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Anbazhagan AN, Ge Y, Priyamvada S, Kumar A, Jayawardena D, Palani ARV, Husain N, Kulkarni N, Kapoor S, Kaur P, Majumder A, Lin YD, Maletta L, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Saksena S, Zadeh K, Hong S, Mohamadzadeh M, Dudeja PK. A Direct Link Implicating Loss of SLC26A6 to Gut Microbial Dysbiosis, Compromised Barrier Integrity, and Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:704-717.e3. [PMID: 38735402 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Putative anion transporter-1 (PAT1, SLC26A6) plays a key role in intestinal oxalate and bicarbonate secretion. PAT1 knockout (PKO) mice exhibit hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis. Notably, diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease are also associated with higher risk of hyperoxaluria and nephrolithiasis. However, the potential role of PAT1 deficiency in gut-barrier integrity and susceptibility to colitis is currently elusive. METHODS Age-matched PKO and wild-type littermates were administered 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium in drinking water for 6 days. Ileum and colon of control and treated mice were harvested. Messenger RNA and protein expression of tight junction proteins were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Severity of inflammation was assessed by measuring diarrheal phenotype, cytokine expression, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Gut microbiome and associated metabolome were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS PKO mice exhibited significantly higher loss of body weight, gut permeability, colonic inflammation, and diarrhea in response to dextran sulfate sodium treatment. In addition, PKO mice showed microbial dysbiosis and significantly reduced levels of butyrate and butyrate-producing microbes compared with controls. Co-housing wild-type and PKO mice for 4 weeks resulted in PKO-like signatures on the expression of tight junction proteins in the colons of wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that loss of PAT1 disrupts gut microbiome and related metabolites, decreases gut-barrier integrity, and increases host susceptibility to intestinal inflammation. These findings, thus, highlight a novel role of the oxalate transporter PAT1 in promoting gut-barrier integrity, and its deficiency appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dulari Jayawardena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arvind Raj Vishnu Palani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nazim Husain
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neelkanth Kulkarni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shaunik Kapoor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Prabhdeep Kaur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Apurba Majumder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yang-Ding Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Leeany Maletta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kimia Zadeh
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sungmo Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Yang J, Li D, Zhang M, Lin G, Hu S, Xu H. From the updated landscape of the emerging biologics for IBDs treatment to the new delivery systems. J Control Release 2023; 361:568-591. [PMID: 37572962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) treatments have shifted from small-molecular therapeutics to the oncoming biologics. The first-line biologics against the moderate-to-severe IBDs are mainly involved in antibodies against integrins, cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. Besides, other biologics including growth factors, antioxidative enzyme, anti-inflammatory peptides, nucleic acids, stem cells and probiotics have also been explored at preclinical or clinical studies. Biologics with variety of origins have their unique potentials in attenuating immune inflammation or gut mucosa healing. Great advances in use of biologics for IBDs treatments have been archived in recent years. But delivering issues for biologic have also been confronted due to their liable nature. In this review, we will focus on biologics for IBDs treatments in the recent publications; summarize the current landscapes of biologics and their promise to control disease progress. Alternatively, the confronted challenges for delivering biologics will also be analyzed. To combat these drawbacks, some new delivering strategies are provided: firstly, designing the functional materials with high affinity toward biologics; secondly, the delivering vehicle systems to encapsulate the liable biologics; thirdly, the topical adhering delivery systems as enema. To our knowledge, this review is the first study to summarize the updated usage of the oncoming biologics for IBDs, their confronted challenges in term of delivery and the potential combating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Mengjiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Gaolong Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China
| | - Sunkuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Helin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province 325035, China.
