devices Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing East China Normal University Shanghai China
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Ho LDA, Nam VB, Lee D. Flexible Ni/NiO x-Based Sensor for Human Breath Detection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:47. [PMID: 35009195 PMCID: PMC8746032 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simple methodology to fabricate an Ni/NiOx-based flexible breath sensor by a single-step laser digital patterning process of solution-processed NiOx thin-film deposited using NiOx nanoparticle ink. Laser-induced reductive sintering phenomenon enables for the generation of three parts of Ni electrodes and two narrow NiOx-sensing channels in between, defined on a single layer on a thin flexible polymer substrate. The Ni/NiOx-based breath sensor efficiently detects human breath at a relatively low operating temperature (50 °C) with fast response/recovery times (1.4 s/1.7 s) and excellent repeatability. The mechanism of the gas-sensing ability enhancement of the sensor was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Furthermore, by decoupling of the temperature effect from the breathing gas, the response of the sensor due to the temperature alone and due to the chemical components in the breathing gas could be separately evaluated. Finally, bending and cyclic bending tests (10,000 cycles) demonstrated the superior mechanical stability of the flexible breath sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea; (L.D.-A.H.); (V.B.N.)
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Qureshi S, Stojanović GM, Simić M, Jeoti V, Lashari N, Sher F. Silver Conductive Threads-Based Embroidered Electrodes on Textiles as Moisture Sensors for Fluid Detection in Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7813. [PMID: 34947407 PMCID: PMC8707788 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have become part of our daily life for health monitoring. The detection of moisture content is critical for many applications. In the present research, textile-based embroidered sensors were developed that can be integrated with a bandage for wound management purposes. The sensor comprised an interdigitated electrode embroidered on a cotton substrate with silver-tech 150 and HC 12 threads, respectively, that have silver coated continuous filaments and 100% polyamide with silver-plated yarn. The said sensor is a capacitive sensor with some leakage. The change in the dielectric constant of the substrate as a result of moisture affects the value of capacitance and, thus, the admittance of the sensor. The moisture sensor's operation is verified by measuring its admittance at 1 MHz and the change in moisture level (1-50) µL. It is observed that the sensitivity of both sensors is comparable. The identically fabricated sensors show similar response and sensitivity while wash test shows the stability of sensor after washing. The developed sensor is also able to detect the moisture caused by both artificial sweat and blood serum, which will be of value in developing new sensors tomorrow for smart wound-dressing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Qureshi
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Goran M. Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Mitar Simić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Varun Jeoti
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, T. Dositeja Obradovića 6, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (G.M.S.); (M.S.); (V.J.)
| | - Najeebullah Lashari
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia;
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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Allison L, Rostaminia S, Kiaghadi A, Ganesan D, Andrew TL. Enabling Longitudinal Respiration Monitoring Using Vapor-Coated Conducting Textiles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31869-31875. [PMID: 34870009 PMCID: PMC8638004 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors allow for portable, long-term health monitoring in natural environments. Recently, there has been an increase in demand for technology that can reliably monitor respiration, which can be indicative of cardiac diseases, asthma, and infection by respiratory viruses. However, to date, the most reliable respiration monitoring system involves a tightly worn chest belt that is not conducive to longitudinal monitoring. Herein, we report that accurate respiration monitoring can be effected using a fabric-based humidity sensor mounted within a face mask. Our humidity sensor is created using cotton fabrics coated with a persistently p-doped conjugated polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):chloride (PEDOT-Cl), using a previously reported chemical vapor deposition process. The vapor-deposited polymer coating displays a stable, rapid, and reversible change in conductivity with an increase in local humidity, such as the humidity changes experienced within a face mask as the wearer breathes. Thus, when integrated into a face mask, the PEDOT-Cl-coated cotton humidity sensor is able to transduce breaths into an electrical signal. The humidity sensor-incorporated face mask is able to differentiate between deep and shallow breathing, as well as breathing versus talking. The sensor-incorporated face mask platform also functions both while walking and sitting, providing equally high signal quality in both indoor and outdoor contexts. Additionally, we show that the face mask can be worn for long periods of time with a negligible decline in the signal quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden
K. Allison
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Soha Rostaminia
- College
of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Ali Kiaghadi
- College
of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Deepak Ganesan
- College
of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Trisha L. Andrew
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
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31
