1
|
Zheng B, Zhong L, Wang X, Lin P, Yang Z, Bai T, Shen H, Zhang H. Structural evolution during inverse vulcanization. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5507. [PMID: 38951493 PMCID: PMC11217493 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Inverse vulcanization exploits S8 to synthesize polysulfides. However, evolution of products and its mechanism during inverse vulcanization remains elusive. Herein, inverse vulcanization curves are obtained to describe the inverse vulcanization process in terms of three stages: induction, curing and over-cure. The typical curves exhibit a moduli increment before declining or plateauing, reflecting the process of polysulfide network formation and loosing depending on monomers. For aromatic alkenes, in the over-cure, the crosslinked polysulfide evolves significantly into a sparse network with accelerated relaxation, due to the degradation of alkenyl moieties into thiocarbonyls. The inverse vulcanization product of olefins degrades slowly with fluctuated relaxation time and modulus because of the generation of thiophene moieties, while the inverse vulcanization curve of dicyclopentadiene has a plateau following curing stage. Confirmed by calculations, the mechanisms reveal the alkenyl groups react spontaneously into thiocarbonyls or thiophenes via similar sulfur-substituted alkenyl intermediates but with different energy barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Botuo Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Liling Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Peiyao Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zezhou Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Tianwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electronics and Digital Health of Zhejiang Province in Jiaxing University, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
| | - Hang Shen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Huagui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang B, Zhang YM, Wang C, Gu C, Li C, Yin H, Yan Y, Yang G, Zhang SXA. An electrochemically responsive B-O dynamic bond to switch photoluminescence of boron-nitrogen-doped polyaromatics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5166. [PMID: 38886345 PMCID: PMC11183244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit excellent optical properties, and regulating their photophysical processes is a powerful strategy to understand the luminescence mechanism and develop new materials and applications. Herein, an electrochemically responsive B-O dynamic coordination bond is proposed, and used to regulate the photophysical processes of boron-nitrogen-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The formation of the B-O coordination bond under a suitable voltage is confirmed by experiments and theoretical calculations, and B-O coordination bond can be broken back to the initial state under opposite voltage. The whole process is accompanied by reversible changes in photophysical properties. Further, electrofluorochromic devices are successfully prepared based on the above electrochemically responsive coordination bond. The success and harvest of this exploration are beneficial to understand the luminescence mechanism of boron-nitrogen-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and provide ideas for design of dynamic covalent bonds and broaden material types and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baige Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Li
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Hang Yin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Yan
- College of Instrumentation & Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Guojian Yang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Van Lijsebetten F, Maes S, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Thermoswitchable catalysis to inhibit and promote plastic flow in vitrimers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7061-7071. [PMID: 38756803 PMCID: PMC11095380 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Acid-base catalysis is a common strategy to induce covalent bond exchanges in dynamic polymer networks. Strong acids or strong bases can promote rapid network rearrangements, and are simultaneously preferred catalysts for chemical reactions where maximum efficiency at the lowest possible temperature is aimed for. However, within the context of dynamic polymer networks, the incorporation of highly active catalysts can negatively affect the longer term application potential. Network dynamicity can diminish through catalyst ageing or quenching and highly active catalysts may prematurely activate bond exchanges, leading to dimensional instability and thus low creep resistance of the polymer networks. Herein, we present several examples where we explicitly explored weak acids (carboxylic acids) as catalysts for dynamic bond exchanges, using vinylogous urethanes (VU) as a well-understood protic acid catalysed vitrimer chemistry. Surprisingly, we have found that the sought-after long-term stability offered by a weak acid does not necessarily bring lower activity at high temperature. In fact, the weak acids show a remarkable thermoswitchable catalytic behaviour, going from an inactive hydrogen bonded state to an active state where the polymer matrix is protonated, with a profound impact on the network reactivity and rheology. Carboxylic acids with different electronic or steric environments show clear reactivity trends and their fine-tuning resulted in the most thermally responsive VU vitrimers studied to date. Our findings point out that catalyst choice and design for vitrimers is only poorly informed by catalyst performance in more traditional chemical reactions (in solvent), and that a more tailored catalyst design holds great promise for the field of vitrimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Stephan Maes
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Departement of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karatrantos AV, Couture O, Hesse C, Schmidt DF. Molecular Simulation of Covalent Adaptable Networks and Vitrimers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1373. [PMID: 38794566 PMCID: PMC11125108 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Olivier Couture
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Channya Hesse
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jia Y, Qian J, Hao S, Zhang S, Wei F, Zheng H, Li Y, Song J, Zhao Z. New Prospects Arising from Dynamically Crosslinked Polymers: Reprogramming Their Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313164. [PMID: 38577834 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Dynamically crosslinked polymers (DCPs) have gained significant attention owing to their applications in fabricating (re)processable, recyclable, and self-healable thermosets, which hold great promise in addressing ecological issues, such as plastic pollution and resource scarcity. However, the current research predominantly focuses on redefining and/or manipulating their geometries while replicating their bulk properties. Given the inherent design flexibility of dynamic covalent networks, DCPs also exhibit a remarkable potential for various novel applications through postsynthesis reprogramming their properties. In this review, the recent advancements in strategies that enable DCPs to transform their bulk properties after synthesis are presented. The underlying mechanisms and associated material properties are overviewed mainly through three distinct strategies, namely latent catalysts, material-growth, and topology isomerizable networks. Furthermore, the mutual relationship and impact of these strategies when integrated within one material system are also discussed. Finally, the application prospects and relevant issues necessitating further investigation, along with the potential solutions are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Senyuan Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Fengchun Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Ave., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua St., Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Yan F, Texter J. Polymerized and Colloidal Ionic Liquids─Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3813-3931. [PMID: 38512224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The breadth and importance of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) are steadily expanding, and this review updates advances and trends in syntheses, properties, and applications over the past five to six years. We begin with an historical overview of the genesis and growth of the PIL field as a subset of materials science. The genesis of ionic liquids (ILs) over nano to meso length-scales exhibiting 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D topologies defines colloidal ionic liquids, CILs, which compose a subclass of PILs and provide a synthetic bridge between IL monomers (ILMs) and micro to macro-scale PIL materials. The second focus of this review addresses design and syntheses of ILMs and their polymerization reactions to yield PILs and PIL-based materials. A burgeoning diversity of ILMs reflects increasing use of nonimidazolium nuclei and an expanding use of step-growth chemistries in synthesizing PIL materials. Radical chain polymerization remains a primary method of making PILs and reflects an increasing use of controlled polymerization methods. Step-growth chemistries used in creating some CILs utilize extensive cross-linking. This cross-linking is enabled by incorporating reactive functionalities in CILs and PILs, and some of these CILs and PILs may be viewed as exotic cross-linking agents. The third part of this update focuses upon some advances in key properties, including molecular weight, thermal properties, rheology, ion transport, self-healing, and stimuli-responsiveness. Glass transitions, critical solution temperatures, and liquidity are key thermal properties that tie to PIL rheology and viscoelasticity. These properties in turn modulate mechanical properties and ion transport, which are foundational in increasing applications of PILs. Cross-linking in gelation and ionogels and reversible step-growth chemistries are essential for self-healing PILs. Stimuli-responsiveness distinguishes PILs from many other classes of polymers, and it emphasizes the importance of segmentally controlling and tuning solvation in CILs and PILs. The fourth part of this review addresses development of applications, and the diverse scope of such applications supports the increasing importance of PILs in materials science. Adhesion applications are supported by ionogel properties, especially cross-linking and solvation tunable interactions with adjacent phases. Antimicrobial and antifouling applications are consequences of the cationic nature of PILs. Similarly, emulsion and dispersion applications rely on tunable solvation of functional groups and on how such groups interact with continuous phases and substrates. Catalysis is another significant application, and this is an historical tie between ILs and PILs. This component also provides a connection to diverse and porous carbon phases templated by PILs that are catalysts or serve as supports for catalysts. Devices, including sensors and actuators, also rely on solvation tuning and stimuli-responsiveness that include photo and electrochemical stimuli. We conclude our view of applications with 3D printing. The largest components of these applications are energy related and include developments for supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. We conclude with our vision of how PIL development will evolve over the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - John Texter
- Strider Research Corporation, Rochester, New York 14610-2246, United States
- School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Menasce S, Libanori R, Coulter FB, Studart AR. 3D-Printed Architectured Silicones with Autonomic Self-Healing and Creep-Resistant Behavior. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306494. [PMID: 38176686 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Self-healing silicones that are able to restore functionalities and extend the lifetime of soft devices hold great potential in many applications. However, currently available silicones need to be triggered to self-heal or suffer from creep-induced irreversible deformation during use. Here, a platform is proposed to design and print silicone objects that are programmed at the molecular and architecture levels to achieve self-healing at room temperature while simultaneously resisting creep. At the molecular scale, dioxaborolanes moieties are incorporated into silicones to synthesize self-healing vitrimers, whereas conventional covalent bonds are exploited to make creep-resistant elastomers. When combined into architectured printed parts at a coarser length scale, the layered materials exhibit fast healing at room temperature without compromising the elastic recovery obtained from covalent polymer networks. A patient-specific vascular phantom and fluidic chambers are printed to demonstrate the potential of architectured silicones in creating damage-resilient functional devices using molecularly designed elastomer materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Menasce
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Libanori
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Fergal Brian Coulter
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - André R Studart
- Complex Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kito T, Hayashi M. Trapping bond exchange phenomenon revealed for off-stoichiometry cross-linking of phase-separated vitrimer-like materials. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2961-2968. [PMID: 38469887 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitrimer materials combined with nano-phase separated structures have attracted attention, expanding the tuning range of physical properties, such as flow and creep properties. We recently demonstrated a preparation of vitrimer-like materials with phase-separated nanodomains in which dissociative bond exchange via trans-N-alkylation of quaternized pyridine was operated. In this study, we demonstrate a new finding about the bond exchange mechanism: that is, the trapping bond exchange phenomenon. The component polymer is a poly(acrylate) containing pyridine side groups randomly along the chain, which is cross-linked by diiodo molecules via pyridine-iodo quaternization, where the quaternized pyridines are aggregated to form nano-size domains. When the cross-linking reaction is performed at an off-stoichiometric pyridine : iodo ratio (i.e., an excess of pyridine groups), free pyridine groups are located in the matrix phase. Since the bond exchange in the present system progresses in an inter-domain manner, the dissociated unit bearing pendant iodo is trapped by the free pyridine groups in the matrix, which generates other small aggregates. This trapping phenomenon greatly affects the relaxation and creep properties, which are very different from those found in conventional knowledge about vitrimer physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kito