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Jayawardena D, Priyamvada S, Kageyama T, White Z, Kumar A, Griggs TF, Majumder A, Akram R, Anbazhagan AN, Sano T, Dudeja PK. Loss of SLC26A3 Results in Colonic Mucosal Immune Dysregulation via Epithelial-Immune Cell Crosstalk. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:903-919. [PMID: 36535508 PMCID: PMC9971172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Down-regulation of chloride transporter SLC26A3 or down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) in colonocytes has recently been linked to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Because exaggerated immune responses are one of the hallmarks of UC, these current studies were undertaken to define the mechanisms by which loss of DRA relays signals to immune cells to increase susceptibility to inflammation. METHODS NanoString Immunology Panel, fluorescence assisted cell sorting, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used in wild-type and DRA knockout (KO) mice. Interleukin (IL)-33 blocking was used to determine specific changes in immune cells and co-housing/broad spectrum antibiotics administration, and ex vivo studies in colonoids were conducted to rule out the involvement of microbiota. Colonoid-derived monolayers from healthy and UC patient biopsies were analyzed for translatability. RESULTS There was a marked induction of Th2 (>2-fold), CD4+ Th2 cells (∼8-fold), RORγt+ Th17, and FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). DRA KO colons also exhibited a robust induction of IL-33 (>8-fold). In vivo studies using blocking of IL-33 established that T2 immune dysregulation (alterations in ILC2, Th2, and GATA3+ iTregs) in response to loss of DRA was due to altered epithelial-immune cell crosstalk via IL-33. CONCLUSIONS Loss of DRA in colonocytes triggers the release of IL-33 to drive a type 2 immune response. These observations emphasize the critical importance of DRA in mucosal immune homeostasis and its implications in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari Jayawardena
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Takahiro Kageyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zachary White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Theodor F Griggs
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Apurba Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ramsha Akram
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Teruyuki Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Therapeutic Effect of a Latent Form of Cortistatin in Experimental Inflammatory and Fibrotic Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122785. [PMID: 36559278 PMCID: PMC9784182 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortistatin is a cyclic neuropeptide that recently emerged as an attractive therapeutic factor for treating inflammatory, autoimmune, fibrotic, and pain disorders. Despite of its efficiency and apparent safety in experimental preclinical models, its short half-life in body fluids and its potential pleiotropic effects, due to its promiscuity for several receptors expressed in various cells and tissues, represent two major drawbacks for the clinical translation of cortistatin-based therapies. Therefore, the design of new strategies focused on increasing the stability, bioavailability, and target specificity of cortistatin are lately demanded by the industry. Here, we generated by molecular engineering a new cortistatin-based prodrug formulation that includes, beside the bioactive cortistatin, a molecular-shield provided by the latency-associated protein of the transforming growth factor-β1 and a cleavage site specifically recognized by metalloproteinases, which are abundant in inflammatory/fibrotic foci. Using different models of sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, scleroderma, and pulmonary fibrosis, we demonstrated that this latent form of cortistatin was a highly effective protection against these severe disorders. Noteworthy, from a therapeutic point of view, is that latent cortistatin seems to require significantly lower doses and fewer administrations than naive cortistatin to reach the same efficacy. Finally, the metalloproteinase-cleavage site was essential for the latent molecule to exert its therapeutic action. In summary, latent cortistatin emerges as a promising innovative therapeutic tool for treating chronic diseases of different etiologies with difficult clinical solutions and as a starting point for a rational development of prodrugs based on the use of bioactive peptides.
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Abed OA, Attlassy Y, Xu J, Han K, Moon JJ. Emerging Nanotechnologies and Microbiome Engineering for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4393-4410. [PMID: 35878420 PMCID: PMC9763926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by the chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and impacts almost 7 million people across the globe. Current therapeutics are effective in treating the symptoms, but they often do not address the root cause or selectively target areas of inflammation. Notably, self-assembled nanoparticles show great promise as drug delivery systems for the treatment of IBD. Nanoparticles can be designed to survive the harsh gastric conditions and reach inflamed areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Oral drug delivery with nanoparticles can localize drugs to the impacted inflamed region using active and/or passive targeting and promote a high rate of drug dispersion in local tissues, thus reducing potential off-target toxicities. Since a dysregulated gut microbiome is implicated in the development and progression of IBD, it is also important to develop nanoparticles and biomaterials that can restore symbiotic microbes while reducing the proliferation of harmful microbes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in self-assembled nanosystems designed for addressing inflammation and dysregulated gut microbiomes as potential treatments for IBD. Nanoparticles have a promising future in improving the delivery of current therapeutics, increasing patient compliance by providing an oral method of medication, and reducing side effects. However, remaining challenges include scale-up synthesis of nanoparticles, potential side effects, and financial obstacles of clinical trials. It would be in the patients' best interest to continue research on nanoparticles in the pursuit of more effective therapeutics for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Abed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Younes Attlassy
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10012, United States
| | - Jin Xu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kai Han
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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6