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Zhang Z, Lu T, Yang D, Lu S, Cai R, Tan W. A High-Wet-Strength Biofilm for Readable and Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9030-9037. [PMID: 34699244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost and flexible biofilm humidity sensors with good wet strength are crucial for humidity detection. However, it remains a great challenge to integrate good reversibility, rapid humidity response, and robust humid mechanical strength in one sensor. In this respect, we report a facile method to prepare a sustainable biofilm (named MC film) from sisal cellulose microcrystals (MSF-g-COOH) and citric acid (CA). After cross-linking with CA, the MC film exhibits excellent wet strength and rapid humidity response. More importantly, MC film can be used over a wide temperature range with excellent durability and reversibility for humidity detection. A highly sensitive humidity sensor fabricated from the MC film exhibits high reversibility and excellent water resistance and can be applied in humidity and personalized breath health monitoring. Our work fills the gap between biomaterial design and high-performance sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuocai Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tianyun Lu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dan Yang
- RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ren Cai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Material Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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32
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Yang B, Jiang X, Fang X, Kong J. Wearable chem-biosensing devices: from basic research to commercial market. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4285-4310. [PMID: 34672310 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable chem-biosensors have been garnering tremendous interest due to the significant potential in tailored healthcare diagnostics and therapeutics. With the development of the medical diagnostics revolution, wearable chem-biosensors as a rapidly emerging wave allow individuals to perform on-demand detection and obtain the required in-depth information. In contrast to commercial wearables, which tend to be miniaturized for measuring physical activities, the recent progressive wearable chem-biosensing device have mainly focused on non-invasive or minimally invasive monitoring biomarkers at the molecular level. Wearables is a multidisciplinary subject, and chem-biosensing is one of the most significant technologies. In this review, the currently basic academic research of wearable chem-biosensing devices and its commercial transformation were summarized and highlighted. Moreover, some representative wearable products on the market for individual health managements are presented. Strategies for the identification and sensing of biomarkers are discussed to further promote the development of wearable chem-biosensing devices. We also shared the limitations and breakthroughs of the next generation of chemo-biosensor wearables, from home use to clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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Angizi S, Yu EYC, Dalmieda J, Saha D, Selvaganapathy PR, Kruse P. Defect Engineering of Graphene to Modulate pH Response of Graphene Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12163-12178. [PMID: 34624190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based pH sensors are a robust, durable, sensitive, and scalable approach for the sensitive detection of pH in various environments. However, the mechanisms through which graphene responds to pH variations are not well-understood yet. This study provides a new look into the surface science of graphene-based pH sensors to address the existing gaps and inconsistencies among the literature concerning sensing response, the role of defects, and surface/solution interactions. Herein, we demonstrate the dependence of the sensing response on the defect density level of graphene, measured by Raman spectroscopy. At the crossover point (ID/IG = 0.35), two countervailing mechanisms balance each other out, separating two regions where either a surface defect induced (negative slope) or a double layer induced (positive slope) response dominates. For ratios above 0.35, the pH-dependent induction of charges at surface functional groups (both pH-sensitive and nonsensitive groups) dominates the device response. Below a ratio of 0.35, the response is dominated by the modulation of charge carriers in the graphene due to the electric double layer formed from the interaction between the graphene surface and the electrolyte solution. Selective functionalization of the surface was utilized to uncover the dominant acid-base interactions of carboxyl and amine groups at low pH while hydroxyl groups control the high pH range sensitivity. The overall pH-sensing characteristics of the graphene will be determined by the balance of these two mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Angizi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Eugene Yat Chun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Johnson Dalmieda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Dipankar Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - P Ravi Selvaganapathy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Peter Kruse
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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Capacitive and Conductometric Type Dual-Mode Relative Humidity Sensor Based on 5,10,15,20-tetra Phenyl Porphyrinato Nickel (II) (TPPNi). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193336. [PMID: 34641151 PMCID: PMC8512481 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A quest for a highly sensitive and reliable humidity monitoring system for a diverse variety of applications is quite vital. Specifically, the ever-increasing demand of humidity sensors in applications ranging from agriculture to healthcare equipment (to cater the current demand of COVID-19 ventilation systems), calls for a selection of suitable humidity sensing material. (2) Methods: In the present study, the TPPNi macromolecule has been synthesized by using a microwave-assisted synthesis process. The layer structure of the fabricated humidity sensor (Al/TPPNi/Al) consists of pair of planar 120 nm thin aluminum (Al) electrodes (deposited by thermal evaporation) and ~160 nm facile spin-coated solution-processable organic TPPNi as an active layer between the ~40 µm electrode gap. (3) Results: Electrical properties (capacitance and impedance) of sensors were found to be substantially sensitive not only on relative humidity but also on the frequency of the input bias signal. The proposed sensor exhibits multimode (capacitive and conductometric) operation with significantly higher sensitivity ~146.17 pF/%RH at 500 Hz and 48.23 kΩ/%RH at 1 kHz. (4) Conclusions: The developed Al/TPPNi/Al surface type humidity sensor’s much-improved detecting properties along with reasonable dynamic range and response time suggest that it could be effective for continuous humidity monitoring in multi environmental applications.