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya-city, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku, Nagoya-city, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Isogai T, Hayashi M. Seamless, Self-Transformation of Thermoplastic Polyesters into Vitrimers Through Bond Exchange-Triggered Cross-Linking. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400125. [PMID: 38514097 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a seamless, self-transformation system of linear thermoplastic polyesters into the sustainable cross-linked polymers, vitrimers, is demonstrated. The key is the use of polyesters bearing abundant hydroxyl side groups, which are synthesized via the reaction using dithiol molecules bearing ester units and diepoxy molecules. The polymerization reaction progresses efficiently at relatively low temperature due to the click nature of the thiol-epoxy reaction, which provides the hydroxyl side groups along the polyester chain. The tin catalyst (stannous octoate) is added in the initial polymerization, and the catalyst also works to cross-link the polyesters via intermolecular transesterification bond exchange simply by heating at high temperatures. By adjusting the degrees of cross-linking, the mechanical properties as well as the thermal properties are well tuned. The bond exchange can still be activated in the final cross-linked sample; and thus, the material behaves as vitrimers, exhibiting mechanical recyclability. The application of a new type of hot melt adhesive, where the post-coating tuning/enhancement of adhesion strength is realized, is also demonstrated. On the whole, the present system is very simple but proposes a new application window of bond exchange concept into self-transformation polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Isogai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku Nagoya-city, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho Showa-ku Nagoya-city, Aichi, 466-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cui X, Zhang L, Yang Y, Tang P. Understanding the application of covalent adaptable networks in self-repair materials based on molecular simulation. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1486-1498. [PMID: 38264848 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are widely used in the field of self-repair materials. They are a group of covalently cross-linked associative polymers that undergo reversible chemical reactions, and can be further divided into dissociative CANs (Diss-CANs) and associative CANs (Asso-CANs). Self-repair refers to the ability of a material to repair itself without external intervention, and can be classified into self-adhesion and self-healing according to the utilization of open stickers. Unlike conventional materials, the viscoelastic properties of CANs are influenced by both the molecular structure and reaction kinetics, ultimately affecting their repair performance. To gain deeper insight into the repair mechanism of CANs, we conducted simulations by using the hybrid MC/MD algorithm, as previously proposed in our research. Interestingly, we observed a significant correlation between reaction kinetics and repair behavior. Asso-CANs exhibited strong mechanical strength and high creep resistance, rendering them suitable as self-adhesion materials. On the other hand, Diss-CANs formed open stickers that facilitated local relaxation, aligning perfectly with self-healing processes. Moreover, the introduction of crosslinkers in the form of small molecules enhanced the repair efficiency. Theoretically, it was found that the repair timescale of Asso-CANs is slower than that of Diss-CANs with identical molecular structures. Our study not only clarifies the similarities and differences between Diss-CANs and Asso-CANs in terms of their self-repairing capabilities, but more importantly, it provides valuable insights guiding the effective utilization of CANs in the development of self-repair materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li K, Tran NV, Pan Y, Wang S, Jin Z, Chen G, Li S, Zheng J, Loh XJ, Li Z. Next-Generation Vitrimers Design through Theoretical Understanding and Computational Simulations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2302816. [PMID: 38058273 PMCID: PMC10837359 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitrimers are an innovative class of polymers that boast a remarkable fusion of mechanical and dynamic features, complemented by the added benefit of end-of-life recyclability. This extraordinary blend of properties makes them highly attractive for a variety of applications, such as the automotive sector, soft robotics, and the aerospace industry. At their core, vitrimer materials consist of crosslinked covalent networks that have the ability to dynamically reorganize in response to external factors, including temperature changes, pressure variations, or shifts in pH levels. In this review, the aim is to delve into the latest advancements in the theoretical understanding and computational design of vitrimers. The review begins by offering an overview of the fundamental principles that underlie the behavior of these materials, encompassing their structures, dynamic behavior, and reaction mechanisms. Subsequently, recent progress in the computational design of vitrimers is explored, with a focus on the employment of molecular dynamics (MD)/Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Last, the existing challenges and prospective directions for this field are critically analyzed, emphasizing the necessity for additional theoretical and computational advancements, coupled with experimental validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nam Van Tran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuqing Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, The Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guoliang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shuzhou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Zheng
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hong Y, Goh M. Vitrimer Nanocomposites for Highly Thermal Conducting Materials with Sustainability. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:365. [PMID: 38337255 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitrimers, as dynamic covalent network polymers, represent a groundbreaking advancement in materials science. They excel in their applications, such as advanced thermal-conductivity composite materials, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional polymers. The incorporation of vitrimers into composite fillers enhances alignment and heat passway broadly, resulting in superior thermal conductivity compared to conventional thermosetting polymers. Their dynamic exchange reactions enable straightforward reprocessing, fostering the easy reuse of damaged composite materials and opening possibilities for recycling both matrix and filler components. We review an overview of the present advancements in utilizing vitrimers for highly thermally conductive composite materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younggi Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Munju Goh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dailing EA, Khanal P, Epstein AR, Demarteau J, Persson KA, Helms BA. Circular Polydiketoenamine Elastomers with Exceptional Creep Resistance via Multivalent Cross-Linker Design. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:54-64. [PMID: 38292616 PMCID: PMC10823519 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Elastomers are widely used in textiles, foam, and rubber, yet they are rarely recycled due to the difficulty in deconstructing polymer chains to reusable monomers. Introducing reversible bonds in these materials offers prospects for improving their circularity; however, concomitant bond exchange permits creep, which is undesirable. Here, we show how to architect dynamic covalent polydiketoenamine (PDK) elastomers prepared from polyetheramine and triketone monomers, not only for energy-efficient circularity, but also for outstanding creep resistance at high temperature. By appending polytopic cross-linking functionality at the chain ends of flexible polyetheramines, we reduced creep from >200% to less than 1%, relative to monotopic controls, producing mechanically robust and stable elastomers and carbon-reinforced rubbers that are readily depolymerized to pure monomer in high yield. We also found that the multivalent chain end was essential for ensuring complete PDK deconstruction. Mapping reaction coordinates in energy and space across a range of potential conformations reveals the underpinnings of this behavior, which involves preorganization of the transition state for diketoenamine bond acidolysis when a tertiary amine is also nearby.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Dailing