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Anand U, Bandyopadhyay A, Jha NK, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Dey A. Translational aspect in peptide drug discovery and development: An emerging therapeutic candidate. Biofactors 2022; 49:251-269. [PMID: 36326181 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been used as the main target for drug development. However, with larger or superficial binding sites, it has been extremely difficult to disrupt PPIs with small molecules. On the other hand, intracellular PPIs cannot be targeted by antibodies that cannot penetrate the cell membrane. Peptides that have a combination of conformational rigidity and flexibility can be used to target difficult binding interfaces with appropriate binding affinity and specificity. Since the introduction of insulin nearly a century ago, more than 80 peptide drugs have been approved to treat a variety of diseases. These include deadly diseases such as cancer and human immunodeficiency virus infection. It is also useful against diabetes, chronic pain, and osteoporosis. Today, more research is being done on these drugs as lessons learned from earlier approaches, which are still valid today, complement newer approaches such as peptide display libraries. At the same time, integrated genomics and peptide display libraries are new strategies that open new avenues for peptide drug discovery. The purpose of this review is to examine the problems in elucidating the peptide-protein recognition mechanism. This is important to develop peptide-based interventions that interfere with endogenous protein interactions. New approaches are being developed to improve the binding affinity and specificity of existing approaches and to develop peptide agents as potentially useful drugs. We also highlight the key challenges that must be overcome in peptide drug development to realize their potential and provide an overview of recent trends in peptide drug development. In addition, we take an in-depth look at early efforts in human hormone discovery, smart medicinal chemistry and design, natural peptide drugs, and breakthrough advances in molecular biology and peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - José M Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA-CSIC, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Xu R, Weber MC, Hu X, Neumann PA, Kamaly N. Annexin A1 based inflammation resolving mediators and nanomedicines for inflammatory bowel disease therapy. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101664. [PMID: 36306664 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) are chronic, progressive, and relapsing disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), characterised by intestinal epithelial injury and inflammation. Current research shows that in addition to traditional anti-inflammatory therapy, resolution of inflammation and repair of the epithelial barrier are key biological requirements in combating IBD. Resolution mediators include endogenous lipids that are generated during inflammation, e.g., lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins; and proteins such as Annexin A1 (ANXA1). Nanoparticles can specifically deliver these potent inflammation resolving mediators in a spatiotemporal manner to IBD lesions, effectively resolve inflammation, and promote a return to homoeostasis with minimal collateral damage. We discuss these exciting and timely concepts in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxin Xu
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christin Weber
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Germany
| | - Xinkai Hu
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp-Alexander Neumann
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Surgery, Germany.
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, United Kingdom.
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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Lizhong Decoction () Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis in Mice via Regulation of Plasma and Urine Metabolic Profiling. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 28:1015-1022. [PMID: 34586559 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the mechanism of Lizhong Decoction (LZD, ) in treating dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice based on metabonomics. METHODS Thirty-six mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, including normal, model, low- (1.365 g/kg), medium- (4.095 g/kg) and high dose (12.285 g/kg) LZD and salazosulfadimidine (SASP) groups, 6 mice in each group. Colitis model mice were induced by DSS admistration for 7 days, and treated with low, medium and high dose LZD extract and positive drug SASP. Metabolic comparison of DSS-induced colitis and normal mice was investigated by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) combined with Metabolynx™ software. RESULTS The metabolic profiles of plasma and urine in colitis mice were distinctly ameliorated after LZD treatment (P<0.05). Potential biomarkers (9 in serum and 4 in urine) were screened and tentatively identified. The endogenous metabolites were mainly involved in primary bile acid, sphingolipid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, amino acids (alanine, aspartate, and glutamate), butanoate and glycerophospholipid metabolism in plasma, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid and tryptophan metabolism in urine. After LZD treatment, these markers notably restored to normal levels. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the underlying mechanism of LZD on amelioration of ulcerative colitis based on metabonomics, which laid a foundation for further exploring the pathological and physiological mechanism, early diagnosis, and corresponding drug development of colitis.
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Gu Z, Zhu Y, Mei F, Dong X, Xia G, Shen X. Tilapia head glycolipids protect mice against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by ameliorating the gut barrier and suppressing NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107802. [PMID: 34162163 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relieving effect of tilapia head glycolipids (TH-GLs) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and to further explore its mechanism. Mice were orally administered 3% (w/v) DSS to establish a model of ulcerative colitis (UC), and subsequently treated with TH-GLs or sulfasalazine. In addition, the expression of key targets in the intestinal mucosal barrier and the inflammatory signal pathway were studied by combining immunochemical analysis techniques. The results showed that varying doses of TH-GLs can significantly improve colon lesions caused by DSS, reduce histological scores, increase mucus secretion, extend colon length, increase weight, and inhibit the occurrence of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and Interleukin- 6 (IL-6). Further, studies have shown that TH-GLs increase the secretion of MUC2 and up-regulate the expression of tight junction related proteins, such as ZO-1 and Occludin. In addition, TH-GLs significantly down-regulated the protein expression levels of TNF-α, IKK-β, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Here, we have elucidated the potential mechanism of TH-GLs in protecting mice with colitis. In general, this study shows that TH-GLs could improve the symptoms of UC by improving the gut barrier and inhibiting inflammatory signals, which provides a scientific basis for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Gu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yujie Zhu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Fengfeng Mei
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiuping Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Guanghua Xia
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Xuanri Shen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, Hainan, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China.
