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Vara H, Hernández-Labrado GR, Alves-Sampaio A, Collazos-Castro JE. Stability of Conducting Polymer-Coated Carbon Microfibers for Long-Term Electrical Stimulation of Injured Neural Tissue. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2093. [PMID: 39065410 DOI: 10.3390/polym16142093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Electroactive microfiber-based scaffolds aid neural tissue repair. Carbon microfibers (CMFs) coated with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly[(4-styrenesulfonic acid)-co-(maleic acid)] (PEDOT:PSS-co-MA) provide efficient support and guidance to regrowing axons across spinal cord lesions in rodents and pigs. We investigated the electrical and structural performance of PEDOT:PSS-co-MA-coated carbon MFs (PCMFs) for long-term, biphasic electrical stimulation (ES). Chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) allowed the characterization of charge transfer in PCMFs during ES in vitro, and morphological changes were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PCMFs that were 4 mm long withstood two-million-biphasic pulses without reaching cytotoxic voltages, with a 6 mm length producing optimal results. Although EIS and SEM unveiled some polymer deterioration in the 6 mm PCMFs, no significant changes in voltage excursions appeared. For the preliminary testing of the electrical performance of PCMFs in vivo, we used 12 mm long, 20-microfiber assemblies interconnected by metallic microwires. PCMFs-assemblies were implanted in two spinal cord-injured pigs and submitted to ES for 10 days. A cobalt-alloy interconnected assembly showed safe voltages for about 1.5 million-pulses and was electrically functional at 1-month post-implantation, suggesting its suitability for sub-chronic ES, as likely required for spinal cord repair. However, improving polymer adhesion to the carbon substrate is still needed to use PCMFs for prolonged ES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Vara
- Neural Repair and Biomaterials Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda S-N, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gabriel Raúl Hernández-Labrado
- Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial y Aeroespacial, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Alexandra Alves-Sampaio
- Neural Repair and Biomaterials Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda S-N, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge E Collazos-Castro
- Neural Repair and Biomaterials Laboratory, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM), Finca la Peraleda S-N, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Kim Y, Nam H, Ryu B, Son SY, Park SY, Park S, Youn SM, Yun C. Thermally Induced Phase Separation of the PEDOT:PSS Layer for Highly Efficient Laminated Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38690839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Among various conductive polymers, the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film has been studied as a promising material for use as a transparent electrode and a hole-injecting layer in organic optoelectronic devices. Due to the increasing demand for the low-cost fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), PEDOT:PSS has been employed as the top electrode by using the coating or lamination method. Herein, a facile method is reported for the fabrication of highly efficient polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on a laminated transparent electrode (LTE) consisting of successive PEDOT:PSS and silver-nanowire (AgNW) layers. In particular, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) of the PEDOT:PSS film is found to depend on the annealing temperature (Tanneal) during preparation of the LTE. At Tanneal close to the glass transition temperature of the PSS chains, a PSS-rich phase with a large number of PSS- molecules enhances the work function of the PEDOT:PSS on the glass-side surface relative to the air side. By using the optimized LTEs, bidirectional laminated PLEDs are obtained with a total external quantum efficiency of 2.9% and a turn-on voltage of 2.6 V, giving a comparable performance to that of the reference bottom-emitting PLED based on a costly evaporated metal electrode. In addition, an analysis of the angular characteristics, including the variation in the electroluminescence spectra and the change in luminance according to the emission angle, indicates that the laminated PLED with the LTE provides a more uniform angular distribution regardless of the direction of emission. Detailed optical and electrical analyses are also performed to evaluate the suitability of LTEs for the low-cost fabrication of efficient PLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuckjin Nam
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Boeun Ryu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeong Son
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Youn
- Energy & Nano Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Bonafè F, Decataldo F, Cramer T, Fraboni B. Ionic Solvent Shell Drives Electroactuation in Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308746. [PMID: 38429898 PMCID: PMC11095215 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of electrochemical processes into mechanical deformation in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) enables artificial muscle-like actuators but is also critical for degradation processes affecting OMIEC-based devices. To provide a microscopic understanding of electroactuation, the modulated electrochemical atomic force microscopy (mEC-AFM) is introduced here as a novel in-operando characterization method for electroactive materials. The technique enables multidimensional spectroscopic investigations of local electroactuation and charge uptake giving access to the electroactuation transfer function. For poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) based microelectrodes, the spectroscopic measurements are combined with multichannel mEC-AFM imaging, providing maps of local electroactuation amplitude and phase as well as surface morphology. The results demonstrate that the amplitude and timescales of electroactuation are governed by the drift motion of hydrated ions. Accordingly, slower water diffusion processes are not limiting, and the results illustrate how OMIEC microactuators can operate at sub-millisecond timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bonafè