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Review of Materials and Fabrication Methods for Flexible Nano and Micro-Scale Physical and Chemical Property Sensors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of flexible sensors has tripled over the last decade due to the increased demand in various fields including health monitoring, food packaging, electronic skins and soft robotics. Flexible sensors have the ability to be bent and stretched during use and can still maintain their electrical and mechanical properties. This gives them an advantage over rigid sensors that lose their sensitivity when subject to bending. Advancements in 3D printing have enabled the development of tailored flexible sensors. Various additive manufacturing methods are being used to develop these sensors including inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, fused deposition modelling, direct ink writing, selective laser melting and others. Hydrogels have gained much attention in the literature due to their self-healing and shape transforming. Self-healing enables the sensor to recover from damages such as cracks and cuts incurred during use, and this enables the sensor to have a longer operating life and stability. Various polymers are used as substrates on which the sensing material is placed. Polymers including polydimethylsiloxane, Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and polyvinyl acetate are extensively used in flexible sensors. The most widely used nanomaterials in flexible sensors are carbon and silver due to their excellent electrical properties. This review gives an overview of various types of flexible sensors (including temperature, pressure and chemical sensors), paying particular attention to the application areas and the corresponding characteristics/properties of interest required for such. Current advances/trends in the field including 3D printing, novel nanomaterials and responsive polymers, and self-healable sensors and wearables will also be discussed in more detail.
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Kan Y, Wang S, Meng J, Guo Y, Li X, Gao D. Flexible wearable and self-powered humidity sensor based on moisture-dependent voltage generation. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Huang QQ, Wen YE, Bai H, Zhang Z, Jiang Y. Spontaneous Adsorption of Graphene Oxide on Multiple Polymeric Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8829-8839. [PMID: 34270266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The controllable integration of low-dimensional nanomaterials on solid surfaces is pivotal for the fabrication of next-generation miniaturized electronic and optoelectronic devices. For instance, organization of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials on polymeric surfaces paves the way for the development of flexible electronics for applications in wearable devices. Nevertheless, the understanding of the molecular interactions between these nanomaterials and the polymeric surfaces remains limited, which impedes the rational design of 2D nanomaterial-based functional coatings. In the current work, we report that graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, in their dispersion phase, can be adsorbed on multiple polymeric surfaces in a spontaneous manner. Both experimental findings and simulational results indicate that the main driving force is hydrogen bonding interactions, although other molecular interactions such as polarity and dispersion ones contribute to the adsorption as well. The relatively high hydrogen bonding interactions cause not only increased GO surface coverage but also enhanced GO adsorption kinetics on polymeric surfaces. The adsorbed GO layers are robust, which can be explained by the large aspect ratios of GO nanosheets and the presence of multiple spots for molecular interactions. As a proof of concept, GO-covered polymethyl methacrylate effectively decreases surface static charges when compared with its pristine counterpart. The integration of the GO constituents turns many inert polymeric substrates into multifunctional hybrids, and the functional groups on GO can be used further to bridge with additional functional materials for the development of high-performance electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Huang
- College of Materials, Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Graphene Industry and Engineering Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-E Wen
- College of Materials, Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Graphene Industry and Engineering Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Graphene Industry and Engineering Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhisen Zhang
- College of Materials, Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Graphene Industry and Engineering Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- College of Materials, Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Xiamen University, Graphene Industry and Engineering Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Abstract
Demand for wearable and portable electronic devices has increased, raising interest in electronic textiles (e-textiles). E-textiles have been produced using various materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide. Among the materials in this minireview, we introduce e-textiles fabricated with graphene oxide (GO) coating, using commercial textiles. GO-coated cotton, nylon, polyester, and silk are reported. The GO-coated commercial textiles were reduced chemically and thermally. The maximum e-textile conductivity of about 10 S/cm was achieved in GO-coated silk. We also introduce an e-textile made of uncoated silk. The silk-based e-textiles were obtained using a simple heat treatment with axial tension. The conductivity of the e-textiles was over 100 S/cm.