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11
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Aggarwal S, Ranjha R, Paul J. Neuroimmunomodulation by gut bacteria: Focus on inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2021; 12:25-39. [PMID: 34084590 PMCID: PMC8160600 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v12.i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome. Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system, which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuromediators, including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response. They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells. The cytokines secreted by the immune cells, in turn, regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons. This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways. Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon, which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition. Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD. In this article, we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD, focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota, neuromediators, and host immunity. Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Raju Ranjha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
- Field Unit Raipur, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
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12
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Rahman MM, Afroz S, Arthur S, Sundaram U. Mast Cell Mediated Regulation of Small Intestinal Chloride Malabsorption in SAMP1/YitFc Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Ileitis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030697. [PMID: 33801010 PMCID: PMC8004028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), malabsorption of electrolytes (NaCl) results in diarrhea. Inhibition of coupled NaCl absorption, mediated by the dual operation of Na:H and Cl:HCO3 exchangers on the brush border membrane (BBM) of the intestinal villus cells has been reported in IBD. In the SAMP1/YitFcs (SAMP1) mice model of spontaneous ileitis, representing Crohn’s disease, DRA (Downregulated in Adenoma) mediated Cl:HCO3 exchange was shown to be inhibited secondary to diminished affinity of the exchanger for Cl. However, NHE3 mediated Na:H exchange remained unaffected. Mast cells and their secreted mediators are known to be increased in the IBD mucosa and can affect intestinal electrolyte absorption. However, how mast cell mediators may regulate Cl:HCO3 exchange in SAMP1 mice is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mast cell mediators on the downregulation of DRA in SAMP1 mice. Mast cell numbers and their degranulation marker enzyme (β-hexosaminidase) levels were significantly increased in SAMP1 mice compared to control AKR mice. However, treatment of SAMP1 mice with a mast cell stabilizer, ketotifen, restored the β-hexosaminidase enzyme levels to normal in the intestine, demonstrating stabilization of mast cells by ketotifen. Moreover, downregulation of Cl:HCO3 exchange activity was restored in ketotifen treated SAMP1 mice. Kinetic studies showed that ketotifen restored the altered affinity of Cl:HCO3 exchange in SAMP1 mice villus cells thus reinstating its activity to normal. Further, RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence studies showed that the expression levels of DRA mRNA and BBM protein, respectively remained unaltered in all experimental conditions, supporting the kinetic data. Thus, inhibition of Cl:HCO3 exchange resulting in chloride malabsorption leading to diarrhea in IBD is likely mediated by mast cell mediators.
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13
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Rychlik A, Gonkowski S, Całka J, Makowska K. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) in the Intestinal Mucosal Nerve Fibers in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101759. [PMID: 32998326 PMCID: PMC7599766 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—a group of gastrointestinal disorders—is a serious problem in veterinary medicine. The etiology of IBD remains unknown, and its diagnosis and effective treatment are difficult. One of the less-known aspects of IBD pathology is the influence of this disease on the enteric nervous system, which is located in the intestinal wall and regulates most of the gastrointestinal functions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of IBD on the intramucosal nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). VIP is one of the most important substances produced by the enteric nervous structures that is involved in many regulatory processes in the gastrointestinal tract. The obtained results show that IBD induces changes in the density of intramucosal VIP-positive nerve fibers in the canine gastrointestinal tract. It suggests that VIP is involved in the pathological processes occurring during this disease. Observed changes may be a result of neuroprotective and/or adaptive processes regulated by VIP, aimed at the homeostasis maintenance in the inflamed gastrointestinal (GI) tract and induced by proinflammatory factors. Abstract Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of enteropathies with nonspecific chronic symptoms and poorly understood etiology. Many aspects connected with IBD are not understood. One of them is the participation of the intestinal nervous system in the development of pathological processes. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate changes in the density of intramucosal nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)—one of the most important intestinal nervous factors caused by the various stages of IBD development. Mucosal biopsy specimens collected from the duodenum, jejunum and descending colon of healthy dogs and dogs with varied severity of IBD were included in the experiment. The density of VIP-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) nerves was determined by a single immunofluorescence technique and a semi-quantitative method consisting in VIP-LI fiber counts in the field of view (0.1 mm2). The obtained results indicate that IBD induces changes in the density of mucosal VIP-LI nerve fibers in the canine gastrointestinal tract. The initial decrease is followed by an increase in VIP-like immunoreactivity in successive stages of the disease. These observations show that VIP is a neuronal factor that participates in the pathological processes connected with canine IBD. The observed changes probably result from the neuroprotective and/or adaptive properties of VIP. Protective and adaptive reactions induced by inflammation aim to protect the GI tract against damage by proinflammatory factors and ensure the homeostasis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) under the conditions changed by the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-895-234-460
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14
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Dulari Jayawardena, Arivarasu N Anbazhagan, Priyamvada S, Kumar A, Saksena S, Onyuksel H, Pradeep K Dudeja. Colonic delivery of vasoactive intestinal peptide nanomedicine alleviates colitis and shows promise as an oral capsule. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2459-2474. [PMID: 32975467 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of locally delivered nanomedicine, vasoactive intestinal peptide in sterically stabilized micelles (VIP-SSM) to the colon and conduct in vitro release studies of a potential oral formulation. Materials & methods: Intracolonic instillation of VIP-SSM was tested in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Based on the effective mouse dose, human equivalent dose containing nanomedicine powder was filled into enteric coated capsules for in vitro release testing. Results: Colonic delivery of VIP-SSM significantly alleviated colitis. VIP-SSM containing capsules completely dissolved at colonic pH allowing micelles to reform with active VIP. Capsule formulations exhibited reproducible release profiles when stored up to 6 weeks demonstrating stability. Conclusion: VIP-SSM is an effective nanomedicine formulation which appears to have potential for oral treatment of colitis in humans. [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulari Jayawardena
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Seema Saksena
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hayat Onyuksel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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15
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Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Carotid Body-A History of Forty Years of Research. A Mini Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134692. [PMID: 32630153 PMCID: PMC7370131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) consists of 28 amino acid residues and is widespread in many internal organs and systems. Its presence has also been found in the nervous structures supplying the carotid body not only in mammals but also in birds and amphibians. The number and distribution of VIP in the carotid body clearly depends on the animal species studied; however, among all the species, this neuropeptide is present in nerve fibers around blood vessels and between glomus cell clusters. It is also known that the number of nerves containing VIP located in the carotid body may change under various pathological and physiological factors. The knowledge concerning the functioning of VIP in the carotid body is relatively limited. It is known that VIP may impact the glomus type I cells, causing changes in their spontaneous discharge, but the main impact of VIP on the carotid body is probably connected with the vasodilatory effects of this peptide and its influence on blood flow and oxygen delivery. This review is a concise summary of forty years of research concerning the distribution of VIP in the carotid body.
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16
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Khare T, Palakurthi SS, Shah BM, Palakurthi S, Khare S. Natural Product-Based Nanomedicine in Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3956. [PMID: 32486445 PMCID: PMC7312938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
: Many synthetic drugs and monoclonal antibodies are currently in use to treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). However, they all are implicated in causing severe side effects and long-term use results in many complications. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that phytochemicals and natural macromolecules from plants and animals reduce IBD-related complications with encouraging results. Additionally, many of them modify enzymatic activity, alleviate oxidative stress, and downregulate pro-inflammatory transcriptional factors and cytokine secretion. Translational significance of natural nanomedicine and strategies to investigate future natural product-based nanomedicine is discussed. Our focus in this review is to summarize the use of phytochemicals and macromolecules encapsulated in nanoparticles for the treatment of IBD and IBD-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Khare
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Sushesh Srivatsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.P.); (B.M.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Brijesh M. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.P.); (B.M.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA; (S.S.P.); (B.M.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Sharad Khare
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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17