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaViale Berti Pichat 6/2Bologna40127Italy
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Jia TZ, Feng R, Cui C, Chen Q, Cseri L, Zhou RF, Szekely G, Cao XL, Sun SP. Conductive nanofiltration membranes via in situ PEDOT-polymerization for electro-assisted membrane fouling mitigation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121251. [PMID: 38324983 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanofiltration (NF) membranes play a pivotal role in water treatment; however, the persistent challenge of membrane fouling hampers their stable application. This study introduces a novel approach to address this issue through the creation of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based conductive membrane, achieved by synergistically coupling interfacial polymerization (IP) with in situ self-polymerization of EDOT. During the IP reaction, the concurrent generation of HCl triggers the protonation of EDOT, activating its self-polymerization into PEDOT. This interwoven structure integrates with the polyamide network to establish a stable selective layer, yielding a remarkable 90 % increase in permeability to 20.4 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. Leveraging the conductivity conferred by PEDOT doping, an electro-assisted cleaning strategy is devised, rapidly restoring the flux to 98.3 % within 5 min, outperforming the 30-minute pure water cleaning approach. Through simulations in an 8040 spiral-wound module and the utilization of the permeated salt solution for cleaning, the electro-assisted cleaning strategy emerges as an eco-friendly solution, significantly reducing water consumption and incurring only a marginal electricity cost of 0.055 $ per day. This work presents an innovative avenue for constructing conductive membranes and introduces an efficient and cost-effective electro-assisted cleaning strategy to effectively combat membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Levente Cseri
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M1 3BB, United Kingdom
| | - Rong-Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215100, China
| | - Gyorgy Szekely
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester, M1 3BB, United Kingdom; Chemical Engineering Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xue-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Shi-Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Jiangsu Future Membrane Technology Innovation Center, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China; Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215100, China.
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Paleti SHK, Kim Y, Kimpel J, Craighero M, Haraguchi S, Müller C. Impact of doping on the mechanical properties of conjugated polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1702-1729. [PMID: 38265833 PMCID: PMC10876084 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers exhibit a unique portfolio of electrical and electrochemical behavior, which - paired with the mechanical properties that are typical for macromolecules - make them intriguing candidates for a wide range of application areas from wearable electronics to bioelectronics. However, the degree of oxidation or reduction of the polymer can strongly impact the mechanical response and thus must be considered when designing flexible or stretchable devices. This tutorial review first explores how the chain architecture, processing as well as the resulting nano- and microstructure impact the rheological and mechanical properties. In addition, different methods for the mechanical characterization of thin films and bulk materials such as fibers are summarized. Then, the review discusses how chemical and electrochemical doping alter the mechanical properties in terms of stiffness and ductility. Finally, the mechanical response of (doped) conjugated polymers is discussed in the context of (1) organic photovoltaics, representing thin-film devices with a relatively low charge-carrier density, (2) organic thermoelectrics, where chemical doping is used to realize thin films or bulk materials with a high doping level, and (3) organic electrochemical transistors, where electrochemical doping allows high charge-carrier densities to be reached, albeit accompanied by significant swelling. In the future, chemical and electrochemical doping may not only allow modulation and optimization of the electrical and electrochemical behavior of conjugated polymers, but also facilitate the design of materials with a tunable mechanical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Harish Kumar Paleti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Youngseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joost Kimpel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mariavittoria Craighero