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Pawan Khanal
- Materials
Sciences and Engineering University of California,
Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander R. Epstein
- Materials
Sciences and Engineering University of California,
Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeremy Demarteau
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Materials
Sciences and Engineering University of California,
Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| | - Brett A. Helms
- Molecular
Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
- Materials
Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94270, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bischoff DJ, Lee T, Kang KS, Molineux J, O'Neil Parker W, Pyun J, Mackay ME. Unraveling the rheology of inverse vulcanized polymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7553. [PMID: 37985754 PMCID: PMC10662295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple relaxation times are used to capture the numerous stress relaxation modes found in bulk polymer melts. Herein, inverse vulcanization is used to synthesize high sulfur content (≥50 wt%) polymers that only need a single relaxation time to describe their stress relaxation. The S-S bonds in these organopolysulfides undergo dissociative bond exchange when exposed to elevated temperatures, making the bond exchange dominate the stress relaxation. Through the introduction of a dimeric norbornadiene crosslinker that improves thermomechanical properties, we show that it is possible for the Maxwell model of viscoelasticity to describe both dissociative covalent adaptable networks and living polymers, which is one of the few experimental realizations of a Maxwellian material. Rheological master curves utilizing time-temperature superposition were constructed using relaxation times as nonarbitrary horizontal shift factors. Despite advances in inverse vulcanization, this is the first complete characterization of the rheological properties of this class of unique polymeric material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Bischoff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Taeheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kyung-Seok Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jake Molineux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Pyun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Michael E Mackay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Veloso-Fernández A, Ruiz-Rubio L, Yugueros I, Moreno-Benítez MI, Laza JM, Vilas-Vilela JL. Improving the Recyclability of an Epoxy Resin through the Addition of New Biobased Vitrimer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3737. [PMID: 37765591 PMCID: PMC10537514 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of thermoset epoxy resins (ER) has spread to countless applications due to their mechanical properties, heat resistance and stability. However, these ERs are neither biodegradable nor recyclable due to their permanent crosslinked networks and usually, they are synthesized from fossil and toxic precursors. Therefore, reducing its consumption is of vital importance to the environment. On the one hand, the solution to the recyclability problems of epoxy resins can be achieved through the use of vitrimers, which have thermoset properties and can be recycled as thermoplastic materials. On the other hand, vitrimers can be made from natural sources, reducing their toxicity. In this work, a sustainable epoxy vitrimer has been efficiently synthesized, VESOV, by curing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with a new vanillin-derived Schiff base (VSB) dynamic hardener, aliphatic diamine (1,4-butanediamine, BDA) and using 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI) as an accelerator. Likewise, using the same synthesized VSB agent, a commercial epoxy resin has also been cured and characterized as ESO. Finally, different percentages (30, 50 and 70 wt%) of the same ER have been included in the formulation of VESOV, demonstrating that only including 30 wt% of ER in the formulation is able to improve the thermo-mechanical properties, maintaining the VESOV's inherent reprocessability or recyclability. In short, this is the first approach to achieve a new material that can be postulated in the future as a replacement for current commercial epoxy resins, although it still requires a minimum percentage of RE in the formulation, it makes it possible to recycle the material while maintaining good mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Veloso-Fernández
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Imanol Yugueros
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - M. Isabel Moreno-Benítez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC), Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (L.R.-R.); and (J.M.L.); (J.L.V.-V.)
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang H, van Hertrooij A, Schnitzer T, Chen Y, Majumdar S, van Benthem RATM, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA. Benzene Tetraamide: A Covalent Supramolecular Dual Motif in Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6452-6460. [PMID: 37637305 PMCID: PMC10448746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In dynamic polyamide networks, 1,2,4,5-benzene tetraamide (B4A) units act simultaneously as a dynamic covalent cross-linker and as supramolecular stacking motif. This results in materials with a rubbery plateau modulus that is about 20 times higher than that of a corresponding reference network in which the supramolecular interaction is suppressed. In branched polyamides with the same B4A dynamic motif, hydrogen bonding and stacking lead to strong and reversible supramolecular networks, whereas a branched polyamide with the nonstacking reference linker is a viscous liquid under the same conditions. Wide-angle X-ray scattering and variable-temperature infrared experiments confirm that covalent cross-linking and stacking cooperatively contribute to the dynamics of the network. Stress relaxation in the reference network is dominated by a single mode related to the dynamic covalent chemistry, whereas relaxation in the B4A network has additional modes assigned to the stacking dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Zhang
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek van Hertrooij
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yinjun Chen
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- PTX-C,
Shell Technology Center Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems & Laboratory of Macromolecular and
Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Houck H, McConnell KA, Klingler CJ, Koenig AL, Himka GK, Larsen MB. Postpolymerization Modification by Nucleophilic Addition to Styrenic Carbodiimides. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1112-1117. [PMID: 37485980 PMCID: PMC10433525 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Carbodiimides are electrophilic functional groups that react with select nucleophiles under mild conditions. However, their potential as platforms for postpolymerization modification has been relatively underexplored. We describe the synthesis and radical polymerization of a styrenic carbodiimide which undergoes rapid nucleophilic addition with primary and secondary alkyl amines under ambient conditions, even in the presence of other protic nucleophiles. The monomer is amenable to both free and controlled radical (co)polymerization, and we further demonstrate the utility of this approach by preparing covalent adaptable networks through guanylation of the styrenic carbodiimide with difunctional amines. These materials exhibit a variation in relaxation times according to both the guanidine structure and concentration, providing a facile means for tuning dynamic behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Conner J. Klingler
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Adelle L. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Grace K. Himka