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Wang L, Xue P, Tong M, Chen R, Yang W, ZhuGe D, Yuan J, Yao Q, Zhao Y, Xu H. Injected laquinimod D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate polymeric micelles for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 185:110575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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19
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Seo S, Miyake H, Alganabi M, Janssen Lok M, O'Connell JS, Lee C, Li B, Pierro A. Vasoactive intestinal peptide decreases inflammation and tight junction disruption in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:2520-2523. [PMID: 31668399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Excessive inflammatory cell infiltration and accumulation in the intestinal mucosa are pathological features of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) leading to intestinal barrier disruption. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that regulates intestinal epithelial barrier homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that VIP-ergic neuron expression is decreased in experimental NEC ileum, and this may be associated with inflammation and barrier compromise. We hypothesize that exogenous VIP administration has a beneficial effect in NEC. METHODS NEC was induced in C57BL/6 mice by gavage feeding, hypoxia, and lipopolysaccharide administration between postnatal day (P) 5 and 9. There were four studied groups: Control (n = 6): Breast feeding without stress factors; Control + VIP (n = 5): Breast feeding + intraperitoneal VIP injection once a day from P5 to P9; NEC (n = 9): mice exposed to NEC induction; NEC + VIP (n = 9): NEC induction + intraperitoneal VIP injection. Terminal ileum was harvested on P9. NEC severity, intestinal inflammation, (IL-6 and TNFα), and Tight junctions (Claudin-3) were evaluated. RESULTS NEC severity and intestinal inflammation were significantly decreased in NEC + VIP compared to NEC. Tight junction expression was significantly increased in NEC + VIP compared to NEC. CONCLUSION VIP administration has a beneficial therapeutic effect in NEC by reducing inflammation and tight junction disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Seo
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Miyake
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mashriq Alganabi
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maarten Janssen Lok
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua S O'Connell
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carol Lee
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo Li
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Giron F, Pastó A, Tasciotti E, Abraham BP. Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:1871-1880. [PMID: 31560054 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lack of cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and failure of current medical therapies in many patients with IBD, a need exists in finding novel ways to treat inflammation with a high benefit and the lowest risk possible. With current medical therapies, adverse events or risks of cancer/lymphoma and infections prevent patients-and sometimes providers-in using effective therapies for treatment. Some patients develop systemic side effects that preclude them from continuing a therapy that may have been efficacious, or in other cases, current medical therapies are not adequate to control disease. Nanotechnology is an emerging field where particles, in the size of nanometers, can be used to deliver medications directly to the area of inflammation thus avoiding drug-associated systemic side effects. When using nanoparticles (NPs), only a small amount of the drug is needed, and it can be delivered directly to the inflamed site without exposure to the rest of the body. Here we review conventional and unconventional therapies applied in the treatment of IBD underlying how the introduction of NPs has improved their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Giron
- Universidad Católica de Honduras, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - Anna Pastó
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Ennio Tasciotti
- Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bincy P Abraham
- Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.,Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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21
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Fu D, Senouthai S, Wang J, You Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide ameliorates renal injury in a pristane-induced lupus mouse model by modulating Th17/Treg balance. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:350. [PMID: 31488076 PMCID: PMC6728947 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammation of the kidneys and is a major cause of mortality in systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) patients. In addition, Th17/Treg balance is one of the most important factors that can promote the development of LN. It has been reported that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is associated with the downregulation of both inflammatory and autoimmune diseases through regulating T lymphocyte balance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of VIP in modulating Th17/Treg balance in LN. METHODS LN was induced in BALB/c female mice by injection pristane. After 3 months, mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, VIP + control, LN and VIP + LN. Autoantibody levels were tested by ELISA. The distribution of Th17/Treg cells in vivo and in vitro was detected by FC. Renal tissues were examined by PASM and DIF for pathology and Foxp3+CD3+. The mRNA and protein expression levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS VIP can improve renal injury by regulating Th17/Treg imbalance in LN mice. Proteinuria, renal function defects and autoantibodies were significantly decreased, and Th17/Treg cell balance was restored in VIP compared with LN mice. In addition, VIP improved renal lesions by promoting the expression of Foxp3+CD3+ in renal tissue. Furthermore, VIP downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of IL-17, IL-6 and upregulated Foxp3, IL-10 expression. CONCLUSIONS VIP reduced LN proteinuria and renal function defects and restored the Th17/Treg cell balance. Furthermore, VIP also downregulated autoantibody and inflammatory cytokine expression and upregulated Foxp3 and IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Zhongshan Road II, Baise, 533000 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Soulixay Senouthai