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Shuichi Haraguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Lopez-Larrea N, Gallastegui A, Lezama L, Criado-Gonzalez M, Casado N, Mecerreyes D. Fast Visible-Light 3D Printing of Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300229. [PMID: 37357826 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional inks for light-based 3D printing are actively being searched for being able to exploit all the potentialities of additive manufacturing. Herein, a fast visible-light photopolymerization process is showed of conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. For this purpose, a new Type II photoinitiator system (PIS) based on riboflavin (Rf), triethanolamine (TEA), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated for the visible light photopolymerization of acrylic monomers. PEDOT:PSS has a dual role by accelerating the photoinitiation process and providing conductivity to the obtained hydrogels. Using this PIS, full monomer conversion is achieved in less than 2 min using visible light. First, the PIS mechanism is studied, proposing that electron transfer between the triplet excited state of the dye (3 Rf*) and the amine (TEA) is catalyzed by PEDOT:PSS. Second, a series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels with different compositions are obtained by photopolymerization. The presence of PEDOT:PSS negatively influences the swelling properties of hydrogels, but significantly increases its mechanical modulus and electrical properties. The new PIS is also tested for 3D printing in a commercially available Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer (405 nm wavelength), obtaining high resolution and 500 µm hole size conductive scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Luis Lezama
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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Sheng Y, He JH, Wang SJ, Xu DF, Zhang R, Bradley M, Sun YX. A signal amplification for Trp isomers electrochemical recognition based on PEDOT:PSS and CS/PAA multilayers. Talanta 2023; 265:124885. [PMID: 37421788 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, enhanced tryptophan (Trp) isomers recognition was successfully demonstrated on (CS/PAA)3.5@PEDOT:PSS/GCE, a multilayer chiral sensor with good stability and reproducibility. The (CS/PAA)n multilayers chiral interface was first fabricated via alternating self-assembly of chiral chitosan (CS) and achiral polyacrylic acid (PAA). Conductive PEDOT:PSS was then compounded with (CS/PAA)n multilayers to obtain the chiral sensor for the electrochemical recognition of Trp isomers. The structure of the sensor and its chirality properties for Trp isomers were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical methods. The SEM images showed uniform distribution of PEDOT:PSS in the multilayer films, which changed the internal structure of the (CS/PAA)3.5. Consequently, (CS/PAA)3.5@PEDOT:PSS multilayers rendered more chiral centers in addition to improved good conductivity, which significantly amplified the oxidation peak current ratio of D-Trp to L-Trp (ID/IL) up to 6.71 at 25 °C. In addition, a linear relationship was observed between the peak current and Trp enantiomer concentration in the range of 0.002-0.15 mM, and the detection limits of D-Trp and L-Trp were 0.33 and 0.67 μM, respectively. More importantly, the percentage of D-Trp in non-racemic Trp enantiomers mixture solutions were successfully determined on the chiral interface, showing its effectiveness and promising potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213614, Jiangsu, PR China; National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering ChangzhouUniversity, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Jia-Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213614, Jiangsu, PR China; National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering ChangzhouUniversity, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Si-Jie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213614, Jiangsu, PR China; National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering ChangzhouUniversity, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - De-Feng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213614, Jiangsu, PR China; National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering ChangzhouUniversity, Changzhou, 213164, PR China
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH93JJ, UK
| | - Yi-Xin Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213614, Jiangsu, PR China; National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering ChangzhouUniversity, Changzhou, 213164, PR China.
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Das S, Venkatesh P, Ghosh S, Narayan KS. Ordered and disordered microstructures of nanoconfined conducting polymers. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 37455639 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We probe the microstructural differences of conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives under geometrical nanoconfinement using a high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) technique. Highly ordered domains of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate PEDOT:Tos, which is polymerized within alumina nanochannels, are observed. These features are in contrast to those of the polymer blend poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS inserted into the nanopores. The extent of the order-disorder parameter in terms of surface crystallization and the number of ordered domains of the long-chain polymers strongly depends on the dopant environment, processing conditions and structural confinement. Atomic force spectroscopy of individual PEDOT nanochannels highlights counterion-dependent surface adhesive factors. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of these systems reveals similar polymer chain configurations and the resulting morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Das
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru-560064, India.
| | - Pranay Venkatesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - K S Narayan
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru-560064, India.