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Michael B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan T, Balzer AH, Herbert KM, Epps TH, Korley LTJ. Circularity in polymers: addressing performance and sustainability challenges using dynamic covalent chemistries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5243-5265. [PMID: 37234906 PMCID: PMC10208058 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The circularity of current and future polymeric materials is a major focus of fundamental and applied research, as undesirable end-of-life outcomes and waste accumulation are global problems that impact our society. The recycling or repurposing of thermoplastics and thermosets is an attractive solution to these issues, yet both options are encumbered by poor property retention upon reuse, along with heterogeneities in common waste streams that limit property optimization. Dynamic covalent chemistry, when applied to polymeric materials, enables the targeted design of reversible bonds that can be tailored to specific reprocessing conditions to help address conventional recycling challenges. In this review, we highlight the key features of several dynamic covalent chemistries that can promote closed-loop recyclability and we discuss recent synthetic progress towards incorporating these chemistries into new polymers and existing commodity plastics. Next, we outline how dynamic covalent bonds and polymer network structure influence thermomechanical properties related to application and recyclability, with a focus on predictive physical models that describe network rearrangement. Finally, we examine the potential economic and environmental impacts of dynamic covalent polymeric materials in closed-loop processing using elements derived from techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment, including minimum selling prices and greenhouse gas emissions. Throughout each section, we discuss interdisciplinary obstacles that hinder the widespread adoption of dynamic polymers and present opportunities and new directions toward the realization of circularity in polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Alex H Balzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khedaioui DZ, Tribout C, Bratasanu J, D'Agosto F, Boisson C, Montarnal D. Deciphering Siloxane Bond Exchanges: From a Molecular Study to Vitrimerization and Recycling of Silicone Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300225. [PMID: 36695741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The activity of various additives promoting siloxane equilibration reactions is examined and quantified on model compounds. We found in particular that the "superbase" phosphazene derivative P4 -t Bu can promote very fast exchanges (a few seconds at 90 °C) even at low concentration (<0.1 wt %). We demonstrate that permanent silicone networks can be transformed into reprocessable and recyclable dynamic networks by mere introduction of such additives. Annealing at high temperature degrades the additives and deactivates the dynamic features of the silicone networks, reverting them back into permanent networks. A simple rheological experiment and the corresponding model allow to extract the critical kinetic parameters to predict and control such deactivations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douriya Z Khedaioui
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Chemistry, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Camille Tribout
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Chemistry, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julie Bratasanu
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Chemistry, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Chemistry, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Chemistry, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Chemistry, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), 43 Bvd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang HQ, Huang ZY, Yue DW, Wang FZ, Li CH. A variable-stiffness and healable pneumatic actuator. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:908-917. [PMID: 36541242 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pneumatic-powered actuators are receiving increasing attention due to their widespread applications. However, their inherent low stiffness makes them incompetent in tasks requiring high load capacity or high force output. On the other hand, soft pneumatic actuators are susceptible to damage caused by over-pressuring or punctures by sharp objects. In this work, we designed and synthesized a coordination adaptable network (PETMP-AIM-Cu) with high mechanical rigidity (Young's modulus of 1.9 GPa and elongation <2% before fracturing) as well as excellent variable stiffness property (soft-rigid switching ability σ as high as 3 268 000 when ΔT = 90 °C). Combining PETMP-AIM-Cu with a self-healing elastomer based on dynamic disulfide bonds (LP-PDMS), we fabricated a new pneumatic actuator which shows high load capacity at room temperature, but can also easily deform upon heating and thus can be actuated pneumatically. Benefiting from the excellent self-healing ability of PETMP-AIM-Cu and LP-PDMS, the entire pneumatic actuator can still be actuated after being cut and healed. Such a variable-stiffness and healable pneumatic actuator would be useful for complex environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - De-Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Fang-Zhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maes S, Van Lijsebetten F, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. N-Sulfonyl Urethanes to Design Polyurethane Networks with Temperature-Controlled Dynamicity. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Maes
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan M. Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cui X, Jiang N, Shao J, Zhang H, Yang Y, Tang P. Linear and Nonlinear Viscoelasticities of Dissociative and Associative Covalent Adaptable Networks: Discrepancies and Limits. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Nuofei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Jingyu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Hongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| | - Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bai J, Shi Z. Dynamic Covalent Structure for the Design of Recyclable Polyurethane Based on the Diketone Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200663. [PMID: 36271744 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the rational design of an enaminone compound is reported which can be easily and conveniently designed and obtained via the reaction of amine and diketone. The dynamic enaminoneamide structure is formed via the reaction between isocyanate and enaminone in fabricating a novel dynamic crosslinked polyurethane. The new kind of polyurethane can be efficiently recycled via the shifting between crosslinked structure and oligomer for the reversible dissociation of the enaminoneamide structure. Besides remolding itself via the thermal treatment, oligomers liberated from recycled-polyurethane can directly take part in constructing a new polyurethane without further purification. Therefore, the recyclability of this polyurethane shows high-value characteristics. The ease with which polyurethane can be produced, used, recycled, and reused without losing value offers a new green solution in designing sustainable polymer materials with a high economic value and a minimal environmental burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zixing Shi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Husted KEL, Brown CM, Shieh P, Kevlishvili I, Kristufek SL, Zafar H, Accardo JV, Cooper JC, Klausen RS, Kulik HJ, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Kalow JA, Johnson JA. Remolding and Deconstruction of Industrial Thermosets via Carboxylic Acid-Catalyzed Bifunctional Silyl Ether Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1916-1923. [PMID: 36637230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Convenient strategies for the deconstruction and reprocessing of thermosets could improve the circularity of these materials, but most approaches developed to date do not involve established, high-performance engineering materials. Here, we show that bifunctional silyl ether, i.e., R'O-SiR2-OR'', (BSE)-based comonomers generate covalent adaptable network analogues of the industrial thermoset polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) through a novel BSE exchange process facilitated by the low-cost food-safe catalyst octanoic acid. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations suggest an exchange mechanism involving silyl ester intermediates with formation rates that strongly depend on the Si-R2 substituents. As a result, pDCPD thermosets manufactured with BSE comonomers display temperature- and time-dependent stress relaxation as a function of their substituents. Moreover, bulk remolding of pDCPD thermosets is enabled for the first time. Altogether, this work presents a new approach toward the installation of exchangeable bonds into commercial thermosets and establishes acid-catalyzed BSE exchange as a versatile addition to the toolbox of dynamic covalent chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E L Husted
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 61820, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li B, Cao PF, Saito T, Sokolov AP. Intrinsically Self-Healing Polymers: From Mechanistic Insight to Current Challenges. Chem Rev 2023; 123:701-735. [PMID: 36577085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing materials open new prospects for more sustainable technologies with improved material performance and devices' longevity. We present an overview of the recent developments in the field of intrinsically self-healing polymers, the broad class of materials based mostly on polymers with dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds. We describe the current models of self-healing mechanisms and discuss several examples of systems with different types of dynamic bonds, from various hydrogen bonds to dynamic covalent bonds. The recent advances indicate that the most intriguing results are obtained on the systems that have combined different types of dynamic bonds. These materials demonstrate high toughness along with a relatively fast self-healing rate. There is a clear trade-off relationship between the rate of self-healing and mechanical modulus of the materials, and we propose design principles of polymers toward surpassing this trade-off. We also discuss various applications of intrinsically self-healing polymers in different technologies and summarize the current challenges in the field. This review intends to provide guidance for the design of intrinsic self-healing polymers with required properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Irzhak VI, Uflyand IE, Dzhardimalieva GI. Self-Healing of Polymers and Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245404. [PMID: 36559772 PMCID: PMC9784839 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the description of methods for the self-healing of polymers, polymer composites, and coatings. The self-healing of damages that occur during the operation of the corresponding structures makes it possible to extend the service life of the latter, and in this case, the problem of saving non-renewable resources is simultaneously solved. Two strategies are considered: (a) creating reversible crosslinks in the thermoplastic and (b) introducing a healing agent into cracks. Bond exchange reactions in network polymers (a) proceed as a dissociative process, in which crosslinks are split into their constituent reactive fragments with subsequent regeneration, or as an associative process, the limiting stage of which is the interaction of the reactive end group and the crosslink. The latter process is implemented in vitrimers. Strategy (b) is associated with the use of containers (hollow glass fibers, capsules, microvessels) that burst under the action of a crack. Particular attention is paid to self-healing processes in metallopolymer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim I. Irzhak
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Moscow Aviation Institute, National Research University, 125993 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Van Lijsebetten F, De Bruycker K, Van Ruymbeke E, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Characterising different molecular landscapes in dynamic covalent networks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12865-12875. [PMID: 36519055 PMCID: PMC9645389 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent networks present a unique opportunity to exert molecular-level control on macroscopic material properties, by linking their thermal behaviour to the thermodynamics and kinetics of the underlying chemistry. Yet, existing methods do not allow for the extraction and analysis of the influence of local differences in chemical reactivity caused by available reactants, catalysts, or additives. In this context, we present a rheological paradigm that allows us to correlate the composition of a reactive polymer segment to a faster or slower rate of network rearrangement. We discovered that a generalised Maxwell model could separate and quantify the dynamic behaviour of each type of reactive segment individually, which was crucial to fully comprehend the mechanics of the final material. More specifically, Eyring and Van 't Hoff analysis were used to relate possible bond catalysis and dissociation to structural changes by combining statistical modelling with rheology measurements. As a result, precise viscosity changes could be measured, allowing for accurate comparison of various dynamic covalent network materials, including vitrimers and dissociative networks. The herein reported method therefore facilitated the successful analysis of virtually any type of rate-enhancing effect and will allow for the design of functional and fast (re)processable materials, as well as improve our ability to predict and engineer their properties for future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Evelyne Van Ruymbeke
- Bio and Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain Croix du Sud 1 Louvain-la-Neuve 1348 Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) and Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S4 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Thia-Michael Reaction: The Route to Promising Covalent Adaptable Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204457. [PMID: 36298037 PMCID: PMC9609322 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the Michael addition has been employed for more than 130 years for the synthesis of a vast diversity of compounds, the reversibility of this reaction when heteronucleophiles are involved has been generally less considered. First applied to medicinal chemistry, the reversible character of the hetero-Michael reactions has recently been explored for the synthesis of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs), in particular the thia-Michael reaction and more recently the aza-Michael reaction. In these cross-linked networks, exchange reactions take place between two Michael adducts by successive dissociation and association steps. In order to understand and precisely control the exchange in these CANs, it is necessary to get an insight into the critical parameters influencing the Michael addition and the dissociation rates of Michael adducts by reconsidering previous studies on these matters. This review presents the progress in the understanding of the thia-Michael reaction over the years as well as the latest developments and plausible future directions to prepare CANs based on this reaction. The potential of aza-Michael reaction for CANs application is highlighted in a specific section with comparison with thia-Michael-based CANs.