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Zhongshan Road II, Baise, 533000 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Zhongshan Road II, Baise, 533000 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
| | - Yanwu You
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, No. 18 Zhongshan Road II, Baise, 533000 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China
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Ghosh S, Ghosh S, Sil PC. Role of nanostructures in improvising oral medicine. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:358-368. [PMID: 31080743 PMCID: PMC6502743 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most preferable mode of drugs administration is via the oral route but physiological barriers such as pH, enzymatic degradation etc. limit the absolute use of this route. Herein lies the importance of nanotechnology having a wide range of applications in the field of nano-medicine, particularly in drug delivery systems. The exclusive properties particularly small size and high surface area (which can be modified as required), exhibited by these nanoparticlesrender these structures more suitable for the purpose of drug delivery. Various nanostructures, like liposomes, dendrimers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, etc. have been designed for the said purpose. These nanostructures have several advantages over traditional administration of medicine. Apart from overcoming the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics limitations of many potential therapeutic molecules, they may also be useful for advanced drug delivery purposes like targeted drug delivery, controlled release, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In this review, we attempt to describe an up-to-date knowledge on various strategically devised nanostructures to overcome the problems related to oral drug administration.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- AMCNS, cationic niosome-based azithromycin delivery systems
- AP, acetylpuerarin
- AT1R, angiotensin II receptor type 1
- AmB, amphotericin B
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- CNL, conventional lipid nanoparticles
- CSC, core shell corona nanolipoparticles
- DCK, N-deoxycholyl-l-lysyl-methylester
- DDS, drug delivery system
- DM, diabetes mellitus
- DOX, doxorubicin
- Drug delivery system
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention effect
- FRET, Foster resonance energy transfer
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GMO, glyceryl monoolein
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- LG, Lakshadi Guggul
- LNC, Lipid Nanocapsule
- MFS, Miltefosine
- MNBNC, Micronucleated Binucleated Cells
- MSN, mesoporous silica nanoparticle
- MTX, methotrexate
- NP, nanoparticle
- NPC, nanoparticulate carriers
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Nanostructures
- OA, osteoarthritis
- OXA, oxaliplatin
- Oral medicine
- PAMAM, poly (amidoamine)
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PIP, 1-piperoylpiperidine
- PLGA, polylactic-co-glycolic acid
- PNL, PEGylated lipid nanoparticles
- PZQ, praziquantel
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle
- SMA, styrene maleic acid
- SMEDD, self microemulsifying drug delivery system
- TB, tuberculosis
- TNBS, trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid
- TPGS, tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate
- Tmf, tamoxifen
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pSi, porous silicon
- pSiO, porous silica oxide
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Sun X, Guo C, Zhao F, Zhu J, Xu Y, Liu ZQ, Yang G, Zhang YY, Gu X, Xiao L, Liu Z, Yang PC. Vasoactive intestinal peptide stabilizes intestinal immune homeostasis through maintaining interleukin-10 expression in regulatory B cells. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2800-2811. [PMID: 31244924 PMCID: PMC6568172 DOI: 10.7150/thno.34414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Immune dysfunction is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has immune regulatory functions, but its role in immune regulatory activities in the intestinal mucosa is not fully understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of VIP in the regulation of regulatory B cell (Breg) function in the intestine. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from UC patients and healthy control (HC) subjects. Bregs were isolated from these samples and their immune regulatory function was analyzed. A murine colitis model was established to test the role of VIP in inhibiting inflammation in the intestine. Results: Serum IL-10 and VIP levels were lower in IgE+ (≥0.35 IU/mL) UC patients than that in HC subjects. The immune suppressive function of Bregs isolated from IgE+ UC patients was impaired. IL-10 mRNA decayed spontaneously in Bregs, which was reversed by VIP added to the culture. Tristetraprolin (TTP) bound IL-10 mRNA to speed its decay, which was blocked by VIP in the culture. Administration of VIP efficiently inhibited experimental colitis. Conclusions: Insufficient VIP levels in the microenvironment speeds IL-10 mRNA decay to cause Breg dysfunction. Administration of VIP can inhibit experimental colitis, suggesting the translational potential of VIP in the treatment of IgE+ UC.