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Xia Z, Sun Y, Jiang Y, Chen L, Zhao C, Dai C, Wei Z, Zhang G, Yu Y, Wang H, Zhang Z, Xie J, Zhou S, Zhang Q, Li X, Shuai J, Yang C, Liu S. Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Improving the Performance of Organic Solar Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6532-6541. [PMID: 37450690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted lots of attention owing to their low cost, lightweight, and flexibility properties. Nowadays, the performance of OSCs is continuously improving with the development of active layer materials. However, the traditional hole transport layer (HTL) material Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) presents insufficient conductivity and rapid degradation, which decreases the efficiency and stability of OSCs. To conquer the challenge, the two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanomaterials incorporated into the PEDOT:PSS as hybrid HTL are reported. The addition of g-C3N4 into PEDOT:PSS enables the thickness of the HTL to decrease for enhancing the transmittance of the film and increase the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS. Thus, the device exhibts improved charge transport and suppressed carrier recombination, leading to the increase in short-circuit current density and power conversion efficiency of the devices. This work demonstrates that the incorporation of 2D g-C3N4 into PEDOT:PSS for D18:Y6 and PM6:L8-BO-based OSCs can significantly improve the device efficiency to 17.48% and 18.47% with the enhancement of 7.04% and 8.46%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xia
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yali Sun
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yabin Jiang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Langkun Chen
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, 3002 Lantian Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
| | - Chaohua Dai
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Zhenbang Wei
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Guangye Zhang
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, 3002 Lantian Road, Pingshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518118, China
| | - Yaoguang Yu
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - ZhiZhen Zhang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Jiangsheng Xie
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Xiangguo Li
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Jing Shuai
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Chunzhen Yang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Shenghua Liu
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
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10
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de Jong D, Karst J, Ludescher D, Floess M, Moell S, Dirnberger K, Hentschel M, Ludwigs S, Braun PV, Giessen H. Electrically switchable metallic polymer metasurface device with gel polymer electrolyte. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1397-1404. [PMID: 37114093 PMCID: PMC10125172 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrically switchable, compact metasurface device based on the metallic polymer PEDOT:PSS in combination with a gel polymer electrolyte. Applying square-wave voltages, we can reversibly switch the PEDOT:PSS from dielectric to metallic. Using this concept, we demonstrate a compact, standalone, and CMOS compatible metadevice. It allows for electrically controlled ON and OFF switching of plasmonic resonances in the 2-3 µm wavelength range, as well as electrically controlled beam switching at angles up to 10°. Furthermore, switching frequencies of up to 10 Hz, with oxidation times as fast as 42 ms and reduction times of 57 ms, are demonstrated. Our work provides the basis towards solid state switchable metasurfaces, ultimately leading to submicrometer-pixel spatial light modulators and hence switchable holographic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek de Jong
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Julian Karst
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Ludescher
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sophia Moell
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Lee I, Park S, Lee YS, Kim Y, Kang MH, Yun C. Gradual Morphological Change in PEDOT:PSS Thin Films Immersed in an Aqueous Solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1600-1610. [PMID: 36637867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film is a promising material for electrodes, biomolecular sensor channels, and probes for physiological signals because the electrical conduction of PEDOT:PSS is tuned simply through the electrochemical reaction with the target analyte. However, forming a specific morphology or nanostructure on PEDOT:PSS thin films immersed in an aqueous solution is still a challenge. Herein, we report the mechanism for the stepwise morphological change in the highly conductive PEDOT:PSS layer that successfully explains the electrical and structural modulations that occur after a soaking test in various pH conditions. The change in PEDOT:PSS begins with the rapid swelling and dissolution of PSS-rich domains and the simultaneous structural rearrangement of the remaining PEDOT chains within 1 s of dipping. Analysis confirms that the pH conditions of an aqueous solution govern the oxidation state and the form of the PEDOT chains. After removing the water molecules, additional PEDOT-rich grains were generated and accumulated on the surface of the film, which exhibited hydrophobic barrier characteristics. With the help of this intrinsic barrier on the PEDOT:PSS surface, the sheet resistance slightly increased from 72 to 144 Ω/sq even after dipping in a water bath for 350 h. We also demonstrate the usability of the proposed approach on a sensor to detect vitamin C in an aqueous medium. Utilizing the electrochemical reaction of PEDOT:PSS films, the simple resistor sensor showed a response time of less than 150 s, which is 10 times faster than that observed in a previous report. The soaked samples also showed a more reliable linear correlation between the current change and the amount of ascorbic acid compared with pristine PEDOT:PSS. Both the proposed mechanism and the role of accumulated PEDOT-rich regions illustrate the versatile potential of highly conductive PEDOT:PSS films in the field of bioelectronic applications, owing to the increased design architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwoo Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seong Lee
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hee Kang
- School of Electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, Republic of Korea
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12