Collapse
|
30
|
Robinson LL, Taddese ES, Self JL, Bates CM, Read de Alaniz J, Geng Z, Hawker CJ. Neighboring Group Participation in Ionic Covalent Adaptable Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Eden S. Taddese
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Self
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
We describe the full rheology profile of vitrimers, from small deformation (linear) to large deformation (non-linear) viscoelastic behaviour, providing concise analytical expressions to assist the experimental data analysis, and also clarify the emerging insights and rheological concepts in the subject. We identify the elastic-plastic transition at a time scale comparable to the life-time of the exchangeable bonds in the vitrimer network, and propose a new method to deduce material parameters using the Master Curves. At large plastic creep, we describe the strain thinning when the material is subjected to a constant stress or force, and suggest another method to characterize the material parameters from the creep curves. We also investigate partial vitrimers including a permanent sub-network and an exchangeable sub-network where the bond exchange occurs. In creep, such materials can exhibit either strain thinning or strain thickening, depending on applied load, and present the phase diagram of this response. Rheology studies on vitrimers have mostly focused on their linear viscoelasticity under small deformations. Here, the authors develop a full rheological understanding of vitrimer response that spans between small deformation and large-deformation regime, and across 22 decades of effective frequency, providing clear and concise analytical expressions to assist the experimental data analysis and propose a method to deduce material parameters using Master Curves.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bakkali-Hassani C, Berne D, Ladmiral V, Caillol S. Transcarbamoylation in Polyurethanes: Underestimated Exchange Reactions? Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jover A, Troncoso J, di Gregorio MC, Fraga López F. Thermodynamic properties of sodium deoxycholate at the gel-sol transition. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Isogai T, Hayashi M. Critical Effects of Branch Numbers at the Cross-Link Point on the Relaxation Behaviors of Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Isogai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Debsharma T, Amfilochiou V, Wróblewska AA, De Baere I, Van Paepegem W, Du Prez FE. Fast Dynamic Siloxane Exchange Mechanism for Reshapable Vitrimer Composites. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12280-12289. [PMID: 35758403 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To develop siloxane-containing vitrimers with fast dynamic characteristics, different mechanistic pathways have been investigated using a range of catalysts. In particular, one siloxane exchange pathway has been found to show a fast dynamic behavior in a useful temperature range (180-220 °C) for its application in vitrimers. The mechanism is found to involve 1,5,7-triazabicyclo [4.4.0] dec-5-ene (TBD) as an organic catalyst in the presence of hydroxyl groups. Using this new mechanistic approach, vitrimers with ultrafast stress-relaxation characteristics (relaxation times below 10 s) have been prepared with a readily available epoxy resin and siloxane-amine hardener. Subsequently, the low viscosity siloxane-containing vitrimer resin enabled the preparation of glass fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites using an industrially relevant vacuum-assisted resin infusion technique. The resulting composite was successfully thermoformed into a new shape, which makes it possible to envision a second life for such highly engineered materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Debsharma
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Virginia Amfilochiou
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052 , Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Alicja Wróblewska
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ives De Baere
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052 , Belgium
| | - Wim Van Paepegem
- Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde 9052 , Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cantamessa F, Damonte G, Monticelli O, Arrigo R, Fina A. Thermoreversible Cross-Linked Rubber Prepared via Melt Blending and Its Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:4796-4807. [PMID: 35846782 PMCID: PMC9274616 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A covalent adaptable network based on the thermoreversible cross-linking of an ethylene-propylene rubber through Diels-Alder (DA) reaction was prepared for the first time through melt blending as an environmental-friendly alternative to traditional synthesis in organic solvents. Functionalization of the rubber with furan groups was performed in a melt blender and subsequently mixed with different amounts of bismaleimide in a microextruder. Cross-linking was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and insolubility at room temperature, while its thermoreversible character was confirmed by a solubility test at 110 °C and by remolding via hot-pressing. Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the obtained rubbers showed potential to compete with conventionally cross-linked elastomers, with stiffness in the range 1-1.7 MPa and strain at break in the range 200-500%, while allowing recycling via a simple melt processing step. Nanocomposites based on the thermoreversible rubber were prepared with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), showing significantly increasing stiffness up to ca. 8 MPa, ∼2-fold increased strength, and thermal conductivity up to ∼0.5 W/(m K). Results in this paper may open for industrially viable and sustainable applications of thermoreversible elastomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cantamessa
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giacomo Damonte
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Miao P, Leng X, Liu J, Song G, He M, Li Y. Regulating the Dynamic Behaviors of Transcarbamoylation-Based Vitrimers via Mono-Variation in Density of Exchangeable Hydroxyl. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guanjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Porath L, Soman B, Jing BB, Evans CM. Vitrimers: Using Dynamic Associative Bonds to Control Viscoelasticity, Assembly, and Functionality in Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:475-483. [PMID: 35575320 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers have been investigated in the past decade for their promise as recyclable, reprocessable, and self-healing materials. In this Viewpoint, we focus on some of the key open questions that remain regarding how the molecular-scale chemistry impacts macroscopic physical chemistry. The ability to design temperature-dependent complex viscoelastic spectra with independent control of viscosity and modulus based on knowledge of the dynamic bond and polymer chemistry is first discussed. Next, the role of dynamic covalent chemistry on self-assembly is highlighted in the context of crystallization and nanophase separation. Finally, the ability of dynamic bond exchange to manipulate molecular transport and viscoelasticity is discussed in the context of various applications. Future directions leveraging dynamic covalent chemistry to provide insights regarding fundamental polymer physics as well as imparting functionality into polymers are discussed in all three of these highlighted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Brian B. Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lucherelli MA, Duval A, Avérous L. Biobased vitrimers: Towards sustainable and adaptable performing polymer materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
40
|
Zhang G, Tian C, Feng H, Tan T, Wang R, Zhang L. Thermal Reprocessing and Closed‐Loop Chemical Recycling of Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber Enabled by Exchangeable and Cleavable Acetal Linkages. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100887. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- No.15 North Third Ring Road East Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Chenru Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- No.15 North Third Ring Road East Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Haoran Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- No.15 North Third Ring Road East Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- No.15 North Third Ring Road East Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Runguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- No.15 North Third Ring Road East Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- No.15 North Third Ring Road East Chaoyang District Beijing 100029 China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Internal catalysis on the opposite side of the fence in non-isocyanate polyurethane covalent adaptable networks. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
42
|
Mondal S, Lessard JJ, Meena CL, Sanjayan GJ, Sumerlin BS. Janus Cross-links in Supramolecular Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:845-853. [PMID: 34984901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermosets composed of cross-linked polymers demonstrate enhanced thermal, solvent, chemical, and dimensional stability as compared to their non-cross-linked counterparts. However, these often-desirable material properties typically come at the expense of reprocessability, recyclability, and healability. One solution to this challenge comes from the construction of polymers that are reversibly cross-linked. We relied on lessons from Nature to present supramolecular polymer networks comprised of cooperative Janus-faced hydrogen bonded cross-links. A triazine-based guanine-cytosine base (GCB) with two complementary faces capable of self-assembly through three hydrogen bonding sites was incorporated into poly(butyl acrylate) to create a reprocessable and recyclable network. Rheological experiments and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were employed to investigate the flow behavior of copolymers with randomly distributed GCB units of varying incorporation. Our studies revealed that the cooperativity of multiple hydrogen bonding faces yields excellent network integrity evidenced by a rubbery plateau that spanned the widest temperature range yet reported for any supramolecular network. To verify that each Janus-faced motif engages in multiple cross-links, we studied the effects of local concentration of the incorporated GCB units within the polymer chain. Mechanical strength improved by colocalizing the GCB within a block copolymer morphology. This enhanced performance revealed that the number of effective cross-links in the network increased with the local concentration of hydrogen bonding units. Overall, this study demonstrates that cooperative noncovalent interactions introduced through Janus-faced hydrogen bonding moieties confers excellent network stability and predictable viscoelastic flow behavior in supramolecular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Mondal
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jacob J Lessard
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Chhuttan L Meena
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Gangadhar J Sanjayan
- Organic Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Holloway JO, Taplan C, Du Prez F. Combining vinylogous urethane and β-amino ester chemistry for dynamic material design. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study combines vinylogous urethane (VU) and beta-amino ester chemistry for the synthesis of covalent adaptable networks (CANs). The resulting CANs are synthesised using a range of diacetoacetates and commercially...