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Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, González-Álvaro I, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Lamana A, Martínez C. An Overview of VPAC Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Biological Role and Clinical Significance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31695683 PMCID: PMC6817626 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The axis comprised by the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and its G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), VPAC1, and VPAC2, belong to the B1 family and signal through Gs or Gq proteins. VPAC receptors seem to preferentially interact with Gs in inflammatory cells, rather than Gq, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. cAMP is able to trigger various downstream pathways, mainly the canonical PKA pathway and the non-canonical cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) pathway. Classically, the presence of VPACs has been confined to the plasma membrane; however, VPAC1 location has been described in the nuclear membrane in several cell types such as activated Th cells, where they are also functional. VPAC receptor signaling modulates a number of biological processes by tipping the balance of inflammatory mediators in macrophages and other innate immune cells, modifying the expression of TLRs, and inhibiting MMPs and the expression of adhesion molecules. Receptor signaling also downregulates coagulation factors and acute-phase proteins, promotes Th2 over Th1, stimulates Treg abundance, and finally inhibits a pathogenic Th17 profile. Thus, the VIP axis signaling regulates both the innate and adaptive immune responses in several inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease that develops on a substrate of genetically susceptible individuals and under the influence of environmental factors, as well as epigenetic mechanisms. It is a heterogeneous disease with different pathogenic mechanisms and variable clinical forms between patients with the same diagnosis. The knowledge of VIP signaling generated in both animal models and human ex vivo studies can potentially be translated to clinical reality. Most recently, the beneficial effects of nanoparticles of VIP self-associated with sterically stabilized micelles have been reported in a murine model of RA. Another novel research area is beginning to define the receptors as biomarkers in RA, with their expression levels shown to be associated with the activity of the disease and patients-reported impairment. Therefore, VPAC expression together VIP genetic variants could allow patients to be stratified at the beginning of the disease with the purpose of guiding personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa P. Gomariz
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Local delivery of macromolecules to treat diseases associated with the colon. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 136-137:2-27. [PMID: 30359631 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and colonic bacterial infections are typically small molecule oral dosage forms designed for systemic delivery. The intestinal permeability hurdle to achieve systemic delivery from oral formulations of macromolecules is challenging, but this drawback can be advantageous if an intestinal region is associated with the disease. There are some promising formulation approaches to release peptides, proteins, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA, and probiotics in the colon to enable local delivery and efficacy. We briefly review colonic physiology in relation to the main colon-associated diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, infection, and colorectal cancer), along with the impact of colon physiology on dosage form design of macromolecules. We then assess formulation strategies designed to achieve colonic delivery of small molecules and concluded that they can also be applied some extent to macromolecules. We describe examples of formulation strategies in preclinical research aimed at colonic delivery of macromolecules to achieve high local concentration in the lumen, epithelial-, or sub-epithelial tissue, depending on the target, but with the benefit of reduced systemic exposure and toxicity. Finally, the industrial challenges in developing macromolecule formulations for colon-associated diseases are presented, along with a framework for selecting appropriate delivery technologies.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases broadly categorized into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with increasing prevalence worldwide. The etiology of the disease is complex and involves a combination of genetic, environmental, immunological and gut microbial factors. Recurring and bloody diarrhea is the most prevalent and debilitating symptom in IBD. The pathogenesis of IBD-associated diarrhea is multifactorial and is essentially an outcome of mucosal damage caused by persistent inflammation resulting in dysregulated intestinal ion transport, impaired epithelial barrier function and increased accessibility of the pathogens to the intestinal mucosa. Altered expression and/or function of epithelial ion transporters and channels is the principle cause of electrolyte retention and water accumulation in the intestinal lumen leading to diarrhea in IBD. Aberrant barrier function further contributes to diarrhea via leak-flux mechanism. Mucosal penetration of enteric pathogens promotes dysbiosis and exacerbates the underlying immune system further perpetuating IBD associated-tissue damage and diarrhea. Here, we review the mechanisms of impaired ion transport and loss of epithelial barrier function contributing to diarrhea associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shubha Priyamvada
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- a Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.,b Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
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Do Neuroendocrine Peptides and Their Receptors Qualify as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Osteoarthritis? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020367. [PMID: 29373492 PMCID: PMC5855589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint tissues like synovium, articular cartilage, meniscus and subchondral bone, are targets for neuropeptides. Resident cells of these tissues express receptors for various neuroendocrine-derived peptides including proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides, i.e., α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and β-endorphin (β-ED), and sympathetic neuropeptides like vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide y (NPY). Melanocortins attained particular attention due to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects in several tissues and organs. In particular, α-MSH, ACTH and specific melanocortin-receptor (MCR) agonists appear to have promising anti-inflammatory actions demonstrated in animal models of experimentally induced arthritis and osteoarthritis (OA). Sympathetic neuropeptides have obtained increasing attention as they have crucial trophic effects that are critical for joint tissue and bone homeostasis. VIP and NPY are implicated in direct and indirect activation of several anabolic signaling pathways in bone and synovial cells. Additionally, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) proved to be chondroprotective and, thus, might be a novel target in OA. Taken together, it appears more and more likely that the anabolic effects of these neuroendocrine peptides or their respective receptor agonists/antagonists may be exploited for the treatment of patients with inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases in the future.
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