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Galliani M, Ferrari LM, Bouet G, Eglin D, Ismailova E. Tailoring inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS composition toward green, wearable device fabrication. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016101. [PMID: 36619686 PMCID: PMC9812513 DOI: 10.1063/5.0117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inkjet printing remains one of the most cost-efficient techniques for device prototyping and manufacturing, offering considerable freedom of digital design, non-contact, and additive fabrication. When developing novel wearable devices, a balanced approach is required between functional, user-safe materials and scalable manufacturing processes. Here, we propose a tailor-made ink formulation, based on non-hazardous materials, to develop green electronic devices aimed at interfacing with humans. We demonstrate that developed ink exhibits high-resolution inkjet printability, in line with theoretical prediction, on multiple wearable substrates. The ink's chemical composition ensures the pattern's enhanced electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, and stability in water. The cytocompatibility evaluations show no noxious effects from printed films in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we fabricated a printed wearable touch sensor on a non-woven fabric substrate, capable of tracking human steps. This is a step toward the development of green wearable electronics manufacturing, demonstrating a viable combination of materials and processes for biocompatible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galliani
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | | | - Guenaelle Bouet
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - David Eglin
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Construction of amphiphilic networks in blend membranes for CO2 separation. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Khan P, Kaushik R, Jayaraj A. Approaches and Perspective of Coarse-Grained Modeling and Simulation for Polymer-Nanoparticle Hybrid Systems. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47567-47586. [PMID: 36591142 PMCID: PMC9798744 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modeling and simulations have emerged as effective and indispensable tools to characterize polymeric systems. They provide fundamental and essential insights to design a product of the required properties and to improve the understanding of a phenomenon at the molecular level for a particular system. The polymer-nanoparticle hybrids are materials with outstanding properties and correspondingly large applications whose study has benefited from this new paradigm. However, despite the significant expansion of modern day computational powers, investigation of the long time and large length scale phenomenon in polymeric and polymer-nanoparticle systems is still a challenging task to complete through all-atom molecular dynamics (AA-MD) simulations. To circumvent this problem, a variety of coarse-grained (CG) models have been proposed, ranging from the generic CG models for qualitative properties predictions to more realistic chemically specific CG models for quantitative properties predictions. These CG models have already delivered some success stories in the study of several spatial and temporal evolutions of many processes. Some of these studies were beyond the feasibility of traditional atomistic resolution models due to either the size or the time constraints. This review captures the different types of popular CG approaches that are utilized in the investigation of the microscopic behavior of polymer-nanoparticle hybrid systems. The rationale of this article is to furnish an overview of the popular CG approaches and their applications, to review several important and most recent developments, and to delineate the perspectives on future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Khan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh202002, India
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Laboratory
for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa230-0045, Japan
| | - Abhilash Jayaraj
- Department
of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut06459, United States
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15
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He H, Chen R, Yue S, Yu S, Wei J, Ouyang J. Salt-induced ductilization and strain-insensitive resistance of an intrinsically conducting polymer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq8160. [PMID: 36427298 PMCID: PMC9699665 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High mechanical ductility and high mechanical strength are important for materials including polymers. Current methods to increase the ductility of polymers such as plasticization always cause a remarkable drop in the ultimate tensile strength. There is no report on the ductilization of polymers that can notably increase the elongation at break while not lowering the ultimate tensile strength. Here, we report the salt-induced ductilization of an intrinsically conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Treating highly conductive PEDOT:PSS with a salt such as sodium perchlorate can enhance its elongation at break from 8.5 to 53.2%, whereas it hardly affects the tensile strength. Moreover, the resistance of the ductilized PEDOT:PSS films is insensitive to the tensile strain before fracture and slightly increases by only ~6% during the cyclic tensile testing with the strain up to 30%. These effects are ascribed to the decrease in the Coulomb attraction between PEDOT+ and PSS- by the salt ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Shizhong Yue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore
| | - Suzhu Yu
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore 637662, Singapore
- Harbin Institute of Technology, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- Harbin Institute of Technology, University Town of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore
- NUS Research Institute, No 16 South Huashan Road, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, China
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16
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Makki H, Troisi A. Morphology of conducting polymer blends at the interface of conducting and insulating phases: insight from PEDOT:PSS atomistic simulations. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:16126-16137. [PMID: 36387833 PMCID: PMC9632246 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc03158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Having phase-separated conductive and less-conductive domains is a common morphology in semiconducting polymer blends as it exists in the case of PEDOT:PSS, which is a representative example with a wide range of applications. In this paper, we constructed atomistic models for the interface between the PEDOT-rich (conductive) grains and the PSS-rich (less-conductive) phase through molecular dynamics simulations. Our models are obtained from experimentally relevant compositions, based on precise force field parameters, and through a robust relaxation procedure. We show that both PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich phases consist of PEDOT lamellae embedded in PSS chains. The size of these lamellae depends on the PEDOT concentration in each phase and our model predictions are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, our models suggest that neither the phases nor the interfaces are entirely connected by π-π stacking. Thus, inter-lamellae tunnelling is essential for both intra- and inter-grain charge transport. We also show that a small increase (≈8 wt%) in the PEDOT concentration results in rather larger lamellae sizes, considerably more oriented lamellae, and slightly better inter-lamellae connectivity, which result in enhanced intra-grain conductivity. Moreover, we show how enhancing phase separation between PEDOT-rich and PSS-rich domains (similar to the effect of polar co-solvents), i.e., pulling out PEDOT from the PSS-rich phase and adding it in the PEDOT-rich phase, highly enhances the intra-grain connectivity but decreases the inter-grain conduction paths through the interface. Our results explain how the marginal extra degree of phase separation (based on experimentally obtained values) could result in a great enhancement in the overall film conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Makki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3BX UK