Collapse
|
44
|
Ruiz de Luzuriaga A, Solera G, Azcarate-Ascasua I, Boucher V, Grande HJ, Rekondo A. Chemical control of the aromatic disulfide exchange kinetics for tailor-made epoxy vitrimers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
45
|
Berne D, Coste G, Morales-Cerrada R, Boursier M, Pinaud J, Ladmiral V, Caillol S. Taking advantage of β-hydroxy amine enhanced reactivity and functionality for the synthesis of dual covalent adaptable networks. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study highlights the potential of β-hydroxy amines as building blocks for aza-Michael CANs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Guilhem Coste
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Julien Pinaud
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
An X, Ding Y, Xu Y, Zhu J, Wei C, Pan X. Epoxy resin with exchangeable diselenide crosslinks to obtain reprocessable, repairable and recyclable fiber-reinforced thermoset composites. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
47
|
Lyu Z, Sun S, Wu T. Highly stretchable covalent adaptive networks enabled by dynamic boronic diester linkages with nitrogen→boron coordination. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Lyu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Shiqi Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Tongfei Wu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen Y, Zhang H, Majumdar S, van Benthem RA, Heuts JPA, Sijbesma RP. Dynamic Polyamide Networks via Amide-Imide Exchange. Macromolecules 2021; 54:9703-9711. [PMID: 34720191 PMCID: PMC8552437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The diamide-imide equilibrium was successfully exploited for the synthesis of dynamic covalent polymer networks in which a dissociative bond exchange mechanism leads to high processibility at temperatures above ≈110 °C. Dynamic covalent networks bridge the gap between thermosets and thermoplastic polymers. At the operating temperature, when the network is fixed, dynamic covalent networks are elastic solids, while at high temperatures, chemical exchange reactions turn the network into a processible viscoelastic material. Upon heating a dissociative network, the viscosity may also decrease due to a shift of the chemical equilibrium; in such materials, the balance between processibility and excessive flow is important. In this study, a network is prepared that upon heating to above ≈110 °C dissociates to a significant extent due to a shift in the amide-imide equilibrium of a bisimide, pyromellitic diimide, in combination with poly(tetrahydrofuran) diamines. At room temperature, the resulting materials are elastic rubbers with a tensile modulus of 2-10 MPa, and they become predominantly viscous above a temperature of approximately 110 °C, which is dependent on the stoichiometry of the components. The diamide-imide equilibrium was studied in model reactions with NMR, and variable temperature infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the temperature dependence of the equilibrium in the network. The temperature-dependent mechanical properties of the networks were found to be fully reversible, and the material could be reprocessed several times without loss of properties such as modulus or strain at break. The high processibility of these networks at elevated temperatures creates opportunities in additive manufacturing applications such as selective laser sintering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Huiyi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf A.T.M. van Benthem
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- DSM
Materials Science Center, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xiao Y, Liu P, Wang WJ, Li BG. Dynamically Cross-Linked Polyolefin Elastomers with Highly Improved Mechanical and Thermal Performance. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangke Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pingwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Van Lijsebetten F, Spiesschaert Y, Winne JM, Du Prez FE. Reprocessing of Covalent Adaptable Polyamide Networks through Internal Catalysis and Ring-Size Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15834-15844. [PMID: 34525304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the introduction of internally catalyzed amide bonds to obtain covalent adaptable polyamide networks that rely on the dissociation equilibrium between dicarboxamides and imides. While amide bonds are usually considered to be robust and thermally stable, the present study shows that their dynamic character can be activated by a smart choice of available building blocks without the addition of any external catalyst or other additives. Hence, a range of polyamide-based dynamic networks with variable mechanical and viscoelastic properties have been obtained in a systematic study, using a straightforward curing process of dibasic ester and amine compounds. Since the dissociation process involves a cyclic imide formation, the correlation between ring size and the thermomechanical viscosity profile was studied for five- to seven-membered ring intermediates, depending on the chosen dibasic ester monomer. This resulted in a marked temperature response with activation energies in the range of 116-197 kJ mol-1, yielding a sharp transition between elastic and viscous behavior. Moreover, the ease and versatility of this chemistry platform were demonstrated by selecting a variety of amines, resulting in densely cross-linked dynamic networks with Tg values ranging from -20 to 110 °C. With this approach, it is possible to design amorphous polyamide networks with an acute temperature response, allowing for good reprocessability and, simultaneously, high resistance to irreversible deformation at elevated temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Lijsebetten
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Yann Spiesschaert
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Organic Synthesis Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|