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Appiagyei AB, Han JI. Potentiometric Performance of a Highly Flexible-Shaped Trifunctional Sensor Based on ZnO/V 2O 5 Microrods. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2559. [PMID: 33917438 PMCID: PMC8038666 DOI: 10.3390/s21072559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A trifunctional flexible sensor was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber surface. Synthesized ZnO and ZnO/V2O5 composite were coated on ZnO seed layer sputtered PET fiber. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques confirmed the exact formation of ZnO and ZnO/V2O5. The fabricated ZnO/V2O5 on ZnO seeds base temperature sensor recorded better electrical properties and reversibility with a maximum temperature coefficient resistance (TCR) of 0.0111 °C-1. A calibration curve (R = 0.9941) within glucose concentration of (10 µM-10 mM) was obtained at +0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl from current-voltage curves which assisted in calculating glucose sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ). The electrode achieved an outstanding performance of sensitivity (72.06 µAmM-1cm-2), LOD (174 µM), and LOQ (582 µM) at optimum deposition time. Interference from oxidation of interfering biomolecules such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid were negligible compared to glucose. Finally, the fabricated electrode was employed as a pH sensor and displayed a pH sensitivity of 42.26 mV/pH (R = 0.9922). This fabricated ZnO/V2O5 electrode exhibited high sensitivity and a stable combined temperature, glucose, and pH sensor which is promising for development of multifunctional sensors in next generation wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong In Han
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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Saqib M, Ali Khan S, Mutee Ur Rehman HM, Yang Y, Kim S, Rehman MM, Young Kim W. High-Performance Humidity Sensor Based on the Graphene Flower/Zinc Oxide Composite. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010242. [PMID: 33477616 PMCID: PMC7831307 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Performance of an electronic device relies heavily on the availability of a suitable functional material. One of the simple, easy, and cost-effective ways to obtain novel functional materials with improved properties for desired applications is to make composites of selected materials. In this work, a novel composite of transparent n-type zinc oxide (ZnO) with a wide bandgap and a unique structure of graphene in the form of a graphene flower (GrF) is synthesized and used as the functional layer of a humidity sensor. The (GrF/ZnO) composite was synthesized by a simple sol–gel method. Morphological, elemental, and structural characterizations of GrF/ZnO composite were performed by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and an x-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively, to fully understand the properties of this newly synthesized functional material. The proposed humidity sensor was tested in the relative humidity (RH) range of 15% RH% to 86% RH%. The demonstrated sensor illustrated a highly sensitive response to humidity with an average current change of 7.77 μA/RH%. Other prominent characteristics shown by this device include but were not limited to high stability, repeatable results, fast response, and quick recovery time. The proposed humidity sensor was highly sensitive to human breathing, thus making it a promising candidate for various applications related to health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
| | - Shenawar Ali Khan
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
| | - Hafiz Mohammad Mutee Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
| | - Yunsook Yang
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
| | - Seongwan Kim
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Muqeet Rehman
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
| | - Woo Young Kim
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (M.S.); (S.A.K.); (H.M.M.U.R.); (Y.Y.); (S.K.); or (M.M.R.)
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Wang X, Deng Y, Chen X, Jiang P, Cheung YK, Yu H. An ultrafast-response and flexible humidity sensor for human respiration monitoring and noncontact safety warning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:99. [PMID: 34900333 PMCID: PMC8628006 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The humidity sensor is an essential sensing node in medical diagnosis and industrial processing control. To date, most of the reported relative humidity sensors have a long response time of several seconds or even hundreds of seconds, which would limit their real application for certain critical areas with fast-varying signals. In this paper, we propose a flexible and low-cost humidity sensor using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) as electrodes, a PDMS-Parylene C double layer as the flexible substrate, and graphene oxide as the sensing material. The humidity sensor has an ultrafast response of ~20 ms, which is more than two orders faster than most of the previously reported flexible humidity sensors. Moreover, the sensor has a high sensitivity (16.7 pF/% RH), low hysteresis (<0.44%), high repeatability (2.7%), good long-term stability, and outstanding flexibility. Benefiting from these advantages, especially the fast response, the device has been demonstrated in precise human respiration monitoring (fast breathing, normal breathing, deep breathing, asthma, choking, and apnea), noncontact electrical safety warning for bare hand and wet gloves, and noncontact pipe leakage detection. In addition, the facile fabrication of the flexible platform with the PDMS-Parylene C double layer can be easily integrated with multisensing functions such as pH sensing, ammonium ion sensing, and temperature sensing, all of which are useful for more pattern recognition of human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Yik Kin Cheung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
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