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17
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Morimitsu Y, Matsuno H, Oda Y, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Direct visualization of cooperative adsorption of a string-like molecule onto a solid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn6349. [PMID: 36223469 PMCID: PMC9555780 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural systems, composite materials, and thin-film devices adsorb macromolecules in different phases onto their surfaces. In general, polymer chains form interfacial layers where their aggregation states and thermal molecular motions differ from the bulk. Here, we visualize well-defined double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) using atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to clarify the adsorption mechanism of polymer chains onto solid surfaces. Initially, short and long dsDNAs are individually and cooperatively adsorbed, respectively. Cooperative adsorption involves intertwining of multiple chains. The dependence of adsorption on the chain affects the formation of the interfacial layer, realizing different mechanical properties of DNA/filler bulk composites. These findings will contribute to the development of light and durable polymer composites and films for various industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Morimitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisao Matsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yukari Oda
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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18
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Benaglia S, Drakopoulou S, Biscarini F, Garcia R. In operando nanomechanical mapping of PEDOT:PSS thin films in electrolyte solutions with bimodal AFM. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14146-14154. [PMID: 36111590 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between the nanomechanical properties of organic electronic materials and their electronic properties is central to developing sensors and transducers for applications ranging from immunosensing to e-skin. Controlling organic device operations in aqueous electrolyte solutions and their mechanical compliance with the host tissue or living systems, as for instance in active implants for the recording or stimulation of neural signals, is still largely unexplored. Here, we implemented bimodal AFM to map the nanomechanical and structural properties of thin films made from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), the most widely used conducting polymer blend, during operation as a microelectrode in an electrolyte solution. Nanomechanical maps showed the film consisting of a granular structure made from PEDOT:PSS regions embedded in the PSS matrix. The film swelled upon immersion in an aqueous solution. In operando bimodal AFM data obtained by applying a sequence of doping/de-doping bias cycles showed a significant decrease in the modulus (70%) that saturated after about 10 cycles. A similar sequence of biases at the opposite polarity did not significantly influence the mechanical behaviour of PEDOT:PSS. The decrease in the modulus was explained by the development of persistent hydration, which was enhanced by the cations trapped inside the organic electronic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Benaglia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sofia Drakopoulou
- Life Science Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 101, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dept. of Physics, Information Science and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213a, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Life Science Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 101, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Ricardo Garcia
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Keene ST, Gueskine V, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Exploiting mixed conducting polymers in organic and bioelectronic devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19144-19163. [PMID: 35942679 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient transport of both ionic and electronic charges in conjugated polymers (CPs) has enabled a wide range of novel electrochemical devices spanning applications from energy storage to bioelectronic devices. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the fundamental physical processes which underlie the operation of mixed conducting polymer (MCP) devices. While charge injection and transport have been studied extensively in both ionic and electronic conductors, translating these principles to mixed conducting systems proves challenging due to the complex relationships among the individual materials properties. We break down the process of electrochemical (de)doping, the basic feature exploited in mixed conducting devices, into its key steps, highlighting recent advances in the study of these physical processes in the context of MCPs. Furthermore, we identify remaining challenges in further extending fundamental understanding of MCP-based device operation. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the elementary processes governing operation in MCPs will drive the advancement in both materials design and device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, Cambridge University, 9 JJ Thompson Ave., CB3 0FA Cambridge, UK
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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20
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Marrink SJ, Monticelli L, Melo MN, Alessandri R, Tieleman DP, Souza PCT. Two decades of Martini: Better beads, broader scope. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Paulo C. T. Souza
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
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21
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Li Y, Zhou X, Sarkar B, Gagnon-Lafrenais N, Cicoira F. Recent Progress on Self-Healable Conducting Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108932. [PMID: 35043469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials able to regenerate after damage have been the object of investigation since the ancient times. For instance, self-healing concretes, able to resist earthquakes, aging, weather, and seawater have been known since the times of ancient Rome and are still the object of research. During the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in self-healing electronic materials, for applications in electronic skin (E-skin) for health monitoring, wearable and stretchable sensors, actuators, transistors, energy harvesting, and storage devices. Self-healing materials based on conducting polymers are particularly attractive due to their tunable high conductivity, good stability, intrinsic flexibility, excellent processability and biocompatibility. Here recent developments are reviewed in the field of self-healing electronic materials based on conducting polymers, such as poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPy), and polyaniline (PANI). The different types of healing, the strategies adopted to optimize electrical and mechanical properties, and the various possible healing mechanisms are introduced. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Biporjoy Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Noémy Gagnon-Lafrenais
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Fabio Cicoira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3A7, Canada
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22
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Danielsen SPO, Thompson BJ, Fredrickson GH, Nguyen TQ, Bazan GC, Segalman RA. Ionic Tunability of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Solutions. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Brittany J. Thompson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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23
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24
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Choi C, de Izarra A, Han I, Jeon W, Lansac Y, Jang YH. Hard-Cation-Soft-Anion Ionic Liquids for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1615-1624. [PMID: 35138105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A promising conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) experiences significant conductivity enhancement when treated with proper ionic liquids (ILs). Based on the hard-soft-acid-base principle, we propose a combination of a hydrophilic hard cation A+ (instead of the commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, EMIM+) and a hydrophobic soft anion X- (such as tetracyanoborate, TCB-) as the best ILs for this purpose. Such ILs would decouple hydrophilic-but-insulating PSS- from conducting-but-hydrophobic PEDOT+ most efficiently by strong interactions with hydrophilic A+ and hydrophobic X-, respectively. Such a favorable ion exchange between PEDOT+:PSS- and A+:X- ILs would allow the growth of conducting PEDOT+ domains decorated by X-, not disturbed by PSS- or A+. Using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that a protic cation- (aliphatic N-alkyl pyrrolidinium, in particular) combined with the hydrophobic anion TCB- indeed outperforms EMIM+ by promptly leaving hydrophobic TCB- and strongly binding to hydrophilic PSS-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Ambroise de Izarra
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ikhee Han
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
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25
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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26
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Modarresi M, Zozoulenko IV. Why does solvent treatment increase conductivity of PEDOT:PSS? Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22073-22082. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important conducting polymers. In its pristine form its electrical conductivity is low, but it can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by...
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27
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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28
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de Izarra A, Choi C, Jang YH, Lansac Y. Molecular Dynamics of PEDOT:PSS Treated with Ionic Liquids. Origin of Anion Dependence Leading to Cation Design Principles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8601-8611. [PMID: 34292746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conductivity enhancement of PEDOT:PSS via the morphological change of PEDOT-rich domains has been achieved by introducing a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM)-based ionic liquid (IL) into its aqueous solution, and the degree of such change varies drastically with the anion coupled to the EMIM cation constituting the IL. We carry out a series of molecular dynamics simulations on various simple model systems for the extremely complex mixtures of PEDOT:PSS and EMIM:X IL in water, varying the anion X, the IL concentration, the oligomer model of PEDOT:PSS, and the size of the model systems. The common characteristic found in all simulations is that although planar hydrophobic anions X are the most efficient for ion exchange between PEDOT:PSS and EMIM:X, they tend to bring together planar EMIM cations to PEDOT-rich domains, disrupting PEDOT π-stacks with PEDOT-X-EMIM intercalating layers. Nonplanar hydrophobic anions, which leave most of EMIM cations in water, are efficient for both ion exchange and the formation of extended PEDOT π-stacks, as observed in experiments. Based on such findings, we propose a design principle for new cations replacing EMIM; nonplanar hydrophilic cations combined with hydrophobic anions should improve IL efficiency for PEDOT:PSS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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Electrochemically Obtained Polysulfonates Doped Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films-Effects of the Dopant's Chain Flexibility and Molecular Weight Studied by Electrochemical, Microgravimetric and XPS Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152438. [PMID: 34372041 PMCID: PMC8348764 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically synthesized poly(3,4,-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films obtained in the presence of eight different polysulfonate dopants are comparatively studied by means of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Differences with respect to oxidation and doping levels (OL and DL), polymerization efficiency and redox behavior are revealed based on the interplay of three factors: the type of the dopant (acid or salt form), flexibility of the polysulfonate chains and molecular weight of the polysulfonate species. For the rigid- and semi-rigid-chain dopants, use of the salt form results in higher OL and DL values and substantial involvement of solvent molecules in the course of polymerization and redox transitions whereas in the presence of their acid form compact PEDOT films with minor ionic-solvent fluxes upon redox transitions are formed. In contrast, use of the salt form of the flexible chain polysulfonates results in PEDOT with lower OL and DL in comparison to the corresponding acid form. Significant effects are observed when comparing flexible chain dopants with different molecular weights. From a practical point of view the present investigations demonstrate the large scope of possibilities to influence some basic properties of PEDOT (Ol and DL, intensity and type of the ionic and solvent fluxes upon redox transition) depending on the used polysulfonate dopants.
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30
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Delavari N, Gladisch J, Petsagkourakis I, Liu X, Modarresi M, Fahlman M, Stavrinidou E, Linares M, Zozoulenko I. Water Intake and Ion Exchange in PEDOT:Tos Films upon Cyclic Voltammetry: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Delavari
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Johannes Gladisch
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xianjie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Group of Scientific Visualization, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Center (SeRC), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics (LOE), Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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31
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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32
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Alessandri R, Grünewald F, Marrink SJ. The Martini Model in Materials Science. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008635. [PMID: 33956373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Martini model, a coarse-grained force field initially developed with biomolecular simulations in mind, has found an increasing number of applications in the field of soft materials science. The model's underlying building block principle does not pose restrictions on its application beyond biomolecular systems. Here, the main applications to date of the Martini model in materials science are highlighted, and a perspective for the future developments in this field is given, particularly in light of recent developments such as the new version of the model, Martini 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
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33
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Khot A, Savoie BM. Top–Down Coarse-Grained Framework for Characterizing Mixed Conducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khot
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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34
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Jain K, Mehandzhiyski AY, Zozoulenko I, Wågberg L. PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous media: A comparative experimental and molecular dynamics study of particle size, morphology and z-potential. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:57-66. [PMID: 33059231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PEDOT PSS is the most widely used conducting polymer in organic and printed electronics. PEDOT PSS films have been extensively studied to understand the morphology, ionic and electronic conductivity of the polymer. However, the polymer dispersion, which is used to cast or spin coat the films, is not well characterized and not well understood theoretically. Here, we study in detail the particle morphology, size, charge density and zeta potential (z-potential) by coarse-grained MD simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, for different pH levels and ionic strengths. The PEDOT:PSS particles were found to be 12 nm-19 nm in diameter and had a z-potential of -30 mV to -50 mV when pH was changed from 1.7 to 9, at an added NaCl concentration of 1 mM, as measured by DLS. These values changed significantly with changing pH and ionic strength of the solution. The charge density of PEDOT:PSS particles was also found to be dependent on pH and ionic strength. Besides, the distribution of different ions (PSS-, PEDOT+, Na+, Cl-) present in the solution is simulated to understand the particle morphology and molecular origin of z-potential in PEDOT:PSS dispersion. The trend in change of particle size, charge density and z- potential with changing pH and ionic strength are in good agreement between the simulations and experiments. Our results show that the molecular model developed in this work represents very well the PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous dispersion. With this study, we hope to provide new insight and an in-depth understanding of the morphology and z-potential evolution in PEDOT:PSS dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Y Mehandzhiyski
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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de Izarra A, Choi C, Jang YH, Lansac Y. Ionic Liquid for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. Ion Binding Free Energy in Water Revealing the Importance of Anion Hydrophobicity. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1916-1923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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36
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Baker C, Wagner K, Wagner P, Officer DL, Mawad D. Biofunctional conducting polymers: synthetic advances, challenges, and perspectives towards their use in implantable bioelectronic devices. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1899850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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37
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Wang X, de Vasconcelos LS, Chen K, Perera K, Mei J, Zhao K. In Situ Measurement of Breathing Strain and Mechanical Degradation in Organic Electrochromic Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50889-50895. [PMID: 33112143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are an emerging family of materials crucial in the development of flexible, bio-, and optoelectronics. In electrochromic polymers, the cyclic redox reaction is associated with a mechanical breathing strain, which deforms the OMIECs and degrades the device reliability. We set forth an in situ nanoindentation approach to measure the breathing strain of a poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT) thin film in a customized liquid cell during electrochromic cycles. A breathing volumetric strain of 12-25% is persistent in different sets of electrolytes of various solvents, salts, and salt molarities. The electrochemical conditioning, intermittence time, and cyclic protocol have minor effects on the mechanical response of PProDOT. The mechanical behavior and anion diffusivity measurement further infer the redox kinetics. Heavily cycled PProDOT films show reduced volumetric strain and accumulated mechanical damage of channel cracks and dysfunctional regions of slow and inhomogeneous electrochromic switching. This work is a systematic characterization of mechanical deformation and damage in a model OMIEC and informs the mechanical reliability of organic electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kuluni Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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